1
|
Liu H, Yang C, Wang X, Yu B, Han Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Zhang M, Wang H. Propofol improves sleep deprivation-induced sleep structural and cognitive deficits via upregulating the BMAL1 expression and suppressing microglial M1 polarization. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14798. [PMID: 39015099 PMCID: PMC11252557 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sleep deprivation (SD) is a growing global health problem with many deleterious effects, such as cognitive impairment. Microglia activation-induced neuroinflammation may be an essential factor in this. Propofol has been shown to clear sleep debt after SD in rats. This study aims to evaluate the effects of propofol-induced sleep on ameliorating sleep quality impairment and cognitive decline after 48 h SD. METHODS Almost 8-12-week-old rats were placed in the SD system for 48 h of natural sleep or continuous SD. Afterwards, rats received propofol (20 mg·kg-1·h-1, 6 h) via the tail or slept naturally. The Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze test assessed spatial learning and memory abilities. Rat EEG/EMG monitored sleep. The expression of brain and muscle Arnt-like protein 1 (BMAL1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus and BMAL1 in the hypothalamus were assessed by western blot. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay detected IL-6, IL-1β, arginase 1 (Arg1), and IL-10 levels in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence was used to determine microglia expression as well as morphological changes. RESULTS Compared to the control group, the sleep-deprived rats showed poor cognitive performance on both the MWM test and the Y-maze test, accompanied by disturbances in sleep structure, including increased total sleep time, and increased time spent and delta power in non-rapid eye movement sleep. In addition, SD induces abnormal expression of the circadian rhythm protein BMAL1, activates microglia, and causes neuroinflammation and nerve damage. Propofol reversed these changes and saved sleep and cognitive impairment. Furthermore, propofol treatment significantly reduced hippocampal IL-1β and IL-6 levels, increased BDNF, Arg1, and IL-10 levels, and switched microglia surface markers from the inflammatory M1 type to the anti-inflammatory M2 type. CONCLUSION Propofol reduces SD-induced cognitive impairment and circadian rhythm disruption, possibly by lowering neuronal inflammation and switching the microglia phenotype from an M1 to an M2 activated state, thus exerting neuroprotective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical DiseasesTianjinChina
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research CenterTianjinChina
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary DiseaseTianjinChina
| | | | - Xiaoqing Wang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical DiseasesTianjinChina
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research CenterTianjinChina
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Baochen Yu
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Ying Han
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
- Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Zixuan Wang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical DiseasesTianjinChina
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research CenterTianjinChina
- Tianjin Institute of Hepatobiliary DiseaseTianjinChina
| | - Miao Zhang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical DiseasesTianjinChina
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research CenterTianjinChina
- Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
| | - Haiyun Wang
- The Third Central Clinical College of Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjinChina
- Nankai University Affinity the Third Central HospitalTianjinChina
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Extracorporeal Life Support for Critical DiseasesTianjinChina
- Artificial Cell Engineering Technology Research CenterTianjinChina
- Nankai UniversityTianjinChina
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Goodman LD, Moulton MJ, Lin G, Bellen HJ. Does glial lipid dysregulation alter sleep in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease? Trends Mol Med 2024:S1471-4914(24)00098-4. [PMID: 38755043 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
In this opinion article, we discuss potential connections between sleep disturbances observed in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) and the dysregulation of lipids in the brain. Research using Drosophila has highlighted the role of glial-mediated lipid metabolism in sleep and diurnal rhythms. Relevant to AD, the formation of lipid droplets in glia, which occurs in response to elevated neuronal reactive oxygen species (ROS), is required for sleep. In disease models, this process is disrupted, arguing a connection to sleep dysregulation. Relevant to PD, the degradation of neuronally synthesized glucosylceramides by glia requires glucocerebrosidase (GBA, a PD-associated risk factor) and this regulates sleep. Loss of GBA in glia causes an accumulation of glucosylceramides and neurodegeneration. Overall, research primarily using Drosophila has highlighted how dysregulation of glial lipid metabolism may underlie sleep disturbances in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey D Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Matthew J Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Guang Lin
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Garaschuk O, Verkhratsky A. Sleep, calcium and microglia - an (un)expected liaison. Cell Calcium 2024; 119:102872. [PMID: 38479085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2024.102872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Garaschuk
