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Shi B, Lian Q, Gao H, Wang Y, Ma Q. TaCAP1 Interacts with TaLHCB1s and Positively Regulates Wheat Resistance Against Stripe Rust. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024:PHYTO09230342R. [PMID: 38648033 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-23-0342-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Actin filaments and their associated actin-binding proteins play key roles in plant innate immune signaling. CAP1, or cyclase-associated protein 1, is an important regulatory factor of the actin cytoskeleton-associated signaling network and was hypothesized here to be involved in resistance against wheat stripe rust because TaCAP1 expression was upregulated in response to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). Downregulation of TaCAP1 expression led to decreased resistance against Pst, in contrast to increased resistance upon TaCAP1 overexpressing, as demonstrated by the changes of phenotypes and hyphal growth. We found increased expression of pathogenesis-responsive or relative related genes and disease grade changed in TaCAP1 overexpressing plants. Our results also showed TaCAP1-regulated host resistance to Pst by inducing the production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species and mediating the salicylic acid signaling pathway. Additionally, TaCAP1 interacted with chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins TaLHCB1.3 and TaLHCB1.4, also known as the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex II subunit B, which belong to the light-harvesting complex II protein family. Silencing of two TaLHCB1 genes showed higher susceptibility to Pst, which reduced wheat resistance against Pst. Therefore, the data presented herein further illuminate our understanding that TaCAP1 interacts with TaLHCB1s and functions as a positive regulator of wheat resistance against stripe rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi 716000, China
| | - Qinggui Lian
- College of Agriculture, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Haifeng Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crop in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Naveed ZA, Jamil M, Asif N, Waqas M, Ajaz S, Khan SH. Cross-regulation of cytoskeleton and calcium signaling at plant-pathogen interface. Cell Signal 2024; 117:111100. [PMID: 38360248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
During plant-pathogen interactions, cytoskeleton and calcium signaling work independently as well as in coordination with each other for developing preformed and induced defense responses. A cell wall (CW) - plasma membrane (PM) - cytoskeleton (CS) continuum is maintained by coordination of cytoskeleton and calcium signaling. The current review is focused on the current knowledge of cytoskeleton‑calcium cross-regulation during plant-pathogen interactions. Implications of recent technological developments in the existing toolkit that can address the outstanding questions of cytoskeleton‑calcium coordination plant immunity are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Afzal Naveed
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mahnoor Jamil
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Nouman Asif
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sobia Ajaz
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan; Center of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan.
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3
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Bhandari DD, Ko DK, Kim SJ, Nomura K, He SY, Brandizzi F. Defense against phytopathogens relies on efficient antimicrobial protein secretion mediated by the microtubule-binding protein TGNap1. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6357. [PMID: 37821453 PMCID: PMC10567756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant immunity depends on the secretion of antimicrobial proteins, which occurs through yet-largely unknown mechanisms. The trans-Golgi network (TGN), a hub for intracellular and extracellular trafficking pathways, and the cytoskeleton, which is required for antimicrobial protein secretion, are emerging as pathogen targets to dampen plant immunity. In this work, we demonstrate that tgnap1-2, a loss-of-function mutant of Arabidopsis TGNap1, a TGN-associated and microtubule (MT)-binding protein, is susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae (Pst DC3000). Pst DC3000 infected tgnap1-2 is capable of mobilizing defense pathways, accumulating salicylic acid (SA), and expressing antimicrobial proteins. The susceptibility of tgnap1-2 is due to a failure to efficiently transport antimicrobial proteins to the apoplast in a partially MT-dependent pathway but independent from SA and is additive to the pathogen-antagonizing MIN7, a TGN-associated ARF-GEF protein. Therefore, our data demonstrate that plant immunity relies on TGNap1 for secretion of antimicrobial proteins, and that TGNap1 is a key immunity element that functionally links secretion and cytoskeleton in SA-independent pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dae Kwan Ko
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Kinya Nomura
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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Narayan JA, Manoj VM, Nerkar G, Chakravarthi M, Dharshini S, Subramonian N, Premachandran MN, Valarmathi R, Kumar RA, Gomathi R, Surendar KK, Hemaprabha G, Appunu C. Transgenic sugarcane with higher levels of BRK1 showed improved drought tolerance. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2023; 42:1611-1628. [PMID: 37578541 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-023-03056-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Transgenic sugarcane overexpressing BRK1 showed improved tolerance to drought stress through modulation of actin polymerization and formation of interlocking marginal lobes in epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression under drought stress. BRICK1 (BRK1) genes promote leaf epidermal cell morphogenesis and division in plants that involves local actin polymerization. Although the changes in actin filament organization during drought have been reported, the role of BRK in stress tolerance remains unknown. In our previous work, the drought-tolerant Erianthus arundinaceus exhibited high levels of the BRK gene expression under drought stress. Therefore, in the present study, the drought-responsive gene, BRK1 from Saccharum spontaneum, was transformed into sugarcane to test if it conferred drought tolerance in the commercial sugarcane cultivar Co 86032. The transgenic lines were subjected to drought stress, and analyzed using physiological parameters for drought stress. The drought-induced BRK1-overexpressing lines of sugarcane exhibited significantly higher transgene expression compared with the wild-type control and also showed improved physiological parameters. In addition, the formation of interlocking marginal lobes in the epidermal leaf cells, a typical feature associated with BRK1 expression, was observed in all transgenic BRK1 lines during drought stress. This is the first report to suggest that BRK1 plays a role in sugarcane acclimation to drought stress and may prove to be a potential candidate in genetic engineering of plants for enhanced biomass production under drought stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashwin Narayan
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - V M Manoj
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - Gauri Nerkar
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M Chakravarthi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of Sao Carlos, Sao Carlos, SP, CEP 13565-905, Brazil
| | - S Dharshini
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - N Subramonian
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - M N Premachandran
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Valarmathi
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Arun Kumar
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - R Gomathi
- Division of Crop Production, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - K Krisha Surendar
- Deprtament of Plant Physiology, Paddy Breeding Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641003, India
| | - G Hemaprabha
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - C Appunu
- Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute (SBI), Tamil Nadu, Coimbatore, 641007, India.
