1
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Nelson JC, Weichman ML. More than just smoke and mirrors: Gas-phase polaritons for optical control of chemistry. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:074304. [PMID: 39145566 DOI: 10.1063/5.0220077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Gas-phase molecules are a promising platform to elucidate the mechanisms of action and scope of polaritons for optical control of chemistry. Polaritons arise from the strong coupling of a dipole-allowed molecular transition with the photonic mode of an optical cavity. There is mounting evidence of modified reactivity under polaritonic conditions; however, the complex condensed-phase environment of most experimental demonstrations impedes mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon. While the gas phase was the playground of early efforts in atomic cavity quantum electrodynamics, we have only recently demonstrated the formation of molecular polaritons under these conditions. Studying the reactivity of isolated gas-phase molecules under strong coupling would eliminate solvent interactions and enable quantum state resolution of reaction progress. In this Perspective, we contextualize recent gas-phase efforts in the field of polariton chemistry and offer a practical guide for experimental design moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Marissa L Weichman
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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2
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Li TE. Mesoscale Molecular Simulations of Fabry-Pérot Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 38912683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing theoretical frameworks for vibrational strong coupling (VSC) beyond the single-mode approximation is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of experiments with planar Fabry-Pérot cavities. Herein, a generalized cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) scheme is developed to simulate VSC of a large ensemble of realistic molecules coupled to an arbitrary 1D or 2D photonic environment. This approach is built upon the Power-Zienau-Woolley Hamiltonian in the normal mode basis and uses a grid representation of the molecular ensembles to reduce the computational cost. When simulating the polariton dispersion relation for a homogeneous distribution of molecules in planar Fabry-Pérot cavities, our data highlight the importance of preserving the in-plane translational symmetry of the molecular distribution. In this homogeneous limit, CavMD yields the consistent polariton dispersion relation as an analytic theory, i.e., incorporating many cavity modes with varying in-plane wave vectors (k∥) produces the same spectrum as the system with a single cavity mode. Furthermore, CavMD reveals that the validity of the single-mode approximation is challenged when nonequilibrium polariton dynamics are considered, as polariton-polariton scattering occurs between modes with the nearest neighbor k∥. The procedure for numerically approaching the macroscopic limit is also demonstrated with CavMD by increasing the system size. Looking forward, our generalized CavMD approach may facilitate understanding vibrational polariton transport and condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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3
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Betzold S, Düreth J, Dusel M, Emmerling M, Bieganowska A, Ohmer J, Fischer U, Höfling S, Klembt S. Dirac Cones and Room Temperature Polariton Lasing Evidenced in an Organic Honeycomb Lattice. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400672. [PMID: 38605674 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Artificial 1D and 2D lattices have emerged as a powerful platform for the emulation of lattice Hamiltonians, the fundamental study of collective many-body effects, and phenomena arising from non-trivial topology. Exciton-polaritons, bosonic part-light and part-matter quasiparticles, combine pronounced nonlinearities with the possibility of on-chip implementation. In this context, organic semiconductors embedded in microcavities have proven to be versatile candidates to study nonlinear many-body physics and bosonic condensation, and in contrast to most inorganic systems, they allow the use at ambient conditions since they host ultra-stable Frenkel excitons. A well-controlled, high-quality optical lattice is implemented that accommodates light-matter quasiparticles. The realized polariton graphene presents with excellent cavity quality factors, showing distinct signatures of Dirac cone and flatband dispersions as well as polariton lasing at room temperature. This is realized by filling coupled dielectric microcavities with the fluorescent protein mCherry. The emergence of a coherent polariton condensate at ambient conditions are demonstrated, taking advantage of coupling conditions as precise and controllable as in state-of-the-art inorganic semiconductor-based systems, without the limitations of e.g. lattice matching in epitaxial growth. This progress allows straightforward extension to more complex systems, such as the study of topological phenomena in 2D lattices including topological lasers and non-Hermitian optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Betzold
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Düreth
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marco Dusel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Emmerling
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Antonina Bieganowska
- Department of Experimental Physics, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, Wroclaw, 50-370, Poland
| | - Jürgen Ohmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Utz Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven Höfling
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klembt
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Physik, Physikalisches Institut and Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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4
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Yadav RK, Satapathy S, Deshmukh P, Datta B, Sharma A, Olsson AH, Chen J, Laursen BW, Flood AH, Sfeir MY, Menon VM. Direct Writing of Room Temperature Polariton Condensate Lattice. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38598721 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Realizing lattices of exciton polariton condensates has been of much interest owing to the potential of such systems to realize analogue Hamiltonian simulators and physical computing architectures. Here, we report the realization of a room temperature polariton condensate lattice using a direct-write approach. Polariton condensation is achieved in a microcavity embedded with host-guest Frenkel excitons of an organic dye (rhodamine) in a small-molecule ionic isolation lattice (SMILES). The microcavity is patterned using focused ion beam etching to realize arbitrary lattice geometries, including defect sites on demand. The band structure of the lattice and the emergence of condensation are imaged using momentum-resolved spectroscopy. The introduction of defect sites is shown to lower the condensation threshold and result in the formation of a defect band in the condensation spectrum. The present approach allows us to study periodic, quasiperiodic, and disordered polariton condensate lattices at room temperature using a direct-write approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra Kumar Yadav
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Sitakanta Satapathy
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Prathmesh Deshmukh
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- The PhD Program in Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
| | - Biswajit Datta
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Addhyaya Sharma
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Andrew H Olsson
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Junsheng Chen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Bo W Laursen
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Amar H Flood
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Matthew Y Sfeir
- Photonics Initiative, Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, New York 10031, United States
- The PhD Program in Physics, Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016, United States
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5
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Ricco LS, Shelykh IA, Kavokin A. Qubit gate operations in elliptically trapped polariton condensates. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4211. [PMID: 38378989 PMCID: PMC10879284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54543-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
We consider bosonic condensates of exciton-polaritons optically confined in elliptical traps. A superposition of two non-degenerated p-type states of the condensate oriented along the two main axes of the trap is represented by a point on a Bloch sphere, being considered as an optically tunable qubit. We describe a set of universal single-qubit gates resulting in a controllable shift of the Bloch vector by means of an auxiliary laser beam. Moreover, we consider interaction mechanisms between two neighboring traps that enable designing two-qubit operations such as CPHASE and CNOT gates. Both the single- and two-qubit gates are analyzed in the presence of error sources in the context of polariton traps, such as pure dephasing and spontaneous relaxation mechanisms, leading to a fidelity reduction of the final qubit states and quantum concurrence, as well as the increase of Von Neumann entropy. We also discuss the applicability of our qubit proposal in the context of DiVincenzo's criteria for the realization of local quantum computing processes. Altogether, the developed set of quantum operations would pave the way to the realization of a variety of quantum algorithms in a planar microcavity with a set of optically induced elliptical traps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano S Ricco
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland.
| | - Ivan A Shelykh
- Science Institute, University of Iceland, Dunhagi-3, IS-107, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo IC, Bolshoy Bulvar 30 bld. 1, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Abrikosov Center for Theoretical Physics, MIPT, Dolgoprudnyi, Moscow Region, 141707, Russia
| | - Alexey Kavokin
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Materials of Zhejiang Province, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
- Spin Optics Laboratory, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 198504, Russia.
