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Turner DL, Amoozadeh S, Baric H, Stanley E, Werder RB. Building a human lung from pluripotent stem cells to model respiratory viral infections. Respir Res 2024; 25:277. [PMID: 39010108 PMCID: PMC11251358 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02912-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
To protect against the constant threat of inhaled pathogens, the lung is equipped with cellular defenders. In coordination with resident and recruited immune cells, this defence is initiated by the airway and alveolar epithelium following their infection with respiratory viruses. Further support for viral clearance and infection resolution is provided by adjacent endothelial and stromal cells. However, even with these defence mechanisms, respiratory viral infections are a significant global health concern, causing substantial morbidity, socioeconomic losses, and mortality, underlining the need to develop effective vaccines and antiviral medications. In turn, the identification of new treatment options for respiratory infections is critically dependent on the availability of tractable in vitro experimental models that faithfully recapitulate key aspects of lung physiology. For such models to be informative, it is important these models incorporate human-derived, physiologically relevant versions of all cell types that normally form part of the lungs anti-viral response. This review proposes a guideline using human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to create all the disease-relevant cell types. iPSCs can be differentiated into lung epithelium, innate immune cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts at a large scale, recapitulating in vivo functions and providing genetic tractability. We advocate for building comprehensive iPSC-derived in vitro models of both proximal and distal lung regions to better understand and model respiratory infections, including interactions with chronic lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan L Turner
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
| | - Sahel Amoozadeh
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
| | - Hannah Baric
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
| | - Ed Stanley
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia
| | - Rhiannon B Werder
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, 3056, Australia.
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia.
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Stem Cell Medicine, reNEW Melbourne, Melbourne, 3056, Australia.
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2
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Chang JJY, Grimley SL, Tran BM, Deliyannis G, Tumpach C, Nguyen AN, Steinig E, Zhang J, Schröder J, Caly L, McAuley J, Wong SL, Waters SA, Stinear TP, Pitt ME, Purcell D, Vincan E, Coin LJ. Uncovering strain- and age-dependent innate immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in air-liquid-interface cultured nasal epithelia. iScience 2024; 27:110009. [PMID: 38868206 PMCID: PMC11166695 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous assessment of the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on the host at the cell-type level is crucial for understanding key mechanisms involved in host defense responses to viral infection. We investigated host response to ancestral-strain and Alpha-variant SARS-CoV-2 infections within air-liquid-interface human nasal epithelial cells from younger adults (26-32 Y) and older children (12-14 Y) using single-cell RNA-sequencing. Ciliated and secretory-ciliated cells formed the majority of highly infected cell-types, with the latter derived from ciliated lineages. Strong innate immune responses were observed across lowly infected and uninfected bystander cells and heightened in Alpha-infection. Alpha highly infected cells showed increased expression of protein-refolding genes compared with ancestral-strain-infected cells in children. Furthermore, oxidative phosphorylation-related genes were down-regulated in bystander cells versus infected and mock-control cells, underscoring the importance of these biological functions for viral replication. Overall, this study highlights the complexity of cell-type-, age- and viral strain-dependent host epithelial responses to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie J.-Y. Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Samantha L. Grimley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Bang M. Tran
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Georgia Deliyannis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Carolin Tumpach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - An N.T. Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Eike Steinig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - JianShu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- Computational Sciences Initiative (CSI), The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Leon Caly
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Sharon L. Wong
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Shafagh A. Waters
- Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Miranda E. Pitt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Damian Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Royal Melbourne Hospital at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Lachlan J.M. Coin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
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3