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Yuen ELH, Shepherd S, Bozkurt TO. Traffic Control: Subversion of Plant Membrane Trafficking by Pathogens. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 61:325-350. [PMID: 37186899 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-021622-123232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking pathways play a prominent role in plant immunity. The endomembrane transport system coordinates membrane-bound cellular organelles to ensure that immunological components are utilized effectively during pathogen resistance. Adapted pathogens and pests have evolved to interfere with aspects of membrane transport systems to subvert plant immunity. To do this, they secrete virulence factors known as effectors, many of which converge on host membrane trafficking routes. The emerging paradigm is that effectors redundantly target every step of membrane trafficking from vesicle budding to trafficking and membrane fusion. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms adopted by plant pathogens to reprogram host plant vesicle trafficking, providing examples of effector-targeted transport pathways and highlighting key questions for the field to answer moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Lok Him Yuen
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Samuel Shepherd
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
| | - Tolga O Bozkurt
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom; , ,
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Li WB, Song SW, Zhong MM, Liu LG, Su L, Han LB, Xia GX, Sun YD, Wang HY. VILLIN2 regulates cotton defense against Verticillium dahliae by modulating actin cytoskeleton remodeling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:666-679. [PMID: 36881883 PMCID: PMC10152694 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The active structural change of actin cytoskeleton is a general host response upon pathogen attack. This study characterized the function of the cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) actin-binding protein VILLIN2 (GhVLN2) in host defense against the soilborne fungus Verticillium dahliae. Biochemical analysis demonstrated that GhVLN2 possessed actin-binding, -bundling, and -severing activities. A low concentration of GhVLN2 could shift its activity from actin bundling to actin severing in the presence of Ca2+. Knockdown of GhVLN2 expression by virus-induced gene silencing reduced the extent of actin filament bundling and interfered with the growth of cotton plants, resulting in the formation of twisted organs and brittle stems with a decreased cellulose content of the cell wall. Upon V. dahliae infection, the expression of GhVLN2 was downregulated in root cells, and silencing of GhVLN2 enhanced the disease tolerance of cotton plants. The actin bundles were less abundant in root cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants than in control plants. However, upon infection by V. dahliae, the number of actin filaments and bundles in the cells of GhVLN2-silenced plants was raised to a comparable level as those in control plants, with the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton appearing several hours in advance. GhVLN2-silenced plants exhibited a higher incidence of actin filament cleavage in the presence of Ca2+, suggesting that pathogen-responsive downregulation of GhVLN2 could activate its actin-severing activity. These data indicate that the regulated expression and functional shift of GhVLN2 contribute to modulating the dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton in host immune responses against V. dahliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuang-Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Meng-Meng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lan-Gong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Su
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Li-Bo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Xian Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Duo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hai-Yun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Lu Y, Zhang Y, Lian N, Li X. Membrane Dynamics Regulated by Cytoskeleton in Plant Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076059. [PMID: 37047032 PMCID: PMC10094514 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The plasma membrane (PM), which is composed of a lipid layer implanted with proteins, has diverse functions in plant responses to environmental triggers. The heterogenous dynamics of lipids and proteins in the plasma membrane play important roles in regulating cellular activities with an intricate pathway that orchestrates reception, signal transduction and appropriate response in the plant immune system. In the process of the plasma membrane participating in defense responses, the cytoskeletal elements have important functions in a variety of ways, including regulation of protein and lipid dynamics as well as vesicle trafficking. In this review, we summarized how the plasma membrane contributed to plant immunity and focused on the dynamic process of cytoskeleton regulation of endocytosis and exocytosis and propose future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Lu
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaojuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding in Forest Trees and Ornamental Plants, Ministry of Education, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
- Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Sofi KG, Metzger C, Riemann M, Nick P. Chitosan triggers actin remodelling and activation of defence genes that is repressed by calcium influx in grapevine cells. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 326:111527. [PMID: 36334621 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Defence to pathogens must be specific. In the past, we have dissected early signalling deployed by bacterial elicitors in a grapevine cell system. In the current work, we asked, how defence of fungi differs. Fungal diseases of grapevine pose great challenges for global viticulture and require massive plant protection measures. Plant cells are able to sense chitin, a central component of fungal cell walls and respond by activation of basal defence. We, therefore mapped early defence responses evoked by chitosan, a chitin fragment able to bind to chitin receptors. We found an activation of calcium influx, monitored by extracellular alkalinisation due to a co-transport of protons, remodelling of actin (but not of microtubules), and the activation of transcripts for phytoalexin synthesis, jasmonate-signalling, salicylate signalling, and chitinase. Interestingly, Gadolinium, an inhibitor of calcium influx, can inhibit extracellular alkalinisation in response to chitosan, while the induction of the phytoalexin synthesis transcripts was specifically promoted. In contrast, both DMSO and benzyl alcohol, compounds known to modulate membrane fluidity, partially inhibited the transcript responses to chitosan. We discuss these data with a model, where chitosan deploys signalling culminating in activation of defence related transcripts, but at the same time activates calcium influx that negatively feeds back on the same signal chain, which might be a mechanism to achieve a temporal signature that is rapid, but transient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karwan Gafoor Sofi
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe D-76131, Germany.
| | - Christian Metzger
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe D-76131, Germany.
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe D-76131, Germany.
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, Karlsruhe D-76131, Germany.
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Peters Haugrud AR, Zhang Z, Friesen TL, Faris JD. Genetics of resistance to septoria nodorum blotch in wheat. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2022; 135:3685-3707. [PMID: 35050394 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04036-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB) is a foliar disease of wheat caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum. Research over the last two decades has shown that the wheat-P. nodorum pathosystem mostly follows an inverse gene-for-gene model. The fungus produces necrotrophic effectors (NEs) that interact with specific host gene products encoded by dominant sensitivity (S) genes. When a compatible interaction occurs, a 'defense response' in the host leads to programmed cell death thereby provided dead/dying cells from which the pathogen, being a necrotroph, can acquire nutrients allowing it to grow and sporulate. To date, nine S gene-NE interactions have been characterized in this pathosystem. Five NE-encoding genes, SnTox1, SnTox3, SnToxA, SnTox5, and SnTox267, have been cloned along with three host S genes, Tsn1, Snn1, and Snn3-D1. Studies have shown that P. nodorum hijacks multiple and diverse host targets to cause disease. SNB resistance is often quantitative in nature because multiple compatible interactions usually occur concomitantly. NE gene expression plays a key role in disease severity, and the effect of each compatible interaction can vary depending on the other existing compatible interactions. Numerous SNB-resistance QTL have been identified in addition to the known S genes, and more research is needed to understand the nature of these resistance loci. Marker-assisted elimination of S genes through conventional breeding practices and disruption of S genes using gene editing techniques are both effective strategies for the development of SNB-resistant wheat cultivars, which will become necessary as the global demand for sustenance grows.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zengcui Zhang
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Timothy L Friesen
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Justin D Faris
- USDA-ARS Cereal Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA.
