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Zuurbier KR, Solano Fonseca R, Arneaud SL, Tatge L, Otuzoglu G, Wall JM, Douglas PM. Cytosolic dopamine determines hypersensitivity to blunt force trauma. iScience 2024; 27:110094. [PMID: 38883817 PMCID: PMC11179581 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to trauma-induced neurodegeneration is conserved across species, from nematodes to humans. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this hypersensitivity to blunt force trauma remain elusive. We find that extravesicular dopamine, a key driver of Parkinson's disease, extends its toxic role to the acute challenges associated with injury. Ectopic dopamine synthesis in serotonergic neurons sensitizes this resilient neuronal subtype to trauma-induced degeneration. While dopaminergic neurons normally maintain dopamine in a functional and benign state, trauma-induced subcellular redox imbalances elicit dopamine-dependent cytotoxicity. Cytosolic dopamine accumulation, through perturbations to its synthesis, metabolism, or packaging, is necessary and sufficient to drive neurodegeneration upon injury and during aging. Additionally, degeneration is further exacerbated by rapid upregulation of the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, cat-2, via the FOS-1 transcription factor. Fundamentally, our study in C. elegans unravels the molecular intricacies rendering dopaminergic neurons uniquely prone to physical perturbation across evolutionary lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kielen R. Zuurbier
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- O’Donnell Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Rene Solano Fonseca
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sonja L.B. Arneaud
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lexus Tatge
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Gupse Otuzoglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jordan M. Wall
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Peter M. Douglas
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- O’Donnell Brain Institute, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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2
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Bao X, He Y, Huang L, Li H, Li Q, Huang Y. Sinomenine exerts a neuroprotective effect on PD mouse model through inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway to enhance autophagy. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:301-309. [PMID: 35815397 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD), as a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disease, is associated with autophagy. This study focused on the regulation of sinomenine (SN) on autophagy in PD and its related mechanism. METHODS The PD mouse model was constructed by MPTP inducement, and the mouse motor function after modeling and SN treatment was examined by rotarod, grip strength, and foot printing tests. Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)/LC3B-positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of mouse brains were detected by immunofluorescence. The expressions of proteins related to autophagy (Beclin1, p62, LC3-I and LC3-II) and phosphorylated phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) signaling pathway were measured by western blot. Rescue experiments were performed to determine the effects of MHY1485 (mTOR activator) on SN-treated PD mice. RESULTS SN potentiated the motor ability in PD mice, promoted the survival of dopaminergic neurons, increased the protein expression level of Beclin1, LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and LC3B-positive neurons, lowered the protein expression level of p62 and inactivated PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the substantia nigra tissue of mouse brains. Moreover, MHY1485 reversed the above effects of SN on PD mice via reactivating PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. CONCLUSION SN augments the autophagy of dopaminergic neurons via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and exerts a neuroprotective effect on PD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Bao
- Department of Geriatrics, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yingchun He
- Department of Geriatrics, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haichang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Department of Chinese Medicine Gynecology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Song M, Qiang Y, Zhao X, Song F. Cyclin-dependent Kinase 5 and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04047-1. [PMID: 38378992 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04047-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of diseases characterized by the progressive loss of neurons, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These diseases have a high incidence and mortality rate globally, placing a heavy burden on patients and their families. The pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases is complex, and there are no effective treatments at present. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase that is closely related to the development and function of the nervous system. Under physiological conditions, it is involved in regulating the process of neuronal proliferation, differentiation, migration, and synaptic plasticity. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that cyclin-dependent kinase 5 also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we address the biological characteristics of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. In particular, this review highlights the underlying mechanistic linkages between cyclin-dependent kinase 5 and mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in the context of neurodegeneration. Finally, we also summarize the currently available cyclin-dependent kinase 5 inhibitors and their prospects for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Taken together, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 involved in neurodegenerative diseases can lead to the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalong Qiang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Lv M, Zhou W, Hao Y, Li F, Zhang H, Yao X, Shi Y, Zhang L. Structural insights into the specific recognition of mitochondrial ribosome-binding factor hsRBFA and 12 S rRNA by methyltransferase METTL15. Cell Discov 2024; 10:11. [PMID: 38291322 PMCID: PMC10828496 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-023-00634-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial rRNA modifications are essential for mitoribosome assembly and its proper function. The m4C methyltransferase METTL15 maintains mitochondrial homeostasis by catalyzing m4C839 located in 12 S rRNA helix 44 (h44). This modification is essential to fine-tuning the ribosomal decoding center and increasing decoding fidelity according to studies of a conserved site in Escherichia coli. Here, we reported a series of crystal structures of human METTL15-hsRBFA-h44-SAM analog, METTL15-hsRBFA-SAM, METTL15-SAM and apo METTL15. The structures presented specific interactions of METTL15 with different substrates and revealed that hsRBFA recruits METTL15 to mitochondrial small subunit for further modification instead of 12 S rRNA. Finally, we found that METTL15 deficiency caused increased reactive oxygen species, decreased membrane potential and altered cellular metabolic state. Knocking down METTL15 caused an elevated lactate secretion and increased levels of histone H4K12-lactylation and H3K9-lactylation. METTL15 might be a suitable model to study the regulation between mitochondrial metabolism and histone lactylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Lv
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Wanwan Zhou
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yijie Hao
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fudong Li
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Huafeng Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuebiao Yao
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yunyu Shi
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Hefei National Research Center for Cross Disciplinary Science, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Membraneless Organelles and Cellular Dynamics, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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Zhang C, Meng Y, Han J. Emerging roles of mitochondrial functions and epigenetic changes in the modulation of stem cell fate. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:26. [PMID: 38212548 PMCID: PMC11072137 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05070-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve as essential organelles that play a key role in regulating stem cell fate. Mitochondrial dysfunction and stem cell exhaustion are two of the nine distinct hallmarks of aging. Emerging research suggests that epigenetic modification of mitochondria-encoded genes and the regulation of epigenetics by mitochondrial metabolites have an impact on stem cell aging or differentiation. Here, we review how key mitochondrial metabolites and behaviors regulate stem cell fate through an epigenetic approach. Gaining insight into how mitochondria regulate stem cell fate will help us manufacture and preserve clinical-grade stem cells under strict quality control standards, contributing to the development of aging-associated organ dysfunction and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chensong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yang Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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6
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Gątarek P, Kałużna-Czaplińska J. Integrated metabolomics and proteomics analysis of plasma lipid metabolism in Parkinson's disease. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:13-25. [PMID: 38346207 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2315193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolomics and proteomics are two growing fields of science which may shed light on the molecular mechanisms that contribute to neurodegenerative diseases. Studies focusing on these aspects can reveal specific metabolites and proteins that can halt or reverse the progressive neurodegenerative process leading to dopaminergic cell death in the brain. AREAS COVERED In this article, an overview of the current status of metabolomic and proteomic profiling in the neurodegenerative disease such as Parkinson's disease (PD) is presented. We discuss the importance of state-of-the-art metabolomics and proteomics using advanced analytical methodologies and their potential for discovering new biomarkers in PD. We critically review the research to date, highlighting how metabolomics and proteomics can have an important impact on early disease diagnosis, future therapy development and the identification of new biomarkers. Finally, we will discuss interactions between lipids and α-synuclein (SNCA) and also consider the role of SNCA in lipid metabolism. EXPERT OPINION Metabolomic and proteomic studies contribute to understanding the biological basis of PD pathogenesis, identifying potential biomarkers and introducing new therapeutic strategies. The complexity and multifactorial nature of this disease requires a comprehensive approach, which can be achieved by integrating just these two omic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Gątarek
- Institute Of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Kałużna-Czaplińska
- Institute Of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
- CONEM Poland Chemistry and Nutrition Research Group, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
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7
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Li X, Han Y, Meng Y, Yin L. Small RNA-big impact: exosomal miRNAs in mitochondrial dysfunction in various diseases. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-20. [PMID: 38174992 PMCID: PMC10773649 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2293343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multitasking organelles involved in maintaining the cell homoeostasis. Beyond its well-established role in cellular bioenergetics, mitochondria also function as signal organelles to propagate various cellular outcomes. However, mitochondria have a self-destructive arsenal of factors driving the development of diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous group of membranous nano-sized vesicles, are present in a variety of bodily fluids. EVs serve as mediators for intercellular interaction. Exosomes are a class of small EVs (30-100 nm) released by most cells. Exosomes carry various cargo including microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short noncoding RNAs. Recent studies have closely associated exosomal miRNAs with various human diseases, including diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, which are a group of complex multifactorial diseases and have not been comprehensively described. In this review, we first briefly introduce the characteristics of EVs. Then, we focus on possible mechanisms regarding exosome-mitochondria interaction through integrating signalling networks. Moreover, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge of the role of exosomal miRNAs in various diseases, describing how mitochondria are changed in disease status. Finally, we propose future research directions to provide a novel therapeutic strategy that could slow the disease progress mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Li
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Central laboratory, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Yi Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, People’s Hospital of Yanjiang District, Ziyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Central laboratory, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Fang TSZ, Sun Y, Pearce AC, Eleuteri S, Kemp M, Luckhurst CA, Williams R, Mills R, Almond S, Burzynski L, Márkus NM, Lelliott CJ, Karp NA, Adams DJ, Jackson SP, Zhao JF, Ganley IG, Thompson PW, Balmus G, Simon DK. Knockout or inhibition of USP30 protects dopaminergic neurons in a Parkinson's disease mouse model. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7295. [PMID: 37957154 PMCID: PMC10643470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42876-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SNCA, the gene encoding α-synuclein (αSyn), cause familial Parkinson's disease (PD) and aberrant αSyn is a key pathological hallmark of idiopathic PD. This α-synucleinopathy leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, which may drive dopaminergic neurodegeneration. PARKIN and PINK1, mutated in autosomal recessive PD, regulate the preferential autophagic clearance of dysfunctional mitochondria ("mitophagy") by inducing ubiquitylation of mitochondrial proteins, a process counteracted by deubiquitylation via USP30. Here we show that loss of USP30 in Usp30 knockout mice protects against behavioral deficits and leads to increased mitophagy, decreased phospho-S129 αSyn, and attenuation of SN dopaminergic neuronal loss induced by αSyn. These observations were recapitulated with a potent, selective, brain-penetrant USP30 inhibitor, MTX115325, with good drug-like properties. These data strongly support further study of USP30 inhibition as a potential disease-modifying therapy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy-Shi Zhang Fang
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Yu Sun
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Andrew C Pearce
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Simona Eleuteri
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Kemp
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Christopher A Luckhurst
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Rachel Williams
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Ross Mills
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Sarah Almond
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Laura Burzynski
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | - Nóra M Márkus
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
| | | | | | | | - Stephen P Jackson
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK
- The Gurdon Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1QN, UK
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0RE, UK
| | - Jin-Feng Zhao
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ian G Ganley
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Paul W Thompson
- Mission Therapeutics Ltd. Glenn Berge Building, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, CB22 3FH, UK.
