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Sahragard I, Yaghobi R, Mohammadi A, Afshari A, Pakfetrat M, Hossein Karimi M, Reza Pourkarim M. Impact of BK Polyomavirus NCCR variations in post kidney transplant outcomes. Gene 2024; 913:148376. [PMID: 38490510 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The human BK Polyomavirus (BKPyV) is a DNA virus that is prevalent in 80 % of the population. Infection with this virus may begin in childhood, followed by asymptomatic persistence in the urinary tract. However, in immunocompromised individuals, especially kidney transplant recipients (KTRs), heightened replication of BKPyV can lead to severe complications. The genome of this virus is divided into three parts; the early and late region, and the non-coding control region (NCCR). Mutations in the NCCR can change the archetype strain to the rearranged strain, and NCCR rearrangements play a significant in virus pathogenesis. Interestingly, diverse types of NCCR block rearrangement result in significant differences in conversion potential and host cell viability in the infected cells. A correlation has been detected between increased viral replication potential and pathogenesis in BKPyV-infected KTRs with specific NCCR rearrangements. The objective of this review study was to examine the disease-causing and clinical consequences of variations in the NCCR in BKPyV-infected KTRs such as virus-associated nephropathy (BKPyVAN).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilnaz Sahragard
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Ramin Yaghobi
- Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afsoon Afshari
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Maryam Pakfetrat
- Shiraz Nephro-Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Mahmoud Reza Pourkarim
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory for Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Herestraat 49 BE-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Bachiri K, Kantar D, Laurent EMN, Gaboriaud P, Durand L, Drouin A, Chollot M, Schrama D, Houben R, Kervarrec T, Trapp-Fragnet L, Touzé A, Coyaud E. DNA Damage Stress Control Is a Truncated Large T Antigen and Euchromatic Histone Lysine Methyltransferase 2-Dependent Central Feature of Merkel Cell Carcinoma. J Invest Dermatol 2024:S0022-202X(24)01860-8. [PMID: 38908781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2024.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer with a high mortality rate. Merkel cell polyomavirus causes 80% of MCCs, encoding the viral oncogenes small T and truncated large T (tLT) antigens. These proteins impair the RB1-dependent G1/S checkpoint blockade and subvert the host cell epigenome to promote cancer. Whole-proteome analysis and proximal interactomics identified a tLT-dependent deregulation of DNA damage response (DDR). Our investigation revealed, to our knowledge, a previously unreported interaction between tLT and the histone methyltransferase EHMT2. T antigen knockdown reduced DDR protein levels and increased the levels of the DNA damage marker γH2Ax. EHMT2 normally promotes H3K9 methylation and DDR signaling. Given that inhibition of EHMT2 did not significantly change the MCC cell proteome, tLT-EHMT2 interaction could affect the DDR. With tLT, we report that EHMT2 gained DNA damage repair proximal interactors. EHMT2 inhibition rescued proliferation in MCC cells depleted for their T antigens, suggesting impaired DDR and/or lack of checkpoint efficiency. Combined tLT and EHMT2 inhibition led to altered DDR, evidenced by multiple signaling alterations. In this study, we show that tLT hijacks multiple components of the DNA damage machinery to enhance tolerance to DNA damage in MCC cells, which could explain the genetic stability of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamel Bachiri
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Diala Kantar
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Estelle M N Laurent
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Pauline Gaboriaud
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Laurine Durand
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Aurélie Drouin
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - David Schrama
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roland Houben
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology und Allergology, University Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thibault Kervarrec
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France; Department of Pathology, University Hospital Center of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Antoine Touzé
- "Biologie des infections à Polyomavirus" team, UMR INRA ISP1282, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Univ.Lille, CHU Lille, Inserm U1192, Protéomique Réponse Inflammatoire Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France.
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Wang Z, Chen C, Ge X. Large T antigen mediated target gene replication improves site-specific recombination efficiency. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1377167. [PMID: 38737535 PMCID: PMC11082406 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1377167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
With advantages of high-fidelity, monoclonality and large cargo capacity, site-specific recombination (SSR) holds great promises for precise genomic modifications. However, broad applications of SSR have been hurdled by low integration efficiency, and the amount of donor DNA available in nucleus for SSR presents as a limiting factor. Inspired by the DNA replication mechanisms observed in double-stranded DNA virus SV40, we hypothesized that expression of SV40 large T antigen (TAg) can increase the copy number of the donor plasmid bearing an SV40 origin, and in consequence promote recombination events. This hypothesis was tested with dual recombinase-mediated cassette exchange (RMCE) in suspension 293F cells. Results showed that TAg co-transfection significantly enhanced SSR in polyclonal cells. In the monoclonal cell line carrying a single landing pad at an identified genomic locus, 12% RMCE efficiency was achieved, and such improvement was indeed correlated with donor plasmid amplification. The developed TAg facilitated RMCE (T-RMCE) was exploited for the construction of large libraries of >107 diversity, from which GFP variants with enhanced fluorescence were isolated. We expect the underlying principle of target gene amplification can be applicable to other SSR processes and gene editing approaches in general for directed evolution and large-scale genomic screening in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zening Wang
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Chuan Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Xin Ge
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Moens U, Passerini S, Falquet M, Sveinbjørnsson B, Pietropaolo V. Phosphorylation of Human Polyomavirus Large and Small T Antigens: An Ignored Research Field. Viruses 2023; 15:2235. [PMID: 38005912 PMCID: PMC10674619 DOI: 10.3390/v15112235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are the most common post-translational modifications mediated by protein kinases and protein phosphatases, respectively. These reversible processes can modulate the function of the target protein, such as its activity, subcellular localization, stability, and interaction with other proteins. Phosphorylation of viral proteins plays an important role in the life cycle of a virus. In this review, we highlight biological implications of the phosphorylation of the monkey polyomavirus SV40 large T and small t antigens, summarize our current knowledge of the phosphorylation of these proteins of human polyomaviruses, and conclude with gaps in the knowledge and a proposal for future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.F.); (B.S.)
| | - Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mar Falquet
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.F.); (B.S.)
| | - Baldur Sveinbjørnsson
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; (M.F.); (B.S.)
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
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Abrantes J, Varsani A, Pereira P, Maia C, Farias I, Veríssimo A, Neves F. Identification and characterization of a polyomavirus in the thornback skate (Raja clavata). Virol J 2023; 20:190. [PMID: 37620878 PMCID: PMC10463871 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02149-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Polyomaviridae have a circular double-stranded DNA genome that have been identified in various hosts ranging from mammals to arachnids. Here we report the identification and analysis of a complete genome sequence of a novel polyomavirus, Raja clavata polyomavirus (RcPyV1), from a cartilaginous fish, the thornback skate (Raja clavata). The genome sequence was determined using a metagenomics approach with an aim to provide baseline viral data in cartilaginous fish in different ecosystems. The RcPyV1 genome (4,195 nucleotides) had typical organization of polyomavirus, including early antigens (small T; Large T) encoded on one strand and late viral proteins (VP1; VP2) on the complementary strand. Maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis of the large T-antigen revealed that RcPyV1 clusters with a polyomavirus obtained from another cartilaginous fish, the guitarfish polyomavirus 1 (GfPyV1). These two share ~ 56% pairwise identity in LT and VP1 protein sequences. These analyses support the hypothesis that cartilaginous fishes have a specific lineage of polyomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Abrantes
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative, Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Paulo Pereira
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Catarina Maia
- Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Division of Modelling and Management of Fisheries Resources, Alges, 1495-165, Portugal
| | - Inês Farias
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Ana Veríssimo
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Fabiana Neves
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal.
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Portugal.
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6
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Hsu YH, Chao CN, Huang HY, Zhao PW, Hsu PH, Shen CH, Chen SY, Fang CY. Histone deacetylase III interactions with BK polyomavirus large tumor antigen may affect protein stability. Virol J 2023; 20:155. [PMID: 37464367 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02128-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) causes associated nephropathy and contributes to urinary tract cancer development in renal transplant recipients. Large tumor antigen (LT) is an early protein essential in the polyomavirus life cycle. Protein acetylation plays a critical role in regulating protein stability, so this study investigated the acetylation of the BKPyV LT protein. METHODS The BKPyV LT nucleotide was synthesized, and the protein was expressed by transfection into permissive cells. The BKPyV LT protein was immunoprecipitated and subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis to determine the acetylation residues. The relative lysine was then mutated to arginine in the LT nucleotide and BKPyV genome to analyze the role of LT lysine acetylation in the BKPyV life cycle. RESULTS BKPyV LT acetylation sites were identified at Lys3 and Lys230 by mass spectrometry. HDAC3 and HDAC8 and their deacetylation activity are required for BKPyV LT expression. In addition, mutations of Lys3 and Lys230 to arginine increased LT expression, and the interaction of HDAC3 and LT was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. CONCLUSIONS HDAC3 is a newly identified protein that interacts with BKPyV LT, and LT acetylation plays a vital role in the BKPyV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Han Hsu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Min-Hwei Junior College of Health Care Management, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Nun Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Cheng University, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Wen Zhao
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - Pang-Hung Hsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Huang Shen
- Department of Urology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
- Department of Sports Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan City, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Yao Fang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chia-Yi, Taiwan.