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Proteomic, Transcriptomic, Mutational, and Functional Assays Reveal the Involvement of Both THF and PLP Sites at the GmSHMT08 in Resistance to Soybean Cyst Nematode. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911278. [PMID: 36232579 PMCID: PMC9570156 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT; E.C. 2.1.2.1) is involved in the interconversion of serine/glycine and tetrahydrofolate (THF)/5,10-methylene THF, playing a key role in one-carbon metabolism, the de novo purine pathway, cellular methylation reactions, redox homeostasis maintenance, and methionine and thymidylate synthesis. GmSHMT08 is the soybean gene underlying soybean cyst nematode (SCN) resistance at the Rhg4 locus. GmSHMT08 protein contains four tetrahydrofolate (THF) cofactor binding sites (L129, L135, F284, N374) and six pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) cofactor binding/catalysis sites (Y59, G106, G107, H134, S190A, H218). In the current study, proteomic analysis of a data set of protein complex immunoprecipitated using GmSHMT08 antibodies under SCN infected soybean roots reveals the presence of enriched pathways that mainly use glycine/serine as a substrate (glyoxylate cycle, redox homeostasis, glycolysis, and heme biosynthesis). Root and leaf transcriptomic analysis of differentially expressed genes under SCN infection supported the proteomic data, pointing directly to the involvement of the interconversion reaction carried out by the serine hydroxymethyltransferase enzyme. Direct site mutagenesis revealed that all mutated THF and PLP sites at the GmSHMT08 resulted in increased SCN resistance. We have shown the involvement of PLP sites in SCN resistance. Specially, the effect of the two Y59 and S190 PLP sites was more drastic than the tested THF sites. This unprecedented finding will help us to identify the biological outcomes of THF and PLP residues at the GmSHMT08 and to understand SCN resistance mechanisms.
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11
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Pain C, Tolmie F, Wojcik S, Wang P, Kriechbaumer V. intER-ACTINg: the structure and dynamics of ER and actin are interlinked. J Microsc 2022. [PMID: 35985796 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton is the driver of gross ER remodelling and the movement and positioning of other membrane-bound organelles such as Golgi bodies. Rapid ER membrane remodelling is a feature of most plant cells and is important for normal cellular processes, including targeted secretion, immunity and signalling. Modifications to the actin cytoskeleton, through pharmacological agents such as Latrunculin B and phalloidin, or disruption of normal myosin function also affect ER structure and/or dynamics. Here, we investigate the impact of changes in the actin cytoskeleton on structure and dynamics on the ER as well as in return the impact of modified ER structure on the architecture of the actin cytoskeleton. By expressing actin markers that affect actin dynamics, or expressing of ER-shaping proteins that influence ER architecture, we found that the structure of ER-actin networks is closely inter-related; affecting one component is likely to have a direct effect on the other. Therefore, our results indicate that a complicated regulatory machinery and cross-talk between these two structures must exist in plants to co-ordinate the function of ER-actin network during multiple subcellular processes. In addition, when considering organelle structure and dynamics, the choice of actin marker is essential in preventing off-target organelle structure and dynamics modifications. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Pain
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Frances Tolmie
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Stefan Wojcik
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Pengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Plant Cell Biology, Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, OX3 0BP, UK
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Li L, Zhu XM, Zhang YR, Cai YY, Wang JY, Liu MY, Wang JY, Bao JD, Lin FC. Research on the Molecular Interaction Mechanism between Plants and Pathogenic Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094658. [PMID: 35563048 PMCID: PMC9104627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by fungi are one of the major threats to global food security and understanding the interactions between fungi and plants is of great significance for plant disease control. The interaction between pathogenic fungi and plants is a complex process. From the perspective of pathogenic fungi, pathogenic fungi are involved in the regulation of pathogenicity by surface signal recognition proteins, MAPK signaling pathways, transcription factors, and pathogenic factors in the process of infecting plants. From the perspective of plant immunity, the signal pathway of immune response, the signal transduction pathway that induces plant immunity, and the function of plant cytoskeleton are the keys to studying plant resistance. In this review, we summarize the current research progress of fungi–plant interactions from multiple aspects and discuss the prospects and challenges of phytopathogenic fungi and their host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.L.); (X.-M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (J.-D.B.)
| | - Xue-Ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.L.); (X.-M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (J.-D.B.)
| | - Yun-Ran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Ying-Ying Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Jing-Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Meng-Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Jiao-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.L.); (X.-M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (J.-D.B.)
| | - Jian-Dong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.L.); (X.-M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (J.-D.B.)
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (L.L.); (X.-M.Z.); (J.-Y.W.); (J.-D.B.)
