1
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Singh R, Jiang R, Williams J, Dobariya P, Hanak F, Xie J, Rothwell PE, Vince R, More SS. Modulation of endogenous opioid signaling by inhibitors of puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116604. [PMID: 38917665 PMCID: PMC11236497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system regulates pain through local release of neuropeptides and modulation of their action on opioid receptors. However, the effect of opioid peptides, the enkephalins, is short-lived due to their rapid hydrolysis by enkephalin-degrading enzymes. In turn, an innovative approach to the management of pain would be to increase the local concentration and prolong the stability of enkephalins by preventing their inactivation by neural enkephalinases such as puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA). Our previous structure-activity relationship studies offered the S-diphenylmethyl cysteinyl derivative of puromycin (20) as a nanomolar inhibitor of PSA. This chemical class, however, suffered from undesirable metabolism to nephrotoxic puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). To prevent such toxicity, we designed and synthesized 5'-chloro substituted derivatives. The compounds retained the PSA inhibitory potency of the corresponding 5'-hydroxy analogs and had improved selectivity toward PSA. In vivo treatment with the lead compound 19 caused significantly reduced pain response in antinociception assays, alone and in combination with Met-enkephalin. The analgesic effect was reversed by the opioid antagonist naloxone, suggesting the involvement of opioid receptors. Further, PSA inhibition by compound 19 in brain slices caused local increase in endogenous enkephalin levels, corroborating our rationale. Pharmacokinetic assessment of compound 19 showed desirable plasma stability and identified the cysteinyl sulfur as the principal site of metabolic liability. We gained additional insight into inhibitor-PSA interactions by molecular modeling, which underscored the importance of bulky aromatic amino acid in puromycin scaffold. The results of this study strongly support our rationale for the development of PSA inhibitors for effective pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | | | - Filip Hanak
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Patrick E Rothwell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
| | - Swati S More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA.
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2
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Zheng Y, Wang L, Dong H, Lin X, Zhao L, Ye S, Dong GH. Similarities and differences in dynamic properties of brain networks between internet gaming disorder and tobacco use disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 135:111119. [PMID: 39159804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and tobacco use disorder (TUD) are two major addiction disorders that result in substantial financial loss. Identifying the similarities and differences between these two disorders is important to understand substance addiction and behavioral addiction. The current study was designed to compare these two disorders utilizing dynamic analysis. METHOD Resting-state data were collected from 35 individuals with IGD, 35 individuals with TUD and 35 healthy controls (HCs). Dynamic coactivation pattern analysis was employed to decipher their dynamic patterns. RESULTS IGD participants showed decreased coactivation patterns within the default mode network (DMN) and between the DMN and the salience network (SN). The SN showed reduced coactivation patterns with the executive control network (ECN) and DMN, and the ECN showed decreased coactivation patterns with the DMN. In the TUD group, the DMN exhibited decreased coactivation patterns with the SN, the SN exhibited reduced coactivation patterns with the DMN and ECN, and the ECN showed decreased coactivation patterns with the DMN and within the ECN. Furthermore, the triple network model was fitted to the dynamic properties of the two addiction disorders. Decoding analysis results indicated that addiction-related memory and memory retrieval displayed similar dysfunctions in both addictions. CONCLUSION The dynamic characteristics of IGD and TUD suggest that there are similarities in the dynamic features between the SN and DMN and differences in the dynamic features between the DMN and ECN. Our results revealed that the two addiction disorders have dissociable brain mechanisms, indicating that future studies should consider these two addiction disorders as having two separate mechanisms to achieve precise treatment for their individualized targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China; Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Lingxiao Wang
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China; Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Haohao Dong
- Centre for Cognition and Brain disorders, the Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, PR China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Peking University Institute of Mental Health, NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders of Peking University Sixth Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuer Ye
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, PR China.