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Nasheuer HP, Onwubiko NO. Lagging Strand Initiation Processes in DNA Replication of Eukaryotes-Strings of Highly Coordinated Reactions Governed by Multiprotein Complexes. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051012. [PMID: 37239371 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In their influential reviews, Hanahan and Weinberg coined the term 'Hallmarks of Cancer' and described genome instability as a property of cells enabling cancer development. Accurate DNA replication of genomes is central to diminishing genome instability. Here, the understanding of the initiation of DNA synthesis in origins of DNA replication to start leading strand synthesis and the initiation of Okazaki fragment on the lagging strand are crucial to control genome instability. Recent findings have provided new insights into the mechanism of the remodelling of the prime initiation enzyme, DNA polymerase α-primase (Pol-prim), during primer synthesis, how the enzyme complex achieves lagging strand synthesis, and how it is linked to replication forks to achieve optimal initiation of Okazaki fragments. Moreover, the central roles of RNA primer synthesis by Pol-prim in multiple genome stability pathways such as replication fork restart and protection of DNA against degradation by exonucleases during double-strand break repair are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Peter Nasheuer
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Arts & Science Building, Main Concourse, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Galway, Distillery Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
| | - Nichodemus O Onwubiko
- Centre for Chromosome Biology, Arts & Science Building, Main Concourse, School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Biochemistry, University of Galway, Distillery Road, H91 TK33 Galway, Ireland
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Du G, Wu J, Zhang C, Cao X, Li L, He J, Zhang Y, Shang Y. Generation and application of immortalized sertoli cell line from sheep testis. J Virol Methods 2023; 316:114727. [PMID: 36990185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Primary sheep testicular Sertoli cells (STSCs) are ideal for investigating the molecular and pathogenic processes of capripoxvirus. However, the high cost of isolation and culture of primary STSCs, time-consuming operation, and short lifespan greatly limit their real-world application. In our study, the primary STSCs were isolated and immortalized by transfection of a lentiviral recombinant plasmid containing simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen. Androgen-binding protein (ABP) and vimentin (VIM) protein expression, SV40 large T antigen activity, proliferation assays, and apoptosis analysis results showed that immortalized large T antigen STSCs (TSTSCs) still had the same physiological characteristics and biological functions as primary STSCs. Moreover, immortalized TSTSCs had strong anti-apoptosis ability, extended lifespan, and enhanced proliferative activity compared to primary STSCs, which had not transformed in vitro and showed any signs of malignancy phenotype in nude mice. Besides, immortalized TSTSCs were susceptible to goatpox virus (GTPV), lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV), and Orf virus (ORFV). In conclusion, immortalized TSTSCs are useful in vitro models to study GTPV, LSDV, and ORFV in a wide range of ways, suggesting that it can be safely used in virus isolation, vaccine and drug screening studies in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyu Du
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China; Department of Veterinary Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Institute of Veterinary Research (CAAS), China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Lingxia Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Jijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Obstetrics, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Youjun Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention,Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China.
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Piñeiro-Ramil M, Sanjurjo-Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Hermida-Gómez T, Blanco-García FJ, Fuentes-Boquete I, Vaamonde-García C, Díaz-Prado S. Generation of human immortalized chondrocytes from osteoarthritic and healthy cartilage : a new tool for cartilage pathophysiology studies. Bone Joint Res 2023; 12:46-57. [PMID: 36647698 PMCID: PMC9872042 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.121.bjr-2022-0207.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS After a few passages of in vitro culture, primary human articular chondrocytes undergo senescence and loss of their phenotype. Most of the available chondrocyte cell lines have been obtained from cartilage tissues different from diarthrodial joints, and their utility for osteoarthritis (OA) research is reduced. Thus, the goal of this research was the development of immortalized chondrocyte cell lines proceeded from the articular cartilage of patients with and without OA. METHODS Using telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and SV40 large T antigen (SV40LT), we transduced primary OA articular chondrocytes. Proliferative capacity, degree of senescence, and chondrocyte surface antigen expression in transduced chondrocytes were evaluated. In addition, the capacity of transduced chondrocytes to synthesize a tissue similar to cartilage and to respond to interleukin (IL)-1β was assessed. RESULTS Coexpression of both transgenes (SV40 and hTERT) were observed in the nuclei of transduced chondrocytes. Generated chondrocyte cell lines showed a high proliferation capacity and less than 2% of senescent cells. These cell lines were able to form 3D aggregates analogous to those generated by primary articular chondrocytes, but were unsuccessful in synthesizing cartilage-like tissue when seeded on type I collagen sponges. However, generated chondrocyte cell lines maintained the potential to respond to IL-1β stimulation. CONCLUSION Through SV40LT and hTERT transduction, we successfully immortalized chondrocytes. These immortalized chondrocytes were able to overcome senescence in vitro, but were incapable of synthesizing cartilage-like tissue under the experimental conditions. Nonetheless, these chondrocyte cell lines could be advantageous for OA investigation since, similarly to primary articular chondrocytes, they showed capacity to upregulate inflammatory mediators in response to the IL-1β cytokine.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2023;12(1):46-57.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Piñeiro-Ramil
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco-García
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isaac Fuentes-Boquete
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Carlos Vaamonde-García
- Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Prado
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain,Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain, Silvia Díaz-Prado. E-mail:
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10
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Dos Santos A, Lyu N, Balayan A, Knight R, Zhuo KS, Sun Y, Xu J, Funderburgh ML, Funderburgh JL, Deng SX. Generation of Functional Immortalized Human Corneal Stromal Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13399. [PMID: 36362184 PMCID: PMC9657819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In addition to their therapeutic potential in regenerative medicine, human corneal stromal stem cells (CSSCs) could serve as a powerful tool for drug discovery and development. Variations from different donors, their isolation method, and their limited life span in culture hinder the utility of primary human CSSCs. To address these limitations, this study aims to establish and characterize immortalized CSSC lines (imCSSC) generated from primary human CSSCs. Primary CSSCs (pCSSC), isolated from human adult corneoscleral tissue, were transduced with ectopic expression of hTERT, c-MYC, or the large T antigen of the Simian virus 40 (SV40T) to generate imCSSC. Cellular morphology, proliferation capacity, and expression of CSSCs specific surface markers were investigated in all cell lines, including TNFAIP6 gene expression levels in vitro, a known biomarker of in vivo anti-inflammatory efficacy. SV40T-overexpressing imCSSC successfully extended the lifespan of pCSSC while retaining a similar morphology, proliferative capacity, multilineage differentiation potential, and anti-inflammatory properties. The current study serves as a proof-of-concept that immortalization of CSSCs could enable a large-scale source of CSSC for use in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelie Dos Santos
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ning Lyu
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Alis Balayan
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katherine Sun Zhuo
- Human Biology Society, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yuzhao Sun
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye & ENT Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | | | | | - Sophie X. Deng
- Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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11
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Loke ASW, Lambert PF, Spurgeon ME. Current In Vitro and In Vivo Models to Study MCPyV-Associated MCC. Viruses 2022; 14:2204. [PMID: 36298759 PMCID: PMC9607385 DOI: 10.3390/v14102204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the only human polyomavirus currently known to cause human cancer. MCPyV is believed to be an etiological factor in at least 80% of cases of the rare but aggressive skin malignancy Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). In these MCPyV+ MCC tumors, clonal integration of the viral genome results in the continued expression of two viral proteins: the viral small T antigen (ST) and a truncated form of the viral large T antigen. The oncogenic potential of MCPyV and the functional properties of the viral T antigens that contribute to neoplasia are becoming increasingly well-characterized with the recent development of model systems that recapitulate the biology of MCPyV+ MCC. In this review, we summarize our understanding of MCPyV and its role in MCC, followed by the current state of both in vitro and in vivo model systems used to study MCPyV and its contribution to carcinogenesis. We also highlight the remaining challenges within the field and the major considerations related to the ongoing development of in vitro and in vivo models of MCPyV+ MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Megan E. Spurgeon
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, School of Medicine & Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Prezioso C, Passerini S, Limongi D, Palamara AT, Moens U, Pietropaolo V. COS-7 and SVGp12 Cellular Models to Study JCPyV Replication and MicroRNA Expression after Infection with Archetypal and Rearranged-NCCR Viral Strains. Viruses 2022; 14:2070. [PMID: 36146876 PMCID: PMC9502812 DOI: 10.3390/v14092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the non-coding control region (NCCR) and microRNA (miRNA) could represent two different and independent modalities of regulating JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) replication at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, the interplay between JC viral load based on NCCR architecture and miRNA levels, following JCPyV infection with archetypal and rearranged (rr)-NCCR JCPyV variants, was explored in COS-7 and SVGp12 cells infected by different JCPyV strains. Specifically, the involvement of JCPyV miRNA in regulating viral replication was investigated for the archetypal CY strain-which is the transmissible form-and for the rearranged MAD-1 strain, which is the first isolated variant from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. The JCPyV DNA viral load was low in cells infected with CY compared with that in MAD-1-infected cells. Productive viral replication was observed in both cell lines. The expression of JCPyV miRNAs was observed from 3 days after viral infection in both cell types, and miR-J1-5p expression was inversely correlated with the JCPyV replication trend. The JCPyV miRNAs in the exosomes present in the supernatants produced by the infected cells could be carried into uninfected cells. Additional investigations of the expression of JCPyV miRNAs and their presence in exosomes are necessary to shed light on their regulatory role during viral reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00163 Rome, Italy
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Passerini
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Dolores Limongi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Roma, Telematic University, 00163 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Laboratory Affiliated to Institute Pasteur Italia-Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
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13
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Huang S, Zhang Z, Tao W, Liu Y, Li X, Wang X, Harati J, Wang PY, Huang X, Lin CP. Broadening prime editing toolkits using RNA-Pol-II-driven engineered pegRNA. Mol Ther 2022; 30:2923-2932. [PMID: 35799444 PMCID: PMC9481984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The prime editor is a versatile tool for targeted precise editing to generate point mutations, small insertions, or small deletions in eukaryotes. However, canonical PE3 system is less efficient, notably in primary cells or pluripotent stem cells. Here, we employed RNA polymerase II promoter instead of RNA polymerase III promoter, whose application is limited by specific DNA contexts, to produce Csy4-processed intronic prime editing guide RNAs (pegRNAs) and, together with other optimizations, achieved efficient targeting with poly(T)-containing pegRNAs, as well as combinatorial and conditional genetic editing. We also found simultaneous suppression of both DNA mismatch repair and DNA damage response could achieve efficient and accurate editing in human embryonic stem cells. These findings relieve the restrictions of RNA polymerase III (RNA-Pol-III)-based base editors and broadened the applications of prime editing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shisheng Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenwu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wanyu Tao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Shaanxi Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Javad Harati
- National Cell Bank of Iran, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Xingxu Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311121, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, the First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310029, China.