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (Y.-R.Z.); (Y.-Y.C.); (J.-Y.W.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-571-88404007
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13
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Sun Y, Zhong M, Li Y, Zhang R, Su L, Xia G, Wang H. GhADF6-mediated actin reorganization is associated with defence against Verticillium dahliae infection in cotton. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1656-1667. [PMID: 34515397 PMCID: PMC8578822 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have revealed that actin depolymerizing factors (ADFs) participate in plant defence responses; however, the functional mechanisms appear intricate and need further exploration. In this study, we identified an ADF6 gene in upland cotton (designated as GhADF6) that is evidently involved in cotton's response to the fungal pathogen Verticillium dahliae. GhADF6 binds to actin filaments and possesses actin severing and depolymerizing activities in vitro and in vivo. When cotton root (the site of the fungus invasion) was inoculated with the pathogen, the expression of GhADF6 was markedly down-regulated in the epidermal cells. By virus-induced gene silencing analysis, the down-regulation of GhADF6 expression rendered the cotton plants tolerant to V. dahliae infection. Accordingly, the abundance of actin filaments and bundles in the root cells was significantly higher than that in the control plant, which phenocopied that of the V. dahliae-challenged wild-type cotton plant. Altogether, our results provide evidence that an increase in filament actin (F-actin) abundance as well as dynamic actin remodelling are required for plant defence against the invading pathogen, which are likely to be fulfilled by the coordinated expressional regulation of the actin-binding proteins, including ADF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongduo Sun
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mengmeng Zhong
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanbao Li
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ruihui Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Lei Su
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Guixian Xia
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
| | - Haiyun Wang
- Institute of MicrobiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Plant GenomicsBeijingChina
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14
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Sun H, Zhu X, Li C, Ma Z, Han X, Luo Y, Yang L, Yu J, Miao Y. Xanthomonas effector XopR hijacks host actin cytoskeleton via complex coacervation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4064. [PMID: 34210966 PMCID: PMC8249405 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24375-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The intrinsically disordered region (IDR) is a preserved signature of phytobacterial type III effectors (T3Es). The T3E IDR is thought to mediate unfolding during translocation into the host cell and to avoid host defense by sequence diversification. Here, we demonstrate a mechanism of host subversion via the T3E IDR. We report that the Xanthomonas campestris T3E XopR undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) via multivalent IDR-mediated interactions that hijack the Arabidopsis actin cytoskeleton. XopR is gradually translocated into host cells during infection and forms a macromolecular complex with actin-binding proteins at the cell cortex. By tuning the physical-chemical properties of XopR-complex coacervates, XopR progressively manipulates multiple steps of actin assembly, including formin-mediated nucleation, crosslinking of F-actin, and actin depolymerization, which occurs through competition for actin-depolymerizing factor and depends on constituent stoichiometry. Our findings unravel a sophisticated strategy in which bacterial T3E subverts the host actin cytoskeleton via protein complex coacervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinlu Zhu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chuanxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhiming Ma
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiao Han
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuanyuan Luo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Yang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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15
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Zhu X, Wang B, Wang X, Zhang C, Wei X. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression analysis of the LIM transcription factor family in quinoa. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:787-800. [PMID: 33967462 PMCID: PMC8055757 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00988-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Lim family members play an important role in the regulation of plant cell development and stress response. However, there are few studies on LIM family in quinoa. In this study, we identified nine LIMS (named cqlim01-cqlim09) from quinoa, which were divided into three subfamilies (α Lim1, γ lim2 and δ lim2) according to phylogeny. The differences in gene structure and motif composition among different subfamilies have been observed. In addition, we studied the repetitive events of the members of the family. The Ka/Ks (non synchronous substitution rate / synchronous substitution rate) ratio analysis showed that the repetitive CqLIMs probably experienced purifying selection pressure. Promoter analysis showed that the family genes contained a variety of hormones, stress and tissue-specific expression elements, and protein interactions showed that these genes had actin stabilizing effect. In addition, QRT PCR results showed that all CqLIM genes were positively regulated under three stresses (low temperature, salt and ABA). These results provide a theoretical basis of further study of LIM gene in quinoa. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00988-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Baoqiang Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xian Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070 China
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16
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Wang H, Riemann M, Liu Q, Siegrist J, Nick P. Glycyrrhizin, the active compound of the TCM drug Gan Cao stimulates actin remodelling and defence in grapevine. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110712. [PMID: 33288019 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Actin remodelling by a membrane-associated oxidative process can sense perturbations of membrane integrity and activate defence. In the current work, we show that glycyrrhizin, a muscle relaxant used in Traditional Chinese Medicine, can activate oxidative burst and actin remodelling in tobacco BY-2 cells, which could be suppressed by diphenylene iodonium, an inhibitor of NADPH oxidases. Glycyrrhizin caused a dose-dependent delay of proliferation, and induced cell death, which was suppressed by addition of indole-acetic acid, a natural auxin that can mitigate RboH dependent actin remodelling. To test, whether the actin remodelling induced by glycyrrhizin was followed by activation of defence, several events of basal immunity were probed. We found that glycyrrhizin induced a transient extracellular alkalinisation, indicative of calcium influx. Furthermore, transcripts of phytoalexins genes, were activated in cells of the grapevine Vitis rupestris, and this induction was followed by accumulation of the glycosylated stilbene α-piceid. We also observed that glycyrrhizin was able to induce actin bundling in leaves of a transgenic grape, especially in guard cells. We discuss these data in frame of a model, where glycyrrhizin, through stimulation of RboH, can cause actin remodelling, followed by defence responses, such as calcium influx, induction of phytoalexins transcripts, and accumulation of stilbene glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Qiong Liu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Johannes Siegrist
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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17
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Ge D, Pan T, Zhang P, Wang L, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Dong H, Sun J, Liu K, Lv F. GhVLN4 is involved in multiple stress responses and required for resistance to Verticillium wilt. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 302:110629. [PMID: 33287998 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
As structural and signaling platform in plant cell, the actin cytoskeleton is regulated by diverse actin binding proteins (ABPs). Villins are one type of major ABPs responsible for microfilament bundling, which have proved to play important roles in plant growth and development. However, the function of villins in stress tolerance is poorly understood. Here, we report the function of cotton GhVLN4 in Verticillium wilt resistance and abiotic stress tolerance. The expression of GhVLN4 was up-regulated by gibberellin, ethylene, ABA, salicylic acid, jasmonate, NaCl, PEG, and Verticillium dahliae treatment, suggesting the involvement of GhVLN4 in multiple stress and hormone responses and signaling. Virus-induced gene silencing GhVLN4 made cotton more susceptible to V. dahliae characterized by the preferential colonization and rapid growth of the fungus in both phloem and xylem of the infected stems. Arabidopsis overexpressing GhVLN4 exhibited higher resistance to V. dahliae, salt and drought than the wild-type plants. The enhanced resistance to V. dahliae is likely related to the upregulated components in SA signaling pathway; the improved tolerance to salt and drought is characterized by upregulation of the components both in ABA- related and ABA-independent signal pathways, along with altered stomatal aperture under drought. Our findings demonstrate that GhVLN4 may play important roles in regulating plant tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ting Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Peipei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Longjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Hui Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, China.
| | - Fenni Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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18
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Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase 3 regulates actin cytoskeleton organization and immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6234. [PMID: 33277490 PMCID: PMC7718926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity are two primary forms of innate immunity in land plants. The molecular components and connecting nodes of pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity are not fully understood. Here, we report that the Arabidopsis calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK3 is a key regulator of both pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. In vitro and in vivo phosphorylation assays, coupled with genetic and cell biology-based analyses, show that actin-depolymerization factor 4 (ADF4) is a physiological substrate of CPK3, and that phosphorylation of ADF4 by CPK3 governs actin cytoskeletal organization associated with pattern-triggered immunity. CPK3 regulates stomatal closure induced by flg22 and is required for resistance to Pst DC3000. Our data further demonstrates that CPK3 is required for resistance to Pst DC3000 carrying the effector AvrPphB. These results suggest that CPK3 is a missing link between cytoskeleton organization, pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. Remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton occurs during plant immune responses to pathogens. Here Lu et al. show that this process requires the calcium-dependent kinase CPK3 which phosphorylates actin depolymerizing factor 4 and is required for both PAMP and effector-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis.