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6
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Rana B, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Simulating the Excited-State Dynamics of Polaritons with Ab Initio Multiple Spawning. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:139-151. [PMID: 38110364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, there has been a growth of interest in polaritonic chemistry, where the formation of hybrid light-matter states (polaritons) can alter the course of photochemical reactions. These hybrid states are created by strong coupling between molecules and photons in resonant optical cavities and can even occur in the absence of light when the molecule is strongly coupled with the electromagnetic fluctuations of the vacuum field. We present a first-principles model to simulate nonadiabatic dynamics of such polaritonic states inside optical cavities by leveraging graphical processing units (GPUs). Our first implementation of this model is specialized for a single molecule coupled to a single-photon mode confined inside the optical cavity but with any number of excited states computed using complete active space configuration interaction (CASCI) and a Jaynes-Cummings-type Hamiltonian. Using this model, we have simulated the excited-state dynamics of a single salicylideneaniline (SA) molecule strongly coupled to a cavity photon with the ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method. We demonstrate how the branching ratios of the photodeactivation pathways for this molecule can be manipulated by coupling to the cavity. We also show how one can stop the photoreaction from happening inside of an optical cavity. Finally, we also investigate cavity-based control of the ordering of two excited states (one optically bright and the other optically dark) inside a cavity for a set of molecules, where the dark and bright states are close in energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Rana
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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7
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Salij AH, Goldsmith RH, Tempelaar R. Theory predicts 2D chiral polaritons based on achiral Fabry-Pérot cavities using apparent circular dichroism. Nat Commun 2024; 15:340. [PMID: 38184645 PMCID: PMC10771534 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44523-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Realizing polariton states with high levels of chirality offers exciting prospects for quantum information, sensing, and lasing applications. Such chirality must emanate from either the involved optical resonators or the quantum emitters. Here, we theoretically demonstrate a rare opportunity for realizing polaritons with so-called 2D chirality by strong coupling of the optical modes of (high finesse) achiral Fabry-Pérot cavities with samples exhibiting "apparent circular dichroism" (ACD). ACD is a phenomenon resulting from an interference between linear birefringence and dichroic interactions. By introducing a quantum electrodynamical theory of ACD, we identify the design rules based on which 2D chiral polaritons can be produced, and their chirality can be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Salij
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706-1322, USA
| | - Roel Tempelaar
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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8
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Meskers SCJ. The Exciton Model for Molecular Materials: Past, Present and Future? Chemphyschem 2023:e202300666. [PMID: 38010974 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
In assemblies of identical molecules or chromophores, electronic excitations can be described as excitons, bound electron-hole pairs that can move from site to site as a pair in a coherent manner. The understanding of excitons is crucial when trying to engineer favorable photophysical properties through structuring organic molecular matter. In recent decades, limitations of the concept of an exciton have become clear. The exciton can hybridize with phonon and photons. To clarify these issues, the exciton is discussed within the broader context of the gauge properties of the electromagnetic force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C J Meskers
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven university of Technology, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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9
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Bhuyan R, Mony J, Kotov O, Castellanos GW, Gómez Rivas J, Shegai TO, Börjesson K. The Rise and Current Status of Polaritonic Photochemistry and Photophysics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:10877-10919. [PMID: 37683254 PMCID: PMC10540218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between molecular electronic transitions and electromagnetic fields can be enlarged to the point where distinct hybrid light-matter states, polaritons, emerge. The photonic contribution to these states results in increased complexity as well as an opening to modify the photophysics and photochemistry beyond what normally can be seen in organic molecules. It is today evident that polaritons offer opportunities for molecular photochemistry and photophysics, which has caused an ever-rising interest in the field. Focusing on the experimental landmarks, this review takes its reader from the advent of the field of polaritonic chemistry, over the split into polariton chemistry and photochemistry, to present day status within polaritonic photochemistry and photophysics. To introduce the field, the review starts with a general description of light-matter interactions, how to enhance these, and what characterizes the coupling strength. Then the photochemistry and photophysics of strongly coupled systems using Fabry-Perot and plasmonic cavities are described. This is followed by a description of room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensation/polariton lasing in polaritonic systems. The review ends with a discussion on the benefits, limitations, and future developments of strong exciton-photon coupling using organic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Bhuyan
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Jürgen Mony
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Oleg Kotov
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel W. Castellanos
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department
of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven Hendrik Casimir
Institute and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Timur O. Shegai
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department
of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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10
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Koner A, Du M, Pannir-Sivajothi S, Goldsmith RH, Yuen-Zhou J. A path towards single molecule vibrational strong coupling in a Fabry-Pérot microcavity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:7753-7761. [PMID: 37476723 PMCID: PMC10355109 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01411h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Interaction between light and molecular vibrations leads to hybrid light-matter states called vibrational polaritons. Even though many intriguing phenomena have been predicted for single-molecule vibrational strong coupling (VSC), several studies suggest that these effects tend to be diminished in the many-molecule regime due to the presence of dark states. Achieving single or few-molecule vibrational polaritons has been constrained by the need for fabricating extremely small mode volume infrared cavities. In this theoretical work, we propose an alternative strategy to achieve single-molecule VSC in a cavity-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (CERS) setup, based on the physics of cavity optomechanics. We then present a scheme harnessing few-molecule VSC to thermodynamically couple two reactions, such that a spontaneous electron transfer can now fuel a thermodynamically uphill reaction that was non-spontaneous outside the cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghadip Koner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Matthew Du
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago 5735 S Ellis Ave Chicago Illinois 60637 USA
| | - Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
| | - Randall H Goldsmith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison Madison Wisconsin 53706-1322 USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego La Jolla California 92093 USA
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11
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Abstract
The coherent exchange of energy between materials and optical fields leads to strong light-matter interactions and so-called polaritonic states with intriguing properties, halfway between light and matter. Two decades ago, research on these strong light-matter interactions, using optical cavity (vacuum) fields, remained for the most part the province of the physicist, with a focus on inorganic materials requiring cryogenic temperatures and carefully fabricated, high-quality optical cavities for their study. This review explores the history and recent acceleration of interest in the application of polaritonic states to molecular properties and processes. The enormous collective oscillator strength of dense films of organic molecules, aggregates, and materials allows cavity vacuum field strong coupling to be achieved at room temperature, even in rapidly fabricated, highly lossy metallic optical cavities. This has put polaritonic states and their associated coherent phenomena at the fingertips of laboratory chemists, materials scientists, and even biochemists as a potentially new tool to control molecular chemistry. The exciting phenomena that have emerged suggest that polaritonic states are of genuine relevance within the molecular and material energy landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - James A Hutchison
- School of Chemistry and ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Masson Road, Parkville, Victoria 3052 Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Division of Photonics and Optical Science, Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, North 20 West 10, Kita ward, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001 Heverlee Leuven Belgium
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12
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Wilcken R, Nishida J, Triana JF, John-Herpin A, Altug H, Sharma S, Herrera F, Raschke MB. Antenna-coupled infrared nanospectroscopy of intramolecular vibrational interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220852120. [PMID: 37155895 PMCID: PMC10193936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220852120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many photonic and electronic molecular properties, as well as chemical and biochemical reactivities are controlled by fast intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution (IVR). This fundamental ultrafast process limits coherence time in applications from photochemistry to single quantum level control. While time-resolved multidimensional IR-spectroscopy can resolve the underlying vibrational interaction dynamics, as a nonlinear optical technique it has been challenging to extend its sensitivity to probe small molecular ensembles, achieve nanoscale spatial resolution, and control intramolecular dynamics. Here, we demonstrate a concept how mode-selective coupling of vibrational resonances to IR nanoantennas can reveal intramolecular vibrational energy transfer. In time-resolved infrared vibrational nanospectroscopy, we measure the Purcell-enhanced decrease of vibrational lifetimes of molecular vibrations while tuning the IR nanoantenna across coupled vibrations. At the example of a Re-carbonyl complex monolayer, we derive an IVR rate of (25±8) cm-1 corresponding to (450±150) fs, as is typical for the fast initial equilibration between symmetric and antisymmetric carbonyl vibrations. We model the enhancement of the cross-vibrational relaxation based on intrinsic intramolecular coupling and extrinsic antenna-enhanced vibrational energy relaxation. The model further suggests an anti-Purcell effect based on antenna and laser-field-driven vibrational mode interference which can counteract IVR-induced relaxation. Nanooptical spectroscopy of antenna-coupled vibrational dynamics thus provides for an approach to probe intramolecular vibrational dynamics with a perspective for vibrational coherent control of small molecular ensembles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wilcken