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3
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Frumkin MR, Carpenter RW, Rodebaugh TL. Heterogeneity in Temporal Dynamics of Pain and Affect Among Individuals With Chronic Back Pain and Associations With Risk for Future Opioid-Related Problems. Clin Psychol Sci 2024; 12:706-720. [PMID: 39184840 PMCID: PMC11343473 DOI: 10.1177/21677026231196121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a biopsychosocial phenomenon involving complex relationships between pain and psychosocial factors. In preregistered analyses, we examined dynamic relationships between pain and negative affect among individuals with CLBP (N = 87). We found that increased negative affect was concurrently and prospectively associated with increased pain for individuals on average. However, there was significant and meaningful between-persons variability in these effects such that risk for future opioid-related problems was positively associated with the within-persons correlation between pain and negative affect (β = 0.290, 95% credible interval [CI] = [0.071, 0.485]), the degree to which pain predicted increased negative affect (β = 0.439, 95% CI = [0.044, 0.717]), and the autoregressive effect of negative affect over 4-hr lags (β = 0.255, 95% CI = [0.007, 0.478]). These results suggest that variability in within-persons symptom dynamics may help identify chronic pain patients who are at greater risk of opioid-related problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madelyn R. Frumkin
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Ryan W. Carpenter
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri St. Louis
| | - Thomas L. Rodebaugh
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis
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4
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Yeganeh-Hajahmadi M, Kordestani Z, Moosavi-Saeed Y, Rostamzadeh F. Inhibition of the protective effects of preconditioning in ischemia-reperfusion injury by chronic methadone: the role of pAkt and pSTAT3. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14350. [PMID: 38906975 PMCID: PMC11192952 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65349-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiac ischemic preconditioning (Pre) reduces cardiac ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) by stimulating opioid receptors. Chronic use of opioids can alter the signaling pathways. We investigated the effects of chronic methadone use on IRI and Pre. The experiments were performed on isolated hearts of male Wistar rats in four groups: IRI, Methadone + IRI (M-IRI), Pre + IRI (Pre-IRI), Methadone + Pre + IRI (M-Pre-IRI). The infarct size (IS) in the Pre-IRI group was smaller than the IRI group (26.8% vs. 47.8%, P < 0.05). In the M-IRI and M-Pre-IRI groups, the infarct size was similar to the IRI group. Akt (Ak strain transforming) phosphorylation in the Pre-IRI, M-IRI, and M-Pre-IRI groups was significantly higher than in the IRI group (0.56 ± 0.15, 0.63 ± 0.20, and 0.93 ± 0.18 vs 0.28 ± 0.17 respectively). STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) phosphorylation in the Pre-IRI and M-Pre-IRI groups (1.38 ± 0.14 and 1.46 ± 0.33) was significantly higher than the IRI and M-IRI groups (0.99 ± 0.1 and 0.98 ± 0.2). Thus, chronic use of methadone not only has no protective effect against IRI but also destroys the protective effects of ischemic preconditioning. This may be due to the hyperactivation of Akt and changes in signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobeh Yeganeh-Hajahmadi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Jehad Blvd, Ebn Sina Avenue, Kerman, 76137-53767, Iran
| | - Zeinab Kordestani
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Yasmin Moosavi-Saeed
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Rostamzadeh
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Jehad Blvd, Ebn Sina Avenue, Kerman, 76137-53767, Iran.
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5
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Murata K, Maegawa A, Imoto Y, Fujieda S, Fukazawa Y. Endogenous opioids in the olfactory tubercle and their roles in olfaction and quality of life. Front Neural Circuits 2024; 18:1408189. [PMID: 38872907 PMCID: PMC11170707 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2024.1408189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunctions decrease daily quality of life (QOL) in part by reducing the pleasure of eating. Olfaction plays an essential role in flavor sensation and palatability. The decreased QOL due to olfactory dysfunction is speculated to result from abnormal neural activities in the olfactory and limbic areas of the brain, as well as peripheral odorant receptor dysfunctions. However, the specific underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear. As the olfactory tubercle (OT) is one of the brain's regions with high expression of endogenous opioids, we hypothesize that the mechanism underlying the decrease in QOL due to olfactory dysfunction involves the reduction of neural activity in the OT and subsequent endogenous opioid release in specialized subregions. In this review, we provide an overview and recent updates on the OT, the endogenous opioid system, and the pleasure systems in the brain and then discuss our hypothesis. To facilitate the effective treatment of olfactory dysfunctions and decreased QOL, elucidation of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the pleasure of eating through flavor sensation is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koshi Murata
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Ayako Maegawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Imoto
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Shigeharu Fujieda
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yugo Fukazawa
- Division of Brain Structure and Function, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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6
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Chu F, Yao Y, Gao B, Huang M, Kong L. Incidence and risk factors for potential drug-drug interactions in outpatients receiving opioid analgesics. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38641999 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2024.2346101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioids are the most frequently used drugs to treat pain in cancer patients. However opioid analgesics can cause adverse effects and potential drug-drug interaction. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional retrospective study analyzed pDDI in 1839 patients with opioid analgesics in a large comprehensive hospital in China from January 1 to 31 December 2022. Three drug interaction databases were used to screen for pDDI including Drugs (U.S.A.), Medscape (U.S.A.), and Drug Assistant of Dingxiangyuan (China). RESULTS The prevalence of pDDIs among 1839 patients was around 41.27% of 759 patients, and 564 patients (74.31%) with pDDIs were diagnosed with tumor. Further, the total of 275 various pDDIs combinations were identified. The combination of oxycodone with morphine had the most frequent occurrence of 229 times, and its adverse effects mainly related to exacerbate central respiratory depression. While, gender, tumor, number of diagnoses, and the variety of opioid analgesics used were independent risk factors for pDDIs. CONCLUSIONS Outpatients taking opioid analgesics had a higher incidence of pDDIs. As consequently, optimized monitoring and management of patients taking opioid analgesics is recommended in order to ensure patient medication safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceutical, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Yao