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19
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Bhandari DD, Brandizzi F. Plant endomembranes and cytoskeleton: moving targets in immunity. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 58:8-16. [PMID: 33099211 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens attack plant cells to divert resources toward pathogen proliferation. To resist pathogens, plant cells rely on multilayered signaling pathways that hinge upon the secretory pathway for the synthesis and trafficking of pathogen sensors and defense molecules. In recent years, significant strides have been made in the understanding of the functional relationship between pathogen response and membrane traffic. Here we discuss how the plant cytoskeleton and endomembranes are targeted by pathogen effectors and highlight an emerging role of membrane contact sites in biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak D Bhandari
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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20
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Guan P, Terigele, Schmidt F, Riemann M, Fischer J, Thines E, Nick P. Hunting modulators of plant defence: the grapevine trunk disease fungus Eutypa lata secretes an amplifier for plant basal immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:3710-3724. [PMID: 32211774 PMCID: PMC7475250 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) are progressively affecting vineyard longevity and productivity worldwide. To be able to understand and combat these diseases, we need a different concept of the signals exchanged between the grapevine and fungi than the well-studied pathogen-associated molecular pattern and effector concepts. We screened extracts from fungi associated with GTDs for their association with basal defence responses in suspension cells of grapevine. By activity-guided fractionation of the two selected extracts, O-methylmellein was identified as a candidate modulator of grapevine immunity. O-Methylmellein could not induce immune responses by itself (i.e. does not act as an elicitor), but could amplify some of the defence responses triggered by the bacterial elicitor flg22, such as the induction level of defence genes and actin remodelling. These findings show that Eutypa lata, exemplarily selected as an endophytic fungus linked with GTDs, can secrete compounds that act as amplifiers of basal immunity. Thus, in addition to elicitors that can trigger basal immunity, and effectors that down-modulate antibacterial basal immunity, once it had been activated, E. lata seems to secrete a third type of chemical signal that amplifies basal immunity and may play a role in the context of consortia of mutually competing microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyin Guan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Terigele
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Florian Schmidt
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Michael Riemann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jochen Fischer
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Eckhard Thines
- Institut für Biotechnologie und Wirkstoff-Forschung gGmbH,, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Peter Nick
- Molecular Cell Biology, Botanical Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg, Karlsruhe, Germany
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21
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Ortega-Ortega Y, Carrasco-Castilla J, Juárez-Verdayes MA, Toscano-Morales R, Fonseca-García C, Nava N, Cárdenas L, Quinto C. Actin Depolymerizing Factor Modulates Rhizobial Infection and Nodule Organogenesis in Common Bean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21061970. [PMID: 32183068 PMCID: PMC7139724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21061970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin plays a critical role in the rhizobium-legume symbiosis. Cytoskeletal rearrangements and changes in actin occur in response to Nod factors secreted by rhizobia during symbiotic interactions with legumes. These cytoskeletal rearrangements are mediated by diverse actin-binding proteins, such as actin depolymerization factors (ADFs). We examined the function of an ADF in the Phaseolus vulgaris-rhizobia symbiotic interaction (PvADFE). PvADFE was preferentially expressed in rhizobia-inoculated roots and nodules. PvADFE promoter activity was associated with root hairs harbouring growing infection threads, cortical cell divisions beneath root hairs, and vascular bundles in mature nodules. Silencing of PvADFE using RNA interference increased the number of infection threads in the transgenic roots, resulting in increased nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, and average nodule diameter. Conversely, overexpression of PvADFE reduced the nodule number, nitrogen fixation activity, average nodule diameter, as well as NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) and EARLY NODULIN2 (ENOD2) transcript accumulation. Hence, changes in ADFE transcript levels affect rhizobial infection and nodulation, suggesting that ADFE is fine-tuning these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Ortega-Ortega
- Departamento de Biociencias y Agrobiotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada-CONACYT, Saltillo 25294, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Janet Carrasco-Castilla
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro de Estudios Científicos y Tecnológicos 17 León, León 37358, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Marco A. Juárez-Verdayes
- Departamento de Docencia, Universidad Autónoma Agraria Antonio Narro, Saltillo 25315, Coahuila, Mexico;
| | - Roberto Toscano-Morales
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Citlali Fonseca-García
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Noreide Nava
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Luis Cárdenas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
| | - Carmen Quinto
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, UNAM, Cuernavaca 62210, Morelos, Mexico; (C.F.-G.); (N.N.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Sun G, Feng C, Guo J, Zhang A, Xu Y, Wang Y, Day B, Ma Q. The tomato Arp2/3 complex is required for resistance to the powdery mildew fungus Oidium neolycopersici. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2019; 42:2664-2680. [PMID: 31038756 PMCID: PMC7747227 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The actin-related protein 2/3 complex (Arp2/3 complex), a key regulator of actin cytoskeletal dynamics, has been linked to multiple cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, the Solanum habrochaites ARPC3 gene, encoding a subunit protein of the Arp2/3 complex, was identified and characterized. ShARPC3 encodes a 174-amino acid protein possessing a conserved P21-Arc domain. Silencing of ShARPC3 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to the powdery mildew pathogen Oidium neolycopersici (On-Lz), demonstrating a role for ShARPC3 in defence signalling. Interestingly, a loss of ShARPC3 coincided with enhanced susceptibility to On-Lz, a process that we hypothesize is the result of a block in the activity of SA-mediated defence signalling. Conversely, overexpression of ShARPC3 in Arabidopsis thaliana, followed by inoculation with On-Lz, showed enhanced resistance, including the rapid induction of hypersensitive cell death and the generation of reactive oxygen. Heterologous expression of ShARPC3 in the arc18 mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (i.e., ∆arc18) resulted in complementation of stress-induced phenotypes, including high-temperature tolerance. Taken together, these data support a role for ShARPC3 in tomato through positive regulation of plant immunity in response to O. neolycopersici pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chanjing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Jia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ancheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yuanliu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Leontovyčová H, Kalachova T, Trdá L, Pospíchalová R, Lamparová L, Dobrev PI, Malínská K, Burketová L, Valentová O, Janda M. Actin depolymerization is able to increase plant resistance against pathogens via activation of salicylic acid signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10397. [PMID: 31320662 PMCID: PMC6639534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrity of the actin cytoskeleton is essential for plant immune signalling. Consequently, it is generally assumed that actin disruption reduces plant resistance to pathogen attack. Here, we demonstrate that actin depolymerization induced a dramatic increase in salicylic acid (SA) levels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Transcriptomic analysis showed that the SA pathway was activated due to the action of isochorismate synthase (ICS). The effect was also confirmed in Brassica napus. This raises the question of whether actin depolymerization could, under particular conditions, lead to increased resistance to pathogens. Thus, we explored the effect of pretreatment with actin-depolymerizing drugs on the resistance of Arabidopsis thaliana to the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, and on the resistance of an important crop Brassica napus to its natural fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. In both pathosystems, actin depolymerization activated the SA pathway, leading to increased plant resistance. To our best knowledge, we herein provide the first direct evidence that disruption of the actin cytoskeleton can actually lead to increased plant resistance to pathogens, and that SA is crucial to this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Leontovyčová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, 128 44 Hlavova 2030/8, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tetiana Kalachova
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Trdá
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Romana Pospíchalová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lamparová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic.,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Malínská
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Burketová
- Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Valentová
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Janda
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic. .,Laboratory of Pathological Plant Physiology, Institute of Experimental Botany of The Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojova 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic. .,Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich (LMU), Faculty of Biology, Biocenter, Department Genetics, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152, Martinsried, Germany.