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Jun Nishida
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Johan F. Triana
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central917022, Chile
| | - Aurelian John-Herpin
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Hatice Altug
- Institute of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédéral de Lausanne, Lausanne1015, Switzerland
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
| | - Felipe Herrera
- Department of Physics, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central917022, Chile
- Millennium Institute for Research in Optics, Concepción4030000, Chile
| | - Markus B. Raschke
- Department of Physics, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO80309
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13
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Mandal A, Xu D, Mahajan A, Lee J, Delor M, Reichman DR. Microscopic Theory of Multimode Polariton Dispersion in Multilayered Materials. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:4082-4089. [PMID: 37103998 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We develop a microscopic theory for the multimode polariton dispersion in materials coupled to cavity radiation modes. Starting from a microscopic light-matter Hamiltonian, we devise a general strategy for obtaining simple matrix models of polariton dispersion curves based on the structure and spatial location of multilayered 2D materials inside the optical cavity. Our theory exposes the connections between seemingly distinct models that have been employed in the literature and resolves an ambiguity that has arisen concerning the experimental description of the polaritonic band structure. We demonstrate the applicability of our theoretical formalism by fabricating various geometries of multilayered perovskite materials coupled to cavities and demonstrating that our theoretical predictions agree with the experimental results presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Ankit Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Joonho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Milan Delor
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - David R Reichman
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027, United States
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14
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Miwa K, Sakamoto S, Ishizaki A. Control and Enhancement of Single-Molecule Electroluminescence through Strong Light-Matter Coupling. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3231-3238. [PMID: 37039831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c05089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The energetic positions of molecular electronic states at molecule/electrode interfaces are crucial factors for determining the transport and optoelectronic properties of molecular junctions. Strong light-matter coupling offers a potential for manipulating these factors, enabling a boost in the efficiency and versatility of these junctions. Here, we investigate electroluminescence from single-molecule junctions in which the molecule is strongly coupled with the vacuum electromagnetic field in a plasmonic nanocavity. We demonstrate an improvement in the electroluminescence efficiency by employing the strong light-matter coupling in conjunction with the characteristic feature of single-molecule junctions to selectively control the formation of the lowest-energy excited state. The mechanism of efficiency improvement is discussed based on the energetic position and composition of the formed polaritonic states. Our findings indicate the possibility to manipulate optoelectronic conversion in molecular junctions by strong light-matter coupling and contribute to providing design principles for developing efficient molecular optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuniyuki Miwa
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Souichi Sakamoto
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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15
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Finkelstein-Shapiro D, Mante PA, Balci S, Zigmantas D, Pullerits T. Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians for linear and nonlinear optical response: A model for plexcitons. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:104104. [PMID: 36922135 DOI: 10.1063/5.0130287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In polaritons, the properties of matter are modified by mixing the molecular transitions with light modes inside a cavity. Resultant hybrid light-matter states exhibit energy level shifts, are delocalized over many molecular units, and have a different excited-state potential energy landscape, which leads to modified exciton dynamics. Previously, non-Hermitian Hamiltonians have been derived to describe the excited states of molecules coupled to surface plasmons (i.e., plexcitons), and these operators have been successfully used in the description of linear and third order optical response. In this article, we rigorously derive non-Hermitian Hamiltonians in the response function formalism of nonlinear spectroscopy by means of Feshbach operators and apply them to explore spectroscopic signatures of plexcitons. In particular, we analyze the optical response below and above the exceptional point that arises for matching transition energies for plasmon and molecular components and study their decomposition using double-sided Feynman diagrams. We find a clear distinction between interference and Rabi splitting in linear spectroscopy and a qualitative change in the symmetry of the line shape of the nonlinear signal when crossing the exceptional point. This change corresponds to one in the symmetry of the eigenvalues of the Hamiltonian. Our work presents an approach for simulating the optical response of sublevels within an electronic system and opens new applications of nonlinear spectroscopy to examine the different regimes of the spectrum of non-Hermitian Hamiltonians.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre-Adrien Mante
- Division of Chemical Physics and Nanolund, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sinan Balci
- Department of Photonics, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430 Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Donatas Zigmantas
- Division of Chemical Physics and Nanolund, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Tõnu Pullerits
- Division of Chemical Physics and Nanolund, Lund University, Box 124, 221 00 Lund, Sweden
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16
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Kottilil D, Gupta M, Lu S, Babusenan A, Ji W. Triple Threshold Transitions and Strong Polariton Interaction in 2D Layered Metal-Organic Framework Microplates. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2209094. [PMID: 36623260 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202209094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature interaction between light-matter hybrid particles such as exciton-polaritons under extremely low-pump plays a crucial role in future coherent quantum light sources. However, the practical and scalable realization of coherent quantum light sources operating under low-pump remains a challenge because of the insufficient polariton interaction strength. Here, at room temperature, a very large polariton interaction strength is demonstrated, g ≈ 128 ± 21 µeV µm2 realized in a 2D nanolayered metal-organic framework (MOF). As a result, a polariton lasing at an extremely low pump fluence of P1 ≈ 0.01 ± 0.0015 µJ cm-2 (first threshold) is observed. Interestingly, as pump fluence increases to P2 ≈ 0.031 ± 0.003 µJ cm-2 (second threshold), a spontaneous transition to a polariton breakdown region occurs, which has not been reported before. Finally, an ordinary photon lasing occurs at P3 ≈ 0.11 ± 0.077 µJ cm-2 (third threshold), or above. These experiments and the theoretical model reveal new insights into the transition mechanisms characterized by three distinct optical regions. This work introduces MOF as a new type of quantum material, with naturally formed polariton cavities, that is a cost-effective and scalable solution to build microscale coherent quantum light sources and polaritonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kottilil
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Mayank Gupta
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Shunbin Lu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Anu Babusenan
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Wei Ji
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 3, Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Centre for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronic Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
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17
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Chang JF, Zheng YC, Chiang CY, Huang CK, Jaing CC. Ultrastrong coupling in Super Yellow polymer microcavities and development of highly efficient polariton light-emitting diodes and light-emitting transistors. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:6849-6861. [PMID: 36823932 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We present detailed studies on exciton-photon coupling and polariton emission based on a poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) copolymer, Super Yellow (SY), in a series of optical microcavities and optoelectronic devices, including light-emitting diode (LED) and light-emitting transistor (LET). We show that sufficiently thick SY microcavities can generate ultrastrong coupling with Rabi splitting energies exceeding 1 eV and exhibit spectrally narrow, nearly angle-independent photoluminescence following lower polariton (LP) mode dispersion. When the microcavity is designed with matched LP low-energy state and exciton emission peak for radiative pumping, the conversion efficiency from exciton to polariton emission can reach up to 80%. By introducing appropriate injection layers in a SY microcavity and optimizing the cavity design, we further demonstrate a high-performance ultrastrongly coupled SY LED with weakly dispersive electroluminescence along LP mode and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 2.8%. Finally, we realize an ultrastrongly coupled LET based on vertical integration of a high-mobility ZnO transistor and a SY LED in a microcavity, which enables a large switching ratio, uniform emission in the ZnO pattern, and LP mode emission with a maximum EQE of 2.4%. This vertical LET addresses the difficulties of achieving high emission performance and precisely defining the emission area in typical planar LETs, and opens up the possibility of applying various strongly coupled emitters for advanced polariton devices and high-resolution applications.