| | - Chao-Po Lin
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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14
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Fang CY, Chen SY, Hsiao BX, Huang HY, Chen YJ, Tung CL, Fang CY. Unusually high incidence of polyomavirus JC infection in the higher grade of colorectal cancer tissues in Taiwan. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:127. [PMID: 35859146 PMCID: PMC9301828 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00756-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The human JC polyomavirus (JCPyV) has been detected in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and is suggested to contribute to CRC tumorigenesis. The rearrangement of the JCPyV regulatory region is supposedly associated with CRC development. The progression of CRC involves the stepwise accumulation of mutations. The large tumor antigen (LT) of JCPyV can trigger uncontrolled cell cycle progression by targeting oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes, and causing chromosome instability. Few studies have focused on the presence of JCPyV DNA in the higher grade of CRC tissues. Methods We collected 95 tissue blocks from samples of stages I, II, III, and IV CRC. Nested PCR targeting the regulatory region of the viral genome was performed to determine the presence of JCPyV DNA in the various stages of colorectal cancer tissues. Results The nested PCR results showed that the positive rate of JCPyV DNA increased with the progression of CRC stages. The archetypal-like, non-rearrangement genotype of JCPyV with subtle mutations was the major genotype found in CRC samples. Conclusions This finding in our study suggests that there may be an association between JCPyV and CRC progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40001-022-00756-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yin Fang
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, 621, Taiwan
| | - San-Yuan Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Sports Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy & Science, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Xiu Hsiao
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yi Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539, Chung Hsiao Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Chen
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Tung
- Department of Pathology, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan. .,Department of Food Nutrition and Health Biotechnology, Asian University, Taichung, 413, Taiwan.
| | - Chiung-Yao Fang
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chiayi Christian Hospital, 539, Chung Hsiao Road, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
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15
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The effect of BK polyomavirus large T antigen on CD4 and CD8 T cells in kidney transplant recipients. Transpl Immunol 2022; 74:101655. [PMID: 35777612 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2022.101655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) can affect the machinery of the host cell to induce optimal viral replication or transform them into tumor cells. Reactivation of BKPyV happens due to immunosuppression therapies following renal transplantation which might result in BK polyomavirus nephropathy (BKPyVAN) and allograft loss. The first protein that expresses after entering into host cells and has an important role in pathogenicity is the Large T antigen (LT-Ag). In this review tries to study the molecular and cellular inter-regulatory counteractions especially between CD4 and CD8 T cells, and BKPyV LT-Ag may have role in nephropathy after renal transplantation.
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16
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BK Polyomavirus Requires the Mismatch Repair Pathway for DNA Damage Response Activation. J Virol 2022; 96:e0202821. [PMID: 35389233 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02028-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (PyV) infects the genitourinary tract of >90% of the adult population. Immunosuppression increases the risk of viral reactivation, making BKPyV a leading cause of graft failure in kidney transplant recipients. Polyomaviruses have a small double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome that requires host replication machinery to amplify the viral genome. Specifically, polyomaviruses promote S phase entry and delay S phase exit by activating the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway via an uncharacterized mechanism requiring viral replication. BKPyV infection elevates expression of MutSα, a mismatch repair (MMR) pathway protein complex that senses and repairs DNA mismatches and can activate the DDR. Thus, we investigated the role of the MMR pathway by silencing the MutSα component, Msh6, in BKPyV-infected primary cells. This resulted in severe DNA damage that correlated with weak DNA damage response activation and a failure to arrest the cell cycle to prevent mitotic entry during infection. Furthermore, silencing Msh6 expression resulted in significantly fewer infectious viral particles due to significantly lower levels of VP2, a minor capsid protein important for trafficking during subsequent infections. Since viral assembly occurs in the nucleus, our findings are consistent with a model in which entry into mitosis disrupts viral assembly due to nuclear envelope breakdown, which disperses VP2 throughout the cell, reducing its availability for encapsidation into viral particles. Thus, the MMR pathway may be required to activate the ATR (ATM-Rad3-related) pathway during infection to maintain a favorable environment for both viral replication and assembly. IMPORTANCE Since there are no therapeutics that target BKPyV reactivation in organ transplant patients, it is currently treated by decreasing immunosuppression to allow the natural immune system to fight the viral infection. Antivirals would significantly improve patient outcomes since reducing immunosuppression carries the risk of graft failure. PyVs activate the DDR, for which there are several promising inhibitors. However, a better understanding of how PyVs activate the DDR and what role the DDR plays during infection is needed. Here, we show that a component of the mismatch repair pathway is required for DDR activation during PyV infection. These findings show that the mismatch repair pathway is important for DDR activation during PyV infection and that inhibiting the DDR reduces viral titers by generating less infectious virions that lack the minor capsid protein VP2, which is important for viral trafficking.
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17
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Onwubiko NO, Scheffel F, Tessmer I, Nasheuer HP. SV40 T antigen helicase domain regions responsible for oligomerisation regulate Okazaki fragment synthesis initiation. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:649-663. [PMID: 35073603 PMCID: PMC8886539 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nichodemus O Onwubiko
- Biochemistry School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Biomedical Sciences Building NUI Galway, New Castle Road, Galway, H91 W2TY Ireland
| | - Felicia Scheffel
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, D‐97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ingrid Tessmer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, D‐97080 Würzburg Germany
| | - Heinz Peter Nasheuer
- Biochemistry School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Biomedical Sciences Building NUI Galway, New Castle Road, Galway, H91 W2TY Ireland
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18
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Piñeiro-Ramil M, Sanjurjo-Rodríguez C, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Castro-Viñuelas R, Hermida-Gómez T, Blanco-García FJ, Fuentes-Boquete I, Díaz-Prado S. Generation of Mesenchymal Cell Lines Derived from Aged Donors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10667. [PMID: 34639008 PMCID: PMC8508916 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and multi-differentiation, and for this reason they are considered a potential cellular source in regenerative medicine of cartilage and bone. However, research on this field is impaired by the predisposition of primary MSCs to senescence during culture expansion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to generate and characterize immortalized MSC (iMSC) lines from aged donors. Methods: Primary MSCs were immortalized by transduction of simian virus 40 large T antigen (SV40LT) and human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). Proliferation, senescence, phenotype and multi-differentiation potential of the resulting iMSC lines were analyzed. Results: MSCs proliferate faster than primary MSCs, overcome senescence and are phenotypically similar to primary MSCs. Nevertheless, their multi-differentiation potential is unbalanced towards the osteogenic lineage. There are no clear differences between osteoarthritis (OA) and non-OA iMSCs in terms of proliferation, senescence, phenotype or differentiation potential. Conclusions: Primary MSCs obtained from elderly patients can be immortalized by transduction of SV40LT and hTERT. The high osteogenic potential of iMSCs converts them into an excellent cellular source to take part in in vitro models to study bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Piñeiro-Ramil
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Clara Sanjurjo-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Rocío Castro-Viñuelas
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Tamara Hermida-Gómez
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (UDC-CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Blanco-García
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario da Coruña (UDC-CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isaac Fuentes-Boquete
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Díaz-Prado
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina y Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.P.-R.); (C.S.-R.); (S.R.-F.); (R.C.-V.); (I.F.-B.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain; (T.H.-G.); (F.J.B.-G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Schmidlin K, Kraberger S, Cook C, DeNardo DF, Fontenele RS, Van Doorslaer K, Martin DP, Buck CB, Varsani A. A novel lineage of polyomaviruses identified in bark scorpions. Virology 2021; 563:58-63. [PMID: 34425496 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polyomaviruses are non-enveloped viruses with circular double-stranded DNA genomes (~4-7 kb). Initially identified in mammals, polyomaviruses have now been identified in birds and a few fish species. Although fragmentary polyomavirus-like sequences have been detected as apparent 'hitchhikers' in shotgun genomics datasets of various arthropods, the possible diversity of these viruses in invertebrates remains unclear. Scorpions are predatory arachnids that are among the oldest terrestrial animals. Using high-throughput sequencing and traditional molecular techniques we determine the genome sequences of eight novel polyomaviruses in scorpions (Centruroides sculpturatus) from the greater Phoenix area, Arizona, USA. Analysis of Centruroides transcriptomic datasets elucidated the splicing of the viral late gene array, which is more complex than that of vertebrate polyomaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis provides further evidence of co-divergence of polyomaviruses with their hosts, suggesting that at least one ancestral species of polyomaviruses was circulating amongst the primitive common ancestors of arthropods and chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Chelsea Cook
- Department of Biological Sciences, Marquette University, 11428 W. Clybourn St, Milwaukee, WI, 53233, USA
| | - Dale F DeNardo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Koenraad Van Doorslaer
- Genetics Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85719, USA; School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The BIO5 Institute, Department of Immunobiology, Cancer Biology Graduate Interdisciplinary Program, UA Cancer Center, University of Arizona Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA
| | - Darren P Martin
- Computational Biology Division, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Christopher B Buck
- Lab of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, 7925, Cape Town, South Africa.