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24
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López-Galiano MJ, Sentandreu V, Martínez-Ramírez AC, Rausell C, Real MD, Camañes G, Ruiz-Rivero O, Crespo-Salvador O, García-Robles I. Identification of Stress Associated microRNAs in Solanum lycopersicum by High-Throughput Sequencing. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10060475. [PMID: 31234458 PMCID: PMC6627569 DOI: 10.3390/genes10060475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is one of the most important crops around the world and also a model plant to study response to stress. High-throughput sequencing was used to analyse the microRNA (miRNA) profile of tomato plants undergoing five biotic and abiotic stress conditions (drought, heat, P. syringae infection, B. cinerea infection, and herbivore insect attack with Leptinotarsa decemlineata larvae) and one chemical treatment with a plant defence inducer, hexanoic acid. We identified 104 conserved miRNAs belonging to 37 families and we predicted 61 novel tomato miRNAs. Among those 165 miRNAs, 41 were stress-responsive. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to validate high-throughput expression analysis data, confirming the expression profiles of 10 out of 11 randomly selected miRNAs. Most of the differentially expressed miRNAs were stress-specific, except for sly-miR167c-3p upregulated in B. cinerea and P. syringae infection, sly-newmiR26-3p upregulated in drought and Hx treatment samples, and sly-newmiR33-3p, sly-newmiR6-3p and sly-newmiR8-3p differentially expressed both in biotic and abiotic stresses. From mature miRNAs sequences of the 41 stress-responsive miRNAs 279 targets were predicted. An inverse correlation between the expression profiles of 4 selected miRNAs (sly-miR171a, sly-miR172c, sly-newmiR22-3p and sly-miR167c-3p) and their target genes (Kinesin, PPR, GRAS40, ABC transporter, GDP and RLP1) was confirmed by RT-qPCR. Altogether, our analysis of miRNAs in different biotic and abiotic stress conditions highlight the interest to understand the functional role of miRNAs in tomato stress response as well as their putative targets which could help to elucidate plants molecular and physiological adaptation to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vicente Sentandreu
- Servicios Centrales de Soporte a la Investigación Experimental (SCSIE), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Amparo C Martínez-Ramírez
- Servicios Centrales de Soporte a la Investigación Experimental (SCSIE), University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Carolina Rausell
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - M Dolores Real
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gemma Camañes
- Plant Physiology Area, Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department CAMN, University Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain.
| | - Omar Ruiz-Rivero
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Oscar Crespo-Salvador
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, IATA (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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25
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Della Coletta R, Hirsch CN, Rouse MN, Lorenz A, Garvin DF. Genomic Dissection of Nonhost Resistance to Wheat Stem Rust in Brachypodium distachyon. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:392-400. [PMID: 30261155 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-08-18-0220-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of new races of Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, the causal pathogen of wheat stem rust, has spurred interest in developing durable resistance to this disease in wheat. Nonhost resistance holds promise to help control this and other diseases because it is durable against nonadapted pathogens. However, the genetic and molecular basis of nonhost resistance to wheat stem rust is poorly understood. In this study, the model grass Brachypodium distachyon, a nonhost of P. graminis f. sp. tritici, was used to genetically dissect nonhost resistance to wheat stem rust. A recombinant inbred line (RIL) population segregating for response to wheat stem rust was evaluated for resistance. Evaluation of genome-wide cumulative single nucleotide polymorphism allele frequency differences between contrasting pools of resistant and susceptible RILs followed by molecular marker analysis identified six quantitative trait loci (QTL) that cumulatively explained 72.5% of the variation in stem rust resistance. Two of the QTLs explained 31.7% of the variation, and their interaction explained another 4.6%. Thus, nonhost resistance to wheat stem rust in B. distachyon is genetically complex, with both major and minor QTLs acting additively and, in some cases, interacting. These findings will guide future research to identify genes essential to nonhost resistance to wheat stem rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Della Coletta
- 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
- 2 CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Candice N Hirsch
- 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
| | - Matthew N Rouse
- 3 USDA-ARS Cereal Disease Laboratory, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
- 4 Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota; and
| | - Aaron Lorenz
- 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
| | - David F Garvin
- 1 Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
- 5 USDA-ARS Plant Science Research Unit, St. Paul, MN, U.S.A
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26
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Badet T, Léger O, Barascud M, Voisin D, Sadon P, Vincent R, Le Ru A, Balagué C, Roby D, Raffaele S. Expression polymorphism at the ARPC4 locus links the actin cytoskeleton with quantitative disease resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:480-496. [PMID: 30393937 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative disease resistance (QDR) is a form of plant immunity widespread in nature, and the only one active against broad host range fungal pathogens. The genetic determinants of QDR are complex and largely unknown, and are thought to rely partly on genes controlling plant morphology and development. We used genome-wide association mapping in Arabidopsis thaliana to identify ARPC4 as associated with QDR against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Mutants impaired in ARPC4 showed enhanced susceptibility to S. sclerotiorum, defects in the structure of the actin filaments and in their responsiveness to S. sclerotiorum. Disruption of ARPC4 also alters callose deposition and the expression of defense-related genes upon S. sclerotiorum infection. Analysis of ARPC4 diversity in A. thaliana identified one haplotype (ARPC4R ) showing a c. 1 kbp insertion in ARPC4 regulatory region and associated with higher level of QDR. Accessions from the ARPC4R haplotype showed enhanced ARPC4 expression upon S. sclerotiorum challenge, indicating that polymorphisms in ARPC4 regulatory region are associated with enhanced QDR. This work identifies a novel actor of plant QDR against a fungal pathogen and provides a prime example of genetic mechanisms leading to the recruitment of cell morphology processes in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Badet
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Ophélie Léger
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Marielle Barascud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Derry Voisin
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Pierre Sadon
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Remy Vincent
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme Imagerie, Pôle de Biotechnologie Végétale, Fédération de Recherche 3450, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Balagué
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Dominique Roby
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sylvain Raffaele