- Institute of Physiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Achucarro Centre for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain; Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius LT-01102, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Basu R, Preat T, Plaçais PY. Glial metabolism versatility regulates mushroom body-driven behavioral output in Drosophila. Learn Mem 2024; 31:a053823. [PMID: 38862167 PMCID: PMC11199944 DOI: 10.1101/lm.053823.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Providing metabolic support to neurons is now recognized as a major function of glial cells that is conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates. However, research in this field has focused for more than two decades on the relevance of lactate and glial glycolysis for neuronal energy metabolism, while overlooking many other facets of glial metabolism and their impact on neuronal physiology, circuit activity, and behavior. Here, we review recent work that has unveiled new features of glial metabolism, especially in Drosophila, in the modulation of behavioral traits involving the mushroom bodies (MBs). These recent findings reveal that spatially and biochemically distinct modes of glucose-derived neuronal fueling are implemented within the MB in a memory type-specific manner. In addition, cortex glia are endowed with several antioxidant functions, whereas astrocytes can serve as pro-oxidant agents that are beneficial to redox signaling underlying long-term memory. Finally, glial fatty acid oxidation seems to play a dual fail-safe role: first, as a mode of energy production upon glucose shortage, and, second, as a factor underlying the clearance of excessive oxidative load during sleep. Altogether, these integrated studies performed in Drosophila indicate that glial metabolism has a deterministic role on behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Basu
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity (UMR 8249), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Preat
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity (UMR 8249), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Plaçais
- Energy & Memory, Brain Plasticity (UMR 8249), CNRS, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Goodman LD, Moulton MJ, Bellen HJ. Glial lipid droplets resolve ROS during sleep. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:610-612. [PMID: 38360945 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey D Goodman
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Moulton
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Draper IR, Roberts MA, Gailloud M, Jackson FR. Drosophila noktochor regulates night sleep via a local mushroom body circuit. iScience 2024; 27:109106. [PMID: 38380256 PMCID: PMC10877950 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We show that a sleep-regulating, Ig-domain protein (NKT) is secreted from Drosophila mushroom body (MB) α'/β' neurons to act locally on other MB cell types. Pan-neuronal or broad MB expression of membrane-tethered NKT (tNkt) protein reduced sleep, like that of an NKT null mutant, suggesting blockade of a receptor mediating endogenous NKT action. In contrast, expression in neurons requiring NKT (the MB α'/β' cells), or non-MB sleep-regulating centers, did not reduce night sleep, indicating the presence of a local MB sleep-regulating circuit consisting of communicating neural subtypes. We suggest that the leucocyte-antigen-related like (Lar) transmembrane receptor may mediate NKT action. Knockdown or overexpression of Lar in the MB increased or decreased sleep, respectively, indicating the receptor promotes wakefulness. Surprisingly, selective expression of tNkt or knockdown of Lar in MB wake-promoting cells increased rather than decreased sleep, suggesting that NKT acts on wake- as well as sleep-promoting cell types to regulate sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle R. Draper
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
- Department of Medicine, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, 800 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mary A. Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Matthew Gailloud
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - F. Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, 136 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wilson DA, Sullivan RM, Smiley JF, Saito M, Raineki C. Developmental alcohol exposure is exhausting: Sleep and the enduring consequences of alcohol exposure during development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 158:105567. [PMID: 38309498 PMCID: PMC10923002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure is the leading nongenetic cause of human intellectual impairment. The long-term impacts of prenatal alcohol exposure on health and well-being are diverse, including neuropathology leading to behavioral, cognitive, and emotional impairments. Additionally negative effects also occur on the physiological level, such as the endocrine, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Among these diverse impacts is sleep disruption. In this review, we describe how prenatal alcohol exposure affects sleep, and potential mechanisms of those effects. Furthermore, we outline the evidence that sleep disruption across the lifespan may be a mediator of some cognitive and behavioral impacts of developmental alcohol exposure, and thus may represent a promising target for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donald A Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - John F Smiley
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charlis Raineki
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Fernandes VM, Auld V, Klämbt C. Glia as Functional Barriers and Signaling Intermediaries. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2024; 16:a041423. [PMID: 38167424 PMCID: PMC10759988 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Glia play a crucial role in providing metabolic support to neurons across different species. To do so, glial cells isolate distinct neuronal compartments from systemic signals and selectively transport specific metabolites and ions to support neuronal development and facilitate neuronal function. Because of their function as barriers, glial cells occupy privileged positions within the nervous system and have also evolved to serve as signaling intermediaries in various contexts. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has significantly contributed to our understanding of glial barrier development and function. In this review, we will explore the formation of the glial sheath, blood-brain barrier, and nerve barrier, as well as the significance of glia-extracellular matrix interactions in barrier formation. Additionally, we will delve into the role of glia as signaling intermediaries in regulating nervous system development, function, and response to injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vilaiwan M Fernandes
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London UC1E 6DE, United Kingdom
| | - Vanessa Auld