- School Hospital, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Bei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Mingzhi Huang
- Department of Quality Control, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Lingti Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
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7
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Singh R, Jiang R, Williams J, Dobariya P, Hanak F, Xie J, Rothwell PE, Vince R, More SS. Modulation of endogenous opioid signaling by inhibitors of puromycin sensitive aminopeptidase. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.02.587756. [PMID: 38617237 PMCID: PMC11014559 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.02.587756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The endogenous opioid system regulates pain through local release of neuropeptides and modulation of their action on opioid receptors. However, the effect of opioid peptides, the enkephalins, is short-lived due to their rapid hydrolysis by enkephalin-degrading enzymes. In turn, an innovative approach to the management of pain would be to increase the local concentration and prolong the stability of enkephalins by preventing their inactivation by neural enkephalinases such as puromycin sensitive aminopeptidase (PSA). Our previous structure-activity relationship studies offered the S-diphenylmethyl cysteinyl derivative of puromycin (20) as a nanomolar inhibitor of PSA. This chemical class, however, suffered from undesirable metabolism to nephrotoxic puromycin aminonucleoside (PAN). To prevent such toxicity, we designed and synthesized 5'-chloro substituted derivatives. The compounds retained the PSA inhibitory potency of the corresponding 5'-hydroxy analogs and had improved selectivity toward PSA. In vivo treatment with the lead compound 19 caused significantly reduced pain response in antinociception assays, alone and in combination with Met-enkephalin. The analgesic effect was reversed by the opioid antagonist naloxone, suggesting the involvement of opioid receptors. Further, PSA inhibition by compound 19 in brain slices caused local increase in endogenous enkephalin levels, corroborating our rationale. Pharmacokinetic assessment of compound 19 showed desirable plasma stability and identified the cysteinyl sulfur as the principal site of metabolic liability. We gained additional insight into inhibitor-PSA interactions by molecular modeling, which underscored the importance of bulky aromatic amino acid in puromycin scaffold. The results of this study strongly support our rationale for the development of PSA inhibitors for effective pain management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Jessica Williams
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | | | - Filip Hanak
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jiashu Xie
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Patrick E. Rothwell
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert Vince
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Swati S. More
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
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8
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Chen J, Wang DM, Tian Y, Zhu R, Li Y, Jia L, Fu F, Tang S, Wang X, Wang L, Zhang XY. Childhood abuse and craving in methamphetamine-dependent individuals: the mediating role of alexithymia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01775-2. [PMID: 38530443 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01775-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with a history of childhood abuse (CA, including neglect and abuse by caregivers before the age of 18 years) have more severe substance dependence problems than those without a history of childhood abuse. However, whether a history of CA exacerbates craving and the mechanism of this effect remain largely unknown. The aim of this study was to explore the role of alexithymia in the effects of CA on craving in a large sample of methamphetamine-dependent individuals based on latent vulnerability theory. A total of 324 methamphetamine-dependent individuals who met DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorder were recruited. CA, alexithymia, and craving data were collected from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20, and the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale, respectively. t tests and ANCOVA were conducted to compare variables between the CA and non-CA groups, while partial correlation and mediation analyses were conducted to examine the potential mediating role of alexithymia in the relationship between CA and craving. Abused methamphetamine-dependent individuals reported higher levels of craving and higher levels of alexithymia than those of non-abused methamphetamine-dependent individuals. Alexithymia partially mediated the link between CA and craving, especially the effect of CA on craving frequency was fully mediated by alexithymia. Our findings reveal that a history of childhood abuse has a lasting effect on craving in stimulant-dependent individuals, and alexithymia contributes to some extent to the severity of substance abuse problems in abused methamphetamine-dependent individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajing Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Mei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianglun Jia
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Fabing Fu
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | | | - Xiaotao Wang
- Xin Hua Drug Rehabilitation Center, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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9
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Cerri DH, Albaugh DL, Walton LR, Katz B, Wang TW, Chao THH, Zhang W, Nonneman RJ, Jiang J, Lee SH, Etkin A, Hall CN, Stuber GD, Shih YYI. Distinct neurochemical influences on fMRI response polarity in the striatum. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1916. [PMID: 38429266 PMCID: PMC10907631 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The striatum, known as the input nucleus of the basal ganglia, is extensively studied for its diverse behavioral roles. However, the relationship between its neuronal and vascular activity, vital for interpreting functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals, has not received comprehensive examination within the striatum. Here, we demonstrate that optogenetic stimulation of dorsal striatal neurons or their afferents from various cortical and subcortical regions induces negative striatal fMRI responses in rats, manifesting as vasoconstriction. These responses occur even with heightened striatal neuronal activity, confirmed by electrophysiology and fiber-photometry. In parallel, midbrain dopaminergic neuron optogenetic modulation, coupled with electrochemical measurements, establishes a link between striatal vasodilation and dopamine release. Intriguingly, in vivo intra-striatal pharmacological manipulations during optogenetic stimulation highlight a critical role of opioidergic signaling in generating striatal vasoconstriction. This observation is substantiated by detecting striatal vasoconstriction in brain slices after synthetic opioid application. In humans, manipulations aimed at increasing striatal neuronal activity likewise elicit negative striatal fMRI responses. Our results emphasize the necessity of considering vasoactive neurotransmission alongside neuronal activity when interpreting fMRI signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenic H Cerri