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18
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Coherent Plasma in a Lattice. Symmetry (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/sym15020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a fully second-quantized calculation showing the emergence of spontaneous coherent configurations of the electromagnetic field interacting with charged bosons in a regular lattice. The bosons tend to oscillate at their plasma frequency, and in addition are subjected to electrostatic forces which keep them confined close to the lattice sites while causing a frequency shift in the oscillation. Under certain conditions upon these frequencies, we find that a suitably defined set of coherent states (coherent both in the field and matter degrees of freedom) exhibit a negative energy gap with respect to the perturbative ground state. This is true in the RWA approximation and for position-independent fields to both the first and second order in the interaction Hamiltonian. We compare this result with other recent findings from cavity QED, and note that (1) consideration of full 3D wavefunctions and a careful definition of the coherent states are essential for obtaining the energy gap, and (2) although our calculation is made in reference to bosons, it may apply to protons bound in a crystal matrix as well if their density is very low compared to the density of available states.
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19
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Shishkov VY, Andrianov ES. Negative compressibility of a nonequilibrium nonideal Bose-Einstein condensate. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:064108. [PMID: 36671074 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.064108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
An ideal equilibrium Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) is usually considered in the grand canonical (μVT) ensemble, which implies the presence of the chemical equilibrium with the environment. However, in most experimental scenarios, the total amount of particles in BEC is determined either by the initial conditions or by the balance between dissipation and pumping. As a result, BEC may possess the thermal equilibrium but almost never the chemical equilibrium. In addition, many experimentally achievable BECs are non-ideal due to interaction between particles. In the recent work [Shiskov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 128, 065301 (2022)0031-900710.1103/PhysRevLett.128.065301], it has been shown that invariant subspaces in the system Hilbert space appear in non-equilibrium BEC in the fast thermalization limit. In each of these subspaces, Gibbs distribution is established with a certain number of particles that makes it possible to investigate properties of non-ideal non-equilibrium BEC independently in each invariant subspace. In this work, we analyze the BEC stability due to change in dispersion curve caused by non-linearity in BEC. Generally, non-linearity leads to the redshift or blueshift of the dispersion curve and to the change in the effective mass of the particles. We show that the redshift of the dispersion curve can lead to the negative compressibility of BEC and onset of instability, whereas the change in the effective mass always makes BEC more stable. We find the explicit condition for the particle density in BEC, at which the negative compressibility appears. We show that the appearance of BEC instability is followed by the formation of stable and spatially inhomogeneous BEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Yu Shishkov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratories for Hybrid Photonics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S Andrianov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; Center for Photonics and Quantum Materials, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia; and Laboratories for Hybrid Photonics, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Moscow, Russia
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20
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Son M, Armstrong ZT, Allen RT, Dhavamani A, Arnold MS, Zanni MT. Energy cascades in donor-acceptor exciton-polaritons observed by ultrafast two-dimensional white-light spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7305. [PMID: 36435875 PMCID: PMC9701200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35046-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are hybrid states formed when molecular excitons are strongly coupled to photons trapped in an optical cavity. These systems exhibit many interesting, but not fully understood, phenomena. Here, we utilize ultrafast two-dimensional white-light spectroscopy to study donor-acceptor microcavities made from two different layers of semiconducting carbon nanotubes. We observe the delayed growth of a cross peak between the upper- and lower-polariton bands that is oftentimes obscured by Rabi contraction. We simulate the spectra and use Redfield theory to learn that energy cascades down a manifold of new electronic states created by intermolecular coupling and the two distinct bandgaps of the donor and acceptor. Energy most effectively enters the manifold when light-matter coupling is commensurate with the energy distribution of the manifold, contributing to long-range energy transfer. Our results broaden the understanding of energy transfer dynamics in exciton-polariton systems and provide evidence that long-range energy transfer benefits from moderately-coupled cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Son
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Zachary T Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ryan T Allen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Abitha Dhavamani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Michael S Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Martin T Zanni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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21
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Fowler-Wright P, Lovett BW, Keeling J. Efficient Many-Body Non-Markovian Dynamics of Organic Polaritons. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:173001. [PMID: 36332236 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.173001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We show how to simulate a model of many molecules with both strong coupling to many vibrational modes and collective coupling to a single photon mode. We do this by combining process tensor matrix product operator methods with a mean-field approximation which reduces the dimension of the problem. We analyze the steady state of the model under incoherent pumping to determine the dependence of the polariton lasing threshold on cavity detuning, light-matter coupling strength, and environmental temperature. Moreover, by measuring two-time correlations, we study quadratic fluctuations about the mean field to calculate the photoluminescence spectrum. Our method enables one to simulate many-body systems with strong coupling to multiple environments, and to extract both static and dynamical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piper Fowler-Wright
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Brendon W Lovett
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Keeling
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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22
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Zhang B, Shuai Z. Detuning Effects on the Reverse Intersystem Crossing from Triplet Exciton to Lower Polariton. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:9279-9286. [PMID: 36173356 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The lower polariton (LP) can reduce the energy barrier of the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) process from T1 to harvest triplet energy for fluorescence. Based on a Tavis-Cummings model including both singlet and triplet excitons, both coupled with quantized photons, we derive here a comprehensive rISC rate formalism. We found that the latter consists of three contributions: the one originated from spin-orbit coupling as first obtained by Martinez-Martinez et al. ( J. Chem. Phys. 2019, 151, 054106), the one from light-matter coupling of Ou et al. ( J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2021, 143, 17786), and the cross-term first reported here. We apply the formalism to investigate the experimentally observed barrier-free rISC (BFrISC) process in cavity devices with DABNA-2 molecular thin film. We found it can be attributed to the detuning effect. The rISC rates can be increased by orders of magnitude through changing the detuning energy to realize the BFrISC process. In addition, the BFrISC rates exhibit a maximum as a function of the incident angle and the doping concentration. The formalism provides a solid ground for molecular design toward highly efficient cavity-promoted light-emitting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P R China
- School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong 517128, P R China
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23
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Phuc NT. Bose enhancement of excitation-energy transfer with molecular-exciton-polariton condensates. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:234301. [PMID: 35732524 DOI: 10.1063/5.0090463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Room-temperature Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) of exciton polaritons have been realized in organic molecular systems owing to strong light-matter interaction, strong exciton binding energy, and low effective mass of a polaritonic particle. These molecular-exciton-polariton BECs have demonstrated their potential in nonlinear optics and optoelectronic applications. In this study, we first demonstrate that molecular-polariton BECs can be utilized for Bose enhancement of excitation-energy transfer (EET) in a molecular system with an exciton donor coupled to a group of exciton acceptors that are further strongly coupled to a single mode of an optical cavity. Similar to the stimulated emission of light in which photons are bosonic particles, a greater rate of EET is observed if the group of acceptors is prepared in the exciton-polariton BEC state than if the acceptors are initially either in their electronic ground states or in a normal excited state with an equal average number of molecular excitations. The Bose enhancement also manifests itself as the growth of the EET rate with an increasing number of exciton polaritons in the BEC. Finally, a generalization to the EET in many-donor-many-acceptor molecular systems is considered, and a permutation-symmetry-based approach to suppress the EET to the huge manifold of dark states in the acceptor group is proposed to facilitate the Bose-enhanced EET to the polariton BEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Phuc
- Department of Molecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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24