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Münster 48149, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shah P, Kaneria A, Fleming G, Williams CRO, Sullivan RM, Lemon CH, Smiley J, Saito M, Wilson DA. Homeostatic NREM sleep and salience network function in adult mice exposed to ethanol during development. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1267542. [PMID: 38033546 PMCID: PMC10682725 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1267542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental exposure to ethanol is a leading cause of cognitive, emotional and behavioral problems, with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) affecting more than 1:100 children. Recently, comorbid sleep deficits have been highlighted in these disorders, with sleep repair a potential therapeutic target. Animal models of FASD have shown non-REM (NREM) sleep fragmentation and slow-wave oscillation impairments that predict cognitive performance. Here we use a mouse model of perinatal ethanol exposure to explore whether reduced sleep pressure may contribute to impaired NREM sleep, and compare the function of a brain network reported to be impacted by insomnia-the Salience network-in developmental ethanol-exposed mice with sleep-deprived, saline controls. Mice were exposed to ethanol or saline on postnatal day 7 (P7) and allowed to mature to adulthood for testing. At P90, telemetered cortical recordings were made for assessment of NREM sleep in home cage before and after 4 h of sleep deprivation to assess basal NREM sleep and homeostatic NREM sleep response. To assess Salience network functional connectivity, mice were exposed to the 4 h sleep deprivation period or left alone, then immediately sacrificed for immunohistochemical analysis of c-Fos expression. The results show that developmental ethanol severely impairs both normal rebound NREM sleep and sleep deprivation induced increases in slow-wave activity, consistent with reduced sleep pressure. Furthermore, the Salience network connectome in rested, ethanol-exposed mice was most similar to that of sleep-deprived, saline control mice, suggesting a sleep deprivation-like state of Salience network function after developmental ethanol even without sleep deprivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prachi Shah
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Aayush Kaneria
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Gloria Fleming
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Colin R. O. Williams
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christian H. Lemon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
| | - John Smiley
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY,United States
| | - Mariko Saito
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY,United States
| | - Donald A. Wilson
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY,United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, United States
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap L, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:RP88198. [PMID: 37910019 PMCID: PMC10619980 DOI: 10.7554/elife.88198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow-wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Lucy Tainton-Heap
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Amber B Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Paul J Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. LouisSt LouisUnited States
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Anthoney N, Tainton-Heap LA, Luong H, Notaras E, Kewin AB, Zhao Q, Perry T, Batterham P, Shaw PJ, van Swinderen B. Experimentally induced active and quiet sleep engage non-overlapping transcriptional programs in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.03.535331. [PMID: 37066182 PMCID: PMC10103959 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sleep in mammals can be broadly classified into two different physiological categories: rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and slow wave sleep (SWS), and accordingly REM and SWS are thought to achieve a different set of functions. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is increasingly being used as a model to understand sleep functions, although it remains unclear if the fly brain also engages in different kinds of sleep as well. Here, we compare two commonly used approaches for studying sleep experimentally in Drosophila: optogenetic activation of sleep-promoting neurons and provision of a sleep-promoting drug, Gaboxadol. We find that these different sleep-induction methods have similar effects on increasing sleep duration, but divergent effects on brain activity. Transcriptomic analysis reveals that drug-induced deep sleep ('quiet' sleep) mostly downregulates metabolism genes, whereas optogenetic 'active' sleep upregulates a wide range of genes relevant to normal waking functions. This suggests that optogenetics and pharmacological induction of sleep in Drosophila promote different features of sleep, which engage different sets of genes to achieve their respective functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niki Anthoney
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | | | - Hang Luong
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Eleni Notaras
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Amber B. Kewin
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Qiongyi Zhao
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| | - Trent Perry
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Paul J. Shaw
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li H, Aboudhiaf S, Parrot S, Scote-Blachon C, Benetollo C, Lin JS, Seugnet L. Pallidin function in Drosophila surface glia regulates sleep and is dependent on amino acid availability. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113025. [PMID: 37682712 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Pallidin protein is a central subunit of a multimeric complex called biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC1) that regulates specific endosomal functions and has been linked to schizophrenia. We show here that downregulation of Pallidin and other members of BLOC1 in the surface glia, the Drosophila equivalent of the blood-brain barrier, reduces and delays nighttime sleep in a circadian-clock-dependent manner. In agreement with BLOC1 involvement in amino acid transport, downregulation of the large neutral amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1)-like transporters JhI-21 and mnd, as well as of TOR (target of rapamycin) amino acid signaling, phenocopy Pallidin knockdown. Furthermore, supplementing food with leucine normalizes the sleep/wake phenotypes of Pallidin downregulation, and we identify a role for Pallidin in the subcellular trafficking of JhI-21. Finally, we provide evidence that Pallidin in surface glia is required for GABAergic neuronal activity. These data identify a BLOC1 function linking essential amino acid availability and GABAergic sleep/wake regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Sami Aboudhiaf