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Shi M, Li Y, Deng S, Wang D, Chen Y, Yang S, Wu J, Tian WM. The formation and accumulation of protein-networks by physical interactions in the rapid occlusion of laticifer cells in rubber tree undergoing successive mechanical wounding. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:8. [PMID: 30616545 PMCID: PMC6322289 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1617-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the wound response of plants has been extensively studied, little is known of the rapid occlusion of wounded cell itself. The laticifer in rubber tree is a specific type of tissue for natural rubber biosynthesis and storage. In natural rubber production, tapping is used to harvest the latex which flows out from the severed laticifer in the bark. Therefore, study of the rapid wound-occlusion of severed laticifer cells is important for understanding the rubber tree being protected from the continuously mechanical wounding. RESULTS Using cytological and biochemical techniques, we revealed a biochemical mechanism for the rapid occlusion of severed laticifer cells. A protein-network appeared rapidly after tapping and accumulated gradually along with the latex loss at the severed site of laticifer cells. Triple immunofluorescence histochemical localization showed that the primary components of the protein-network were chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and hevein together with pro-hevein (ProH) and its carboxyl-terminal part. Molecular sieve chromatography showed that the physical interactions among these proteins occurred under the condition of neutral pH. The interaction of β-1,3-glucanase respectively with hevein, chitinase and ProH was testified by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The interaction between actin and β-1,3-glucanase out of the protein inclusions of lutoids was revealed by pull-down. This interaction was pharmacologically verified by cytochalasin B-caused significant prolongation of the duration of latex flow in the field. CONCLUSIONS The formation of protein-network by interactions of the proteins with anti-pathogen activity released from lutoids and accumulation of protein-network by binding to the cytoskeleton are crucial for the rapid occlusion of laticifer cells in rubber tree. The protein-network at the wounded site of laticifer cells provides not only a physical barrier but also a biochemical barrier to protect the wounded laticifer cells from pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjing Shi
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shunnan Deng
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Dehong Vocational College, Mangshi, Dehong State, 678400, Yunnan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueyi Chen
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuguang Yang
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilin Wu
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Min Tian
- Institute of Rubber Research, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, 571737, Hainan, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Zhang X, Han L, Wang Q, Zhang C, Yu Y, Tian J, Kong Z. The host actin cytoskeleton channels rhizobia release and facilitates symbiosome accommodation during nodulation in Medicago truncatula. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1049-1059. [PMID: 30156704 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the actin cytoskeleton plays a central role in regulating intracellular transport and trafficking in the endomembrane system. Work in legumes suggested that during nodulation, the actin cytoskeleton coordinates numerous cellular processes in the development of nitrogen-fixing nodules. However, we lacked live-cell visualizations demonstrating dynamic remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton during infection droplet release and symbiosome development. Here, we generated transgenic Medicago truncatula lines stably expressing the fluorescent actin marker ABD2-GFP, and utilized live-cell imaging to reveal the architecture and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton during nodule development. Live-cell observations showed that different zones in nitrogen-fixing nodules exhibit distinct actin architectures and infected cells display five characteristic actin architectures during nodule development. Live-cell imaging combined with three-dimensional reconstruction demonstrated that dense filamentous-actin (F-actin) arrays channel the elongation of infection threads and the release of infection droplets, an F-actin network encircles freshly-released rhizobia, and short F-actin fragments and actin dots around radially distributed symbiosomes. Our findings suggest an important role of the actin cytoskeleton in infection droplet release, symbiosome development and maturation, and provide significant insight into the cellular mechanisms underlying nodule development and nitrogen fixation during legume-rhizobia interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Libo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanjun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Juan Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Zhaosheng Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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29
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Li P, Day B. Battlefield Cytoskeleton: Turning the Tide on Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:25-34. [PMID: 30355064 PMCID: PMC6326859 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-18-0195-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The plant immune system comprises a complex network of signaling processes, regulated not only by classically defined immune components (e.g., resistance genes) but also by a suite of developmental, environmental, abiotic, and biotic-associated factors. In total, it is the sum of these interactions-the connectivity to a seemingly endless array of environments-that ensures proper activation, and control, of a system that is responsible for cell surveillance and response to threats presented by invading pests and pathogens. Over the past decade, the field of plant pathology has witnessed the discovery of numerous points of convergence between immunity, growth, and development, as well as overlap with seemingly disparate processes such as those that underpin plant response to changes in the environment. Toward defining how immune signaling is regulated, recent studies have focused on dissecting the mechanisms that underpin receptor-ligand interactions, phospho-regulation of signaling cascades, and the modulation of host gene expression during infection. As one of the major regulators of these immune signaling cascades, the plant cytoskeleton is the stage from which immune-associated processes are mobilized and oriented and, in this role, it controls the movement of the organelles, proteins, and chemical signals that support plant defense signaling. In short, the cytoskeleton is the battlefield from which pathogens and plants volley virulence and resistance, transforming resistance to susceptibility. Herein, we discuss the role of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton as a platform for the function of the plant immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai Li
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Michigan State University Plant Resilience Institute, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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30
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Yoon SJ, Park YJ, Kim JS, Lee S, Lee SH, Choi S, Min JK, Choi I, Ryu CM. Pseudomonas syringae evades phagocytosis by animal cells via type III effector-mediated regulation of actin filament plasticity. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:3980-3991. [PMID: 30251365 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Certain animal and plant pathogenic bacteria have developed virulence factors including effector proteins that enable them to overcome host immunity. A plant pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pto) secretes a large repertoire of effectors via a type III secretory apparatus, thereby suppressing plant immunity. Here, we show that Pto causes sepsis in mice. Surprisingly, the effector HopQ1 disrupted animal phagocytosis by inhibiting actin rearrangement via direct interaction with the LIM domain of the animal target protein LIM kinase, a key regulator of actin polymerization. The results provide novel insight into animal host-plant pathogen interactions. In addition, the current study firstly demonstrates that certain plant pathogenic bacteria such as Pto evade phagocytosis by animal cells due to cross-kingdom suppression of host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jin Yoon