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Xie X, Wei Y, Cui Y, Zhang Q, Lu H, Chen L, He J. Transcriptomics reveals age-related changes in ion transport-related factors in yak lungs. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1374794. [PMID: 38779034 PMCID: PMC11110679 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1374794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Yaks inhabit high-altitude, low-oxygen regions, where ion transport functions play a crucial role in maintaining intracellular and extracellular ionic balance and regulating pulmonary vascular tension. These functions affect pulmonary ventilation and blood flow rate, aiding tissue development and enhancing oxygen transfer efficiency, thus facilitating better adaptation to hypoxic environments. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of ion transport-related factors on the growth and development of yak lungs, we employed RNA sequencing (RNA-seq)for sequencing the transcriptome in the lung tissues of neonatal (1-day-old), juvenile (1-year-old), and adult (4-year-old) yaks. We also performed differential gene expression and functional analyses. The results yielded 26 genes associated with ion transport, mainly enriched in the salivary and pancreatic secretion pathways. Finally, we used several methods including quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), and Western blotting (WB), immunohistochemical (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) staining to determine the distribution of the expression of the ion transport genes FOXI1, KCNMA1, and SLC12A2 in yak lung tissues. qRT-PCR and WB results indicated that mRNA and protein relative expression levels of FOXI1 and SLC12A2 were significantly higher in neonatal yaks than in juvenile and adult yaks (all p < 0.05), whereas those of KCNMA1 were significantly higher in adult yaks than in neonatal and juvenile yaks (all p < 0.05). IHC and IF results demonstrated that FOXI1, KCNMA1, and SLC12A2 were distributed among the epithelial mucosal layers (including ciliated, goblet, and Clara cells) of the yaks' bronchi and their branches in the lungs across different age groups of yak. Therefore, our results suggested that FOXI1, KCNMA1, and SLC12A2 may be strongly associated with the development and aging processes in yak lungs. These results provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the yak's adaptation to high-altitude environments and valuable references for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiating Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yating Wei
- Laboratory Animal, Lanzhou Institute of Biological Products, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yan Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hongqin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Junfeng He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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4
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Candeli N, Dayton T. Investigating pulmonary neuroendocrine cells in human respiratory diseases with airway models. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050620. [PMID: 38813849 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite accounting for only ∼0.5% of the lung epithelium, pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) appear to play an outsized role in respiratory health and disease. Increased PNEC numbers have been reported in a variety of respiratory diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. Moreover, PNECs are the primary cell of origin for lung neuroendocrine cancers, which account for 25% of aggressive lung cancers. Recent research has highlighted the crucial roles of PNECs in lung physiology, including in chemosensing, regeneration and immune regulation. Yet, little is known about the direct impact of PNECs on respiratory diseases. In this Review, we summarise the current associations of PNECs with lung pathologies, focusing on how new experimental disease models, such as organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells or tissue stem cells, can help us to better understand the contribution of PNECs to respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Candeli
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Tissue Biology and Disease Modelling, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Talya Dayton
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Barcelona, Tissue Biology and Disease Modelling, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Mahieu L, Van Moll L, De Vooght L, Delputte P, Cos P. In vitro modelling of bacterial pneumonia: a comparative analysis of widely applied complex cell culture models. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae007. [PMID: 38409952 PMCID: PMC10913945 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia greatly contributes to the disease burden and mortality of lower respiratory tract infections among all age groups and risk profiles. Therefore, laboratory modelling of bacterial pneumonia remains important for elucidating the complex host-pathogen interactions and to determine drug efficacy and toxicity. In vitro cell culture enables for the creation of high-throughput, specific disease models in a tightly controlled environment. Advanced human cell culture models specifically, can bridge the research gap between the classical two-dimensional cell models and animal models. This review provides an overview of the current status of the development of complex cellular in vitro models to study bacterial pneumonia infections, with a focus on air-liquid interface models, spheroid, organoid, and lung-on-a-chip models. For the wide scale, comparative literature search, we selected six clinically highly relevant bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus). We reviewed the cell lines that are commonly used, as well as trends and discrepancies in the methodology, ranging from cell infection parameters to assay read-outs. We also highlighted the importance of model validation and data transparency in guiding the research field towards more complex infection models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Mahieu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Laurence Van Moll