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Albaugh
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lindsay R Walton
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Brittany Katz
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Wen Wang
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Hao Harry Chao
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Weiting Zhang
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Randal J Nonneman
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amit Etkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Alto Neuroscience, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - Catherine N Hall
- Sussex Neuroscience, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | - Garret D Stuber
- Center for Neurobiology of Addiction, Pain, and Emotion, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Neurology, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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10
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Hervert EA, Birdsong W. The Endogenous Opioid Met-Enkephalin Modulates Thalamo-Cortical Excitation Inhibition Balance in a Medial Thalamus-Anterior Cingulate Cortex Circuit. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.13.547220. [PMID: 37503144 PMCID: PMC10369945 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.13.547220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Activation of opioid receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) mediates aspects of analgesia induced by both exogenous and endogenous opioids. We have previously shown that opioid signaling disrupts both afferent excitatory and indirect inhibitory synaptic transmission from the medial thalamus (MThal) to the ACC, but the effects of endogenous opioids within this circuit remain poorly understood. The goal of the current study was to understand how the endogenous opioid, [Met]5-enkephalin (ME), modulates thalamic-driven excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission onto layer V pyramidal neurons in the ACC. We used pharmacology, brain slice electrophysiology and optogenetic stimulation to study opioid-mediated modulation of optically evoked glutamatergic and GABAergic transmission. The results revealed that ME inhibited both AMPA-mediated excitatory and GABA-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission in the ACC. However, inhibitory transmission was more potently inhibited than excitatory transmission by ME. This preferential reduction in GABAA-mediated synaptic transmission was primarily due to the activation of delta opioid receptors by ME and resulted in a net disinhibition of MThal-ACC excitatory pathway. These results suggest that moderate concentrations of ME can lead to net excitation of ACC circuitry and that analgesia may be associated with disinhibition rather than inhibition of ACC subcircuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Birdsong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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11
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Mei HR, Hu YY, Kapadia S, Ouimet T, Poras H, Dussor G. Efficacy of dual enkephalinase inhibition in a preclinical migraine model is mediated by activation of peripheral delta opioid receptors. Headache 2023; 63:621-633. [PMID: 37183526 PMCID: PMC10646790 DOI: 10.1111/head.14517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether elevating levels of enkephalin by inhibiting their degradation can attenuate stress-induced migraine-like behaviors in mice. BACKGROUND Previous studies in animals have suggested the delta opioid receptor (DOR) as a novel migraine target. The primary endogenous ligands for DOR are enkephalins and their levels can be increased by pharmacological inhibition of enkephalinases; however, it is not clear whether enkephalinase inhibition can be efficacious in preclinical migraine models through activation of DOR or whether other opioid receptors might be involved. Further, it is not clear whether opioid receptors in the central nervous system are necessary for these effects. METHODS This study used a model of repetitive restraint stress in mice that induces periorbital hypersensitivity and priming to the nitric oxide donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.1 mg/kg). Von Frey filaments were used to measure periorbital mechanical thresholds and grimace scores were evaluated by observing mouse facial features. Animals were treated with the dual enkephalinase inhibitor (DENKI) PL37. RESULTS On day two post-stress, PL37 given to mice via either intravenous injection (10 mg/kg) or oral gavage (20 mg/kg) significantly attenuated stress-induced periorbital hypersensitivity and facial grimace responses. Additionally, both intravenous (10 mg/kg) and oral gavage (20 mg/kg) of PL37 prior to SNP (0.1 mg/kg) administration on day 14 post-stress significantly reduced SNP-induced facial hypersensitivity. Injection of the DOR antagonist naltrindole (0.1 mg/kg) but not the mu-opioid receptor antagonist CTAP (1 mg/kg) prior to PL37 treatment blocked the effects. Finally, pretreatment of mice with the peripherally restricted opioid receptor antagonist naloxone methiodide (5 mg/kg) blocked the effects of PL37. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that inhibiting enkephalinases, and thus protecting enkephalins from degradation, attenuates stress-induced migraine-like behavior via activation of peripheral DOR. Peripheral targeting of endogenous opioid signaling may be an effective therapeutic strategy for migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Ruei Mei
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Texas, United States
- School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States, United States
| | - Ya-Yu Hu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Texas, United States
- School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States, United States
| | - Soneet Kapadia
- School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States, United States
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Texas, United States
| | | | | | - Gregory Dussor
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Dallas, Texas, United States
- School of Behavioral and Brain Science, Center for Advanced Pain Studies, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, United States, United States
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12
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Shi Z, Li X, Kampman KM, Childress AR, Wiers CE, Langleben DD. Depressive Symptomatology Is Associated With Smaller Reductions in Drug Cue Reactivity During Extended-Release Naltrexone Treatment of Opioid Use Disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2023; 84:22br14567. [PMID: 37074295 PMCID: PMC10119768 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.22br14567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Corresponding author: Daniel D. Langleben, MD, 3535 Market St Ste 500, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Xinyi Li
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kyle M Kampman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Corinde E Wiers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel D Langleben