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20
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Ruhel R, Mazumder M, Gnanasekaran P, Kumar M, Gourinath S, Chakraborty S. Functional implications of residues of the B' motif of geminivirus replication initiator protein in its helicase activity. FEBS J 2021; 288:6492-6509. [PMID: 34092039 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Geminivirus replication initiator protein (Rep) is a multifunctional viral protein required for replication. During the process of viral replication, Rep acts as a site- and strand-specific endonuclease, ligase, ATPase, and helicase. B' motif and β-hairpin loop of the geminivirus Rep are conserved and important for Rep-mediated helicase activity required for viral replication. To dissect the roles of various amino acid residues of the B' motif and β-hairpin loop of the geminivirus Rep helicase in its process of unwinding DNA, we investigated eight conserved residues near the ATP active site or the ssDNA contact channel. Our strategy was to mutate these residues to alanines and investigate the effects of these mutations on various biochemical activities associated with DNA unwinding. We looked into the ATP binding, ATP hydrolysis, DNA binding, and DNA unwinding activities of the wild-type and mutant Rep proteins. These investigations showed four residues (Arg279, Asp280, Tyr287, and Pro290) affecting the DNA unwinding activity. A structural model analysis confirmed the B' loop and ssDNA binding loop to be connected through a β-hairpin structure, suggesting that changes on one loop might affect the other and that these residues function by acting in concert. Viral genomes containing Rep proteins having these mutations in the B' motif did not replicate in planta. Taken together, these results indicated all four residues to be implicated in helicase activity mediated by Rep and demonstrated the significance, for viral replication, of the B' motif and β-hairpin loop of the C-terminal region of the Rep protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajrani Ruhel
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mohit Mazumder
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Prabu Gnanasekaran
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Manish Kumar
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Samudrala Gourinath
- Structural Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Supriya Chakraborty
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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21
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Smith K, Fielding R, Schiavone K, Hall KR, Reid VS, Boyea D, Smith EL, Schmidlin K, Fontenele RS, Kraberger S, Varsani A. Circular DNA viruses identified in short-finned pilot whale and orca tissue samples. Virology 2021; 559:156-164. [PMID: 33892449 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Members of the Delphinidae family are widely distributed across the world's oceans. We used a viral metagenomic approach to identify viruses in orca (Orcinus orca) and short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) muscle, kidney, and liver samples from deceased animals. From orca tissue samples (muscle, kidney, and liver), we identified a novel polyomavirus (Polyomaviridae), three cressdnaviruses, and two genomoviruses (Genomoviridae). In the short-finned pilot whale we were able to identify one genomovirus in a kidney sample. The presence of unclassified cressdnavirus within two samples (muscle and kidney) of the same animal supports the possibility these viruses might be widespread within the animal. The orca polyomavirus identified here is the first of its species and is not closely related to the only other dolphin polyomavirus previously discovered. The identification and verification of these viruses expands the current knowledge of viruses that are associated with the Delphinidae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendal Smith
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Russell Fielding
- HTC Honors College, Coastal Carolina University, Conway, SC, 29528, USA.
| | - Kelsie Schiavone
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - Katharine R Hall
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, The University of the South, Sewanee, TN, 37383, USA
| | - Vincent S Reid
- Barrouallie Whaler's Project, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
| | | | - Emma L Smith
- Department of Chemical & Biological Sciences, University of the West Indies-Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - Kara Schmidlin
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Rafaela S Fontenele
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Simona Kraberger
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Arvind Varsani
- The Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Center for Evolution and Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA; Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, Cape Town, South Africa.
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22
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Alkoxylalkyl Esters of Nucleotide Analogs Inhibit Polyomavirus DNA Replication and Large T Antigen Activities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01641-20. [PMID: 33288638 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01641-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomavirus infections occur commonly in humans and are normally nonfatal. However, in immunocompromised individuals, they are intractable and frequently fatal. Due to a lack of approved drugs to treat polyomavirus infections, cidofovir, a phosphonate nucleotide analog approved to treat cytomegalovirus infections, has been repurposed as an antipolyomavirus agent. Cidofovir has been modified in various ways to improve its efficacies as a broad-spectrum antiviral agent. However, the actual mechanisms and targets of cidofovir and its modified derivatives as antipolyomavirus agents are still under research. Here, polyomavirus large tumor antigen (Tag) activities were identified as the viral target of cidofovir derivatives. The alkoxyalkyl ester derivatives of cidofovir efficiently inhibit polyomavirus DNA replication in cell-free human extracts and a viral in vitro replication system utilizing only purified proteins. We present evidence that DNA helicase and DNA binding activities of polyomavirus Tags are diminished in the presence of low concentrations of alkoxyalkyl ester derivatives of cidofovir, suggesting that the inhibition of viral DNA replication is at least in part mediated by inhibiting single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) binding activities of Tags. These findings show that the alkoxyalkyl ester derivatives of cidofovir are effective in vitro without undergoing further conversions, and we conclude that the inhibitory mechanisms of nucleotide analog-based drugs are more complex than previously believed.
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23
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Seridi N, Hamidouche M, Belmessabih N, El Kennani S, Gagnon J, Martinez G, Coutton C, Marchal T, Chebloune Y. Immortalization of primary sheep embryo kidney cells. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:76-85. [PMID: 33415664 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-020-00520-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sheep primary epithelial cells are short-lived in cell culture systems. For long-term in vitro studies, primary cells need to be immortalized. This study aims to establish and characterize T immortalized sheep embryo kidney cells (TISEKC). In this study, we used fetal lamb kidneys to derive primary cultures of epithelial cells. We subsequently immortalized these cells using the large T SV40 antigen to generate crude TISEKC and isolate TISEKC clones. Among numerous clones of immortalized cells, the selected TISEKC-5 maintained active division and cell growth over 20 passages but lacked expression of the oncogenic large T SV40 antigen. Morphologically, TISEKC-5 maintained their epithelial aspect similar to the parental primary epithelial cells. However, their growth properties showed quite different patterns. Crude TISEKC, as well as the clones of TISEKC proliferated highly in culture compared to the parental primary cells. In the early passages, immortalized cells showed heterogeneous polyploidy but in the late passages the karyotype of immortalized cells became progressively stable, identical to that of the primary cells, because the TISEKC-5 cell line has lost the large SV40 T antigen expression, this cell line is a valuable tool for veterinary sciences and biotechnological productions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Seridi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Unit of Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Sciences and Technology "Houari Boumediene", Algiers, Algeria
| | - M Hamidouche
- Laboratory of Production and Development of Viral Veterinary Vaccines, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria
| | - N Belmessabih
- Laboratory of Production and Development of Viral Veterinary Vaccines, Pasteur Institute of Algeria, Algiers, Algeria
| | - S El Kennani
- INRAE/UGA USC 1450, Pathogenesis and Lentivirus Vaccination Laboratory, PAVAL Lab, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - J Gagnon
- INRAE/UGA USC 1450, Pathogenesis and Lentivirus Vaccination Laboratory, PAVAL Lab, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - G Martinez
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, France.,INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - C Coutton
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, UM de Génétique Chromosomique, Grenoble, France.,INSERM U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - T Marchal
- VetAgro Sup, UPSP ICE 2011.03.101, Laboratoire d'Histopathologie, Université de Lyon, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
| | - Y Chebloune
- INRAE/UGA USC 1450, Pathogenesis and Lentivirus Vaccination Laboratory, PAVAL Lab, Université Grenoble Alpes, 38041, Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
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24
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Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma from Transplanted Kidney with Complete Response to an Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor. Case Rep Urol 2020; 2020:8881841. [PMID: 33425425 PMCID: PMC7773455 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8881841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Donor-derived malignancy is a rare complication in patients who undergo organ transplant. Approaches to treatment have largely been individualized based on clinical circumstances given the lack of evidence-based guidelines, with therapeutic options ranging from discontinuation of immunosuppression and transplantectomy to the addition of chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Case Presentation. Herein, we describe a 60-year-old woman with metastatic donor-derived upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) discovered nine years postrenal transplant. Molecular diagnostic studies using polymerase chain reaction amplification of short tandem repeat alleles and HLA tissue typing proved that the urothelial carcinoma originated from donor tissue. She achieved sustained complete remission with transplant nephroureterectomy, retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy, immunosuppression withdrawal, and immunotherapy with pembrolizumab. Routine radiologic surveillance has demonstrated 15-month progression-free survival to date off pembrolizumab, and she is now under consideration for retransplantation. Conclusions Immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors can serve as a novel treatment option for patients in the clinical predicament of having a solid organ transplant and simultaneous metastatic malignancy. In this report, we also discuss the oncogenic potential of BK virus, the use of checkpoint inhibitors in urothelial carcinoma, and the feasibility of retransplant for this patient population.
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25
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Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Large T Antigen is Dispensable in G2 and M-Phase to Promote Proliferation of Merkel Cell Carcinoma Cells. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101162. [PMID: 33066686 PMCID: PMC7602435 DOI: 10.3390/v12101162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive skin cancer frequently caused by the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and proliferation of MCPyV-positive MCC tumor cells depends on the expression of a virus-encoded truncated Large T antigen (LT) oncoprotein. Here, we asked in which phases of the cell cycle LT activity is required for MCC cell proliferation. Hence, we generated fusion-proteins of MCPyV-LT and parts of geminin (GMMN) or chromatin licensing and DNA replication factor1 (CDT1). This allowed us to ectopically express an LT, which is degraded either in the G1 or G2 phase of the cell cycle, respectively, in MCC cells with inducible T antigen knockdown. We demonstrate that LT expressed only in G1 is capable of rescuing LT knockdown-induced growth suppression while LT expressed in S and G2/M phases fails to support proliferation of MCC cells. These results suggest that the crucial function of LT, which has been demonstrated to be inactivation of the cellular Retinoblastoma protein 1 (RB1) is only required to initiate S phase entry.