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Sandrine Parrot
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, NeuroDialyTics Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Céline Scote-Blachon
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GenCyTi Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Claire Benetollo
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, GenCyTi Facility, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Jian-Sheng Lin
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France
| | - Laurent Seugnet
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Team WAKING, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, 69675 Bron, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gerstner JR, Flores CC, Lefton M, Rogers B, Davis CJ. FABP7: a glial integrator of sleep, circadian rhythms, plasticity, and metabolic function. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1212213. [PMID: 37404868 PMCID: PMC10315501 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1212213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythms are observed broadly throughout animal phyla and influence neural plasticity and cognitive function. However, the few phylogenetically conserved cellular and molecular pathways that are implicated in these processes are largely focused on neuronal cells. Research on these topics has traditionally segregated sleep homeostatic behavior from circadian rest-activity rhythms. Here we posit an alternative perspective, whereby mechanisms underlying the integration of sleep and circadian rhythms that affect behavioral state, plasticity, and cognition reside within glial cells. The brain-type fatty acid binding protein, FABP7, is part of a larger family of lipid chaperone proteins that regulate the subcellular trafficking of fatty acids for a wide range of cellular functions, including gene expression, growth, survival, inflammation, and metabolism. FABP7 is enriched in glial cells of the central nervous system and has been shown to be a clock-controlled gene implicated in sleep/wake regulation and cognitive processing. FABP7 is known to affect gene transcription, cellular outgrowth, and its subcellular localization in the fine perisynaptic astrocytic processes (PAPs) varies based on time-of-day. Future studies determining the effects of FABP7 on behavioral state- and circadian-dependent plasticity and cognitive processes, in addition to functional consequences on cellular and molecular mechanisms related to neural-glial interactions, lipid storage, and blood brain barrier integrity will be important for our knowledge of basic sleep function. Given the comorbidity of sleep disturbance with neurological disorders, these studies will also be important for our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of how these diseases affect or are affected by sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Carlos C. Flores
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Micah Lefton
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Brooke Rogers
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Davis
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fabbri R, Spennato D, Conte G, Konstantoulaki A, Lazzarini C, Saracino E, Nicchia GP, Frigeri A, Zamboni R, Spray DC, Benfenati V. The emerging science of Glioception: Contribution of glia in sensing, transduction, circuit integration of interoception. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 245:108403. [PMID: 37024060 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Interoception is the process by which the nervous system regulates internal functions to achieve homeostasis. The role of neurons in interoception has received considerable recent attention, but glial cells also contribute. Glial cells can sense and transduce signals including osmotic, chemical, and mechanical status of extracellular milieu. Their ability to dynamically communicate "listening" and "talking" to neurons is necessary to monitor and regulate homeostasis and information integration in the nervous system. This review introduces the concept of "Glioception" and focuses on the process by which glial cells sense, interpret and integrate information about the inner state of the organism. Glial cells are ideally positioned to act as sensors and integrators of diverse interoceptive signals and can trigger regulatory responses via modulation of the activity of neuronal networks, both in physiological and pathological conditions. We believe that understanding and manipulating glioceptive processes and underlying molecular mechanisms provide a key path to develop new therapies for the prevention and alleviation of devastating interoceptive dysfunctions, among which pain is emphasized here with more focused details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Fabbri
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy; Department of Electrical, Electronic, and Information Engineering "Guglielmo Marconi", University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 2, 40136 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Diletta Spennato
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Giorgia Conte
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Aikaterini Konstantoulaki
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy; Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi, 2, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Chiara Lazzarini
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Emanuela Saracino
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- School of Medicine, Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Antonio Frigeri
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Bioscience, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, Centre of Excellence in Comparative Genomics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, BA, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - David C Spray