| | - Gabriel Balmus
- UK Dementia Research Institute at the University of Cambridge and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Transylvanian Institute of Neuroscience, 400191, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - David K Simon
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rahayel S, Tremblay C, Vo A, Misic B, Lehéricy S, Arnulf I, Vidailhet M, Corvol JC, Gagnon JF, Postuma RB, Montplaisir J, Lewis S, Matar E, Ehgoetz Martens K, Borghammer P, Knudsen K, Hansen AK, Monchi O, Gan-Or Z, Dagher A. Mitochondrial function-associated genes underlie cortical atrophy in prodromal synucleinopathies. Brain 2023; 146:3301-3318. [PMID: 36826230 PMCID: PMC10393413 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder (iRBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the loss of rapid eye movement sleep muscle atonia and the appearance of abnormal movements and vocalizations during rapid eye movement sleep. It is a strong marker of incipient synucleinopathy such as dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease. Patients with iRBD already show brain changes that are reminiscent of manifest synucleinopathies including brain atrophy. However, the mechanisms underlying the development of this atrophy remain poorly understood. In this study, we performed cutting-edge imaging transcriptomics and comprehensive spatial mapping analyses in a multicentric cohort of 171 polysomnography-confirmed iRBD patients [67.7 ± 6.6 (49-87) years; 83% men] and 238 healthy controls [66.6 ± 7.9 (41-88) years; 77% men] with T1-weighted MRI to investigate the gene expression and connectivity patterns associated with changes in cortical thickness and surface area in iRBD. Partial least squares regression was performed to identify the gene expression patterns underlying cortical changes in iRBD. Gene set enrichment analysis and virtual histology were then done to assess the biological processes, cellular components, human disease gene terms, and cell types enriched in these gene expression patterns. We then used structural and functional neighbourhood analyses to assess whether the atrophy patterns in iRBD were constrained by the brain's structural and functional connectome. Moreover, we used comprehensive spatial mapping analyses to assess the specific neurotransmitter systems, functional networks, cytoarchitectonic classes, and cognitive brain systems associated with cortical changes in iRBD. All comparisons were tested against null models that preserved spatial autocorrelation between brain regions and compared to Alzheimer's disease to assess the specificity of findings to synucleinopathies. We found that genes involved in mitochondrial function and macroautophagy were the strongest contributors to the cortical thinning occurring in iRBD. Moreover, we demonstrated that cortical thinning was constrained by the brain's structural and functional connectome and that it mapped onto specific networks involved in motor and planning functions. In contrast with cortical thickness, changes in cortical surface area were related to distinct genes, namely genes involved in the inflammatory response, and to different spatial mapping patterns. The gene expression and connectivity patterns associated with iRBD were all distinct from those observed in Alzheimer's disease. In summary, this study demonstrates that the development of brain atrophy in synucleinopathies is constrained by specific genes and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shady Rahayel
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal H4J 1C5, Canada
| | - Christina Tremblay
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Andrew Vo
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Bratislav Misic
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Stéphane Lehéricy
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Isabelle Arnulf
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Marie Vidailhet
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Corvol
- Institut du Cerveau–Paris Brain Institute–ICM, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris 75013, France
| | - Jean-François Gagnon
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal H2X 3P2, Canada
- Research Centre, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Jacques Montplaisir
- Centre for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal, Montreal H4J 1C5, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Simon Lewis
- ForeFront Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Elie Matar
- ForeFront Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
| | - Kaylena Ehgoetz Martens
- ForeFront Parkinson’s Disease Research Clinic, Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Camperdown NSW 2050, Australia
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Per Borghammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Karoline Knudsen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Allan K Hansen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus DK-8200, Denmark
| | - Oury Monchi
- Research Centre, Institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal, Montreal H3W 1W5, Canada
- Department of Radiology, Radio-Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal H3T 1A4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Ziv Gan-Or
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital), McGill University, Montreal H3A 2B4, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal H3A 1A1, Canada
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10
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Russo T, Kolisnyk B, Aswathy BS, Wan Kim T, Martin J, Plessis-Belair J, Ni J, Pearson JA, Park EJ, Sher RB, Studer L, Riessland M. The SATB1-MIR22-GBA axis mediates glucocerebroside accumulation inducing a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.19.549710. [PMID: 37503189 PMCID: PMC10370136 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.19.549710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic Parkinson's Disease (PD) is characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, which is associated with neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis. The underlying cause of PD and the concurrent neuroinflammation are not well understood. In this study, we utilized human and murine neuronal lines, stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons, and mice to demonstrate that three previously identified genetic risk factors for PD, namely SATB1, MIR22HG, and GBA, are components of a single gene regulatory pathway. Our findings indicate that dysregulation of this pathway leads to the upregulation of glucocerebrosides (GluCer), which triggers a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. Specifically, we discovered that downregulation of the transcriptional repressor SATB1 results in the derepression of the microRNA miR-22-3p, leading to decreased GBA expression and subsequent accumulation of GluCer. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that an increase in GluCer alone is sufficient to impair lysosomal and mitochondrial function, thereby inducing cellular senescence dependent on S100A9 and stress factors. Dysregulation of the SATB1-MIR22-GBA pathway, observed in both PD patients and normal aging, leads to lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction due to the GluCer accumulation, ultimately resulting in a cellular senescence-like phenotype in dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, our study highlights a novel pathway involving three genetic risk factors for PD and provides a potential mechanism for the senescence-induced neuroinflammation and reactive gliosis observed in both PD and normal aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Russo
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Benjamin Kolisnyk
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - BS Aswathy
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Tae Wan Kim
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jacqueline Martin
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jonathan Plessis-Belair
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Jason Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jordan A. Pearson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Emily J. Park
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roger B. Sher
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Lorenz Studer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Markus Riessland
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
- Center for Nervous System Disorders; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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11
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Dovonou A, Bolduc C, Soto Linan V, Gora C, Peralta Iii MR, Lévesque M. Animal models of Parkinson's disease: bridging the gap between disease hallmarks and research questions. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:36. [PMID: 37468944 PMCID: PMC10354932 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms. More than 200 years after its first clinical description, PD remains a serious affliction that affects a growing proportion of the population. Prevailing treatments only alleviate symptoms; there is still neither a cure that targets the neurodegenerative processes nor therapies that modify the course of the disease. Over the past decades, several animal models have been developed to study PD. Although no model precisely recapitulates the pathology, they still provide valuable information that contributes to our understanding of the disease and the limitations of our treatment options. This review comprehensively summarizes the different animal models available for Parkinson's research, with a focus on those induced by drugs, neurotoxins, pesticides, genetic alterations, α-synuclein inoculation, and viral vector injections. We highlight their characteristics and ability to reproduce PD-like phenotypes. It is essential to realize that the strengths and weaknesses of each model and the induction technique at our disposal are determined by the research question being asked. Our review, therefore, seeks to better aid researchers by ensuring a concrete discernment of classical and novel animal models in PD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axelle Dovonou
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Cyril Bolduc
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Victoria Soto Linan
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Charles Gora
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Modesto R Peralta Iii
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Martin Lévesque
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, 2601, Chemin de la Canardière, Québec, QC, G1J 2G3, Canada.
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada.