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26
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Peters DK, Erickson KD, Garcea RL. Live Cell Microscopy of Murine Polyomavirus Subnuclear Replication Centers. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101123. [PMID: 33023278 PMCID: PMC7650712 DOI: 10.3390/v12101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During polyomavirus (PyV) infection, host proteins localize to subnuclear domains, termed viral replication centers (VRCs), to mediate viral genome replication. Although the protein composition and spatial organization of VRCs have been described using high-resolution immunofluorescence microscopy, little is known about the temporal dynamics of VRC formation over the course of infection. We used live cell fluorescence microscopy to analyze VRC formation during murine PyV (MuPyV) infection of a mouse fibroblast cell line that constitutively expresses a GFP-tagged replication protein A complex subunit (GFP-RPA32). The RPA complex forms a heterotrimer (RPA70/32/14) that regulates cellular DNA replication and repair and is a known VRC component. We validated previous observations that GFP-RPA32 relocalized to sites of cellular DNA damage in uninfected cells and to VRCs in MuPyV-infected cells. We then used GFP-RPA32 as a marker of VRC formation and expansion during live cell microscopy of infected cells. VRC formation occurred at variable times post-infection, but the rate of VRC expansion was similar between cells. Additionally, we found that the early viral protein, small TAg (ST), was required for VRC expansion but not VRC formation, consistent with the role of ST in promoting efficient vDNA replication. These results demonstrate the dynamic nature of VRCs over the course of infection and establish an approach for analyzing viral replication in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K. Peters
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (D.K.P.); (K.D.E.)
| | - Kimberly D. Erickson
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (D.K.P.); (K.D.E.)
| | - Robert L. Garcea
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA; (D.K.P.); (K.D.E.)
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Correspondence:
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27
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Roelofs PA, Goh CY, Chua BH, Jarvis MC, Stewart TA, McCann JL, McDougle RM, Carpenter MA, Martens JW, Span PN, Kappei D, Harris RS. Characterization of the mechanism by which the RB/E2F pathway controls expression of the cancer genomic DNA deaminase APOBEC3B. eLife 2020; 9:61287. [PMID: 32985974 PMCID: PMC7553775 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
APOBEC3B (A3B)-catalyzed DNA cytosine deamination contributes to the overall mutational landscape in breast cancer. Molecular mechanisms responsible for A3B upregulation in cancer are poorly understood. Here we show that a single E2F cis-element mediates repression in normal cells and that expression is activated by its mutational disruption in a reporter construct or the endogenous A3B gene. The same E2F site is required for A3B induction by polyomavirus T antigen indicating a shared molecular mechanism. Proteomic and biochemical experiments demonstrate the binding of wildtype but not mutant E2F promoters by repressive PRC1.6/E2F6 and DREAM/E2F4 complexes. Knockdown and overexpression studies confirm the involvement of these repressive complexes in regulating A3B expression. Altogether, these studies demonstrate that A3B expression is suppressed in normal cells by repressive E2F complexes and that viral or mutational disruption of this regulatory network triggers overexpression in breast cancer and provides fuel for tumor evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieter A Roelofs
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chai Yeen Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon Haow Chua
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew C Jarvis
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Teneale A Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer L McCann
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Rebecca M McDougle
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Michael A Carpenter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - John Wm Martens
- Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul N Span
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dennis Kappei
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reuben S Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, Masonic Cancer Center, Institute for Molecular Virology, Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
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28
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Ahye N, Bellizzi A, May D, Wollebo HS. The Role of the JC Virus in Central Nervous System Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176236. [PMID: 32872288 PMCID: PMC7503523 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. The study of DNA tumor-inducing viruses and their oncoproteins as a causative agent in cancer initiation and tumor progression has greatly enhanced our understanding of cancer cell biology. The initiation of oncogenesis is a complex process. Specific gene mutations cause functional changes in the cell that ultimately result in the inability to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation effectively. The human neurotropic Polyomavirus JC (JCV) belongs to the family Polyomaviridae and it is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), which is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in an immunosuppressed state. Sero-epidemiological studies have indicated JCV infection is prevalent in the population (85%) and that initial infection usually occurs during childhood. The JC virus has small circular, double-stranded DNA that includes coding sequences for viral early and late proteins. Persistence of the virus in the brain and other tissues, as well as its potential to transform cells, has made it a subject of study for its role in brain tumor development. Earlier observation of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML, as well as glioblastoma formation in non-human primates inoculated with JCV, led to the hypothesis that JCV plays a role in central nervous system (CNS) tumorigenesis. Some studies have reported the presence of both JC viral DNA and its proteins in several primary brain tumor specimens. The discovery of new Polyomaviruses such as the Merkel cell Polyomavirus, which is associated with Merkel cell carcinomas in humans, ignited our interest in the role of the JC virus in CNS tumors. The current evidence known about JCV and its effects, which are sufficient to produce tumors in animal models, suggest it can be a causative factor in central nervous system tumorigenesis. However, there is no clear association between JCV presence in CNS and its ability to initiate CNS cancer and tumor formation in humans. In this review, we will discuss the correlation between JCV and tumorigenesis of CNS in animal models, and we will give an overview of the current evidence for the JC virus’s role in brain tumor formation.
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29
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Altan E, Delaney MA, Colegrove KM, Spraker TR, Wheeler EA, Deng X, Li Y, Gulland FMD, Delwart E. Complex Virome in a Mesenteric Lymph Node from a Californian Sea Lion ( Zalophus Californianus) with Polyserositis and Steatitis. Viruses 2020; 12:v12080793. [PMID: 32718049 PMCID: PMC7472147 DOI: 10.3390/v12080793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An emaciated subadult free-ranging California sea lion (Csl or Zalophus californianus) died following stranding with lesions similar to 11 other stranded animals characterized by chronic disseminated granulomatous inflammation with necrotizing steatitis and vasculitis, involving visceral adipose tissues in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities. Histologically, affected tissues had extensive accumulations of macrophages with perivascular lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fewer neutrophils. Using viral metagenomics on a mesenteric lymph node six mammalian viruses were identified consisting of novel parvovirus, polyomavirus, rotavirus, anellovirus, and previously described Csl adenovirus 1 and Csl bocavirus 4. The causal or contributory role of these viruses to the gross and histologic lesions of this sea lion remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eda Altan
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Martha A. Delaney
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA; (M.A.D.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Kathleen M. Colegrove
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 3300 Golf Road, Brookfield, IL 60513, USA; (M.A.D.); (K.M.C.)
| | - Terry R. Spraker
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 300 West Drake Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA;
| | - Elizabeth A. Wheeler
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Bustad 471, Pullman, WA 99164, USA;
| | - Xutao Deng
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Yanpeng Li
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Frances M. D. Gulland
- Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Heath Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California at Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Eric Delwart
- Vitalant Research Institute, 270 Masonic Ave, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; (E.A.); (X.D.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
- Correspondence:
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Onwubiko NO, Borst A, Diaz SA, Passkowski K, Scheffel F, Tessmer I, Nasheuer HP. SV40 T antigen interactions with ssDNA and replication protein A: a regulatory role of T antigen monomers in lagging strand DNA replication. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:3657-3677. [PMID: 32128579 PMCID: PMC7144908 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA replication is a central process in all living organisms. Polyomavirus DNA replication serves as a model system for eukaryotic DNA replication and has considerably contributed to our understanding of basic replication mechanisms. However, the details of the involved processes are still unclear, in particular regarding lagging strand synthesis. To delineate the complex mechanism of coordination of various cellular proteins binding simultaneously or consecutively to DNA to initiate replication, we investigated single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) interactions by the SV40 large T antigen (Tag). Using single molecule imaging by atomic force microscopy (AFM) combined with biochemical and spectroscopic analyses we reveal independent activity of monomeric and oligomeric Tag in high affinity binding to ssDNA. Depending on ssDNA length, we obtain dissociation constants for Tag-ssDNA interactions (KD values of 10–30 nM) that are in the same order of magnitude as ssDNA binding by human replication protein A (RPA). Furthermore, we observe the formation of RPA-Tag-ssDNA complexes containing hexameric as well as monomeric Tag forms. Importantly, our data clearly show stimulation of primase function in lagging strand Okazaki fragment synthesis by monomeric Tag whereas hexameric Tag inhibits the reaction, redefining DNA replication initiation on the lagging strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichodemus O Onwubiko
- Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Center for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical SciencesBuilding, NUI Galway, New Castle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Angela Borst
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University ofWürzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Suraya A Diaz
- Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Center for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical SciencesBuilding, NUI Galway, New Castle Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Katharina Passkowski
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University ofWürzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felicia Scheffel
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University ofWürzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ingrid Tessmer
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University ofWürzburg, Josef Schneider Strasse 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heinz P Nasheuer
- Biochemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Center for Chromosome Biology, Biomedical SciencesBuilding, NUI Galway, New Castle Road, Galway, Ireland
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31
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus and Merkel Cell Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1774. [PMID: 32635198 PMCID: PMC7407210 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are the cause of approximately 15% of all human cancers. Both RNA and DNA human tumor viruses have been identified, with Merkel cell polyomavirus being the most recent one to be linked to cancer. This virus is associated with about 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas, a rare, but aggressive cutaneous malignancy. Despite its name, the cells of origin of this tumor may not be Merkel cells. This review provides an update on the structure and life cycle, cell tropism and epidemiology of the virus and its oncogenic properties. Putative strategies to prevent viral infection or treat virus-positive Merkel cell carcinoma patients are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (C.P.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (V.P.); (C.P.)