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Carvalhas-Almeida C, Serra J, Moita J, Cavadas C, Álvaro AR. Understanding neuron-glia crosstalk and biological clocks in insomnia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 147:105100. [PMID: 36804265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, about one-third of the population experiences insomnia symptoms, and about 10-15% suffer from chronic insomnia, the most common sleep disorder. Sleeping difficulties associated with insomnia are often linked to chronic sleep deprivation, which has a negative health impact partly due to disruption in the internal synchronisation of biological clocks. These are regulated by clock genes and modulate most biological processes. Most studies addressing circadian rhythm regulation have focused on the role of neurons, yet glial cells also impact circadian rhythms and sleep regulation. Chronic insomnia and sleep loss have been associated with glial cell activation, exacerbated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, altered neuronal metabolism and synaptic plasticity, accelerated age-related processes and decreased lifespan. It is, therefore, essential to highlight the importance of glia-neuron interplay on sleep/circadian regulation and overall healthy brain function. Hence, in this review, we aim to address the main neurobiological mechanisms involved in neuron-glia crosstalk, with an emphasis on microglia and astrocytes, in both healthy sleep, chronic sleep deprivation and chronic insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Carvalhas-Almeida
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Serra
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Coimbra Hospital and University Center (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Moita
- Sleep Medicine Unit, Coimbra Hospital and University Center (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Cavadas
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Álvaro
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal; Centre for Innovation in Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Duhart JM, Inami S, Koh K. Many faces of sleep regulation: beyond the time of day and prior wake time. FEBS J 2023; 290:931-950. [PMID: 34908236 PMCID: PMC9198110 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The two-process model of sleep regulation posits two main processes regulating sleep: the circadian process controlled by the circadian clock and the homeostatic process that depends on the history of sleep and wakefulness. The model has provided a dominant conceptual framework for sleep research since its publication ~ 40 years ago. The time of day and prior wake time are the primary factors affecting the circadian and homeostatic processes, respectively. However, it is critical to consider other factors influencing sleep. Since sleep is incompatible with other behaviors, it is affected by the need for essential behaviors such as eating, foraging, mating, caring for offspring, and avoiding predators. Sleep is also affected by sensory inputs, sickness, increased need for memory consolidation after learning, and other factors. Here, we review multiple factors influencing sleep and discuss recent insights into the mechanisms balancing competing needs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Duhart
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
- Present address: Fundación Instituto Leloir, Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sho Inami
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Kyunghee Koh
- Department of Neuroscience, Farber Institute for Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia PA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang N, Langfelder P, Stricos M, Ramanathan L, Richman JB, Vaca R, Plascencia M, Gu X, Zhang S, Tamai TK, Zhang L, Gao F, Ouk K, Lu X, Ivanov LV, Vogt TF, Lu QR, Morton AJ, Colwell CS, Aaronson JS, Rosinski J, Horvath S, Yang XW. Mapping brain gene coexpression in daytime transcriptomes unveils diurnal molecular networks and deciphers perturbation gene signatures. Neuron 2022; 110:3318-3338.e9. [PMID: 36265442 PMCID: PMC9665885 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Brain tissue transcriptomes may be organized into gene coexpression networks, but their underlying biological drivers remain incompletely understood. Here, we undertook a large-scale transcriptomic study using 508 wild-type mouse striatal tissue samples dissected exclusively in the afternoons to define 38 highly reproducible gene coexpression modules. We found that 13 and 11 modules are enriched in cell-type and molecular complex markers, respectively. Importantly, 18 modules are highly enriched in daily rhythmically expressed genes that peak or trough with distinct temporal kinetics, revealing the underlying biology of striatal diurnal gene networks. Moreover, the diurnal coexpression networks are a dominant feature of daytime transcriptomes in the mouse cortex. We next employed the striatal coexpression modules to decipher the striatal transcriptomic signatures from Huntington's disease models and heterozygous null mice for 52 genes, uncovering novel functions for Prkcq and Kdm4b in oligodendrocyte differentiation and bipolar disorder-associated Trank1 in regulating anxiety-like behaviors and nocturnal locomotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peter Langfelder
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew Stricos
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lalini Ramanathan
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey B Richman
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raymond Vaca
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Plascencia
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Gu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T Katherine Tamai
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Liguo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Fuying Gao
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Koliane Ouk
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Xiang Lu
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas F Vogt
- CHDI Management /CHDI Foundation, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Qing Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Brain Tumor Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - A Jennifer Morton
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Christopher S Colwell
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; UCLA Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jim Rosinski