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Sánchez-Barquilla M, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Feist J, García-Vidal FJ. A Theoretical Perspective on Molecular Polaritonics. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1830-1841. [PMID: 35726239 PMCID: PMC9204811 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, much theoretical research has focused on studying the strong coupling between organic molecules (or quantum emitters, in general) and light modes. The description and prediction of polaritonic phenomena emerging in this light-matter interaction regime have proven to be difficult tasks. The challenge originates from the enormous number of degrees of freedom that need to be taken into account, both in the organic molecules and in their photonic environment. On one hand, the accurate treatment of the vibrational spectrum of the former is key, and simplified quantum models are not valid in many cases. On the other hand, most photonic setups have complex geometric and material characteristics, with the result that photon fields corresponding to more than just a single electromagnetic mode contribute to the light-matter interaction in these platforms. Moreover, loss and dissipation, in the form of absorption or radiation, must also be included in the theoretical description of polaritons. Here, we review and offer our own perspective on some of the work recently done in the modeling of interacting molecular and optical states with increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sánchez-Barquilla
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio I. Fernández-Domínguez
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. García-Vidal
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
of High Performance Computing, Agency for
Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Connexis, Singapore, 138632 Singapore
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25
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Pandya R, Ashoka A, Georgiou K, Sung J, Jayaprakash R, Renken S, Gai L, Shen Z, Rao A, Musser AJ. Tuning the Coherent Propagation of Organic Exciton-Polaritons through Dark State Delocalization. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105569. [PMID: 35474309 PMCID: PMC9218652 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
While there have been numerous reports of long-range polariton transport at room-temperature in organic cavities, the spatiotemporal evolution of the propagation is scarcely reported, particularly in the initial coherent sub-ps regime, where photon and exciton wavefunctions are inextricably mixed. Hence the detailed process of coherent organic exciton-polariton transport and, in particular, the role of dark states has remained poorly understood. Here, femtosecond transient absorption microscopy is used to directly image coherent polariton motion in microcavities of varying quality factor. The transport is found to be well-described by a model of band-like propagation of an initially Gaussian distribution of exciton-polaritons in real space. The velocity of the polaritons reaches values of ≈ 0.65 × 106 m s-1 , substantially lower than expected from the polariton dispersion. Further, it is found that the velocity is proportional to the quality factor of the microcavity. This unexpected link between the quality-factor and polariton velocity is suggested to be a result of varying admixing between delocalized dark and polariton states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj Pandya
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
- Laboratoire Kastler BrosselÉcole Normale Superiéure‐Université PSLCNRSSorbonne UniversitéCollege de FranceParis75005France
| | - Arjun Ashoka
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
- Department of PhysicsUniversity of CyprusP. O. Box 20537Nicosia1678Cyprus
| | - Jooyoung Sung
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS3 7RHUK
| | - Scott Renken
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Lizhi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material TechnologyMinistry of EducationHangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou311121China
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and ChemistrySchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringNanjing UniversityNanjing210046China
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeJ.J. Thomson AvenueCambridgeCB3 0HEUK
| | - Andrew J. Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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26
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Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Yuen-Zhou J. Generalization of the Tavis-Cummings model for multi-level anharmonic systems: Insights on the second excitation manifold. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:194308. [PMID: 35597658 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Confined electromagnetic modes strongly couple to collective excitations in ensembles of quantum emitters, producing light-matter hybrid states known as polaritons. Under such conditions, the discrete multilevel spectrum of molecular systems offers an appealing playground for exploring multiphoton processes. This work contrasts predictions from the Tavis-Cummings model in which the material is a collection of two-level systems, with the implications of considering additional energy levels with harmonic and anharmonic structures. We discuss the exact eigenspectrum, up to the second excitation manifold, of an arbitrary number N of oscillators collectively coupled to a single cavity mode in the rotating-wave approximation. Elaborating on our group-theoretic approach [New J. Phys. 23, 063081 (2021)], we simplify the brute-force diagonalization of N2 × N2 Hamiltonians to the eigendecomposition of, at most, 4 × 4 matrices for arbitrary N. We thoroughly discuss the eigenstates and the consequences of weak and strong anharmonicities. Furthermore, we find resonant conditions between bipolaritons and anharmonic transitions where two-photon absorption can be enhanced. Finally, we conclude that energy shifts in the polaritonic states induced by anharmonicities become negligible for large N. Thus, calculations with a single or few quantum emitters qualitatively fail to represent the nonlinear optical response of the collective strong coupling regime. Our work highlights the rich physics of multilevel anharmonic systems coupled to cavities absent in standard models of quantum optics. We also provide concise tabulated expressions for eigenfrequencies and transition amplitudes, which should serve as a reference for future spectroscopic studies of molecular polaritons.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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27
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Lüttgens JM, Kuang Z, Zorn NF, Buckup T, Zaumseil J. Evidence for a Polariton-Mediated Biexciton Transition in Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1567-1576. [PMID: 35607642 PMCID: PMC9121424 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Strong coupling of excitonic resonances with a cavity gives rise to exciton-polaritons which possess a modified energy landscape compared to the uncoupled emitter. However, due to the femtosecond lifetime of the so-called bright polariton states and transient changes of the cavity reflectivity under excitation, it is challenging to directly measure the polariton excited state dynamics. Here, near-infrared pump-probe spectroscopy is used to investigate the ultrafast dynamics of exciton-polaritons based on strongly coupled (6,5) single-walled carbon nanotubes in metal-clad microcavities. We present a protocol for fitting the reflectivity-associated response of the cavity using genetic algorithm-assisted transfer-matrix simulations. With this approach, we are able to identify an absorptive exciton-polariton feature in the transient transmission data. This feature appears instantaneously under resonant excitation of the upper polariton but is delayed for off-resonant excitation. The observed transition energy and detuning dependence point toward a direct upper polariton-to-biexciton transition. Our results provide direct evidence for exciton-polariton intrinsic transitions beyond the bright polariton lifetime in strongly coupled microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan M. Lüttgens
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhuoran Kuang
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas F. Zorn
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tiago Buckup
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Centre
for Advanced Materials, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Zaumseil
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Universität
Heidelberg, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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28
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Li TE, Tao Z, Hammes-Schiffer S. Semiclassical Real-Time Nuclear-Electronic Orbital Dynamics for Molecular Polaritons: Unified Theory of Electronic and Vibrational Strong Couplings. J Chem Theory Comput 2022; 18:2774-2784. [PMID: 35420037 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.2c00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons have become an emerging platform for remotely controlling molecular properties through strong light-matter interactions. Herein, a semiclassical approach is developed for describing molecular polaritons by self-consistently propagating the real-time dynamics of classical cavity modes and a quantum molecular subsystem described by the nuclear-electronic orbital (NEO) method, where electrons and specified nuclei are treated quantum mechanically on the same level. This semiclassical real-time NEO approach provides a unified description of electronic and vibrational strong couplings and describes the impact of the cavity on coupled nuclear-electronic dynamics while including nuclear quantum effects. For a single o-hydroxybenzaldehyde molecule under electronic strong coupling, this approach shows that the cavity suppression of excited state intramolecular proton transfer is influenced not only by the polaritonic potential energy surface but also by the time scale of the chemical reaction. This work provides the foundation for exploring collective strong coupling in nuclear-electronic quantum dynamical systems within optical cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Zhen Tao
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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29