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Garland EL, Fix ST, Hudak JP, Bernat EM, Nakamura Y, Hanley AW, Donaldson GW, Marchand WR, Froeliger B. Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement remediates anhedonia in chronic opioid use by enhancing neurophysiological responses during savoring of natural rewards. Psychol Med 2023; 53:2085-2094. [PMID: 37310337 PMCID: PMC10106294 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721003834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuropsychopharmacologic effects of long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) in the context of chronic pain may result in subjective anhedonia coupled with decreased attention to natural rewards. Yet, there are no known efficacious treatments for anhedonia and reward deficits associated with chronic opioid use. Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement (MORE), a novel behavioral intervention combining training in mindfulness with savoring of natural rewards, may hold promise for treating anhedonia in LTOT. METHODS Veterans receiving LTOT (N = 63) for chronic pain were randomized to 8 weeks of MORE or a supportive group (SG) psychotherapy control. Before and after the 8-week treatment groups, we assessed the effects of MORE on the late positive potential (LPP) of the electroencephalogram and skin conductance level (SCL) during viewing and up-regulating responses (i.e. savoring) to natural reward cues. We then examined whether these neurophysiological effects were associated with reductions in subjective anhedonia by 4-month follow-up. RESULTS Patients treated with MORE demonstrated significantly increased LPP and SCL to natural reward cues and greater decreases in subjective anhedonia relative to those in the SG. The effect of MORE on reducing anhedonia was statistically mediated by increases in LPP response during savoring. CONCLUSIONS MORE enhances motivated attention to natural reward cues among chronic pain patients on LTOT, as evidenced by increased electrocortical and sympathetic nervous system responses. Given neurophysiological evidence of clinical target engagement, MORE may be an efficacious treatment for anhedonia among chronic opioid users, people with chronic pain, and those at risk for opioid use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric L. Garland
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Veterans Health Care Administration VISN 19 Whole Health Flagship site located at the VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Justin P. Hudak
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | | | - Yoshio Nakamura
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, Pain Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Adam W. Hanley
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Gary W. Donaldson
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, Pain Research Center, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - William R. Marchand
- Veterans Health Care Administration VISN 19 Whole Health Flagship site located at the VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine
| | - Brett Froeliger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Missouri
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14
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Bossert JM, Mejias-Aponte CA, Saunders T, Altidor L, Emery M, Fredriksson I, Batista A, Claypool SM, Caldwell KE, Reiner DJ, Chow JJ, Foltz M, Kumar V, Seasholtz A, Hughes E, Filipiak W, Harvey BK, Richie CT, Vautier F, Gomez JL, Michaelides M, Kieffer BL, Watson SJ, Akil H, Shaham Y. Effect of Selective Lesions of Nucleus Accumbens µ-Opioid Receptor-Expressing Cells on Heroin Self-Administration in Male and Female Rats: A Study with Novel Oprm1-Cre Knock-in Rats. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1692-1713. [PMID: 36717230 PMCID: PMC10010456 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2049-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain µ-opioid receptor (MOR) is critical for the analgesic, rewarding, and addictive effects of opioid drugs. However, in rat models of opioid-related behaviors, the circuit mechanisms of MOR-expressing cells are less known because of a lack of genetic tools to selectively manipulate them. We introduce a CRISPR-based Oprm1-Cre knock-in transgenic rat that provides cell type-specific genetic access to MOR-expressing cells. After performing anatomic and behavioral validation experiments, we used the Oprm1-Cre knock-in rats to study the involvement of NAc MOR-expressing cells in heroin self-administration in male and female rats. Using RNAscope, autoradiography, and FISH chain reaction (HCR-FISH), we found no differences in Oprm1 expression in NAc, dorsal striatum, and dorsal hippocampus, or MOR receptor density (except dorsal striatum) or function between Oprm1-Cre knock-in rats and wildtype littermates. HCR-FISH assay showed that iCre is highly coexpressed with Oprm1 (95%-98%). There were no genotype differences in pain responses, morphine analgesia and tolerance, heroin self-administration, and relapse-related behaviors. We used the Cre-dependent vector AAV1-EF1a-Flex-taCasp3-TEVP to lesion NAc MOR-expressing cells. We found that the lesions decreased acquisition of heroin self-administration in male Oprm1-Cre rats and had a stronger inhibitory effect on the effort to self-administer heroin in female Oprm1-Cre rats. The validation of an Oprm1-Cre knock-in rat enables new strategies for understanding the role of MOR-expressing cells in rat models of opioid addiction, pain-related behaviors, and other opioid-mediated functions. Our initial mechanistic study indicates that lesioning NAc MOR-expressing cells had different effects on heroin self-administration in male and female rats.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The brain µ-opioid receptor (MOR) is critical for the analgesic, rewarding, and addictive effects of opioid drugs. However, in rat models of opioid-related behaviors, the circuit mechanisms of MOR-expressing cells are less known because of a lack of genetic tools to selectively manipulate them. We introduce a CRISPR-based Oprm1-Cre knock-in transgenic rat that provides cell type-specific genetic access to brain MOR-expressing cells. After performing anatomical and behavioral validation experiments, we used the Oprm1-Cre knock-in rats to show that lesioning NAc MOR-expressing cells had different effects on heroin self-administration in males and females. The new Oprm1-Cre rats can be used to study the role of brain MOR-expressing cells in animal models of opioid addiction, pain-related behaviors, and other opioid-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Bossert
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Carlos A Mejias-Aponte
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | | | - Lindsay Altidor
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | | | - Ida Fredriksson
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Ashley Batista
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Sarah M Claypool
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Kiera E Caldwell
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - David J Reiner
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Jonathan J Chow
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | | | - Vivek Kumar
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104
| | | | | | | | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Christopher T Richie
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Francois Vautier
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Juan L Gomez
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Michael Michaelides
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