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Linda De Vooght
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Paul Cos
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
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6
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Peloggia J, Lush ME, Tsai YY, Wood C, Piotrowski T. Environmental and molecular control of tissue-specific ionocyte differentiation in zebrafish. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.575421. [PMID: 38260427 PMCID: PMC10802608 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.575421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Organisms adjust their physiology to cope with environmental fluctuations and maintain fitness. These adaptations occur via genetic changes over multiple generations or through acclimation, a set of reversible phenotypic changes that confer resilience to the individual. Aquatic organisms are subject to dramatic seasonal fluctuations in water salinity, which can affect the function of lateral line mechanosensory hair cells. To maintain hair cell function when salinity decreases, ion-regulating cells, Neuromast-associated ionocytes (Nm ionocytes), increase in number and invade lateral line neuromasts. How environmental changes trigger this adaptive differentiation of Nm ionocytes and how these cells are specified is still unknown. Here, we identify Nm ionocyte progenitors as foxi3a/foxi3b-expressing skin cells and show that their differentiation is associated with sequential activation of different Notch pathway components, which control ionocyte survival. We demonstrate that new Nm ionocytes are rapidly specified by absolute salinity levels, independently of stress response pathways. We further show that Nm ionocyte differentiation is selectively triggered by depletion of specific ions, such as Ca2+ and Na+/Cl-, but not by low K+ levels, and is independent of media osmolarity. Finally, we demonstrate that hair cell activity plays a role in Nm ionocyte recruitment and that systemic factors are not necessary for Nm ionocyte induction. In summary, we have identified how environmental changes activate a signaling cascade that triggers basal skin cell progenitors to differentiate into Nm ionocytes and invade lateral line organs. This adaptive behavior is an example of physiological plasticity that may prove essential for survival in changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Peloggia
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Mark E. Lush
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Ya-Yin Tsai
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Christopher Wood
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Tatjana Piotrowski
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
- Lead Contact
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7
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Joo H, Min S, Cho SW. Advanced lung organoids for respiratory system and pulmonary disease modeling. J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241232502. [PMID: 38406820 PMCID: PMC10894554 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241232502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Amidst the recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, respiratory system research has made remarkable progress, particularly focusing on infectious diseases. Lung organoid, a miniaturized structure recapitulating lung tissue, has gained global attention because of its advantages over other conventional models such as two-dimensional (2D) cell models and animal models. Nevertheless, lung organoids still face limitations concerning heterogeneity, complexity, and maturity compared to the native lung tissue. To address these limitations, researchers have employed co-culture methods with various cell types including endothelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells, and incorporated bioengineering platforms such as air-liquid interfaces, microfluidic chips, and functional hydrogels. These advancements have facilitated applications of lung organoids to studies of pulmonary diseases, providing insights into disease mechanisms and potential treatments. This review introduces recent progress in the production methods of lung organoids, strategies for improving maturity, functionality, and complexity of organoids, and their application in disease modeling, including respiratory infection and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyebin Joo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Min
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Woo Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Nanomedicine, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Kulhankova K, Traore S, Cheng X, Benk-Fortin H, Hallée S, Harvey M, Roberge J, Couture F, Kohli S, Gross TJ, Meyerholz DK, Rettig GR, Thommandru B, Kurgan G, Wohlford-Lenane C, Hartigan-O'Connor DJ, Yates BP, Newby GA, Liu DR, Tarantal AF, Guay D, McCray PB. Shuttle peptide delivers base editor RNPs to rhesus monkey airway epithelial cells in vivo. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8051. [PMID: 38052872 PMCID: PMC10698009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing strategies for cystic fibrosis are challenged by the complex barrier properties of airway epithelia. We previously reported that the amphiphilic S10 shuttle peptide non-covalently combined with CRISPR-associated (Cas) ribonucleoprotein (RNP) enabled editing of human and mouse airway epithelial cells. Here, we derive the S315 peptide as an improvement over S10 in delivering base editor RNP. Following intratracheal aerosol delivery of Cy5-labeled peptide in rhesus macaques, we confirm delivery throughout the respiratory tract. Subsequently, we target CCR5 with co-administration of ABE8e-Cas9 RNP and S315. We achieve editing efficiencies of up-to 5.3% in rhesus airway epithelia. Moreover, we document persistence of edited epithelia for up to 12 months in mice. Finally, delivery of ABE8e-Cas9 targeting the CFTR R553X mutation restores anion channel function in cultured human airway epithelia. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of base editor delivery with S315 to functionally correct the CFTR R553X mutation in respiratory epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soumba Traore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sajeev Kohli
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gavin Kurgan
- Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA, USA
| | | | - Dennis J Hartigan-O'Connor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Bradley P Yates
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alice F Tarantal
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Paul B McCray
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Tesfaigzi Y, Curtis JL, Petrache I, Polverino F, Kheradmand F, Adcock IM, Rennard SI. Does Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Originate from Different Cell Types? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:500-507. [PMID: 37584669 PMCID: PMC10633838 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0175ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is heterogeneous, and current approaches to define distinct disease phenotypes are lacking. In addition to clinical methodologies, subtyping COPD has also been challenged by the reliance on human lung samples from late-stage diseases. Different COPD phenotypes may be initiated from the susceptibility of different cell types to cigarette smoke, environmental pollution, and infections at early stages that ultimately converge at later stages in airway remodeling and destruction of the alveoli when the disease is diagnosed. This perspective provides discussion points on how studies to date define different cell types of the lung that can initiate COPD pathogenesis, focusing on the susceptibility of macrophages, T and B cells, mast cells, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and airway epithelial cells. Additional cell types, including fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, neuronal cells, and other rare cell types not covered here, may also play a role in orchestrating COPD. Here, we discuss current knowledge gaps, such as which cell types drive distinct disease phenotypes and/or stages of the disease and which cells are primarily affected by the genetic variants identified by whole genome-wide association studies. Applying new technologies that interrogate the functional role of a specific cell type or a combination of cell types as well as single-cell transcriptomics and proteomic approaches are creating new opportunities to understand and clarify the pathophysiology and thereby the clinical heterogeneity of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Tesfaigzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey L. Curtis
- Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Irina Petrache
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Francesca Polverino
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Baylor University, Houston, Texas
| | - Farrah Kheradmand
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Baylor University, Houston, Texas
| | - Ian M. Adcock
- Department of Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Stephen I. Rennard
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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10
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Lei L, Traore S, Romano Ibarra GS, Karp PH, Rehman T, Meyerholz DK, Zabner J, Stoltz DA, Sinn PL, Welsh MJ, McCray PB, Thornell IM. CFTR-rich ionocytes mediate chloride absorption across airway epithelia. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e171268. [PMID: 37581935 PMCID: PMC10575720 DOI: 10.1172/jci171268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The volume and composition of a thin layer of liquid covering the airway surface defend the lung from inhaled pathogens and debris. Airway epithelia secrete Cl- into the airway surface liquid through cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) channels, thereby increasing the volume of airway surface liquid. The discovery that pulmonary ionocytes contain high levels of CFTR led us to predict that ionocytes drive secretion. However, we found the opposite. Elevating ionocyte abundance increased liquid absorption, whereas reducing ionocyte abundance increased secretion. In contrast to other airway epithelial cells, ionocytes contained barttin/Cl- channels in their basolateral membrane. Disrupting barttin/Cl- channel function impaired liquid absorption, and overexpressing barttin/Cl- channels increased absorption. Together, apical CFTR and basolateral barttin/Cl- channels provide an electrically conductive pathway for Cl- flow through ionocytes, and the transepithelial voltage generated by apical Na+ channels drives absorption. These findings indicate that ionocytes mediate liquid absorption, and secretory cells mediate liquid secretion. Segregating these counteracting activities to distinct cell types enables epithelia to precisely control the airway surface. Moreover, the divergent role of CFTR in ionocytes and secretory cells suggests that cystic fibrosis disrupts both liquid secretion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Lei