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12
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Sawicki J, Berner R, Loos SAM, Anvari M, Bader R, Barfuss W, Botta N, Brede N, Franović I, Gauthier DJ, Goldt S, Hajizadeh A, Hövel P, Karin O, Lorenz-Spreen P, Miehl C, Mölter J, Olmi S, Schöll E, Seif A, Tass PA, Volpe G, Yanchuk S, Kurths J. Perspectives on adaptive dynamical systems. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2023; 33:071501. [PMID: 37486668 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Adaptivity is a dynamical feature that is omnipresent in nature, socio-economics, and technology. For example, adaptive couplings appear in various real-world systems, such as the power grid, social, and neural networks, and they form the backbone of closed-loop control strategies and machine learning algorithms. In this article, we provide an interdisciplinary perspective on adaptive systems. We reflect on the notion and terminology of adaptivity in different disciplines and discuss which role adaptivity plays for various fields. We highlight common open challenges and give perspectives on future research directions, looking to inspire interdisciplinary approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sawicki
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Akademie Basel, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Leonhardsstrasse 6, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rico Berner
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah A M Loos
- DAMTP, University of Cambridge, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, United Kingdom
| | - Mehrnaz Anvari
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Algorithms and Scientific Computing, Schloss Birlinghoven, 53757 Sankt-Augustin, Germany
| | - Rolf Bader
- Institute of Systematic Musicology, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wolfram Barfuss
- Transdisciplinary Research Area: Sustainable Futures, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicola Botta
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Nuria Brede
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Computer Science, University of Potsdam, An der Bahn 2, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Igor Franović
- Scientific Computing Laboratory, Center for the Study of Complex Systems, Institute of Physics Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Daniel J Gauthier
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sebastian Goldt
- Department of Physics, International School of Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Aida Hajizadeh
- Research Group Comparative Neuroscience, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Hövel
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Omer Karin
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Lorenz-Spreen
- Center for Adaptive Rationality, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Lentzeallee 94, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Miehl
- Akademie Basel, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Leonhardsstrasse 6, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jan Mölter
- Department of Mathematics, School of Computation, Information and Technology, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstraße 3, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Simona Olmi
- Akademie Basel, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Leonhardsstrasse 6, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eckehard Schöll
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Akademie Basel, Fachhochschule Nordwestschweiz FHNW, Leonhardsstrasse 6, 4009 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alireza Seif
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Peter A Tass
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94304, USA
| | - Giovanni Volpe
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Serhiy Yanchuk
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kurths
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Physics, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Newtonstraße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Cheramangalam RN, Anand T, Pandey P, Balasubramanian D, Varghese R, Singhal N, Jaiswal SN, Jaiswal M. Bendless is essential for PINK1-Park mediated Mitofusin degradation under mitochondrial stress caused by loss of LRPPRC. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010493. [PMID: 37098042 PMCID: PMC10162545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells under mitochondrial stress often co-opt mechanisms to maintain energy homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control and cell survival. A mechanistic understanding of such responses is crucial for further insight into mitochondrial biology and diseases. Through an unbiased genetic screen in Drosophila, we identify that mutations in lrpprc2, a homolog of the human LRPPRC gene that is linked to the French-Canadian Leigh syndrome, result in PINK1-Park activation. While the PINK1-Park pathway is well known to induce mitophagy, we show that PINK1-Park regulates mitochondrial dynamics by inducing the degradation of the mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin/Marf in lrpprc2 mutants. In our genetic screen, we also discover that Bendless, a K63-linked E2 conjugase, is a regulator of Marf, as loss of bendless results in increased Marf levels. We show that Bendless is required for PINK1 stability, and subsequently for PINK1-Park mediated Marf degradation under physiological conditions, and in response to mitochondrial stress as seen in lrpprc2. Additionally, we show that loss of bendless in lrpprc2 mutant eyes results in photoreceptor degeneration, indicating a neuroprotective role for Bendless-PINK1-Park mediated Marf degradation. Based on our observations, we propose that certain forms of mitochondrial stress activate Bendless-PINK1-Park to limit mitochondrial fusion, which is a cell-protective response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tarana Anand
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - Priyanka Pandey
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Reshmi Varghese
- CSIR–Centre For Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Neha Singhal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Manish Jaiswal
- Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, India
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14
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Microarrays, Enzymatic Assays, and MALDI-MS for Determining Specific Alterations to Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain Activity, ROS Formation, and Lipid Composition in a Monkey Model of Parkinson’s Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065470. [PMID: 36982541 PMCID: PMC10049643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple evidences suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease via the selective cell death of dopaminergic neurons, such as that which occurs after prolonged exposure to the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) complex I inhibitor, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyrine (MPTP). However, the effects of chronic MPTP on the ETC complexes and on enzymes of lipid metabolism have not yet been thoroughly determined. To face these questions, the enzymatic activities of ETC complexes and the lipidomic profile of MPTP-treated non-human primate samples were determined using cell membrane microarrays from different brain areas and tissues. MPTP treatment induced an increase in complex II activity in the olfactory bulb, putamen, caudate, and substantia nigra, where a decrease in complex IV activity was observed. The lipidomic profile was also altered in these areas, with a reduction in the phosphatidylserine (38:1) content being especially relevant. Thus, MPTP treatment not only modulates ETC enzymes, but also seems to alter other mitochondrial enzymes that regulate the lipid metabolism. Moreover, these results show that a combination of cell membrane microarrays, enzymatic assays, and MALDI-MS provides a powerful tool for identifying and validating new therapeutic targets that might accelerate the drug discovery process.
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15
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Szelechowski M, Texier B, Prime M, Atamena D, Belenguer P. Mortalin/Hspa9 involvement and therapeutic perspective in Parkinson’s disease. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:293-298. [PMID: 35900406 PMCID: PMC9396523 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.346487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
By controlling the proper folding of proteins imported into mitochondria and ensuring crosstalk between the reticulum and mitochondria to modulate intracellular calcium fluxes, Mortalin is a chaperone protein that plays crucial roles in neuronal homeostasis and activity. However, its expression and stability are strongly modified in response to cellular stresses, in particular upon altered oxidative conditions during neurodegeneration. Here, we report and discuss the abundant literature that has highlighted its contribution to the pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease, as well as its therapeutic and prognostic potential in this still incurable pathology.
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16
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Pan X, Dutta D, Lu S, Bellen HJ. Sphingolipids in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1137893. [PMID: 36875645 PMCID: PMC9978793 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1137893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs) are a group of disorders that cause progressive deficits of neuronal function. Recent evidence argues that sphingolipid metabolism is affected in a surprisingly broad set of NDDs. These include some lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), hereditary sensory and autonomous neuropathy (HSAN), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), as well as some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of these diseases have been modeled in Drosophila melanogaster and are associated with elevated levels of ceramides. Similar changes have also been reported in vertebrate cells and mouse models. Here, we summarize studies using fly models and/or patient samples which demonstrate the nature of the defects in sphingolipid metabolism, the organelles that are implicated, the cell types that are initially affected, and potential therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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17
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Sun S, Hou H, Ma G, Ma Q, Li N, Zhang L, Dong C, Cao M, Tam KY, Ying Z, Wang H. The interaction between E3 ubiquitin ligase Parkin and mitophagy receptor PHB2 links inner mitochondrial membrane ubiquitination to efficient mitophagy. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102704. [PMID: 36379251 PMCID: PMC9763867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The autophagic clearance of mitochondria has been defined as mitophagy, which is triggered by mitochondrial damage and serves as a major pathway for mitochondrial homeostasis and cellular quality control. PINK1 and Parkin-mediated mitophagy is the most extensively studied form of mitophagy, which has been linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The current paradigm of this particular mitophagy pathway is that the ubiquitination of the outer mitochondrial membrane is the key step to enable the recognition of damaged mitochondria by the core autophagic component autophagosome. However, whether the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) is ubiquitinated by Parkin and its contribution to sufficient mitophagy remain unclear. Here, using molecular, cellular, and biochemical approaches, we report that prohibitin 2 (PHB2), an essential IMM receptor for mitophagy, is ubiquitinated by Parkin and thereby gains higher affinity to the autophagosome during mitophagy. Our findings suggest that Parkin directly binds to PHB2 through its RING1 domain and promotes K11- and K33-linked ubiquitination on K142/K200 sites of PHB2, thereby enhancing the interaction between PHB2 and MAP1LC3B/LC3B. Interestingly and importantly, our study allows us to propose a novel model in which IMM protein PHB2 serves as both a receptor and a ubiquitin-mediated base for autophagosome recruitment to ensure efficient mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China
| | - Hongyu Hou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guoqiang Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qilian Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ningning Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Medicine, Ministry of Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Jiangsu Institute of Nuclear Medicine, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chunsheng Dong
- Insititutes of Biology and Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mian Cao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kin Yip Tam
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau, China.
| | - Zheng Ying
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China..
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China..