- CHDI Management /CHDI Foundation, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Steve Horvath
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Amrein H, Keene AC. Sensory biology: Thirsty glia motivate water consumption. Curr Biol 2022; 32:R949-R952. [PMID: 36167042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of water intake is governed by numerous motivated behaviors that are critical for the survival of nearly all animals. A recent study identifies a critical role for glia-neuron communication in the detection of water shortage and the initiation of thirst-associated behaviors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Amrein
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77845, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77840, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Rowe RK, Green TRF, Giordano KR, Ortiz JB, Murphy SM, Opp MR. Microglia Are Necessary to Regulate Sleep after an Immune Challenge. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1241. [PMID: 36009868 PMCID: PMC9405260 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microglia play a critical role in the neuroimmune response, but little is known about the role of microglia in sleep following an inflammatory trigger. Nevertheless, decades of research have been predicated on the assumption that an inflammatory trigger increases sleep through microglial activation. We hypothesized that mice (n = 30) with depleted microglia using PLX5622 (PLX) would sleep less following the administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammation. Brains were collected and microglial morphology was assessed using quantitative skeletal analyses and physiological parameters were recorded using non-invasive piezoelectric cages. Mice fed PLX diet had a transient increase in sleep that dissipated by week 2. Subsequently, following a first LPS injection (0.4 mg/kg), mice with depleted microglia slept more than mice on the control diet. All mice were returned to normal rodent chow to repopulate microglia in the PLX group (10 days). Nominal differences in sleep existed during the microglia repopulation period. However, following a second LPS injection, mice with repopulated microglia slept similarly to control mice during the dark period but with longer bouts during the light period. Comparing sleep after the first LPS injection to sleep after the second LPS injection, controls exhibited temporal changes in sleep patterns but no change in cumulative minutes slept, whereas cumulative sleep in mice with repopulated microglia decreased during the dark period across all days. Repopulated microglia had a reactive morphology. We conclude that microglia are necessary to regulate sleep after an immune challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Rowe
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
- Barrow Neurological Institute at Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Tabitha R. F. Green
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Katherine R. Giordano
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - J. Bryce Ortiz
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Phoenix Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Phoenix, AZ 85012, USA
| | - Sean M. Murphy
- Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Mark R. Opp
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chaturvedi R, Stork T, Yuan C, Freeman MR, Emery P. Astrocytic GABA transporter controls sleep by modulating GABAergic signaling in Drosophila circadian neurons. Curr Biol 2022; 32:1895-1908.e5. [PMID: 35303417 PMCID: PMC9090989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A precise balance between sleep and wakefulness is essential to sustain a good quality of life and optimal brain function. GABA is known to play a key and conserved role in sleep control, and GABAergic tone should, therefore, be tightly controlled in sleep circuits. Here, we examined the role of the astrocytic GABA transporter (GAT) in sleep regulation using Drosophila melanogaster. We found that a hypomorphic gat mutation (gat33-1) increased sleep amount, decreased sleep latency, and increased sleep consolidation at night. Interestingly, sleep defects were suppressed when gat33-1 was combined with a mutation disrupting wide-awake (wake), a gene that regulates the cell-surface levels of the GABAA receptor resistance to dieldrin (RDL) in the wake-promoting large ventral lateral neurons (l-LNvs). Moreover, RNAi knockdown of rdl and its modulators dnlg4 and wake in these circadian neurons also suppressed gat33-1 sleep phenotypes. Brain immunohistochemistry showed that GAT-expressing astrocytes were located near RDL-positive l-LNv cell bodies and dendritic processes. We concluded that astrocytic GAT decreases GABAergic tone and RDL activation in arousal-promoting LNvs, thus determining proper sleep amount and quality in Drosophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Tobias Stork
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chunyan Yuan
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Marc R Freeman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of circadian clocks depends on transcription-translation feedback loops (TTFLs) that have known effects on key cellular processes. However, the distinct role of circadian TTFLs in mammalian stem cells and other less differentiated cells remains poorly understood. Neural stem cells (NSCs) of the brain generate neurons and glia postnatally but also may become cancer stem cells (CSCs), particularly in astrocytomas. Evidence indicates clock TTFL impairment is needed for tumor growth and progression; although, this issue has been examined primarily in more differentiated cancer cells rather than CSCs. Similarly, few studies have examined circadian rhythms in NSCs. After decades of research, it is now well recognized that tumors consist of CSCs and a range of other cancer cells along with noncancerous stromal cells. The circadian properties of these many contributors to tumor properties and treatment outcome are being widely explored. New molecular tools and ones in development will likely enable greater discrimination of important circadian and non-circadian cells within malignancies at multiple stages of cancer progression and following therapy. Here, we focus on adult NSCs and glioma CSCs to address how cells at different stages of differentiation may harbor unique states of the molecular circadian clock influencing differentiation and cell fate.