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Immortalizing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Aged Donors While Keeping Their Essential Features. Stem Cells Int 2020; 2020:5726947. [PMID: 32612662 PMCID: PMC7315279 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5726947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) obtained from aged patients are prone to senesce and diminish their differentiation potential, therefore limiting their usefulness for osteochondral regenerative medicine approaches or to study age-related diseases, such as osteoarthiritis (OA). MSCs can be transduced with immortalizing genes to overcome this limitation, but transduction of primary slow-dividing cells has proven to be challenging. Methods for enhancing transduction efficiency (such as spinoculation, chemical adjuvants, or transgene expression inductors) can be used, but several parameters must be adapted for each transduction system. In order to develop a transduction method suitable for the immortalization of MSCs from aged donors, we used a spinoculation method. Incubation parameters of packaging cells, speed and time of centrifugation, and valproic acid concentration to induce transgene expression have been adjusted. In this way, four immortalized MSC lines (iMSC#6, iMSC#8, iMSC#9, and iMSC#10) were generated. These immortalized MSCs (iMSCs) were capable of bypassing senescence and proliferating at a higher rate than primary MSCs. Characterization of iMSCs showed that these cells kept the expression of mesenchymal surface markers and were able to differentiate towards osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes. Nevertheless, alterations in the CD105 expression and a switch of cell fate-commitment towards the osteogenic lineage have been noticed. In conclusion, the developed transduction method is suitable for the immortalization of MSCs derived from aged donors. The generated iMSC lines maintain essential mesenchymal features and are expected to be useful tools for the bone and cartilage regenerative medicine research.
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Prezioso C, Obregon F, Ambroselli D, Petrolo S, Checconi P, Rodio DM, Coppola L, Nardi A, de Vito C, Sarmati L, Andreoni M, Palamara AT, Ciotti M, Pietropaolo V. Merkel Cell Polyomavirus (MCPyV) in the Context of Immunosuppression: Genetic Analysis of Noncoding Control Region (NCCR) Variability among a HIV-1-Positive Population. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050507. [PMID: 32375383 PMCID: PMC7291121 DOI: 10.3390/v12050507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Since limited data are available about the prevalence of Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) and the genetic variability of its noncoding control region (NCCR) in the context of immunosuppression, this study aimed to investigate the distribution of MCPyV in anatomical sites other than the skin and the behavior of NCCR among an HIV-1-positive population. Methods: Urine, plasma, and rectal swabs specimens from a cohort of 66 HIV-1-positive patients were collected and subjected to quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) for MCPyV DNA detection. MCPyV-positive samples were amplified by nested PCR targeting the NCCR, and NCCRs alignment was carried out to evaluate the occurrence of mutations and to identify putative binding sites for cellular factors. Results: MCPyV DNA was detected in 10/66 urine, in 7/66 plasma, and in 23/66 rectal samples, with a median value of 5 × 102 copies/mL, 1.5 × 102 copies/mL, and 2.3 × 103 copies/mL, respectively. NCCR sequence analysis revealed a high degree of homology with the MCC350 reference strain in urine, whereas transitions, transversions, and single or double deletions were observed in plasma and rectal swabs. In these latter samples, representative GTT and GTTGA insertions were also observed. Search for putative binding sites of cellular transcription factors showed that in several strains, deletions, insertions, or single base substitutions altered the NCCR canonical configuration. Conclusions: Sequencing analysis revealed the presence of numerous mutations in the NCCR, including insertions and deletions. Whether these mutations may have an impact on the pathogenic features of the virus remains to be determined. qPCR measured on average a low viral load in the specimens analyzed, with the exception of those with the GTTGA insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Prezioso
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Francisco Obregon
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Donatella Ambroselli
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Sara Petrolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Paola Checconi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Department of Human Sciences and Promotion of the Quality of Life, San Raffaele Roma Open University, 00166 Rome, Italy;
| | - Donatella Maria Rodio
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Luigi Coppola
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
| | - Angelo Nardi
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Corrado de Vito
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
| | - Loredana Sarmati
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Clinic, Policlinic Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (L.C.); (L.S.); (M.A.)
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Teresa Palamara
- IRCSS San Raffaele Pisana, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00166 Rome, Italy; (C.P.); (A.T.P.)
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Institute Pasteur, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Ciotti
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology and Virology, Polyclinic Tor Vergata Foundation, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy; (F.O.); (D.A.); (S.P.); (D.M.R.); (A.N.); (C.d.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-4991-4439
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Belizário J, Destro Rodrigues MF. Checkpoint inhibitor blockade and epigenetic reprogrammability in CD8 + T-cell activation and exhaustion. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2020; 8:2515135520904238. [PMID: 32206744 PMCID: PMC7074507 DOI: 10.1177/2515135520904238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell exhaustion is a dysfunctional state that is regulated through the expression of inhibitory checkpoint receptor genes including the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated antigen 4, programmed death 1, and DNA methylation of effector genes interferon-γ, perforin, and granzyme B. Different strategies have been used to reverse T-cell exhaustion, which is an adverse event of checkpoint inhibitor blockade. Here, we present the mechanisms by which DNA methyltransferase inhibitors and Simian virus 40 large T antigen through viral mimicry can promote the reversion of exhausted CD8+ T cells. We examine how these pharmacological strategies can work together to improve the clinical efficacy of immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Belizário
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute Biomedical Sciences of the University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Lineu Prestes, 1524, São Paulo, CEP 05508-900, Brazil
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35
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McIlroy D, Halary F, Bressollette-Bodin C. Intra-patient viral evolution in polyomavirus-related diseases. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 374:20180301. [PMID: 30955497 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2018.0301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human polyomaviruses show relatively little genetic polymorphism between isolates, indicating that these viruses are genetically stable between hosts. However, it has become increasingly clear that intra-host molecular evolution is a feature of some polyomavirus (PyV) infections in humans. Mutations inducing premature stop codons in the early region of the integrated Merkel cell PyV genome lead to the expression of a truncated form of the large tumour (LT) antigen that is critical for the transformation of Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) cells. Non-coding control region (NCCR) rearrangements and point mutations in virion protein (VP) 1 have been described in both JCPyV and BKPyV infections. In the context of JCPyV infection, molecular evolution at both these loci allows the virus to replicate effectively in the central nervous system, thereby leading to the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). In BKPyV infection, NCCR rearrangements have been linked to higher rates of virus replication in the kidney, and are proposed to play a direct causal role in the development of PyV-associated nephropathy. In all three of these infections, therefore, intra-host viral evolution appears to be an essential component of the disease process. This article is part of the theme issue 'Silent cancer agents: multi-disciplinary modelling of human DNA oncoviruses'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian McIlroy
- 1 Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France.,2 Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques, Université de Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France.,4 Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France
| | - Franck Halary
- 1 Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France.,4 Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France
| | - Céline Bressollette-Bodin
- 1 Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR 1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France.,3 Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France.,4 Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), CHU Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France.,5 Service de Virologie, CHU Nantes , 44093 Nantes cedex 01 , France
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36
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Peters DK, Garcea RL. Murine polyomavirus DNA transitions through spatially distinct nuclear replication subdomains during infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008403. [PMID: 32203554 PMCID: PMC7117779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication of small DNA viruses requires both host DNA replication and repair factors that are often recruited to subnuclear domains termed viral replication centers (VRCs). Aside from serving as a spatial focus for viral replication, little is known about these dynamic areas in the nucleus. We investigated the organization and function of VRCs during murine polyomavirus (MuPyV) infection using 3D structured illumination microscopy (3D-SIM). We localized MuPyV replication center components, such as the viral large T-antigen (LT) and the cellular replication protein A (RPA), to spatially distinct subdomains within VRCs. We found that viral DNA (vDNA) trafficked sequentially through these subdomains post-synthesis, suggesting their distinct functional roles in vDNA processing. Additionally, we observed disruption of VRC organization and vDNA trafficking during mutant MuPyV infections or inhibition of DNA synthesis. These results reveal a dynamic organization of VRC components that coordinates virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas K. Peters
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert L. Garcea
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
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37
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The Ubiquitin-Specific Protease Usp7, a Novel Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Large T-Antigen Interaction Partner, Modulates Viral DNA Replication. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01638-19. [PMID: 31801860 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01638-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) is the major cause for Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), a rare but highly aggressive skin cancer predominantly found in elderly and immunosuppressed patients. The early viral gene products large T-antigen (LT) and small T-antigen (sT) are important for efficient viral DNA replication, and both contribute to transformation processes. These functions are executed mainly through interactions with host factors. Here, we identify the cellular ubiquitin-specific processing protease 7 (Usp7) as a new interaction partner of the MCPyV LT. Using glutathione S-transferase pulldown experiments, we show that MCPyV LT directly binds to Usp7 and that N- as well as C-terminal regions of LT bind to the TRAF (tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated) domain of Usp7. We demonstrate that endogenous Usp7 coprecipitates with MCPyV T-antigens and relocalizes to viral DNA replication centers in cells actively replicating MCPyV genomes. We show that Usp7 does not alter ubiquitination levels of the T-antigens; however, Usp7 binding increases the binding affinity of LT to the origin of replication, thereby negatively regulating viral DNA replication. Together, these data identify Usp7 as a restriction factor of MCPyV replication. In contrast to other DNA viruses, Usp7 does not affect MCPyV gene expression via its ubiquitination activity but influences MCPyV DNA replication solely via a novel mechanism that modulates binding of LT to viral DNA.IMPORTANCE MCPyV is the only human polyomavirus that is associated with cancer; the majority of Merkel cell cancers have a viral etiology. While much emphasis was placed on investigations to understand the transformation process by MCPyV oncoproteins and cellular factors, we have only limited knowledge of cellular factors participating in the MCPyV life cycle. Here, we describe Usp7, a cellular deubiquitination enzyme, as a new factor involved in MCPyV replication. Usp7 is known in the context of large DNA tumor viruses, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus, to restrict viral replication. Similar to EBV, where Usp7 binding to EBNA1 increases EBNA1 binding affinity to viral DNA, we find MCPyV LT binding to the origin of replication to be increased in the presence of Usp7, resulting in restriction of viral DNA replication. However, Usp7-induced restriction of MCPyV replication is independent of its enzymatic activity, thereby constituting a novel mechanism of Usp7-induced restriction of viral replication.