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Satapathy S, Liu B, Deshmukh P, Molinaro PM, Dirnberger F, Khatoniar M, Koder RL, Menon VM. Thermalization of Fluorescent Protein Exciton-Polaritons at Room Temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109107. [PMID: 35165941 PMCID: PMC9022594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent proteins (FPs) have recently emerged as a serious contender for realizing ultralow threshold room temperature exciton-polariton condensation and lasing. This contribution investigates the thermalization of FP microcavity exciton-polaritons upon optical pumping under ambient conditions. Polariton cooling is realized using a new FP molecule, called mScarlet, coupled strongly to the optical modes in a Fabry-Pérot cavity. Interestingly, at the threshold excitation energy (fluence) of ≈9 nJ per pulse (15.6 mJ cm-2 ), an effective temperature is observed, Teff ≈ 350 ± 35 K close to the lattice temperature indicative of strongly thermalized exciton-polaritons at equilibrium. This efficient thermalization results from the interplay of radiative pumping facilitated by the energetics of the lower polariton branch and the cavity Q-factor. Direct evidence for dramatic switching from an equilibrium state into a metastable state is observed for the organic cavity polariton device at room temperature via deviation from the Maxwell-Boltzmann statistics at k‖ = 0 above the threshold. Thermalized polariton gases in organic systems at equilibrium hold substantial promise for designing room temperature polaritonic circuits, switches, and lattices for analog simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitakanta Satapathy
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Prathmesh Deshmukh
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Paul M Molinaro
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Florian Dirnberger
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Mandeep Khatoniar
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ronald L Koder
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Vinod M Menon
- Department of Physics, Center for Discovery and Innovation, The City College of New York, 85 St. Nicholas Terrace, New York, NY, 10031, USA
- The PhD Program in Physics, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 5th Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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30
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Pannir-Sivajothi S, Campos-Gonzalez-Angulo JA, Martínez-Martínez LA, Sinha S, Yuen-Zhou J. Driving chemical reactions with polariton condensates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1645. [PMID: 35347131 PMCID: PMC8960839 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29290-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When molecular transitions strongly couple to photon modes, they form hybrid light-matter modes called polaritons. Collective vibrational strong coupling is a promising avenue for control of chemistry, but this can be deterred by the large number of quasi-degenerate dark modes. The macroscopic occupation of a single polariton mode by excitations, as observed in Bose-Einstein condensation, offers promise for overcoming this issue. Here we theoretically investigate the effect of vibrational polariton condensation on the kinetics of electron transfer processes. Compared with excitation with infrared laser sources, the vibrational polariton condensate changes the reaction yield significantly at room temperature due to additional channels with reduced activation barriers resulting from the large accumulation of energy in the lower polariton, and the many modes available for energy redistribution during the reaction. Our results offer tantalizing opportunities to use condensates for driving chemical reactions, kinetically bypassing usual constraints of fast intramolecular vibrational redistribution in condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindhana Pannir-Sivajothi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | | | - Luis A Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Shubham Sinha
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joel Yuen-Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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31
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Quenzel T, Timmer D, Gittinger M, Zablocki J, Zheng F, Schiek M, Lützen A, Frauenheim T, Tretiak S, Silies M, Zhong JH, De Sio A, Lienau C. Plasmon-Enhanced Exciton Delocalization in Squaraine-Type Molecular Aggregates. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4693-4704. [PMID: 35188735 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Enlarging exciton coherence lengths in molecular aggregates is critical for enhancing the collective optical and transport properties of molecular thin film nanostructures or devices. We demonstrate that the exciton coherence length of squaraine aggregates can be increased from 10 to 24 molecular units at room temperature when preparing the aggregated thin film on a metallic rather than a dielectric substrate. Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy measurements reveal a much lower degree of inhomogeneous line broadening for aggregates on a gold film, pointing to a reduced disorder. The result is corroborated by simulations based on a Frenkel exciton model including exciton-plasmon coupling effects. The simulation shows that localized, energetically nearly resonant excitons on spatially well separated segments can be radiatively coupled via delocalized surface plasmon polariton modes at a planar molecule-gold interface. Such plasmon-enhanced delocalization of the exciton wave function is of high importance for improving the coherent transport properties of molecular aggregates on the nanoscale. Additionally, it may help tailor the collective optical response of organic materials for quantum optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Quenzel
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Daniel Timmer
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Moritz Gittinger
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Jennifer Zablocki
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Fulu Zheng
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Manuela Schiek
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
| | - Arne Lützen
- Kekulé-Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Bonn 53121, Germany
| | - Thomas Frauenheim
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center (CSRC), Beijing 100193, China
- Shenzhen Computational Science and Applied Research (CSAR) Institute, Shenzhen 518110, China
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Martin Silies
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Institute for Lasers and Optics, University of Applied Sciences, Emden 26723, Germany
| | - Jin-Hui Zhong
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Antonietta De Sio
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
| | - Christoph Lienau
- Institut of Physics and Center of Interface Science, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26129, Germany
- Forschungszentrum Neurosensorik, Carl von Ossietzky University, Oldenburg 26111, Germany
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32
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Shishkov VY, Andrianov ES, Zasedatelev AV, Lagoudakis PG, Lozovik YE. Exact Analytical Solution for the Density Matrix of a Nonequilibrium Polariton Bose-Einstein Condensate. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:065301. [PMID: 35213178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we give an analytical quantum description of a nonequilibrium polariton Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) based on the solution of the master equation for the full polariton density matrix in the limit of fast thermalization. We find the density matrix of a nonequilibrium BEC, that takes into account quantum correlations between all polariton states. We show that the formation of BEC is accompanied by the build-up of cross-correlations between the ground state and the excited states reaching their highest values at the condensation threshold. Despite the nonequilibrium nature of polariton systems, we show the average population of polariton states exhibits the Bose-Einstein distribution with an almost zero effective chemical potential above the condensation threshold similar to an equilibrium BEC. We demonstrate that above threshold the effective temperature of polaritons drops below the reservoir temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Yu Shishkov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; and Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeny S Andrianov
- Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Institutskiy pereulok, Dolgoprudny 141700, Moscow region, Russia; and Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton V Zasedatelev
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavlos G Lagoudakis
- Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Yurii E Lozovik
- Institute for Spectroscopy RAS, 5 Fizicheskaya, Troitsk 142190, Russia; Moscow Institute of Electronics and Mathematics, National Research University Higher School of Economics, 101000 Moscow, Russia; Hybrid Photonics Laboratory, Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Territory of Innovation Center Skolkovo, Bolshoy Boulevard 30, building 1, 121205 Moscow, Russia; and Dukhov Research Institute of Automatics (VNIIA), 22 Sushchevskaya, Moscow 127055, Russia
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33
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Dunkelberger AD, Simpkins BS, Vurgaftman I, Owrutsky JC. Vibration-Cavity Polariton Chemistry and Dynamics. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2022; 73:429-451. [PMID: 35081324 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-082620-014627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Molecular polaritons result from light-matter coupling between optical resonances and molecular electronic or vibrational transitions. When the coupling is strong enough, new hybridized states with mixed photon-material character are observed spectroscopically, with resonances shifted above and below the uncoupled frequency. These new modes have unique optical properties and can be exploited to promote or inhibit physical and chemical processes. One remarkable result is that vibrational strong coupling to cavities can alter reaction rates and product branching ratios with no optical excitation whatsoever. In this work we review the ability of vibration-cavity polaritons to modify chemical and physical processes including chemical reactivity, as well as steady-state and transient spectroscopy. We discuss the larger context of these works and highlight their most important contributions and implications. Our goal is to provide insight for systematically manipulating molecular polaritons in photonic and chemical applications. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Blake S Simpkins
- Chemistry Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA;
| | - Igor Vurgaftman
- Optical Sciences Division, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA
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34