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - Soumba Traore
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - Guillermo S. Romano Ibarra
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - Philip H. Karp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Tayyab Rehman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - David K. Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - Joseph Zabner
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - David A. Stoltz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - Patrick L. Sinn
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael J. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
| | - Paul B. McCray
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ian M. Thornell
- Department of Internal Medicine and Pappajohn Biomedical Institute, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine
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11
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Shah VS, Rajagopal J. Cystic Fibrosis: "Ionocyte Modulators"? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:250-252. [PMID: 37315655 PMCID: PMC10503302 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0169ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Viral S Shah
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Department of Internal Medicine Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care
- Center for Regenerative Medicine Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
- Klarman Cell Observatory Broad Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute Cambridge, Massachusetts
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12
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Sato Y, Kim D, Turner MJ, Luo Y, Zaidi SSZ, Thomas DY, Hanrahan JW. Ionocyte-Specific Regulation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 69:281-294. [PMID: 36952679 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0241oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
CFTR (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) is a tightly regulated anion channel that mediates chloride and bicarbonate conductance in many epithelia and in other tissues, but whether its regulation varies depending on the cell type has not been investigated. Epithelial CFTR expression is highest in rare cells called ionocytes. We studied CFTR regulation in control and ionocyte-enriched cultures by transducing bronchial basal cells with adenoviruses that encode only eGFP or FOXI1 (forkhead box I1) + eGFP as separate polypeptides. FOXI1 dramatically increased the number of transcripts for ionocyte markers ASCL3 (Achaete-Scute Family BHLH Transcription Factor 3), BSND, ATP6V1G3, ATP6V0D2, KCNMA1, and CFTR without altering those for secretory (SCGB1A1), basal (KRT5, KRT6, TP63), goblet (MUC5AC), or ciliated (FOXJ1) cells. The number of cells displaying strong FOXI1 expression was increased 7-fold, and there was no evidence for a broad increase in background immunofluorescence. Total CFTR mRNA and protein levels increased 10-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively. Ionocyte-enriched cultures displayed elevated basal current, increased adenylyl cyclase 5 expression, and tonic suppression of CFTR activity by the phosphodiesterase PDE1C, which has not been shown previously to regulate CFTR activity. The results indicate that CFTR regulation depends on cell type and identifies PDE1C as a potential target for therapeutics that aim to increase CFTR function specifically in ionocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Sato
- Department of Physiology
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center
| | - Dusik Kim
- Department of Physiology
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center
| | - Mark J Turner
- Department of Physiology
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center
| | - Yishan Luo
- Department of Physiology
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center
| | | | - David Y Thomas
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, and
| | - John W Hanrahan
- Department of Physiology
- Cystic Fibrosis Translational Research Center
- Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Transcriptomic profile comparison reveals conservation of ionocytes across multiple organs. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3516. [PMID: 36864051 PMCID: PMC9981729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30603-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing has recently led to the identification of a flurry of rare, new cell types, such as the CFTR-high ionocytes in the airway epithelium. Ionocytes appear to be specifically responsible for fluid osmolarity and pH regulation. Similar cells exist in multiple other organs and have received various names, including intercalated cell in the kidney, mitochondria-rich cell in the inner ear, clear cell in the epididymis, and ionocyte in the salivary gland. Here, we compare the previously published transcriptomic profile of cells expressing FOXI1, the signature transcription factor expressed in airway ionocytes. Such FOXI1+ cells were found in datasets representing human and/or murine kidney, airway, epididymis, thymus, skin, inner ear, salivary gland, and prostate. This allowed us to assess the similarities between these cells and identify the core transcriptomic signature of this ionocyte 'family'. Our results demonstrate that, across all these organs, ionocytes maintain the expression of a characteristic set of genes, including FOXI1, KRT7, and ATP6V1B1. We conclude that the ionocyte signature defines a class of closely related cell types across multiple mammalian organs.