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18
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Xu ZX, Zhou YY, Wu R, Zhao YJ, Wang XP. Brain iron deposition and whole-exome sequencing of non-Wilson-disease hypoceruloplasminemia in a family. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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19
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Paradis M, Kucharowski N, Edwards Faret G, Maya Palacios SJ, Meyer C, Stümpges B, Jamitzky I, Kalinowski J, Thiele C, Bauer R, Paululat A, Sellin J, Bülow MH. The ER protein Creld regulates ER-mitochondria contact dynamics and respiratory complex 1 activity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo0155. [PMID: 35867795 PMCID: PMC9307246 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic contacts are formed between endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria that enable the exchange of calcium and phospholipids. Disturbed contacts between ER and mitochondria impair mitochondrial dynamics and are a molecular hallmark of Parkinson's disease, which is also characterized by impaired complex I activity and dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Here, we analyzed the role of cysteine-rich with EGF-like domain (Creld), a poorly characterized risk gene for Parkinson's disease, in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics and function. We found that loss of Creld leads to mitochondrial hyperfusion and reduced ROS signaling in Drosophila melanogaster, Xenopus tropicalis, and human cells. Creld fly mutants show differences in ER-mitochondria contacts and reduced respiratory complex I activity. The resulting low-hydrogen peroxide levels are linked to disturbed neuronal activity and lead to impaired locomotion, but not neurodegeneration, in Creld mutants. We conclude that Creld regulates ER-mitochondria communication and thereby hydrogen peroxide formation, which is required for normal neuron function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Paradis
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nicole Kucharowski
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriela Edwards Faret
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Christian Meyer
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Birgit Stümpges
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabell Jamitzky
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Julia Kalinowski
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Thiele
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Paululat
- Department of Zoology and Developmental Biology, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 11, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Julia Sellin
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Digitalization and General Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen
| | - Margret Helene Bülow
- Life and Medical Sciences (LIMES) Institute, University of Bonn, Carl-Troll-Straße 31, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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20
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Takaine M, Imamura H, Yoshida S. High and stable ATP levels prevent aberrant intracellular protein aggregation in yeast. eLife 2022; 11:67659. [PMID: 35438635 PMCID: PMC9018071 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at millimolar levels has recently been implicated in the solubilization of cellular proteins. However, the significance of this high ATP level under physiological conditions and the mechanisms that maintain ATP remain unclear. We herein demonstrated that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and adenylate kinase (ADK) cooperated to maintain cellular ATP levels regardless of glucose levels. Single-cell imaging of ATP-reduced yeast mutants revealed that ATP levels in these mutants underwent stochastic and transient depletion, which promoted the cytotoxic aggregation of endogenous proteins and pathogenic proteins, such as huntingtin and α-synuclein. Moreover, pharmacological elevations in ATP levels in an ATP-reduced mutant prevented the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates and its cytotoxicity. The present study demonstrates that cellular ATP homeostasis ensures proteostasis and revealed that suppressing the high volatility of cellular ATP levels prevented cytotoxic protein aggregation, implying that AMPK and ADK are important factors that prevent proteinopathies, such as neurodegenerative diseases. Cells use a chemical called adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a controllable source of energy. Like a battery, each ATP molecule contains a specific amount of energy that can be released when needed. Cells just need enough ATP to survive, but most cells store a lot more than they need. It is unclear why cells keep so much ATP, or whether this excess ATP has any other purpose. To answer these questions, Takaine et al. identified mutants of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that had low levels of ATP, and studied how these cells differ from normal yeast The results showed that, in S. cerevisiae cells with lower and variable levels of ATP, proteins stick together, forming clumps. Proteins are molecules that perform diverse roles, keeping cells alive. When they clump together, they stop working and can cause cells to die. Further experiments showed that reducing the levels of ATP just for a short time increased the rate at which proteins stick together. Taken together, Takaine et al.’s results suggest that ATP plays a role in stopping proteins from sticking together, explaining why cells may store excess ATP, since it could aid survival. Protein clumps, also called aggregates, are a key feature of various illnesses, including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Takaine et al. provide a possible cause for why proteins aggregate in these diseases, which may be worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masak Takaine
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.,Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yoshida
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.,Institute for Molecular and Cellular Regulation (IMCR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan.,School of International Liberal Studies, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, PREST, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Miozzo F, Valencia-Alarcón EP, Stickley L, Majcin Dorcikova M, Petrelli F, Tas D, Loncle N, Nikonenko I, Bou Dib P, Nagoshi E. Maintenance of mitochondrial integrity in midbrain dopaminergic neurons governed by a conserved developmental transcription factor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1426. [PMID: 35301315 PMCID: PMC8931002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Dysregulation of developmental transcription factors is implicated in dopaminergic neurodegeneration, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Drosophila Fer2 is a prime example of a developmental transcription factor required for the birth and maintenance of midbrain DA neurons. Using an approach combining ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and genetic epistasis experiments with PD-linked genes, here we demonstrate that Fer2 controls a transcriptional network to maintain mitochondrial structure and function, and thus confers dopaminergic neuroprotection against genetic and oxidative insults. We further show that conditional ablation of Nato3, a mouse homolog of Fer2, in differentiated DA neurons causes mitochondrial abnormalities and locomotor impairments in aged mice. Our results reveal the essential and conserved role of Fer2 homologs in the mitochondrial maintenance of midbrain DA neurons, opening new perspectives for modeling and treating PD. Mitochondrial dysfunction in dopaminergic neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson’s disease. Here, the authors find a conserved mechanism by which a single transcription factor controls mitochondrial health in dopaminergic neurons during the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Miozzo
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Neuroscience Institute - CNR (IN-CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Eva P Valencia-Alarcón
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Luca Stickley
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Michaëla Majcin Dorcikova
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | | | - Damla Tas
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,The Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Loncle
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.,Puma Biotechnology, Inc., Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irina Nikonenko
- Department of Basic Neurosciences and the Center for Neuroscience, CMU, University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Peter Bou Dib
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Emi Nagoshi
- Department of Genetics and Evolution and Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, CH-1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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22
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Tass PA. Vibrotactile coordinated reset stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2021; 17:1495-1497. [PMID: 34916431 PMCID: PMC8771098 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.329001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Tass
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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23
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Ong HC, Coimbra JTS, Kwek G, Ramos MJ, Xing B, Fernandes PA, García F. Alkyl vs. aryl modifications: a comparative study on modular modifications of triphenylphosphonium mitochondrial vectors. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:1643-1650. [PMID: 34977579 PMCID: PMC8637833 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00099c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Triphenylphosphonium (TPP+) moieties are commonly conjugated to drug molecules to confer mitochondrial selectivity due to their positive charge and high lipophilicity. Although optimisation of lipophilicity can be achieved by modifying the length of the alkyl linkers between the TPP+ moiety and the drug molecule, it is not always possible. While methylation of the TPP+ moiety is a viable alternative to increase lipophilicity and mitochondrial accumulation, there are no studies comparing these two separate modular approaches. Thus, we have systematically designed, synthesised and tested a range of TPP+ molecules with varying alkyl chain lengths and degree of aryl methylation to compare the two modular methodologies for modulating lipophilicity. The ability of aryl/alkyl modified TPP+ to deliver cargo to the mitochondria was also evaluated by confocal imaging with a TPP+-conjugated fluorescein-based fluorophore. Furthermore, we have employed molecular dynamics simulations to understand the translocation of these molecules through biological membrane model systems. These results provide further insights into the thermodynamics of this process and the effect of alkyl and aryl modular modifications. Alkyl chain extension and aryl methylation can be employed to enhance mitochondrial uptake in triphenylphosphonium vectors. Here we compare these complementary strategies and their mitochondrial-targeting effects using a modular synthetic approach.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- How Chee Ong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - João T S Coimbra
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Portugal
| | - Germain Kwek
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Maria J Ramos
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Portugal
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
| | - Pedro A Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto Rua do Campo Alegre s/n 4169-007 Portugal
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link 637371 Singapore
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24
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González-Rodríguez P, Zampese E, Stout KA, Guzman JN, Ilijic E, Yang B, Tkatch T, Stavarache MA, Wokosin DL, Gao L, Kaplitt MG, López-Barneo J, Schumacker PT, Surmeier DJ. Disruption of mitochondrial complex I induces progressive parkinsonism. Nature 2021; 599:650-656. [PMID: 34732887 PMCID: PMC9189968 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Loss of functional mitochondrial complex I (MCI) in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease1. Yet, whether this change contributes to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis is unclear2. Here we used intersectional genetics to disrupt the function of MCI in mouse dopaminergic neurons. Disruption of MCI induced a Warburg-like shift in metabolism that enabled neuronal survival, but triggered a progressive loss of the dopaminergic phenotype that was first evident in nigrostriatal axons. This axonal deficit was accompanied by motor learning and fine motor deficits, but not by clear levodopa-responsive parkinsonism-which emerged only after the later loss of dopamine release in the substantia nigra. Thus, MCI dysfunction alone is sufficient to cause progressive, human-like parkinsonism in which the loss of nigral dopamine release makes a critical contribution to motor dysfunction, contrary to the current Parkinson's disease paradigm3,4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrico Zampese
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kristen A Stout
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jaime N Guzman
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ema Ilijic
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ben Yang
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tatiana Tkatch
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mihaela A Stavarache
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - David L Wokosin