| | - Brigitte L Kieffer
- University of Strasbourg-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1114, Strasbourg, France, 67084
| | | | - Huda Akil
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48104
| | - Yavin Shaham
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse-National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, 21224
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15
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Zhou P, Wu Q, Zhan L, Guo Z, Wang C, Wang S, Yang Q, Lin J, Zhang F, Liu L, Lin D, Fu W, Wu X. Alpha peak activity in resting-state EEG is associated with depressive score. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1057908. [PMID: 36960170 PMCID: PMC10027937 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1057908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder characterized by prolonged sadness, loss of interest or pleasure. The dominant alpha peak activity in resting-state EEG is suggested to be an intrinsic neural marker for diagnosis of mental disorders. Methods To investigate an association between alpha peak activity and depression severity, the present study recorded resting-state EEG (EGI 128 channels, off-line average reference, source reconstruction by a distributed inverse method with the sLORETA normalization, parcellation of 68 Desikan-Killiany regions) from 155 patients with depression (42 males, mean age 35 years) and acquired patients' scores of Self-Rating Depression Scales. We measured both the alpha peak amplitude that is more related to synchronous neural discharging and the alpha peak frequency that is more associated with brain metabolism. Results The results showed that over widely distributed brain regions, individual patients' alpha peak amplitudes were negatively correlated with their depressive scores, and individual patients' alpha peak frequencies were positively correlated with their depressive scores. Discussion These results reveal that alpha peak amplitude and frequency are associated with self-rating depressive score in different manners, and the finding suggests the potential of alpha peak activity in resting-state EEG acting as an important neural factor in evaluation of depression severity in supplement to diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhou
- Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Fuwenbin’s Acupuncture and Moxibustion Team of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liying Zhan
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihan Guo
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaolun Wang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanze Wang
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiating Lin
- Second Clinical College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangyuan Zhang
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Clinical Medical College of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Rehabilitation, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dehui Lin
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbin Fu
- Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, Fuwenbin’s Acupuncture and Moxibustion Team of Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Innovative Research Team of Acupuncture for Depression and Related Disorders, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Wenbin Fu,
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Xiang Wu,
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16
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Higginbotham JA, Markovic T, Massaly N, Morón JA. Endogenous opioid systems alterations in pain and opioid use disorder. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:1014768. [PMID: 36341476 PMCID: PMC9628214 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.1014768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Decades of research advances have established a central role for endogenous opioid systems in regulating reward processing, mood, motivation, learning and memory, gastrointestinal function, and pain relief. Endogenous opioid systems are present ubiquitously throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. They are composed of four families, namely the μ (MOPR), κ (KOPR), δ (DOPR), and nociceptin/orphanin FQ (NOPR) opioid receptors systems. These receptors signal through the action of their endogenous opioid peptides β-endorphins, dynorphins, enkephalins, and nociceptins, respectfully, to maintain homeostasis under normal physiological states. Due to their prominent role in pain regulation, exogenous opioids-primarily targeting the MOPR, have been historically used in medicine as analgesics, but their ability to produce euphoric effects also present high risks for abuse. The ability of pain and opioid use to perturb endogenous opioid system function, particularly within the central nervous system, may increase the likelihood of developing opioid use disorder (OUD). Today, the opioid crisis represents a major social, economic, and public health concern. In this review, we summarize the current state of the literature on the function, expression, pharmacology, and regulation of endogenous opioid systems in pain. Additionally, we discuss the adaptations in the endogenous opioid systems upon use of exogenous opioids which contribute to the development of OUD. Finally, we describe the intricate relationship between pain, endogenous opioid systems, and the proclivity for opioid misuse, as well as potential advances in generating safer and more efficient pain therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Higginbotham
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,*Correspondence: Jessica A. Higginbotham,
| | - Tamara Markovic
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicolas Massaly
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Jose A. Morón
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Neuroscience, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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17
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Sanchez-Roige S, Kember RL, Agrawal A. Substance use and common contributors to morbidity: A genetics perspective. EBioMedicine 2022; 83:104212. [PMID: 35970022 PMCID: PMC9399262 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive substance use and substance use disorders (SUDs) are common, serious and relapsing medical conditions. They frequently co-occur with other diseases that are leading contributors to disability worldwide. While heavy substance use may potentiate the course of some of these illnesses, there is accumulating evidence suggesting common genetic architectures. In this narrative review, we focus on four heritable medical conditions - cardiometabolic disease, chronic pain, depression and COVID-19, which are commonly overlapping with, but not necessarily a direct consequence of, SUDs. We find persuasive evidence of underlying genetic liability that predisposes to both SUDs and chronic pain, depression, and COVID-19. For cardiometabolic disease, there is greater support for a potential causal influence of problematic substance use. Our review encourages de-stigmatization of SUDs and the assessment of substance use in clinical settings. We assert that identifying shared pathways of risk has high translational potential, allowing tailoring of treatments for multiple medical conditions. Funding SSR acknowledges T29KT0526, T32IR5226 and DP1DA054394; RLK acknowledges AA028292; AA acknowledges DA054869 & K02DA032573. The funders had no role in the conceptualization or writing of the paper.