Collapse
|
22
|
Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Allen AM, B Sokolowski M. Expression of the foraging gene in adult Drosophila melanogaster. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:192-212. [PMID: 34382904 PMCID: PMC8846931 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1941946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The foraging gene in Drosophila melanogaster, which encodes a cGMP-dependent protein kinase, is a highly conserved, complex gene with multiple pleiotropic behavioral and physiological functions in both the larval and adult fly. Adult foraging expression is less well characterized than in the larva. We characterized foraging expression in the brain, gastric system, and reproductive systems using a T2A-Gal4 gene-trap allele. In the brain, foraging expression appears to be restricted to multiple sub-types of glia. This glial-specific cellular localization of foraging was supported by single-cell transcriptomic atlases of the adult brain. foraging is extensively expressed in most cell types in the gastric and reproductive systems. We then mapped multiple cis-regulatory elements responsible for parts of the observed expression patterns by a nested cloned promoter-Gal4 analysis. The mapped cis-regulatory elements were consistently modular when comparing the larval and adult expression patterns. These new data using the T2A-Gal4 gene-trap and cloned foraging promoter fusion GAL4's are discussed with respect to previous work using an anti-FOR antibody, which we show here to be non-specific. Future studies of foraging's function will consider roles for glial subtypes and peripheral tissues (gastric and reproductive systems) in foraging's pleiotropic behavioral and physiological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Allen
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dason JS, Sokolowski MB. A cGMP-dependent protein kinase, encoded by the Drosophila foraging gene, regulates neurotransmission through changes in synaptic structure and function. J Neurogenet 2021; 35:213-220. [PMID: 33998378 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2021.1905639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) encoded by the Drosophila foraging (for) gene regulates both synaptic structure (nerve terminal growth) and function (neurotransmission) through independent mechanisms at the Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (nmj). Glial for is known to restrict nerve terminal growth, whereas presynaptic for inhibits synaptic vesicle (SV) exocytosis during low frequency stimulation. Presynaptic for also facilitates SV endocytosis during high frequency stimulation. for's effects on neurotransmission can occur independent of any changes in nerve terminal growth. However, it remains unclear if for's effects on neurotransmission affect nerve terminal growth. Furthermore, it's possible that for's effects on synaptic structure contribute to changes in neurotransmission. In the present study, we examined these questions using RNA interference to selectively knockdown for in presynaptic neurons or glia at the Drosophila larval nmj. Consistent with our previous findings, presynaptic knockdown of for impaired SV endocytosis, whereas knockdown of glial for had no effect on SV endocytosis. Surprisingly, we found that knockdown of either presynaptic or glial for increased neurotransmitter release in response to low frequency stimulation. Knockdown of presynaptic for did not affect nerve terminal growth, demonstrating that for's effects on neurotransmission does not alter nerve terminal growth. In contrast, knockdown of glial for enhanced nerve terminal growth. This enhanced nerve terminal growth was likely the cause of the enhanced neurotransmitter release seen following knockdown of glial for. Overall, we show that for can affect neurotransmitter release by regulating both synaptic structure and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S Dason
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
| | - Marla B Sokolowski
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Changed signals of blood adenosine and cytokines are associated with parameters of sleep and/or cognition in the patients with chronic insomnia disorder. Sleep Med 2021; 81:42-51. [PMID: 33636543 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate whether plasma levels of adenosine, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and certain cytokines change in patients with chronic insomnia disorder (CID), and if so, whether these alterations are associated with poor sleep quality and cognitive dysfunction. METHODS Fifty-five CID patients were selected for the study, along with fifty-five healthy controls (HC) matched to the patients according to their basic data. All subjects completed sleep, emotion, and cognition assessments, with some CID patients also completing an overnight polysomnography. The plasma level of adenosine was measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, while ADA level was quantified using a quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Levels of cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, were measured using Luminex liquid chip technology. RESULTS CID patients had a lower adenosine level, and higher levels of ADA and some of the cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α) compared with controls. In the CID group, plasma concentrations of adenosine were negatively correlated with Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores, while concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α were positively correlated with these scores. Concentrations of IL-1β and TNF-α were negatively correlated with scores on the Chinese-Beijing Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Moreover, levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-2 were positively correlated with memory test errors by CID patients after controlling for confounding factors. CONCLUSIONS The reduced adenosine and elevated cytokine levels of CID patients were associated with the severity of insomnia and/or cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
|
26
|