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lin Gao
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla and CIBERNED, Seville, Spain
| | - Michael G Kaplitt
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/ Universidad de Sevilla and CIBERNED, Seville, Spain
| | | | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
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25
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Bhattacharyya N, Pandey V, Bhattacharyya M, Dey A. Regulatory role of long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in neurological disorders: From novel biomarkers to promising therapeutic strategies. Asian J Pharm Sci 2021; 16:533-550. [PMID: 34849161 PMCID: PMC8609388 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2021.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein or low-protein coding transcripts that contain more than 200 nucleotides. They representing a large share of the cell's transcriptional output, demonstrate functional attributes viz. tissue-specific expression, determination of cell fate, controlled expression, RNA processing and editing, dosage compensation, genomic imprinting, conserved evolutionary traits etc. These long non coding variants are well associated with pathogenicity of various diseases including the neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease etc. Neurological disorders are widespread and there knowing the underlying mechanisms become crucial. The lncRNAs take part in the pathogenesis by a plethora of mechanisms like decoy, scaffold, mi-RNA sequestrator, histone modifiers and in transcriptional interference. Detailed knowledge of the role of lncRNAs can help to use them further as novel biomarkers for therapeutic aspects. Here, in this review we discuss regulation and functional roles of lncRNAs in eight neurological diseases and psychiatric disorders, and the mechanisms by which they act. With these, we try to establish their roles as potential markers and viable diagnostic tools in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vedansh Pandey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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26
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Chen X, Wang D, Zhang L, Yao H, Zhu H, Zhao N, Peng X, Yang K. Neuroprotective Effect of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound on the Mouse MPTP/MPP + Model of Dopaminergic Neuron Injury. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2321-2330. [PMID: 34011450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasound mediated neuromodulation has been demonstrated to a safe treatment strategy in the field of neuroscience. In this study, low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) was used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) models induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) to explore the possibility of ultrasound neuroprotective effect on PD. The results demonstrated that LIPUS treatment can attenuate the central neurotoxicity of MPTP in mice, reduce the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase positive neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and decrease the apoptosis in the section of substantia nigra. The movement and balance dysfunctions in PD mice were improved with LIPUS treatment. In addition, we demonstrated that LIPUS can inhibit the decreased activity and increased apoptosis of dopaminergic neurons induced by MPP+, restrain the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by MPP+. Moreover, LIPUS stimulation alone did not cause any cytotoxicity and tissue damage in our study. Taken together, the protective and regulatory effects of LIPUS on dopaminergic neurons make it possible as a new, safe and noninvasive treatment for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Chen
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR, China
| | - Huan Yao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ultrasound Molecular Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, PR, China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Nvjun Zhao
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoqiong Peng
- Department of Ultrasound, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Pediatric Research Institute, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Stem Cell Therapy, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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27
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by degeneration of the substantia nigra pars compacta and by accumulation of α-synuclein in Lewy bodies. PD is caused by a combination of environmental factors and genetic variants. These variants range from highly penetrant Mendelian alleles to alleles that only modestly increase disease risk. Here, we review what is known about the genetics of PD. We also describe how PD genetics have solidified the role of endosomal, lysosomal, and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD pathophysiology. Finally, we highlight how all three pathways are affected by α-synuclein and how this knowledge may be harnessed for the development of disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel E Vázquez-Vélez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology and Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Departments of Molecular and Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA; .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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28
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Tresse E, Riera-Ponsati L, Jaberi E, Sew WQG, Ruscher K, Issazadeh-Navikas S. IFN-β rescues neurodegeneration by regulating mitochondrial fission via STAT5, PGAM5, and Drp1. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106868. [PMID: 33913175 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial homeostasis is essential for providing cellular energy, particularly in resource-demanding neurons, defects in which cause neurodegeneration, but the function of interferons (IFNs) in regulating neuronal mitochondrial homeostasis is unknown. We found that neuronal IFN-β is indispensable for mitochondrial homeostasis and metabolism, sustaining ATP levels and preventing excessive ROS by controlling mitochondrial fission. IFN-β induces events that are required for mitochondrial fission, phosphorylating STAT5 and upregulating PGAM5, which phosphorylates serine 622 of Drp1. IFN-β signaling then recruits Drp1 to mitochondria, oligomerizes it, and engages INF2 to stabilize mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) platforms. This process tethers damaged mitochondria to the ER to separate them via fission. Lack of neuronal IFN-β in the Ifnb-/- model of Parkinson disease (PD) disrupts STAT5-PGAM5-Drp1 signaling, impairing fission and causing large multibranched, damaged mitochondria with insufficient ATP production and excessive oxidative stress to accumulate. In other PD models, IFN-β rescues dopaminergic neuronal cell death and pathology, associated with preserved mitochondrial homeostasis. Thus, IFN-β activates mitochondrial fission in neurons through the pSTAT5/PGAM5/S622 Drp1 pathway to stabilize mitochondria/ER platforms, constituting an essential neuroprotective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Tresse
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lluís Riera-Ponsati
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elham Jaberi
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wei Qi Guinevere Sew
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karsten Ruscher
- Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research and LUBIN Lab - Lunds Laboratorium för Neurokirurgisk Hjärnskadeforskning, Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Shohreh Issazadeh-Navikas
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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29
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Bhat SA, Yousuf A, Mushtaq Z, Kumar V, Qurashi A. Fragile X Premutation rCGG Repeats Impair Synaptic Growth and Synaptic Transmission at Drosophila larval Neuromuscular Junction. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1677-1692. [PMID: 33772546 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease that develops in some premutation (PM) carriers of the FMR1 gene with alleles bearing 55-200 CGG repeats. The discovery of a broad spectrum of clinical and cell developmental abnormalities among PM carriers with or without FXTAS and in model systems suggests that neurodegeneration seen in FXTAS could be the inevitable end-result of pathophysiological processes set during early development. Hence, it is imperative to trace early PM-induced pathological abnormalities. Previous studies have shown that transgenic Drosophila carrying PM-length CGG repeats are sufficient to cause neurodegeneration. Here, we used the same transgenic model to understand the effect of CGG repeats on the structure and function of the developing nervous system. We show that presynaptic expression of CGG repeats restricts synaptic growth, reduces the number of synaptic boutons, leads to aberrant presynaptic varicosities, and impairs synaptic transmission at the larval neuromuscular junctions. The postsynaptic analysis shows that both glutamate receptors and subsynaptic reticulum proteins were normal. However, a high percentage of boutons show a reduced density of Bruchpilot protein, a key component of presynaptic active zones required for vesicle release. The electrophysiological analysis shows a significant reduction in quantal content, a measure of total synaptic vesicles released per excitation potential. Together, these findings suggest that synapse perturbation caused by rCGG repeats mediates presynaptically during larval NMJ development. We also suggest that the stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase protein Basket and CIDE-N protein Drep-2 positively mediate Bruchpilot active zone defects caused by rCGG repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad A Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK, 190006, India
| | - Aadil Yousuf
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK, 190006, India
| | - Zeeshan Mushtaq
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, IISER-Bhopal, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Vimlesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, IISER-Bhopal, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Abrar Qurashi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK, 190006, India
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30
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MacMullen C, Davis RL. High-Throughput Phenotypic Assay for Compounds That Influence Mitochondrial Health Using iPSC-Derived Human Neurons. SLAS DISCOVERY 2021; 26:811-822. [PMID: 33724077 DOI: 10.1177/24725552211000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop high-throughput assays to identify compounds that offer therapy for individuals suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. Most brain disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases, share the common neuropathology of mitochondria dysfunction, which can lead to apoptosis of neurons, overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other cellular neuropathologies characteristic of these diseases. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) with a stable genomic insertion of the neurogenin-2 transcription factor under the control of the TetOn promoter can be differentiated into excitatory human neurons (i3Neurons) within 3 days of exposure to doxycycline. These neurons have been used to develop and validate a live-cell assay for parameters of mitochondrial dynamics and function using two compounds known to promote mitochondrial elongation in mouse neurons, 4-hydroxychalcone and 2,4-dihyrdroxychalcone. The assay involves plating the neurons in 384-well microtiter plates, treating them with known or unknown substances, and then capturing morphological information for the neuronal mitochondria using a lentivirus vector to express a mitochondrial-targeted fluorescence reporter. The i3Neuron cultures exposed to these two compounds for 24 h exhibit significantly decreased circularity and significantly increased length compared to controls, two morphological parameters correlated with increased mitochondrial health. The assay is rapid, with results obtained after a one-week-long i3Neuron culture or one month if neurons are co-cultured with astrocytes. This live-cell, mitochondrial phenotypic assay can be used for high-throughput screening or as an orthogonal assay for compounds obtained via other high-throughput screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney MacMullen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Ronald L Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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31