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Jiang Z, Ren A, Yan Y, Yao J, Zhao YS. Exciton-Polaritons and Their Bose-Einstein Condensates in Organic Semiconductor Microcavities. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2106095. [PMID: 34881466 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exciton-polaritons are half-light, half-matter bosonic quasiparticles formed by strong exciton-photon coupling in semiconductor microcavities. These hybrid particles possess the strong nonlinear interactions of excitons and keep most of the characteristics of the underlying photons. As bosons, above a threshold density they can undergo Bose-Einstein condensation to a polariton condensate phase and exhibit a rich variety of exotic macroscopic quantum phenomena in solids. Recently, organic semiconductors have been considered as a promising material platform for these studies due to their room-temperature stability, good processability, and abundant photophysics and photochemistry. Herein, recent advances of exciton-polaritons and their Bose-Einstein condensates in organic semiconductor microcavities are summarized. First, the basic physics is introduced, and then their emerging applications are highlighted. The remaining questions are also discussed and a personal viewpoint about the potential directions for future research is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengjun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongli Yan
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yong Sheng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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35
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Moilanen AJ, Daskalakis KS, Taskinen JM, Törmä P. Spatial and Temporal Coherence in Strongly Coupled Plasmonic Bose-Einstein Condensates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:255301. [PMID: 35029458 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.255301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We report first-order spatial and temporal correlations in strongly coupled plasmonic Bose-Einstein condensates. The condensate is large, more than 20 times the spatial coherence length of the polaritons in the uncondensed system and 100 times the healing length, making plasmonic lattices an attractive platform for studying long-range spatial correlations in two dimensions. We find that both spatial and temporal coherence display nonexponential decay; the results suggest power-law or stretched exponential behavior with different exponents for spatial and temporal correlation decays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti J Moilanen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Konstantinos S Daskalakis
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Turku University Faculty of Technology, Turku FI-20014, Finland
| | - Jani M Taskinen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Päivi Törmä
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
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36
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Gutiérrez-Meza E, Malatesta R, Li H, Bargigia I, Srimath Kandada AR, Valverde-Chávez DA, Kim SM, Li H, Stingelin N, Tretiak S, Bittner ER, Silva-Acuña C. Frenkel biexcitons in hybrid HJ photophysical aggregates. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi5197. [PMID: 34890231 PMCID: PMC8664265 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frenkel excitons are unequivocally responsible for the optical properties of organic semiconductors and are predicted to form bound exciton pairs (biexcitons). These are key intermediates, ubiquitous in many photophysical processes such as the exciton bimolecular annihilation dynamics in such systems. Because of their spectral ambiguity, there has been, to date, only scant direct evidence of bound biexcitons. By using nonlinear coherent spectroscopy, we identify here bound biexcitons in a model polymeric semiconductor. We find, unexpectedly, that excitons with interchain vibronic dispersion reveal intrachain biexciton correlations and vice versa. Moreover, using a Frenkel exciton model, we relate the biexciton binding energy to molecular parameters quantified by quantum chemistry, including the magnitude and sign of the exciton-exciton interaction the intersite hopping energies. Therefore, our work promises general insights into the many-body electronic structure in polymeric semiconductors and beyond, e.g., other excitonic systems such as organic semiconductor crystals, molecular aggregates, photosynthetic light-harvesting complexes, or DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gutiérrez-Meza
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ravyn Malatesta
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hongmo Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Ilaria Bargigia
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Materials, Wake Forest University, 1834 Wake Forest Road, Winston-Salem, NC 27109, USA
| | - David A. Valverde-Chávez
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Seong-Min Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Natalie Stingelin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Sergei Tretiak
- Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA
| | - Eric R. Bittner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Carlos Silva-Acuña
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, North Avenue, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 837 State Street, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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37
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Li TE, Cui B, Subotnik JE, Nitzan A. Molecular Polaritonics: Chemical Dynamics Under Strong Light-Matter Coupling. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2021; 73:43-71. [PMID: 34871038 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-090519-042621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chemical manifestations of strong light-matter coupling have recently been a subject of intense experimental and theoretical studies. Here we review the present status of this field. Section 1 is an introduction to molecular polaritonics and to collective response aspects of light-matter interactions. Section 2 provides an overview of the key experimental observations of these effects, while Section 3 describes our current theoretical understanding of the effect of strong light-matter coupling on chemical dynamics. A brief outline of applications to energy conversion processes is given in Section 4. Pending technical issues in the construction of theoretical approaches are briefly described in Section 5. Finally, the summary in Section 6 outlines the paths ahead in this exciting endeavor. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, Volume 73 is April 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Bingyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Joseph E Subotnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA;
| | - Abraham Nitzan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; .,School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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38
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Ou Q, Shao Y, Shuai Z. Enhanced Reverse Intersystem Crossing Promoted by Triplet Exciton-Photon Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17786-17792. [PMID: 34644062 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are hybrid light-matter states formed via strong coupling between excitons and photons inside a microcavity, leading to upper and lower polariton (LP) bands splitting from the exciton. The LP has been applied to reduce the energy barrier of the reverse intersystem crossing (rISC) process from T1, harvesting triplet energy for fluorescence through thermally activated delayed fluorescence. The spin-orbit coupling between T1 and the excitonic part of the LP was considered as the origin for such an rISC transition. Here we propose a mechanism, namely, rISC promoted by the light-matter coupling (LMC) between T1 and the photonic part of LP, which is originated from the ISC-induced transition dipole moment of T1. This mechanism was excluded in previous studies. Our calculations demonstrate that the experimentally observed enhancement to the rISC process of the erythrosine B molecule can be effectively promoted by the LMC between T1 and a photon. The proposed mechanism would substantially broaden the scope of the molecular design toward highly efficient cavity-promoted light-emitting materials and immediately benefit the illumination of related experimental phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Ou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Zhigang Shuai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Organic OptoElectronics and Molecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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39
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Renken S, Pandya R, Georgiou K, Jayaprakash R, Gai L, Shen Z, Lidzey DG, Rao A, Musser AJ. Untargeted effects in organic exciton-polariton transient spectroscopy: A cautionary tale. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:154701. [PMID: 34686047 DOI: 10.1063/5.0063173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong light-matter coupling to form exciton- and vibropolaritons is increasingly touted as a powerful tool to alter the fundamental properties of organic materials. It is proposed that these states and their facile tunability can be used to rewrite molecular potential energy landscapes and redirect photophysical pathways, with applications from catalysis to electronic devices. Crucial to their photophysical properties is the exchange of energy between coherent, bright polaritons and incoherent dark states. One of the most potent tools to explore this interplay is transient absorption/reflectance spectroscopy. Previous studies have revealed unexpectedly long lifetimes of the coherent polariton states, for which there is no theoretical explanation. Applying these transient methods to a series of strong-coupled organic microcavities, we recover similar long-lived spectral effects. Based on transfer-matrix modeling of the transient experiment, we find that virtually the entire photoresponse results from photoexcitation effects other than the generation of polariton states. Our results suggest that the complex optical properties of polaritonic systems make them especially prone to misleading optical signatures and that more challenging high-time-resolution measurements on high-quality microcavities are necessary to uniquely distinguish the coherent polariton dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Renken
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Raj Pandya
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriacos Georgiou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Jayaprakash
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Lizhi Gai
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Zhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination and Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - David G Lidzey
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Akshay Rao
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0HE Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Musser
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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40