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38
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Witkin AE, Banerji J, Bullock PA. A model for the formation of the duplicated enhancers found in polyomavirus regulatory regions. Virology 2020; 543:27-33. [PMID: 32056844 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
When purified from persistent infections, the genomes of most human polyomaviruses contain single enhancers. However, when isolated from productively infected cells from immunocompromised individuals, the genomes of several polyomaviruses contain duplicated enhancers that promote a number of polyoma-based diseases. The mechanism(s) that gives rise to the duplicated enhancers in the polyomaviruses is, however, not known. Herein we propose a model for the duplication of the enhancers that is based on recent advances in our understanding of; 1) the initiation of polyomavirus DNA replication, 2) the formation of long flaps via displacement synthesis and 3) the subsequent generation of duplicated enhancers via double stranded break repair. Finally, we discuss the possibility that the polyomavirus based replication dependent enhancer duplication model may be relevant to the enhancer-associated rearrangements detected in human genomes that are associated with various diseases, including cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E Witkin
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | - Julian Banerji
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Simches Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Peter A Bullock
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
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39
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Replication Compartments of DNA Viruses in the Nucleus: Location, Location, Location. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020151. [PMID: 32013091 PMCID: PMC7077188 DOI: 10.3390/v12020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus encompass a range of ubiquitous and clinically important viruses, from acute pathogens to persistent tumor viruses. These viruses must co-opt nuclear processes for the benefit of the virus, whilst evading host processes that would otherwise attenuate viral replication. Accordingly, DNA viruses induce the formation of membraneless assemblies termed viral replication compartments (VRCs). These compartments facilitate the spatial organization of viral processes and regulate virus–host interactions. Here, we review advances in our understanding of VRCs. We cover their initiation and formation, their function as the sites of viral processes, and aspects of their composition and organization. In doing so, we highlight ongoing and emerging areas of research highly pertinent to our understanding of nuclear-replicating DNA viruses.
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40
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Horníková L, Bruštíková K, Forstová J. Microtubules in Polyomavirus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:E121. [PMID: 31963741 PMCID: PMC7019765 DOI: 10.3390/v12010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules, part of the cytoskeleton, are indispensable for intracellular movement, cell division, and maintaining cell shape and polarity. In addition, microtubules play an important role in viral infection. In this review, we summarize the role of the microtubules' network during polyomavirus infection. Polyomaviruses usurp microtubules and their motors to travel via early and late acidic endosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum. As shown for SV40, kinesin-1 and microtubules are engaged in the release of partially disassembled virus from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cytosol, and dynein apparently assists in the further disassembly of virions prior to their translocation to the cell nucleus-the place of their replication. Polyomavirus gene products affect the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Early T antigens destabilize microtubules and cause aberrant mitosis. The role of these activities in tumorigenesis has been documented. However, its importance for productive infection remains elusive. On the other hand, in the late phase of infection, the major capsid protein, VP1, of the mouse polyomavirus, counteracts T-antigen-induced destabilization. It physically binds microtubules and stabilizes them. The interaction results in the G2/M block of the cell cycle and prolonged S phase, which is apparently required for successful completion of the viral replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jitka Forstová
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, 25250 Vestec, Czech Republic; (L.H.); (K.B.)
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Piñeiro-Ramil M, Sanjurjo-Rodríguez C, Castro-Viñuelas R, Rodríguez-Fernández S, Fuentes-Boquete I, Blanco F, Díaz-Prado S. Usefulness of Mesenchymal Cell Lines for Bone and Cartilage Regeneration Research. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E6286. [PMID: 31847077 PMCID: PMC6940884 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The unavailability of sufficient numbers of human primary cells is a major roadblock for in vitro repair of bone and/or cartilage, and for performing disease modelling experiments. Immortalized mesenchymal stromal cells (iMSCs) may be employed as a research tool for avoiding these problems. The purpose of this review was to revise the available literature on the characteristics of the iMSC lines, paying special attention to the maintenance of the phenotype of the primary cells from which they were derived, and whether they are effectively useful for in vitro disease modeling and cell therapy purposes. This review was performed by searching on Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases from 1 January 2015 to 30 September 2019. The keywords used were ALL = (mesenchymal AND ("cell line" OR immortal*) AND (cartilage OR chondrogenesis OR bone OR osteogenesis) AND human). Only original research studies in which a human iMSC line was employed for osteogenesis or chondrogenesis experiments were included. After describing the success of the immortalization protocol, we focused on the iMSCs maintenance of the parental phenotype and multipotency. According to the literature revised, it seems that the maintenance of these characteristics is not guaranteed by immortalization, and that careful selection and validation of clones with particular characteristics is necessary for taking advantage of the full potential of iMSC to be employed in bone and cartilage-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Piñeiro-Ramil
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina e Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultade de Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.S.-R.); (R.C.-V.); (S.R.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación Estratéxica entre o CICA e o Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - C. Sanjurjo-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina e Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultade de Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.S.-R.); (R.C.-V.); (S.R.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación Estratéxica entre o CICA e o Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - R. Castro-Viñuelas
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina e Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultade de Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.S.-R.); (R.C.-V.); (S.R.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación Estratéxica entre o CICA e o Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - S. Rodríguez-Fernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina e Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultade de Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.S.-R.); (R.C.-V.); (S.R.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación Estratéxica entre o CICA e o Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - I.M. Fuentes-Boquete
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina e Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultade de Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.S.-R.); (R.C.-V.); (S.R.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación Estratéxica entre o CICA e o Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - F.J. Blanco
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación en Reumatología (GIR), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
| | - S.M. Díaz-Prado
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Medicina e Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultade de Ciencias da Saúde, Universidade da Coruña (UDC), Campus de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (C.S.-R.); (R.C.-V.); (S.R.-F.)
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Servizo Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15006 A Coruña, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Terapia Celular e Medicina Rexenerativa, Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Agrupación Estratéxica entre o CICA e o Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), Universidade da Coruña (UDC), 15071 A Coruña, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
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Zhang K, Li H, Dong S, Liu Y, Wang D, Liu H, Su F, Ge L, Jiang Y. Establishment and evaluation of a PRRSV-sensitive porcine endometrial epithelial cell line by transfecting SV40 large T antigen. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:299. [PMID: 31426793 PMCID: PMC6700808 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PRRSV is an infectious illness causing lung injury and abortion in sows. Cells apoptosis in the interface between the endometrium and fetal placenta is a crucial factor causing abortion. Previous study confirmed PRRSV could cause apoptosis of macrophages but rarely produced an obvious change in porcine endometrial epithelial cells (PECs). Recently, PRRSV-induced abortion was attributed to fetal placental and endometrium epithelial cells (Sn+ and CD163+) apoptosis. However, the mechanism of abortion is still unrevealed because of the limit of porcine endometrium epithelial cells (PEC). The aim of this study was to establish a stable immortalized PECs lines and use it to reveal the abortion mechanism. Results In this study, highly purified primary PECs were harvested through differential digestion, and their characteristics were confirmed by CK18, ERɑ and PR staining. Cells were then immortalized by transfecting a lentiviral vector that expressed SV40 large T antigen. PECs lines were obtained after puromycin screening. Proliferation of cell line was evaluated by cell growth curve and cell cycle assays. Cell lines exhibited faster proliferation capacity than primary cells. Biological characteristics of cell line were assessed by Western blot, karyotype analysis and staining, which confirmed that the cell line retained the endometrium characteristics. Finally, PRRSV sensitivity was assessed; expression of Sn and CD163 indicated that primary PECs and cell lines were all potentially sensitive to PRRSV. PRRSV infection tests showed an obvious increase in apoptotic rate in the infected PEC cell line, which suggested its susceptibility. Conclusion The newly constructed cell line is a useful tool for studying the mechanism of abortion caused by PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Houshen Li
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Shasha Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Science, Taian, 271000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Haichang Liu
- Ningbo Defangyuan Biotech Co. Ltd., No.166 of Xinghaibei Road, County of Ninghai, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Su
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, China.
| | - Lijiang Ge
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, China.
| | - Yunliang Jiang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, 271018, No. 61 Daizong Street, Taian, Shandong, China.