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Zhou M, Lin Y, Lu L, Zhang Z, Guo W, Peng G, Zhang W, Zhu Z, Wu Z, Mo M, Yang X, Zhu X, Chen C, Chen X, Xu P. Association of ADAM10 gene variants with sporadic Parkinson's disease in Chinese Han population. J Gene Med 2021; 23:e3319. [PMID: 33527480 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Genetic factors play important roles in PD risk. rs653765 and rs514049 of ADAM10 were reported to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) in Caucasian population; however, the association of the two variants with PD in Chinese Han population remains unknown. The present investigation aimed to explore the possible association of ADAM10 variants with PD in Chinese Han population. METHODS We enrolled 565 PD patients and 518 healthy controls to conduct a case-control study. DNA samples were extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes, and the genotypes were determined by utilization of MassARRAY platform. Plasma levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS We found CC genotype of rs514049 was associated with an increased risk of PD (OR (95% CI) = 3.776 (1.127-11.217), p = 0.018). The C allele frequency of rs514049 was significantly higher in PD group (OR (95% CI) = 1.328 (1.031-1.709), p = 0.028), especially in male subgroup (OR (95% CI) = 1.484 (1.053-2.092), p = 0.024). However, there was no significant difference in the genotype or allele frequencies for rs653765 within the groups. Plasma levels were significantly decreased in PD patients compared with controls (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggested that C allele of rs514049 in ADAM10 may increase the risk of PD in Chinese Han population, especially in males. The decreased plasma levels are probably involved in PD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuwan Lin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoyou Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziting Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuohua Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Chinese Medical Integrated Hospital (Huadu), Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sargent D, Moore DJ. Mechanisms of VPS35-Mediated Neurodegeneration in Parkinson's Disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF MOVEMENT DISORDERS 2021; 2:221-244. [PMID: 35497708 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irmvd.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a sporadic and common neurodegenerative movement disorder resulting from the complex interplay between genetic risk, aging and environmental exposure. Familial forms of PD account for ~10% of cases and are known to result from the inheritance of mutations in at least 15 genes. Mutations in the vacuolar protein sorting 35 ortholog (VPS35) gene cause late-onset, autosomal dominant familial PD. VPS35 is a key suunit of the pentameric retromer complex that plays a role in the retrograde sorting and recycling of transmembrane cargo proteins from endosomes to the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network. A single heterozygous Asp620Asn (D620N) mutation in VPS35 has been identified in multiple families that segregates with PD, and a number of experimental cellular and animal models have been developed to understand its pathogenic effects. At the molecular level, the D620N mutation has been shown to impair the interaction of VPS35 with the WASH complex, that plays an accessory function in retromer-dependent sorting. In addition, the D620N mutation has been linked to the abnormal sorting of retromer cargo, including CI-M6PR, AMPA receptor subunits, MUL1, LAMP2a and ATG9A, as well as to LRRK2 hyperactivation. At the cellular level, data support an impact of D620N VPS35 on mitochondrial function, the autophagy-lysosomal pathway, Wnt signaling and neurotransmission via altered endosomal sorting. The relevance of abnormal retromer sorting and cellular pathways to PD-related neurodegenerative phenotypes induced by D620N VPS35 in rodent models is not yet clear. There is also uncertainty regarding the mechanism-of-action of the D620N mutation and whether it manifests pathogenic effects in animal models and PD through a gain-of-function and/or a partial dominant-negative mechanism. Here, we discuss the emerging molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying PD induced by familial VPS35 mutations, going from structure to cellular function to neuropathology. We further discuss studies linking reduced retromer function to other neurodegenerative diseases and potential therapeutic strategies to normalize retromer function to mitigate disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorian Sargent
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Darren J Moore
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
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Schanne G, Henry L, Ong HC, Somogyi A, Medjoubi K, Delsuc N, Policar C, García F, Bertrand HC. Rhenium carbonyl complexes bearing methylated triphenylphosphonium cations as antibody-free mitochondria trackers for X-ray fluorescence imaging. Inorg Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qi00542a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A convenient rhenium-based multimodal mitochondrial-targeted probe compatible with Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Fluorescence nano-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Schanne
- Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
- Département de chimie
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL University
| | - Lucas Henry
- Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
- Département de chimie
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL University
| | - How Chee Ong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Andrea Somogyi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- BP 48
- Saint-Aubin
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - Kadda Medjoubi
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
- BP 48
- Saint-Aubin
- 91192 Gif sur Yvette
- France
| | - Nicolas Delsuc
- Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
- Département de chimie
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL University
| | - Clotilde Policar
- Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
- Département de chimie
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL University
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore
| | - Helene C. Bertrand
- Laboratoire des biomolécules
- LBM
- Département de chimie
- Ecole normale supérieure
- PSL University
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Eis PS, Huang N, Langston JW, Hatchwell E, Schüle B. Loss-of-Function NUBPL Mutation May Link Parkinson's Disease to Recessive Complex I Deficiency. Front Neurol 2020; 11:555961. [PMID: 33224084 PMCID: PMC7667465 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.555961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In an unbiased genome-wide screen for copy number variants (CNVs) on a cohort of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients, we identified in one patient a complex chromosomal rearrangement involving the nucleotide binding protein-like (NUBPL) gene on chromosome 14q12. We noted that mutations in the NUBPL gene had been reported as causing autosomal recessive (AR) mitochondrial Complex I (CI) deficiency in children. The precise breakpoints of the rearrangement in our PD case were found to be identical to those described in a patient with AR CI deficiency who also harbored a second pathogenic mutation in NUBPL. Mitochondrial dysfunction has long been considered a strong contributor to PD, and there is substantial evidence that decreased CI activity plays a central role in PD pathogenesis. We hypothesize that pathogenic NUBPL variants may increase the risk for PD analogous to variants in the glucosylceramidase beta (GBA) gene that increase the risk of developing PD in heterozygous carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy S Eis
- Population Bio, Inc., New York, NY, United States
| | - Neng Huang
- Valley Parkinson Clinic, Los Gatos, CA, United States
| | - J William Langston
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eli Hatchwell
- Population Bio, UK, Begbroke, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Birgitt Schüle
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
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Liang T, Qian ZM, Mu MD, Yung WH, Ke Y. Brain Hepcidin Suppresses Major Pathologies in Experimental Parkinsonism. iScience 2020; 23:101284. [PMID: 32623334 PMCID: PMC7334576 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite intensive research on Parkinson disease (PD) for decades, this common neurodegenerative disease remains incurable. We hypothesize that abnormal iron accumulation is a common thread underlying the emergence of the hallmarks of PD, namely mitochondrial dysfunction and α-synuclein accumulation. We investigated the powerful action of the main iron regulator hepcidin in the brain. In both the rotenone and 6-hydroxydopamine models of PD, overexpression of hepcidin by means of a virus-based strategy prevented dopamine neuronal loss and suppressed major pathologies of Parkinsonism as well as motor deficits. Hepcidin protected rotenone-induced mitochondrial deficits by reducing cellular and mitochondrial iron accumulation. In addition, hepcidin decreased α-synuclein accumulation and promoted clearance of α-synuclein through decreasing iron content that leads to activation of autophagy. Our results not only pinpoint a critical role of iron-overload in the pathogenesis of PD but also demonstrate that targeting brain iron levels through hepcidin is a promising therapeutic direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Liang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhong-Ming Qian
- Institute of Translational and Precision Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
| | - Ming-Dao Mu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Ho Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Ke
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China; Gerald Choa Neuroscience Centre, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Casalena GA, Yu L, Gil R, Rodriguez S, Sosa S, Janssen W, Azeloglu EU, Leventhal JS, Daehn IS. The diabetic microenvironment causes mitochondrial oxidative stress in glomerular endothelial cells and pathological crosstalk with podocytes. Cell Commun Signal 2020; 18:105. [PMID: 32641054 PMCID: PMC7341607 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the setting of diabetes mellitus, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are important pathogenic mechanisms causing end organ damage, including diabetic kidney disease (DKD), but mechanistic understanding at a cellular level remains obscure. In mouse models of DKD, glomerular endothelial cell (GEC) dysfunction precedes albuminuria and contributes to neighboring podocyte dysfunction, implicating GECs in breakdown of the glomerular filtration barrier. In the following studies we wished to explore the cellular mechanisms by which GECs become dysfunctional in the diabetic milieu, and the impact to neighboring podocytes. METHODS Mouse GECs were exposed to high glucose media (HG) or 2.5% v/v serum from diabetic mice or serum from non-diabetic controls, and evaluated for mitochondrial function (oxygen consumption), structure (electron microscopy), morphology (mitotracker), mitochondrial superoxide (mitoSOX), as well as accumulation of oxidized products (DNA lesion frequency (8-oxoG, endo-G), double strand breaks (γ-H2AX), endothelial function (NOS activity), autophagy (LC3) and apoptotic cell death (Annexin/PI; caspase 3). Supernatant transfer experiments from GECs to podocytes were performed to establish the effects on podocyte survival and transwell experiments were performed to determine the effects in co-culture. RESULTS Diabetic serum specifically causes mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial superoxide release in GECs. There is a rapid oxidation of mitochondrial DNA and loss of mitochondrial biogenesis without cell death. Many of these effects are blocked by mitoTEMPO a selective mitochondrial anti-oxidant. Secreted factors from dysfunctional GECs were sufficient to cause podocyte apoptosis in supernatant transfer experiments, or in co-culture but this did not occur when GECs had been previously treated with mitoTEMPO. CONCLUSION Dissecting the impact of the diabetic environment on individual cell-types from the kidney glomerulus indicates that GECs become dysfunctional and pathological to neighboring podocytes by increased levels of mitochondrial superoxide in GEC. These studies indicate that GEC-signaling to podocytes contributes to the loss of the glomerular filtration barrier in DKD. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella A Casalena
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Liping Yu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Roberto Gil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Samuel Rodriguez
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Shantel Sosa
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - William Janssen
- Microscopy CoRE, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
| | - Evren U Azeloglu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jeremy S Leventhal
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Ilse S Daehn
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1003, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Abstract
Amyloids are protein polymers that were initially linked to human diseases. Across the whole Tree of Life, many disease-unrelated proteins are now emerging for which amyloids represent distinct functional states. Most bacterial amyloids described are extracellular, contributing to biofilm formation. However, only a few have been found in the bacterial cytosol. This paper reviews from the perspective of synthetic biology (SynBio) our understanding of the subtle line that separates functional from pathogenic and transmissible amyloids (prions). Amyloids are protein polymers that were initially linked to human diseases. Across the whole Tree of Life, many disease-unrelated proteins are now emerging for which amyloids represent distinct functional states. Most bacterial amyloids described are extracellular, contributing to biofilm formation. However, only a few have been found in the bacterial cytosol. This paper reviews from the perspective of synthetic biology (SynBio) our understanding of the subtle line that separates functional from pathogenic and transmissible amyloids (prions). In particular, it is focused on RepA-WH1, a functional albeit unconventional natural amyloidogenic protein domain that participates in controlling DNA replication of bacterial plasmids. SynBio approaches, including protein engineering and the design of allosteric effectors such as diverse ligands and an optogenetic module, have enabled the generation in RepA-WH1 of an intracellular cytotoxic prion-like agent in bacteria. The synthetic RepA-WH1 prion has the potential to develop into novel antimicrobials.