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14
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Carlos dos Reis D, Dastoor P, Santos AK, Sumigray K, Ameen NA. CFTR high expresser cells in cystic fibrosis and intestinal diseases. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14568. [PMID: 36967909 PMCID: PMC10031467 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR), the Cl-/HCO3 - channel implicated in Cystic Fibrosis, is critical to the pathophysiology of many gastrointestinal diseases. Defects in CFTR lead to intestinal dysfunction, malabsorption, obstruction, infection, inflammation, and cancer that increases morbidity and reduces quality of life. This review will focus on CFTR in the intestine and the implications of the subpopulation of CFTR High Expresser Cells (CHEs) in Cystic Fibrosis (CF), intestinal physiology and pathophysiology of intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Carlos dos Reis
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Parinaz Dastoor
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Anderson Kenedy Santos
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Kaelyn Sumigray
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Yale Cancer Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Nadia A. Ameen
- Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pediatrics/Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yale School of Medicine, CT, 06510, USA.
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15
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Planer JD, Morrisey EE. After the Storm: Regeneration, Repair, and Reestablishment of Homeostasis Between the Alveolar Epithelium and Innate Immune System Following Viral Lung Injury. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 18:337-359. [PMID: 36270292 PMCID: PMC10875627 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031621-024344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian lung has an enormous environmental-epithelial interface that is optimized to accomplish the principal function of the respiratory system, gas exchange. One consequence of evolving such a large surface area is that the lung epithelium is continuously exposed to toxins, irritants, and pathogens. Maintaining homeostasis in this environment requires a delicate balance of cellular signaling between the epithelium and innate immune system. Following injury, the epithelium can be either fully regenerated in form and function or repaired by forming dysplastic scar tissue. In this review, we describe the major mechanisms of damage, regeneration, and repair within the alveolar niche where gas exchange occurs. With a focus on viral infection, we summarize recent work that has established how epithelial proliferation is arrested during infection and how the innate immune system guides its reconstitution during recovery. The consequences of these processes going awry are also considered, with an emphasis on how this will impact postpandemic pulmonary biology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Planer
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Edward E Morrisey
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Penn-CHOP Lung Biology Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Penn Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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16
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Han Y, Jia C, Wang T, Wang P, Liu W, Qin Y, Cai S, Yang X, Zhang W, Liu Y, Xiao X, He L, Ge W, Ni X. Acquired CFTR dysfunction and dense distribution of ionocytes in nasal mucosa of children with CRS. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:3237-3247. [PMID: 36662267 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07833-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionocytes are rare cells in airway epithelium characterized by a high expression of CFTR. OBJECTIVES To investigate the morphology and distribution of ionocytes and the function of CFTR in the nasal mucosal epithelium of children. METHODS The exfoliated cells of nasal mucosa from 101 children were detected using flow cytometry to analyze the number of ionocytes and CFTR and the difference of CFTR function. Nasal mucosa and polyps were collected from 10 children with CRSwNP. The RNAscope of FOXI1 and CFTR was detected in pathological paraffin sections. The expression and distribution of ionocytes and CFTR in nasal mucosa and polyp epithelium were observed. RESULTS In CRS patients, the number of ionocytes in the nasal epithelium was lower and the number of ionocytes that did not express CFTR was higher, and the function of CFTR was also decreased. The expression of CFTR in the nasal mucosa of CRS showed the characteristics of local dense distribution and increased as the inflammation expanded. The ionocytes were "tadpole-shaped" in the epithelium and gathered in the area of high CFTR expression, the intracellular CFTR was expanded in clusters. Ionocytes that did not express CFTR was more common in the nasal polyps. CONCLUSIONS The number of ionocytes and the function of CFTR in nasal mucosa of CRS patients decreased. With the expansion of inflammation, CFTR and ionocytes showed more obvious dense distribution. Some ionocytes lost the expression of CFTR and did not show the "tadpole" shape, which may be related to the occurrence of polyps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Chao Jia
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Tieshan Wang
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Pengpeng Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Beijing Research Institute of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Siyu Cai
- Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiaojian Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Lejian He
- Department of Pathology, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Wentong Ge
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, 56 NanLishi Road, Xicheng District, Beijing, 100045, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100045, China.