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18
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O'Brien C, Vemireddy R, Mohammed U, Barker DJ. Stress reveals a specific behavioral phenotype for opioid abuse susceptibility. J Exp Anal Behav 2022; 117:518-531. [PMID: 35119105 PMCID: PMC9090955 DOI: 10.1002/jeab.738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Susceptibility to stress has long been considered important for the development of substance use disorders. Nonetheless, behavioral and physiological responses to stress are highly variable, making it difficult to identify the individuals who are most likely to abuse drugs. In the present study, we employed a comprehensive battery of tests for negative valence behaviors and nociception to identify individuals predisposed to opioid seeking following oral opioid self-administration. Furthermore, we examined how this profile was affected by a history of stress. We observed that mice receiving foot shock stress failed to exhibit a preference for sucrose, showed increased immobility in the forced swim task, and exhibited mechanical hypersensitivity when compared to controls. When considering these behaviors in light of future fentanyl-seeking responses, we observed that heightened mechanical sensitivity corresponded to higher opioid preference in mice with a history of stress, but not controls. Moreover, we were surprised to discover that paradoxically high sucrose preferences predicted fentanyl preference in shock mice, while signs of anhedonia predicted fentanyl preference in controls. Taken together, these results indicate that stress can act as a physiological modulator, shifting profiles of opioid abuse susceptibility depending on an individual's history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris O'Brien
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Roshni Vemireddy
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - Uzma Mohammed
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ
| | - David J Barker
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ.,Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ
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19
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Ballester J, Baker AK, Martikainen IK, Koppelmans V, Zubieta JK, Love TM. Risk for opioid misuse in chronic pain patients is associated with endogenous opioid system dysregulation. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:20. [PMID: 35022382 PMCID: PMC8755811 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01775-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
µ-Opioid receptors (MOR) are a major target of endogenous and exogenous opioids, including opioid pain medications. The µ-opioid neurotransmitter system is heavily implicated in the pathophysiology of chronic pain and opioid use disorder and, as such, central measures of µ-opioid system functioning are increasingly being considered as putative biomarkers for risk to misuse opioids. To explore the relationship between MOR system function and risk for opioid misuse, 28 subjects with chronic nonspecific back pain completed a clinically validated measure of opioid misuse risk, the Pain Medication Questionnaire (PMQ), and were subsequently separated into high (PMQ > 21) and low (PMQ ≤ 21) opioid misuse risk groups. Chronic pain patients along with 15 control participants underwent two separate [11C]-carfentanil positron emission tomography scans to explore MOR functional measures: one at baseline and one during a sustained pain-stress challenge, with the difference between the two providing an indirect measure of stress-induced endogenous opioid release. We found that chronic pain participants at high risk for opioid misuse displayed higher baseline MOR availability within the right amygdala relative to those at low risk. By contrast, patients at low risk for opioid misuse showed less pain-induced activation of MOR-mediated, endogenous opioid neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens. This study links human in vivo MOR system functional measures to the development of addictive disorders and provides novel evidence that MORs and µ-opioid system responsivity may underlie risk to misuse opioids among chronic pain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ballester
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA ,grid.280807.50000 0000 9555 3716Mental Health Addiction Services, VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Anne K. Baker
- grid.26009.3d0000 0004 1936 7961Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Ilkka K. Martikainen
- grid.412330.70000 0004 0628 2985Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Vincent Koppelmans
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Jon-Kar Zubieta
- grid.429302.e0000 0004 0427 6012Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, John T. Mather Memorial Hospital, Port Jefferson, NY USA
| | - Tiffany M. Love
- grid.223827.e0000 0001 2193 0096Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
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Purushothaman I, Zagon IS, Sassani JW, McLaughlin PJ. Ocular surface complications in diabetes: The interrelationship between insulin and enkephalin. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 192:114712. [PMID: 34324868 PMCID: PMC8478878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a multi-faceted disorder with increasing prevalence and rising healthcare costs. The burden of diabetes is increased because of associated complications affecting nearly all organs including the eye. The underlying pathophysiology for the onset of these ocular surface disorders is not well known. Enkephalins are endogenous opioids that originate in the brain and have numerous actions in the human body. Opioid growth factor (OGF), chemically termed [Met5]-enkephalin, binds to a novel, nuclear-associated receptor and mediates cellular homeostasis. Serum OGF levels are elevated in diabetic individuals and rodent models of diabetes. Sustained blockade of the OGF receptor (OGFr) with opioid receptor antagonists, such as naltrexone (NTX), reverses many complications of diabetes in the animal model, including delayed cutaneous wound healing, dry eye, altered corneal surface sensitivity, and keratopathy. The increased enkephalin levels observed in diabetes suggest a relationship between endogenous opioid peptides and the pathophysiology of diabetes. It is common for diabetic patients to undergo insulin therapy to restore normal blood glucose levels. However, this restoration does not alter OGF serum levels nor ameliorate ocular surface complications in the animal model of diabetes. Moreover, sex differences in the prevalence of diabetes, response to insulin therapy, and abnormalities in the OGF-OGFr axis have been reported. This review highlights current knowledge on the dysregulation of the OGF-OGFr pathway and possible relationships of insulin and enkephalins to the development of ocular surface defects in diabetes. It proposes that this dysregulation is a fundamental mechanism for the pathobiology of diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira Purushothaman
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ian S Zagon
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Joseph W Sassani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Patricia J McLaughlin
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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21