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Kao CY, Xu M, Wang L, Lin SC, Lee HJ, Duraine L, Bellen HJ, Goldstein DS, Tsai SY, Tsai MJ. Elevated COUP-TFII expression in dopaminergic neurons accelerates the progression of Parkinson's disease through mitochondrial dysfunction. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008868. [PMID: 32579581 PMCID: PMC7340320 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder featuring progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons that leads to motor symptoms. The etiology and pathogenesis of PD are not clear. We found that expression of COUP-TFII, an orphan nuclear receptor, in DA neurons is upregulated in PD patients through the analysis of public datasets. We show here that through epigenetic regulation, COUP-TFII contributes to oxidative stress, suggesting that COUP-TFII may play a role in PD pathogenesis. Elevated COUP-TFII expression specifically in DA neurons evokes DA neuronal loss in mice and accelerates the progression of phenotypes in a PD mouse model, MitoPark. Compared to control mice, those with elevated COUP-TFII expression displayed reduced cristae in mitochondria and enhanced cellular electron-dense vacuoles in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Mechanistically, we found that overexpression of COUP-TFII disturbs mitochondrial pathways, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. In particular, there is repressed expression of genes encoding cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases, which could enhance oxidative stress and interfere with mitochondrial function via 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL) buildup in DA neurons. Importantly, under-expression of COUP-TFII in DA neurons slowed the deterioration in motor functions of MitoPark mice. Taken together, our results suggest that COUP-TFII may be an important contributor to PD development and a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yang Kao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mafei Xu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Leiming Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Shih-Chieh Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lita Duraine
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - David S. Goldstein
- Clinical Neurocardiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sophia Y. Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ming-Jer Tsai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Shen G, Liu W, Xu L, Wang LL. Mitochondrial Unfolded Protein Response and Its Roles in Stem Cells. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:627-637. [PMID: 32070227 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2019.0278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gerong Shen
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Prosthetics, Stomatology Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lvwan Xu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-lin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Intercellular Transmission of a Synthetic Bacterial Cytotoxic Prion-Like Protein in Mammalian Cells. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.02937-19. [PMID: 32291306 PMCID: PMC7157824 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02937-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteotoxic amyloid seeds can be transmitted between mammalian cells, arguing that the intercellular exchange of prion-like protein aggregates can be a common phenomenon. RepA-WH1 is derived from a bacterial intracellular functional amyloid protein, engineered to become cytotoxic in Escherichia coli. Here, we have studied if such bacterial aggregates can also be transmitted to, and become cytotoxic to, mammalian cells. We demonstrate that RepA-WH1 is capable of entering naive cells, thereby inducing the cytotoxic aggregation of a soluble RepA-WH1 variant expressed in the cytosol, following the same trend that had been described in bacteria. These findings highlight the universality of one of the central principles underlying prion biology: No matter the biological origin of a given prion-like protein, it can be transmitted to a phylogenetically unrelated recipient cell, provided that the latter expresses a soluble protein onto which the incoming protein can readily template its amyloid conformation. RepA is a bacterial protein that builds intracellular amyloid oligomers acting as inhibitory complexes of plasmid DNA replication. When carrying a mutation enhancing its amyloidogenesis (A31V), the N-terminal domain (WH1) generates cytosolic amyloid particles that are inheritable within a bacterial lineage. Such amyloids trigger in bacteria a lethal cascade reminiscent of mitochondrial impairment in human cells affected by neurodegeneration. To fulfill all the criteria to qualify as a prion-like protein, horizontal (intercellular) transmissibility remains to be demonstrated for RepA-WH1. Since this is experimentally intractable in bacteria, here we transiently expressed in a murine neuroblastoma cell line the soluble, barely cytotoxic RepA-WH1 wild type [RepA-WH1(WT)] and assayed its response to exposure to in vitro-assembled RepA-WH1(A31V) amyloid fibers. In parallel, murine cells releasing RepA-WH1(A31V) aggregates were cocultured with human neuroblastoma cells expressing RepA-WH1(WT). Both the assembled fibers and donor-derived RepA-WH1(A31V) aggregates induced, in the cytosol of recipient cells, the formation of cytotoxic amyloid particles. Mass spectrometry analyses of the proteomes of both types of injured cells pointed to alterations in mitochondria, protein quality triage, signaling, and intracellular traffic. Thus, a synthetic prion-like protein can be propagated to, and become cytotoxic to, cells of organisms placed at such distant branches of the tree of life as bacteria and mammalia, suggesting that mechanisms of protein aggregate spreading and toxicity follow default pathways.
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Feng ST, Wang ZZ, Yuan YH, Sun HM, Chen NH, Zhang Y. Update on the association between alpha-synuclein and tau with mitochondrial dysfunction: Implications for Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2946-2959. [PMID: 32031280 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathological mechanisms of neurodegenerative disorders, particularly Parkinson's disease (PD), is well established. Compelling evidence indicates that Parkinson's proteins (e.g., α-synuclein, Parkin, PINK1, DJ-1, and LRRK2) are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in PD. Significantly, there is a possible central role of alpha-synuclein (α-Syn) in the occurrence of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by the mediation of different signaling pathways. Also, tau, traditionally considered as the main component of neurofibrillary tangles, aggregates and amplifies the neurotoxic effects on mitochondria by interacting with α-Syn. Moreover, oxidative stress caused by mitochondrial dysfunction favors assembly of both α-Syn and tau and also plays a key role in the formation of protein aggregates. In this review, we provide an overview of the relationship between these two pathological proteins and mitochondrial dysfunction in PD, and also summarize the underlying mechanisms in the interplay of α-Syn aggregation and phosphorylated tau targeting the mitochondria, to find new strategies to prevent PD processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Tong Feng
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Mei Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Bhansali S, Bhansali A, Dutta P, Walia R, Dhawan V. Metformin upregulates mitophagy in patients with T2DM: A randomized placebo-controlled study. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:2832-2846. [PMID: 31975558 PMCID: PMC7077543 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) and NLRP3 inflammasome activation have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of T2DM. Metformin besides being an insulin sensitizer also induces autophagy; however, its effect on mitophagy and NLRP3 activation in patients with T2DM still remains elusive. Forty-five drug-naïve T2DM patients with HbA1C 7%-9% (53-75 mmol/mol) were randomly assigned to receive either metformin, voglibose, or placebo for 3 months, and were also recommended for lifestyle intervention programme (n = 15 each). Mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS) parameters, qPCR and immunoblotting of mitophagy-related markers (PINK1, PARKIN, MFN2, NIX, LC3-II, LAMP2), p-AMPKα (T172), and NLRP3 proteins, as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for assessing mitochondrial morphology were performed in the mononuclear cells of study patients. Both metformin and voglibose showed a similar efficacy towards the reduction in HbA1c and MOS indices. However, multivariate ANCOVA divulged that mRNA and protein expression of mitophagy markers, NLRP3 and p-AMPKα (T172), were significantly increased only with metformin therapy. Moreover, PINK1 expression displayed a significant positive association with HOMA-β indices, and TEM studies further confirmed reduced distortions in mitochondrial morphology in the metformin group only. Our observations underscore that metformin upregulates mitophagy and subsequently ameliorates the altered mitochondrial morphology and function, independent of its glucose-lowering effect. Further, restoration of normal mitochondrial phenotype may improve cellular function, including β-cells, which may prevent further worsening of hyperglycaemia in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Bhansali
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Anil Bhansali
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Pinaki Dutta
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Rama Walia
- Department of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Veena Dhawan
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Ji T, Zhang X, Xin Z, Xu B, Jin Z, Wu J, Hu W, Yang Y. Does perturbation in the mitochondrial protein folding pave the way for neurodegeneration diseases? Ageing Res Rev 2020; 57:100997. [PMID: 31816444 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2019.100997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria, which are cell compartments that are widely present in eukaryotic cells, have been shown to be involved in a variety of synthetic, metabolic, and signaling processes, thereby playing a vital role in cells. The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR) is a response in which mitochondria reverse the signal to the nucleus and maintain mitochondrial protein homeostasis when unfolded and misfolded proteins continue to accumulate. Multiple neurodegeneration diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS), are public health challenges. Every year, countless efforts are expended trying to clarify the pathogenesis and treatment of neurological disorders, which are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction to some extent. Numerous studies have shown that mtUPR is involved in and plays an important role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, but the exact mechanism of the disorders is still unclear. Further study of the process of mtUPR in neurological disorders can help us more accurately understand their pathogenesis in order to provide new therapeutic targets. In this paper, we briefly review mtUPR signaling in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) and mammals and summarize the role of mtUPR in neurodegeneration diseases, including AD, PD and fALS.