Brancaccio M, Wolfes AC, Ness N. Astrocyte Circadian Timekeeping in Brain Health and Neurodegeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1344:87-110. [PMID: 34773228 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-81147-1_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Brancaccio
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Anne C Wolfes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Natalie Ness
- Department of Brain Sciences, Division of Neuroscience, Imperial College London, London, UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Imperial College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nakanishi H, Ni J, Nonaka S, Hayashi Y. Microglial circadian clock regulation of microglial structural complexity, dendritic spine density and inflammatory response. Neurochem Int 2020; 142:104905. [PMID: 33217515 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cortical microglia exhibit a ramified shape during sleep, while they have a hyper-ramified shape during wakefulness, which is characterized by their longer processes with increased branching points. The microglial molecular circadian clock regulates expressions of both cathepsin S (CatS) and P2Y12 receptors in the brain with a peak at zeitgeber time 14 (2 h after beginning of the dark phase). We postulated that these two microglia-specific molecules contribute to diurnal alterations of microglial shapes and neuronal activities in the cerebral cortex. During wakefulness, CatS secreted from cortical microglia may be involved in P2Y12 receptor-dependent process extension. Secreted CatS subsequently degrades the perineuronal nets, initiating the downscaling of both spine density and synaptic strength of cortical neurons toward the beginning of sleep. The downscaling of both spine density and synaptic strength of cortical neurons during sleep could improve signal-to-noise, which would benefit memory consolidation, or allow for new learning to occur during subsequent waking. Furthermore, disruption of CatS induces the sleep disturbance and impaired social interaction in mice. Moreover, the microglial clock system disruption may also play a role in the early pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. The reduced expression of BMAL1 in cortical microglia caused by oligomeric amyloid β may induce the increased presence of inflammatory phenotype through a reduction in RORα, which in turn reduced IκBα and enhanced NF-κB activation. These observations suggest that the microglial clock system disruption contribute to pathogeneses of sleep disturbance, impaired social interaction and cognitive impairment. Therefore, the growing understanding of the microglial circadian molecular clock might aid in the development of novel pharmacological interventions against both neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan.
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy in the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Saori Nonaka
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yasuda Women's University, Hiroshima, 731-0153, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Hayashi
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13 Kandasurugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-8310, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Time is of the essence: Coupling sleep-wake and circadian neurobiology to the antidepressant effects of ketamine. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 221:107741. [PMID: 33189715 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of ketamine in rapidly alleviating depression and suicidal ideation. Intense research efforts have been undertaken to expose the precise mechanism underlying the antidepressant action of ketamine; however, the translation of findings into new clinical treatments has been slow. This translational gap is partially explained by a lack of understanding of the function of time and circadian timing in the complex neurobiology around ketamine. Indeed, the acute pharmacological effects of a single ketamine treatment last for only a few hours, whereas the antidepressant effects peak at around 24 hours and are sustained for the following few days. Numerous studies have investigated the acute and long-lasting neurobiological changes induced by ketamine; however, the most dramatic and fundamental change that the brain undergoes each day is rarely taken into consideration. Here, we explore the link between sleep and circadian regulation and rapid-acting antidepressant effects and summarize how diverse phenomena associated with ketamine's antidepressant actions - such as cortical excitation, synaptogenesis, and involved molecular determinants - are intimately connected with the neurobiology of wake, sleep, and circadian rhythms. We review several recently proposed hypotheses about rapid antidepressant actions, which focus on sleep or circadian regulation, and discuss their implications for ongoing research. Considering these aspects may be the last piece of the puzzle necessary to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of rapid-acting antidepressants on the brain.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kim T, Song B, Lee IS. Drosophila Glia: Models for Human Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4859. [PMID: 32660023 PMCID: PMC7402321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glial cells are key players in the proper formation and maintenance of the nervous system, thus contributing to neuronal health and disease in humans. However, little is known about the molecular pathways that govern glia-neuron communications in the diseased brain. Drosophila provides a useful in vivo model to explore the conserved molecular details of glial cell biology and their contributions to brain function and disease susceptibility. Herein, we review recent studies that explore glial functions in normal neuronal development, along with Drosophila models that seek to identify the pathological implications of glial defects in the context of various central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Im-Soon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Center for CHANS, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (T.K.); (B.S.)
| |
Collapse
|