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Del Valle L, Piña-Oviedo S. Human Polyomavirus JCPyV and Its Role in Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy and Oncogenesis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:711. [PMID: 31440465 PMCID: PMC6694743 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neurotropic virus JCPyV, a member of the Polyomaviridiae family, is the opportunistic infectious agent of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML), a fatal disease seen in severe immunosuppressive conditions and, during the last decade, in patients undergoing immunotherapy. JCPyV is a ubiquitous pathogen with up to 85% of the adult population word-wide exhibiting antibodies against it. Early experiments demonstrated that direct inoculation of JCPyV into the brain of different species resulted in the development of brain tumors and other neuroectodermal-derived neoplasias. Later, several reports showed the detection of viral sequences in medulloblastomas and glial tumors, as well as expression of the viral protein T-Antigen. Few oncogenic viruses, however, have caused so much controversy regarding their role in the pathogenesis of brain tumors, but the discovery of new Polyomaviruses that cause Merkel cell carcinomas in humans and brain tumors in racoons, in addition to the role of JCPyV in colon cancer and multiple mechanistic studies have shed much needed light on the role of JCPyV in cancer. The pathways affected by the viral protein T-Antigen include cell cycle regulators, like p53 and pRb, and transcription factors that activate pro-proliferative genes, like c-Myc. In addition, infection with JCPyV causes chromosomal damage and T-Antigen inhibits homologous recombination, and activates anti-apoptotic proteins, such as Survivin. Here we review the different aspects of the biology and physiopathology of JCPyV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Del Valle
- Department of Pathology and Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health, New Orleans, LA, United States
| | - Sergio Piña-Oviedo
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Rotondo JC, Mazzoni E, Bononi I, Tognon M, Martini F. Association Between Simian Virus 40 and Human Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:670. [PMID: 31403031 PMCID: PMC6669359 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simian virus 40 (SV40) is a small DNA tumor virus of monkey origin. This polyomavirus was administered to human populations mainly through contaminated polio vaccines, which were produced in naturally infected SV40 monkey cells. Previous molecular biology and recent immunological assays have indicated that SV40 is spreading in human populations, independently from earlier SV40-contaminated vaccines. SV40 DNA sequences have been detected at a higher prevalence in specific human cancer specimens, such as the brain and bone tumors, malignant pleural mesotheliomas, and lymphoproliferative disorders, compared to the corresponding normal tissues/specimens. However, other investigations, which reported negative data, did not confirm an association between SV40 and human tumors. To circumvent the controversies, which have arisen because of these molecular biology studies, immunological researches with newly developed indirect ELISA tests were carried out in serum samples from patients affected by the same kind of tumors as mentioned above. These innovative indirect ELISAs employ synthetic peptides as mimotopes/specific SV40 antigens. SV40 mimotopes do not cross-react with the homologous human polyomaviruses, BKPyV, and JCPyV. Immunological data obtained from indirect ELISAs, using SV40 mimotopes, employed to analyze serum samples from oncological patients, have indicated that these sera had a higher prevalence of antibodies against SV40 compared to healthy subjects. The main data on (i) the biology and genetics of SV40; (ii) the epidemiology of SV40 in the general population, (iii) the mechanisms of SV40 transformation; (iv) the putative role of SV40 in the onset/progression of specific human tumors, and (v) its association with other human diseases are reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Charles Rotondo
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Mazzoni
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bononi
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mauro Tognon
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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BK Polyomavirus Activates the DNA Damage Response To Prolong S Phase. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00130-19. [PMID: 31043526 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00130-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BK polyomavirus (PyV) is a major source of kidney failure in transplant recipients. The standard treatment for patients with lytic BKPyV infection is to reduce immunosuppressive therapy, which increases the risk of graft rejection. PyVs are DNA viruses that rely upon host replication proteins for viral genome replication. A hallmark of PyV infection is activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) to prevent severe host and viral DNA damage that impairs viral production by an unknown mechanism. Therefore, we sought to better understand why BKPyV activates the DDR through the ATR and ATM pathways and how this prevents DNA damage and leads to increased viral production. When ATR was inhibited in BKPyV-infected primary kidney cells, severe DNA damage occurred due to premature Cdk1 activation, which resulted in mitosis of cells that were actively replicating host DNA in S phase. Conversely, ATM was required for efficient entry into S phase and to prevent normal mitotic entry after G2 phase. The synergistic activation of these DDR kinases promoted and maintained BKPyV-mediated S phase to enhance viral production. In contrast to BKPyV infection, DDR inhibition did not disrupt cell cycle control in uninfected cells. This suggests that DDR inhibitors may be used to specifically target BKPyV-infected cells.IMPORTANCE BK polyomavirus (BKPyV) is an emerging pathogen that reactivates in immunosuppressed organ transplant patients. We wanted to understand why BKPyV-induced activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) enhances viral titers and prevents host DNA damage. Here, we show that the virus activates the DNA damage response in order to keep the infected cells in S phase to replicate the viral DNA. The source of DNA damage was due to actively replicating cells with uncondensed chromosomes entering directly into mitosis when the DDR was inhibited in BKPyV-infected cells. This study clarifies the previously enigmatic role of the DDR during BKPyV infection by demonstrating that the virus activates the DDR to maintain the cells in S phase in order to promote viral replication and that disruption of this cell cycle arrest can lead to catastrophic DNA damage for the host.
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Kiszel P, Fiesel S, Voit S, Waechtler B, Meier T, Oelschlaegel T, Schraeml M, Engel AM. Transient gene expression using valproic acid in combination with co-transfection of SV40 large T antigen and human p21CIP
/p27KIP. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 35:e2786. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kiszel
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
| | - Sonja Fiesel
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
| | - Susanne Voit
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
| | - Beate Waechtler
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
| | - Thomas Meier
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
| | - Tobias Oelschlaegel
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
| | - Michael Schraeml
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
| | - Alfred M. Engel
- R&D Cell Culture Technology of Centralized and Point of Care Solutions; Roche Diagnostics GmbH; Penzberg Germany
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Liu Z, Zhang C, Skamagki M, Khodadadi-Jamayran A, Zhang W, Kong D, Chang CW, Feng J, Han X, Townes TM, Li H, Kim K, Zhao R. Elevated p53 Activities Restrict Differentiation Potential of MicroRNA-Deficient Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 9:1604-1617. [PMID: 29141234 PMCID: PMC5688240 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2017.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) deficient for microRNAs (miRNAs), such as Dgcr8−/− or Dicer−/– embryonic stem cells (ESCs), contain no mature miRNA and cannot differentiate into somatic cells. How miRNA deficiency causes differentiation defects remains poorly understood. Here, we report that miR-302 is sufficient to enable neural differentiation of differentiation-incompetent Dgcr8−/− ESCs. Our data showed that miR-302 directly suppresses the tumor suppressor p53, which is modestly upregulated in Dgcr8−/− ESCs and serves as a barrier restricting neural differentiation. We demonstrated that direct inactivation of p53 by SV40 large T antigen, a short hairpin RNA against Trp53, or genetic ablation of Trp53 in Dgcr8−/− PSCs enables neural differentiation, while activation of p53 by the MDM2 inhibitor nutlin-3a in wild-type ESCs inhibits neural differentiation. Together, we demonstrate that a major function of miRNAs in neural differentiation is suppression of p53 and that modest activation of p53 blocks neural differentiation of miRNA-deficient PSCs. miR-302 enables neural differentiation of differentiation-incompetent Dgcr8−/− ESCs miR-302 directly suppresses p53 expression p53 inhibits neural differentiation of Dgcr8−/− and wild-type PSCs p53 may eliminate genetically defective embryos to save maternal resources
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Maria Skamagki
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alireza Khodadadi-Jamayran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Dexin Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Chia-Wei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Jingyang Feng
- Cook County Health and Hospital System, John H. Stroger Hospital, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiaosi Han
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Tim M Townes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kitai Kim
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Center for Cell Engineering, Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Rui Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Stem Cell Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Gregory Fleming James Cystic Fibrosis Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Tanaka M, Kuramochi M, Nakanishi S, Kuwamura M, Kuramoto T. Rat polyomavirus 2 infection in a colony of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency rats in Japan. J Vet Med Sci 2018; 80:1400-1406. [PMID: 30012933 PMCID: PMC6160877 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.18-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyomaviruses (PyVs) infect a wide range of animals and provoke wasting diseases, particularly in immunosuppressed hosts. Recently, a novel Rattus norvegicus polyomavirus 2 (RatPyV2) has been identified in a colony of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) rats in the United States. Here, we describe the first report of the RatPyV2 infection in an X-SCID rat colony in Japan. The affected rats exhibited adult-onset wasting. Histologically, we observed large basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies within the hyperplastic or dysplastic epithelial cells in the salivary glands, Harderian glands, extraorbital lacrimal glands, and in respiratory and reproductive tissues. Among these organs, the parotid salivary, Harderian, and extraorbital lacrimal glands were most obviously affected. In particular, the parotid salivary glands were the most severely and diffusely affected and atrophic lesions were prominent even at 1 month of age, which suggested that the parotid salivary glands would be highly susceptible to RatPyV2 in X-SCID rats. RatPyV2 inclusion bodies were also detected in the tail of the epididymis and deferent duct. Such reproductive lesions developed significantly in the later stage of breeding age, and therefore may be associated with the reduced fecundity observed in the infected X-SCID rats. We also established a simple, rapid, and non-invasive diagnostic method based on the Amp-FTA method, using buccal swabs for the detection of RatPyV2 in immunodeficient rats. Our findings contribute to the early detection and diagnosis of RatPyV2 infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuu Tanaka
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Rinkuu Ourai Kita 1-58, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kuramochi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Rinkuu Ourai Kita 1-58, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Satoshi Nakanishi
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Rinkuu Ourai Kita 1-58, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuramoto
- Institute of Laboratory Animals, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan.,Current address: Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1737 Funako, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0034, Japan
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Bernal A, Moltó-Abad M, Domínguez D, Tusell L. Acute telomere deprotection prevents ongoing BFB cycles and rampant instability in p16 INK4a-deficient epithelial cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27151-27170. [PMID: 29930757 PMCID: PMC6007466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomere dysfunction drives chromosome instability through endless breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles that promote the formation of highly rearranged genomes. However, reactivation of telomerase or ALT-pathway is required for genome stabilisation and full malignant transformation. To allow the unrestricted proliferation of cells at risk of transformation, we have established a conditional system of telomere deprotection in p16INK4a-deficient MCF-10A cells with modified checkpoints. After sustained expression of a dominant negative form of the shelterin protein TRF2 (TRF2ΔBΔM), cells with telomere fusion did progress to anaphase but no signs of ongoing BFB cycles were observed, thus anticipating proliferation defects. Indeed, 96 h TRF2ΔBΔM expression resulted in noticeable growth proliferation defects in the absence of cell cycle disturbances. Further transient periods of 96 h telomere uncapping did not result in cell cycle disturbances either. And reduction of the telomere damage to short acute deprotection periods did not in any case engender cells with a reorganised karyotype. Strikingly, the growth arrest imposed in cells showing dysfunctional telomeres was not accompanied by an activation of the DNA damage response at cellular level, or by the presence of visible markers of senescence or apoptosis. We propose that the deprotection of many telomeres simultaneously, even for a short time, results in a local activation of the cellular stress response which consequently triggers gradual cell withdrawal from cell cycle, restraining the onset of genomic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aina Bernal
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Marc Moltó-Abad
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Current address: Unitat de Malalties Minoritàries, Hospital Universitari de la Vall d'Hebron, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Domínguez
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laura Tusell
- Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Biociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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Martelli F, Mencarini J, Rocca A, Malva ND, Bartolozzi D, Giannecchini S. Polyomavirus microRNA in saliva reveals persistent infectious status in the oral cavity. Virus Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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