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Buneeva OA, Medvedeva MV, Kopylov AT, Medvedev AE. Ubiquitin Subproteome of Brain Mitochondria and Its Changes Induced by Experimental Parkinsonism and Action of Neuroprotectors. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:1359-1374. [PMID: 31760923 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919110117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review summarizes the data of our research and published studies on the ubiquitination of brain mitochondrial proteins and its changes during the development of experimental parkinsonism and administration of the neuroprotector isatin (indole-2,3-dione) with special attention to the mitochondrial ubiquitin-conjugating system and location of ubiquitinated proteins in these organelles. Incubation of brain mitochondrial fraction with biotinylated ubiquitin in vitro resulted in the incorporation of biotinylated ubiquitin in both mitochondrial and mitochondria-associated proteins. According to the interactome analysis, the identified non-ubiquitinated proteins are able to form tight complexes with ubiquitinated proteins or their partners and components of mitochondrial membranes, in which interactions of ubiquitin chains with the ubiquitin-binding protein domains play an important role. The studies of endogenous ubiquitination in the total brain mitochondrial fraction of C57Bl mice performed in different laboratories have shown that mitochondrial proteins represent about 30% of all ubiquitinated proteins. However, comparison of brain subproteomes of mitochondrial ubiquitinated proteins reported in the literature revealed significant differences both in their composition and involvement of identified ubiquitinated proteins in biological processes listed in the Gene Ontology database. The development of experimental parkinsonism in C57Bl mice induced by a single-dose administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) resulted in a decrease in the total number of mitochondrial ubiquitinated proteins and increase in the number of oxidized mitochondrial proteins containing the ubiquitin signature (K-ε-GG). Comparison of ubiquitinated proteins associated with the mouse brain mitochondrial fraction and mouse brain mitochondrial proteins bound to the proteasome ubiquitin receptor (Rpn10 subunit) did not reveal any common proteins. This suggests that ubiquitination of brain mitochondrial proteins is not directly related to their degradation in the proteasomes. Proteomic profiling of brain isatin-binding proteins identified enzymes involved in the ubiquitin-conjugating system functioning. Mapping of the identified isatin-binding proteins to known metabolic pathways indicates their participation in the parkin (E3 ubiquitin ligase)-associated pathway (CH000000947). The functional links involving brain mitochondrial ubiquitinated proteins were found only in the group of animals with the MPTP-induced parkinsonism, but not in animals treated with MPTP/isatin or isatin only. This suggests that the neuroprotective effect of isatin may be associated with the impaired functional relationships of proteins targeted to subsequent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Buneeva
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Proteomic Research, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - M V Medvedeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - A T Kopylov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Proteomic Research, Moscow, 119121, Russia
| | - A E Medvedev
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Department of Proteomic Research, Moscow, 119121, Russia
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The Overcrowded Crossroads: Mitochondria, Alpha-Synuclein, and the Endo-Lysosomal System Interaction in Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215312. [PMID: 31731450 PMCID: PMC6862467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, mainly affecting the elderly. The disease progresses gradually, with core motor presentations and a multitude of non-motor manifestations. There are two neuropathological hallmarks of PD, the dopaminergic neuronal loss and the alpha-synuclein-containing Lewy body inclusions in the substantia nigra. While the exact pathomechanisms of PD remain unclear, genetic investigations have revealed evidence of the involvement of mitochondrial function, alpha-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, and the endo-lysosomal system, in disease pathogenesis. Due to the high energy demand of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondria are of special importance acting as the cellular powerhouse. Mitochondrial dynamic fusion and fission, and autophagy quality control keep the mitochondrial network in a healthy state. Should defects of the organelle occur, a variety of reactions would ensue at the cellular level, including disrupted mitochondrial respiratory network and perturbed calcium homeostasis, possibly resulting in cellular death. Meanwhile, α-syn is a presynaptic protein that helps regulate synaptic vesicle transportation and endocytosis. Its misfolding into oligomeric sheets and fibrillation is toxic to the mitochondria and neurons. Increased cellular oxidative stress leads to α-syn accumulation, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. The proteasome and endo-lysosomal systems function to regulate damage and unwanted waste management within the cell while facilitating the quality control of mitochondria and α-syn. This review will analyze the biological functions and interactions between mitochondria, α-syn, and the endo-lysosomal system in the pathogenesis of PD.
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González-Casacuberta I, Juárez-Flores DL, Morén C, Garrabou G. Bioenergetics and Autophagic Imbalance in Patients-Derived Cell Models of Parkinson Disease Supports Systemic Dysfunction in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:894. [PMID: 31551675 PMCID: PMC6748355 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder worldwide affecting 2-3% of the population over 65 years. This prevalence is expected to rise as life expectancy increases and diagnostic and therapeutic protocols improve. PD encompasses a multitude of clinical, genetic, and molecular forms of the disease. Even though the mechanistic of the events leading to neurodegeneration remain largely unknown, some molecular hallmarks have been repeatedly reported in most patients and models of the disease. Neuroinflammation, protein misfolding, disrupted endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria crosstalk, mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent bioenergetic failure, oxidative stress and autophagy deregulation, are amongst the most commonly described. Supporting these findings, numerous familial forms of PD are caused by mutations in genes that are crucial for mitochondrial and autophagy proper functioning. For instance, late and early onset PD associated to mutations in Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and Parkin (PRKN) genes, responsible for the most frequent dominant and recessive inherited forms of PD, respectively, have emerged as promising examples of disease due to their established role in commanding bioenergetic and autophagic balance. Concomitantly, the development of animal and cell models to investigate the etiology of the disease, potential biomarkers and therapeutic approaches are being explored. One of the emerging approaches in this context is the use of patient's derived cells models, such as skin-derived fibroblasts that preserve the genetic background and some environmental cues of the patients. An increasing number of reports in these PD cell models postulate that deficient mitochondrial function and impaired autophagic flux may be determinant in PD accelerated nigral cell death in terms of limitation of cell energy supply and accumulation of obsolete and/or unfolded proteins or dysfunctional organelles. The reliance of neurons on mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and their post-mitotic nature, may explain their increased vulnerability to undergo degeneration upon mitochondrial challenges or autophagic insults. In this scenario, proper mitochondrial function and turnover through mitophagy, are gaining in strength as protective targets to prevent neurodegeneration, together with the use of patient-derived fibroblasts to further explore these events. These findings point out the presence of molecular damage beyond the central nervous system (CNS) and proffer patient-derived cell platforms to the clinical and scientific community, which enable the study of disease etiopathogenesis and therapeutic approaches focused on modifying the natural history of PD through, among others, the enhancement of mitochondrial function and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid González-Casacuberta
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Luz Juárez-Flores
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Constanza Morén
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Garrabou
- Muscle Research and Mitochondrial Function Laboratory, Cellex-IDIBAPS, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences-University of Barcelona, Internal Medicine Service-Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBERER-U722, Madrid, Spain
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Jaña F, Bustos G, Rivas J, Cruz P, Urra F, Basualto-Alarcón C, Sagredo E, Ríos M, Lovy A, Dong Z, Cerda O, Madesh M, Cárdenas C. Complex I and II are required for normal mitochondrial Ca 2+ homeostasis. Mitochondrion 2019; 49:73-82. [PMID: 31310854 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic calcium (cCa2+) entry into mitochondria is facilitated by the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), an electrochemical gradient generated by the electron transport chain (ETC). Is has been assumed that as long as mutations that affect the ETC do not affect the ΔΨm, the mitochondrial Ca2+ (mCa2+) homeostasis remains normal. We show that knockdown of NDUFAF3 and SDHB reduce ETC activity altering mCa2+ efflux and influx rates while ΔΨm remains intact. Shifting the equilibrium toward lower [Ca2+]m accumulation renders cells resistant to death. Our findings reveal an unexpected relationship between complex I and II with the mCa2+ homeostasis independent of ΔΨm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Jaña
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Galdo Bustos
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile
| | - José Rivas
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cruz
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felix Urra
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carla Basualto-Alarcón
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Aysén, Coyhaique, Chile; Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Anatomy and Legal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Sagredo
- Centro de Investigación y Tratamiento del Cáncer, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Melany Ríos
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alenka Lovy
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Center for Neuroscience Research, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhiwei Dong
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channels-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile.; The Wound Repair, Treatment and Health (WoRTH), Chile
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - César Cárdenas
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Center for Integrative Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, United States.
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Ong HC, Hu Z, Coimbra JTS, Ramos MJ, Kon OL, Xing B, Yeow EKL, Fernandes PA, García F. Enabling Mitochondrial Uptake of Lipophilic Dications Using Methylated Triphenylphosphonium Moieties. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:8293-8299. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b03380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- How Chee Ong
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhang Hu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - João T. S. Coimbra
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J. Ramos
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Oi Lian Kon
- Division of Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Applied Human Genetics, Humphrey Oei Institute of Cancer Research, National Cancer Centre, 169610, Singapore
| | - Bengang Xing
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Edwin K. L. Yeow
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
| | - Pedro A. Fernandes
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Felipe García
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, 637371, Singapore
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Moving beyond neurons: the role of cell type-specific gene regulation in Parkinson's disease heritability. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 31016231 PMCID: PMC6470136 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), with its characteristic loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons and deposition of α-synuclein in neurons, is often considered a neuronal disorder. However, in recent years substantial evidence has emerged to implicate glial cell types, such as astrocytes and microglia. In this study, we used stratified LD score regression and expression-weighted cell-type enrichment together with several brain-related and cell-type-specific genomic annotations to connect human genomic PD findings to specific brain cell types. We found that PD heritability attributable to common variation does not enrich in global and regional brain annotations or brain-related cell-type-specific annotations. Likewise, we found no enrichment of PD susceptibility genes in brain-related cell types. In contrast, we demonstrated a significant enrichment of PD heritability in a curated lysosomal gene set highly expressed in astrocytic, microglial, and oligodendrocyte subtypes, and in LoF-intolerant genes, which were found highly expressed in almost all tested cellular subtypes. Our results suggest that PD risk loci do not lie in specific cell types or individual brain regions, but rather in global cellular processes detectable across several cell types.
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Lin G, Wang L, Marcogliese PC, Bellen HJ. Sphingolipids in the Pathogenesis of Parkinson's Disease and Parkinsonism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:106-117. [PMID: 30528460 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD)/parkinsonism affect mitochondrial and endolysosomal trafficking. The retromer is required to retrieve some proteins from endosomes to the Golgi and plasma membrane. Here, we discuss how retromer-dependent retrieval also affects ceramide metabolism. Compelling studies across PD models in Drosophila and mammalian neurons reveal a pathogenic cascade implicating retromer dysfunction and mitochondrial defects. We argue that ceramides may play a critical role in the pathobiology based on the studies of PLA2G6 and VPS35 in Drosophila mutants and human knock-down cells. In addition, pathogenic variants in many lysosomal storage disorder genes have recently been associated with PD, suggesting a potential overlap between the pathogenic mechanisms underlying these disorders. We propose that disruption of ceramide metabolism may affect endolysosomal and mitochondrial function, and plays an important role in PD/parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liping Wang
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Paul C Marcogliese
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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