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17
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Down the membrane hole: Ion channels in protozoan parasites. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1011004. [PMID: 36580479 PMCID: PMC9799330 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases caused by protozoans are highly prevalent around the world, disproportionally affecting developing countries, where coinfection with other microorganisms is common. Control and treatment of parasitic infections are constrained by the lack of specific and effective drugs, plus the rapid emergence of resistance. Ion channels are main drug targets for numerous diseases, but their potential against protozoan parasites is still untapped. Ion channels are membrane proteins expressed in all types of cells, allowing for the flow of ions between compartments, and regulating cellular functions such as membrane potential, excitability, volume, signaling, and death. Channels and transporters reside at the interface between parasites and their hosts, controlling nutrient uptake, viability, replication, and infectivity. To understand how ion channels control protozoan parasites fate and to evaluate their suitability for therapeutics, we must deepen our knowledge of their structure, function, and modulation. However, methodological approaches commonly used in mammalian cells have proven difficult to apply in protozoans. This review focuses on ion channels described in protozoan parasites of clinical relevance, mainly apicomplexans and trypanosomatids, highlighting proteins for which molecular and functional evidence has been correlated with their physiological functions.
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18
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Crossen AJ, Ward RA, Reedy JL, Surve MV, Klein BS, Rajagopal J, Vyas JM. Human Airway Epithelium Responses to Invasive Fungal Infections: A Critical Partner in Innate Immunity. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:40. [PMID: 36675861 PMCID: PMC9862202 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lung epithelial lining serves as the primary barrier to inhaled environmental toxins, allergens, and invading pathogens. Pulmonary fungal infections are devastating and carry high mortality rates, particularly in those with compromised immune systems. While opportunistic fungi infect primarily immunocompromised individuals, endemic fungi cause disease in immune competent and compromised individuals. Unfortunately, in the case of inhaled fungal pathogens, the airway epithelial host response is vastly understudied. Furthering our lack of understanding, very few studies utilize primary human models displaying pseudostratified layers of various epithelial cell types at air-liquid interface. In this review, we focus on the diversity of the human airway epithelium and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of oncological cell lines, immortalized epithelial cells, and primary epithelial cell models. Additionally, the responses by human respiratory epithelial cells to invading fungal pathogens will be explored. Future investigations leveraging current human in vitro model systems will enable identification of the critical pathways that will inform the development of novel vaccines and therapeutics for pulmonary fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianne J. Crossen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Ward
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Reedy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Manalee V. Surve
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Bruce S. Klein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jayaraj Rajagopal
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jatin M. Vyas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Rehman T, Karp PH, Thurman AL, Mather SE, Jain A, Cooney AL, Sinn PL, Pezzulo AA, Duffey ME, Welsh MJ. WNK Inhibition Increases Surface Liquid pH and Host Defense in Cystic Fibrosis Airway Epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:491-502. [PMID: 35849656 PMCID: PMC9564924 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0172oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In cystic fibrosis (CF), reduced HCO3- secretion acidifies the airway surface liquid (ASL), and the acidic pH disrupts host defenses. Thus, understanding the control of ASL pH (pHASL) in CF may help identify novel targets and facilitate therapeutic development. In diverse epithelia, the WNK (with-no-lysine [K]) kinases coordinate HCO3- and Cl- transport, but their functions in airway epithelia are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that WNK kinases regulate CF pHASL. In primary cultures of differentiated human airway epithelia, inhibiting WNK kinases acutely increased both CF and non-CF pHASL. This response was HCO3- dependent and involved downstream SPAK/OSR1 (Ste20/SPS1-related proline-alanine-rich protein kinase/oxidative stress responsive 1 kinase). Importantly, WNK inhibition enhanced key host defenses otherwise impaired in CF. Human airway epithelia expressed two WNK isoforms in secretory cells and ionocytes, and knockdown of either WNK1 or WNK2 increased CF pHASL. WNK inhibition decreased Cl- secretion and the response to bumetanide, an NKCC1 (sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1) inhibitor. Surprisingly, bumetanide alone or basolateral Cl- substitution also alkalinized CF pHASL. These data suggest that WNK kinases influence the balance between transepithelial Cl- versus HCO3- secretion. Moreover, reducing basolateral Cl- entry may increase HCO3- secretion and raise pHASL, thereby improving CF host defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip H. Karp