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Jaschke N, Pählig S, Pan YX, Hofbauer LC, Göbel A, Rachner TD. From Pharmacology to Physiology: Endocrine Functions of μ-Opioid Receptor Networks. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:306-319. [PMID: 33676828 PMCID: PMC8035298 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The steady rise in opioid users and abusers has uncovered multiple detrimental health consequences of perturbed opioid receptor signaling, thereby creating the need to better understand the biology of these systems. Among endogenous opioid networks, μ-receptors have received special attention due to their unprecedented biological complexity and broad implications in homeostatic functions. Here, we review the origin, molecular biology, and physiology of endogenous opioids with a special focus on μ-opioid receptor networks within the endocrine system. Moreover, we summarize the current evidence supporting an involvement of the latter in regulating distinct endocrine functions. Finally, we combine these insights to present an integrated perspective on μ-opioid receptor biology and provide an outlook on future studies and unresolved questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Jaschke
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Sophie Pählig
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Lorenz C Hofbauer
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andy Göbel
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilman D Rachner
- Department of Medicine III and Center for Healthy Aging, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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22
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Abrimian A, Kraft T, Pan YX. Endogenous Opioid Peptides and Alternatively Spliced Mu Opioid Receptor Seven Transmembrane Carboxyl-Terminal Variants. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3779. [PMID: 33917474 PMCID: PMC8038826 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There exist three main types of endogenous opioid peptides, enkephalins, dynorphins and β-endorphin, all of which are derived from their precursors. These endogenous opioid peptides act through opioid receptors, including mu opioid receptor (MOR), delta opioid receptor (DOR) and kappa opioid receptor (KOR), and play important roles not only in analgesia, but also many other biological processes such as reward, stress response, feeding and emotion. The MOR gene, OPRM1, undergoes extensive alternative pre-mRNA splicing, generating multiple splice variants or isoforms. One type of these splice variants, the full-length 7 transmembrane (TM) Carboxyl (C)-terminal variants, has the same receptor structures but contains different intracellular C-terminal tails. The pharmacological functions of several endogenous opioid peptides through the mouse, rat and human OPRM1 7TM C-terminal variants have been considerably investigated together with various mu opioid ligands. The current review focuses on the studies of these endogenous opioid peptides and summarizes the results from early pharmacological studies, including receptor binding affinity and G protein activation, and recent studies of β-arrestin2 recruitment and biased signaling, aiming to provide new insights into the mechanisms and functions of endogenous opioid peptides, which are mediated through the OPRM1 7TM C-terminal splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying-Xian Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; (A.A.); (T.K.)
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23
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Circulating levels of β-endorphin and cortisol in breast cancer. COMPREHENSIVE PSYCHONEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 2021; 5:100028. [PMID: 35754450 PMCID: PMC9216423 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpnec.2021.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Chen J, Mizuno A, Lyew T, Karim HT, Karp JF, Dombrovski AY, Peciña M. Naltrexone modulates contextual processing in depression. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:2070-2078. [PMID: 32843703 PMCID: PMC7547720 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00809-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Context, the information surrounding an experience, can significantly alter the meaning and the affective responses to events. Yet the biological mechanisms through which context modulate experiences are not entirely understood. Here, we hypothesized that the µ-opioid system-extensively implicated in placebo effects, a clinical phenomenon thought to rely on contextual processing-modulates the effects of contextual information on emotional attributions in patients with depression. To test this hypothesis, 20 unmedicated patients with depression completed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of one dose of 50 mg of naltrexone, or placebo immediately before completing two sessions of the Contextual Framing fMRI task. This task captures effects of valenced contextual cues (pleasant vs. unpleasant) on emotional attribution (the rating of subtle emotional faces: fearful, neutral, or happy). Behaviorally, we found that emotional attribution was significantly moderated by the interaction between contextual cues and subtle emotional faces, such that participants' ratings of valenced faces (fearful and happy), compared to neutral, were more negative during unpleasant, compared to pleasant context cues. At a neural level, context-induced blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, the dorsal anterior cingulate, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex, significantly moderated the effects of context on emotional attribution, and were blunted by naltrexone. Furthermore, the effects of naltrexone on emotional attribution were partially abolished in more severely depressed patients. Our results provide insights into the molecular alterations underlying context representation in patients with depression, providing pivotal early data for future treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Chen
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - A. Mizuno
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - T. Lyew
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - H. T. Karim
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - J. F. Karp
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - A. Y. Dombrovski
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - M. Peciña
- grid.21925.3d0000 0004 1936 9000Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
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Puthenveedu MA. Editorial: 50 Years of Opioid Research and the International Narcotics Research Conference. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 98:386-388. [PMID: 32788221 PMCID: PMC7562969 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.120.000132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past 50 years, scientists have made considerable strides toward understanding how opioids act. This special issue of Molecular Pharmacology celebrates these 50 years of opioid research and the role that the International Narcotics Research Conference has played in driving this research, by bringing together review and original research articles that present historical highlights, the current state of the art, and perspectives on the future of opioid research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Opioids have been used for thousands of years to manage pain and cause euphoria, but their use has been highly limited due to serious side effects. Deciphering the mechanisms of how opioids mediate beneficial and adverse physiological outcomes is essential for developing better treatments for pain and for opioid addiction.
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