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Qiu L, Mandal A, Morshed O, Meidenbauer MT, Girten W, Huo P, Vamivakas AN, Krauss TD. Molecular Polaritons Generated from Strong Coupling between CdSe Nanoplatelets and a Dielectric Optical Cavity. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5030-5038. [PMID: 34018749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation of CdSe nanoplatelet (NPL) exciton-polaritons in a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) cavity. The molecule-cavity hybrid system is in the strong coupling regime with an 83 meV Rabi splitting, characterized from angle-resolved reflectance and photoluminescence measurements. Mixed quantum-classical dynamics simulations are used to investigate the polariton photophysics of the hybrid system by treating the electronic and photonic degrees of freedom (DOF) quantum mechanically and the nuclear phononic DOF classically. Our numerical simulations of the angle-resolved photoluminescence (PL) agree extremely well with the experimental data, providing a fundamental explanation of the asymmetric intensity distribution of the upper and lower polariton branches. Our results also provide mechanistic insights into the importance of phonon-assisted nonadiabatic transitions among polariton states, which are reflected in the various features of the PL spectra. This work proves the feasibility of coupling nanoplatelet electronic states with the photon states of a dielectric cavity to form a hybrid system and provides a new platform for investigating cavity-mediated physical and chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangyu Qiu
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Arkajit Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Ovishek Morshed
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Mahilet T Meidenbauer
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - William Girten
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - A Nickolas Vamivakas
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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41
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Ye C, Mallick S, Hertzog M, Kowalewski M, Börjesson K. Direct Transition from Triplet Excitons to Hybrid Light-Matter States via Triplet-Triplet Annihilation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:7501-7508. [PMID: 33973463 PMCID: PMC8154526 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
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Strong light–matter
coupling generates hybrid states that
inherit properties of both light and matter, effectively allowing
the modification of the molecular potential energy landscape. This
phenomenon opens up a plethora of options for manipulating the properties
of molecules, with a broad range of applications in photochemistry
and photophysics. In this article, we use strong light–matter
coupling to transform an endothermic triplet–triplet annihilation
process into an exothermic one. The resulting gradual on–off
photon upconversion experiment demonstrates a direct conversion between
molecular states and hybrid light–matter states. Our study
provides a direct evidence that energy can relax from nonresonant
low energy molecular states directly into hybrid light–matter
states and lays the groundwork for tunable photon upconversion systems
that modify molecular properties in situ by optical cavities rather
than with chemical modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ye
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Suman Mallick
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Manuel Hertzog
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, Albanova University Centre, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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42
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Bai P, Ter Huurne S, van Heijst E, Murai S, Gómez Rivas J. Evolutionary optimization of light-matter coupling in open plasmonic cavities. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:134110. [PMID: 33832244 DOI: 10.1063/5.0042056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a particle swarm optimization algorithm and finite-difference in time-domain simulations, we optimize the coupling strength between excitons in poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and surface lattice resonances in open cavities defined by arrays of aluminum nanoparticles. Strong light-matter coupling and the formation of exciton-polaritons are demonstrated. Nanoparticle arrays with optimal dimensions have been fabricated and measured, validating the predictions by the numerical method. P3HT is a regioregular semiconducting polymer used as a donor material in acceptor-donor blends for organic photovoltaic applications. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed method for the optimization of light-matter coupling and its potential application for the enhanced performance of optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Bai
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Stan Ter Huurne
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik van Heijst
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Shunsuke Murai
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jaime Gómez Rivas
- Department of Applied Physics and Institute for Photonic Integration, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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43
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Tichauer RH, Feist J, Groenhof G. Multi-scale dynamics simulations of molecular polaritons: The effect of multiple cavity modes on polariton relaxation. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:104112. [PMID: 33722041 DOI: 10.1063/5.0037868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coupling molecules to the confined light modes of an optical cavity is showing great promise for manipulating chemical reactions. However, to fully exploit this principle and use cavities as a new tool for controlling chemistry, a complete understanding of the effects of strong light-matter coupling on molecular dynamics and reactivity is required. While quantum chemistry can provide atomistic insight into the reactivity of uncoupled molecules, the possibilities to also explore strongly coupled systems are still rather limited due to the challenges associated with an accurate description of the cavity in such calculations. Despite recent progress in introducing strong coupling effects into quantum chemistry calculations, applications are mostly restricted to single or simplified molecules in ideal lossless cavities that support a single light mode only. However, even if commonly used planar mirror micro-cavities are characterized by a fundamental mode with a frequency determined by the distance between the mirrors, the cavity energy also depends on the wave vector of the incident light rays. To account for this dependency, called cavity dispersion, in atomistic simulations of molecules in optical cavities, we have extended our multi-scale molecular dynamics model for strongly coupled molecular ensembles to include multiple confined light modes. To validate the new model, we have performed simulations of up to 512 Rhodamine molecules in red-detuned Fabry-Pérot cavities. The results of our simulations suggest that after resonant excitation into the upper polariton at a fixed wave vector, or incidence angle, the coupled cavity-molecule system rapidly decays into dark states that lack dispersion. Slower relaxation from the dark state manifold into both the upper and lower bright polaritons causes observable photo-luminescence from the molecule-cavity system along the two polariton dispersion branches that ultimately evolves toward the bottom of the lower polariton branch, in line with experimental observations. We anticipate that the more realistic cavity description in our approach will help to better understand and predict how cavities can modify molecular properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth H Tichauer
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gerrit Groenhof
- Nanoscience Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
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Chang JF, Lin TY, Hsu CF, Chen SY, Hong SY, Ciou GS, Jaing CC, Lee CC. Development of a highly efficient, strongly coupled organic light-emitting diode based on intracavity pumping architecture. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:39781-39789. [PMID: 33379520 DOI: 10.1364/oe.410831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report a highly efficient polariton organic light-emitting diode (POLED) based on an intracavity pumping architecture, where an absorbing J-aggregate dye film is used to generate polariton modes and a red fluorescent OLED is used for radiative pumping of emission from the lower polariton (LP) branch. To realize the device with large-area uniformity and adjustable coupling strength, we develop a spin-coating method to achieve high-quality J-aggregate thin films with controlled thickness and absorption. From systematic studies of the devices with different J-aggregate film thicknesses and OLED injection layers, we show that the J-aggregate film and the pump OLED play separate roles in determining the coupling strength and electroluminescence efficiency, and can be simultaneously optimized under a cavity design with a good LP-OLED emission overlap for effective radiative pumping. By increasing the absorption with thick J-aggregate film and improving the electron injection of pump OLED with Li2CO3 interlayer, we demonstrate the POLED with a large Rabi splitting energy of 192 meV and a maximum external quantum efficiency of 1.2%, a record efficiency of POLEDs reported so far. This POLED architecture can be generally applied for exploration of various organic materials to realize novel polariton devices and electrically pumped lasers.
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Arnardottir KB, Moilanen AJ, Strashko A, Törmä P, Keeling J. Multimode Organic Polariton Lasing. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:233603. [PMID: 33337197 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.233603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a beyond-mean-field approach to predict the nature of organic polariton lasing, accounting for all relevant photon modes in a planar microcavity. Starting from a microscopic picture, we show how lasing can switch between polaritonic states resonant with the maximal gain, and those at the bottom of the polariton dispersion. We show how the population of nonlasing modes can be found, and by using two-time correlations, we show how the photoluminescence spectrum (of both lasing and nonlasing modes) evolves with pumping and coupling strength, confirming recent experimental work on the origin of blueshift for polariton lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin B Arnardottir
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
| | - Antti J Moilanen
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Artem Strashko
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10010, USA
| | - Päivi Törmä
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
| | - Jonathan Keeling
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of St Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9SS, United Kingdom
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