- Department of Internal Medicine and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Michael E. Duffey
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael J. Welsh
- Department of Internal Medicine and
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, and
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and
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20
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Shariati K, Zhang Y, Giubbolini S, Parra R, Liang S, Edwards A, Hejtmancik JF, Ratto GM, Arosio D, Ku G. A Superfolder Green Fluorescent Protein-Based Biosensor Allows Monitoring of Chloride in the Endoplasmic Reticulum. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2218-2224. [PMID: 35951356 PMCID: PMC9425558 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Though the concentration of chloride has been measured in the cytoplasm and in secretory granules of live cells, it cannot be measured within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) due to poor fluorescence of existing biosensors. We developed a fluorescent biosensor composed of a chloride-sensitive superfolder GFP and long Stokes-shifted mKate2 for simultaneous chloride and pH measurements that retained fluorescence in the ER lumen. Using this sensor, we showed that the chloride concentration in the ER is significantly lower than that in the cytosol. This improved biosensor enables dynamic measurement of chloride in the ER and may be useful in other environments where protein folding is challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaavian Shariati
- Diabetes
Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Yaohuan Zhang
- Diabetes
Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States,Metabolic
Biology Graduate Program, Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicity, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Simone Giubbolini
- National
Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola
Normale Superiore Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Riccardo Parra
- National
Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola
Normale Superiore Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Steven Liang
- Diabetes
Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Austin Edwards
- Biological
Imaging Development CoLab, University of
California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - J. Fielding Hejtmancik
- Ophthalmic
Genetics and Visual Function Branch, National
Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1860, United States
| | - Gian Michele Ratto
- National
Enterprise for NanoScience and NanoTechnology (NEST), Istituto Nanoscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) and Scuola
Normale Superiore Pisa, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Daniele Arosio
- CNR, Institute
of Biophysics, Via alla
Cascata 56/C, Trento 38123, Italy,CIBIO, University
of Trento, Via delle
Regole 101, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Gregory Ku
- Diabetes
Center and Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0534, San Francisco, California94143, United States,
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21
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Zhang Q, Lv X, Wang Y, Wang B, He Y, Chen C, Shi G, Li Y. Expression of CFTR, a hallmark gene of ionocytes, is downregulated in salivary glands of Sjögren's syndrome patients. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:263. [PMID: 36476557 PMCID: PMC9727938 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The autoimmune exocrinopathy, Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), is associated with secretory defects in salivary glands. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) of the chloride channel is a master regulator of fluid secretion, but its role in SjS has not been investigated. Our research found a link between CFTR and SjS at the genetic and protein levels, as well as through clinical data. METHODS We used single-cell RNA sequencing to identify the presence of CFTR in glandular epithelial cells of the human salivary gland (scRNA-seq) and confirmed the difference using immunofluorescence tests in labial glands and clinical data statistics from 44 non-SjS and 36 SjS patients. RESULTS The changes of CFTR expression in salivary glands of SjS patients was assessed at both mRNA and protein levels. According to the scRNA-seq analyses, CFTR was the hallmark gene of ionocytes. We firstly identified that SjS had a lower level of CFTR expression in the labial glands than non-SjS at mRNA level. Using immunofluorescence assays, we also found that CFTR expression was decreased in SjS patients compared to non-SjS. The results of the clinical statistics revealed that CFTR expression was adversely correlated with feelings of dry mouth, lymphocyte infiltration in the labial glands, and certain autoantibodies in serum (antinuclear antibody, anti-Ro/SSA, and anti-La/SSB antibodies). CONCLUSION Those findings above proved an obviously downregulated expression of CFTR in salivary glands of SjS patients and its clinical significance. Dysfunction in CFTR or ionocytes may contribute to SjS pathogenesis and represents a promising therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Xiuying Lv
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Ying Wang
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Bin Wang
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Yan He
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Chubing Chen
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Guixiu Shi
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
| | - Yan Li
- grid.412625.6Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian China
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