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seob Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Soohyun Lee
- Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Lee
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Song Choi
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ki Min
- Biotherapeutics Translational Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea
| | - Inpyo Choi
- Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Choong-Min Ryu
- Infectious Disease Research Center, KRIBB, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, South Korea.,Biosystems and Bioengineering Program, University of Science and Technology (UST), Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Li J, Staiger CJ. Understanding Cytoskeletal Dynamics During the Plant Immune Response. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 56:513-533. [PMID: 29975609 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The plant cytoskeleton is a dynamic framework of cytoplasmic filaments that rearranges as the needs of the cell change during growth and development. Incessant turnover mechanisms allow these networks to be rapidly redeployed in defense of host cytoplasm against microbial invaders. Both chemical and mechanical stimuli are recognized as danger signals to the plant, and these are perceived and transduced into cytoskeletal dynamics and architecture changes through a collection of well-recognized, previously characterized players. Recent advances in quantitative cell biology approaches, along with the powerful molecular genetics techniques associated with Arabidopsis, have uncovered two actin-binding proteins as key intermediaries in the immune response to phytopathogens and defense signaling. Certain bacterial phytopathogens have adapted to the cytoskeletal-based defense mechanism during the basal immune response and have evolved effector proteins that target actin filaments and microtubules to subvert transcriptional reprogramming, secretion of defense-related proteins, and cell wall-based defenses. In this review, we describe current knowledge about host cytoskeletal dynamics operating at the crossroads of the molecular and cellular arms race between microbes and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Christopher J Staiger
- Department of Biological Sciences and Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;
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Soares AMS, Oliveira JTA, Rocha CQ, Ferreira ATS, Perales J, Zanatta AC, Vilegas W, Silva CR, Costa-Junior LM. Myracrodruon urundeuva seed exudates proteome and anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200848. [PMID: 30024949 PMCID: PMC6053183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Seed exudates are plant-derived natural bioactive compounds consisting of a complex mixture of organic and inorganic molecules. Plant seed exudates have been poorly studied against parasite nematodes. This study was undertaken to identify proteins in the Myracrodruon urundeuva seed exudates and to assess the anthelmintic activity against Haemonchus contortus, an important parasite of small ruminants. M. urundeuva seed exudates (SEX) was obtained after immersion of seeds in sodium acetate buffer. SEX was fractionated with ammonium sulfate at 0–90% concentration to generate the ressuspended pellet (SEXF1) and the supernatant (SEXF2). SEX, SEXF1, and SEXF2 were exhaustively dialyzed against distilled water (cut-off: 12 kDa) and the protein contents determined. Mass spectrometry analyses of SEX, SEXF1, and SEXF2 were done to identify proteins and secondary metabolites. The seed exudates contained protease, protease inhibitor, peptidase, chitinase, and lipases as well as the low molecular weight secondary compounds ellagic acid and quercetin rhamnoside. SEX inhibited H. contortus larval development (LDA) (IC50 = 0.29 mg mL-1), but did not affect larval exsheathment (LEIA). On the other hand, although SEXF1 and SEXF2 inhibited H. contortus LEIA (IC50 = 1.04 and 0.93 mg mL-1, respectively), they showed even greater inhibition efficiency of H. contortus larval development (IC50 = 0.29 and 0.42 mg mL-1, respectively). To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to show the anthelmintic activity of plant exudates against a gastrointestinal nematode. Moreover, it suggests the potential of exuded proteins as candidates to negatively interfere with H. contortus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. S. Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, Chemical Engineering Program, Exact Sciences Center and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, Sao Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMSS); (LMCJ)
| | - Jose T. A. Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Q. Rocha
- Laboratory of Advanced Studies in Phytomedicines, Department of Chemistry, Center for Exact Sciences and Technology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - André T. S. Ferreira
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Caroline Zanatta
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Biosciences, Bioprospecting, Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wagner Vilegas
- Laboratory of Natural Products, Institute of Biosciences, Bioprospecting, Coastal Campus of São Vicente, São Vicente, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina R. Silva
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
| | - Livio M. Costa-Junior
- Laboratory of Parasite Control, Department of Pathology, Center for Biological and Health Sciences, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil
- * E-mail: (AMSS); (LMCJ)
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F-actin homeostasis through transcriptional regulation and proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E6487-E6496. [PMID: 29941587 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721935115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms possess multiple and often divergent actins whose regulation and roles are not understood in detail. For example, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has both a conventional actin (IDA5) and a highly divergent one (NAP1); only IDA5 is expressed in normal proliferating cells. We showed previously that the drug latrunculin B (LatB) causes loss of filamentous (F-) IDA5 and strong up-regulation of NAP1, which then provides essential actin function(s) by forming LatB-resistant F-NAP1. RNA-sequencing analyses now show that this up-regulation of NAP1 reflects a broad transcriptional response, much of which depends on three proteins (LAT1, LAT2, and LAT3) identified previously as essential for NAP1 transcription. Many of the LAT-regulated genes contain a putative cis-acting regulatory site, the "LRE motif." The LatB transcriptional program appears to be activated by loss of F-IDA5 and deactivated by formation of F-NAP1, thus forming an F-actin-dependent negative-feedback loop. Multiple genes encoding proteins of the ubiquitin-proteasome system are among those induced by LatB, resulting in rapid degradation of IDA5 (but not NAP1). Our results suggest that IDA5 degradation is functionally important because nonpolymerizable LatB-bound IDA5 interferes with the formation of F-NAP1. The genes for the actin-interacting proteins cofilin and profilin are also induced. Cofilin induction may further the clearance of IDA5 by promoting the scission of F-IDA5, whereas profilin appears to function in protecting monomeric IDA5 from degradation. This multifaceted regulatory system allows rapid and quantitative turnover of F-actin in response to cytoskeletal perturbations and probably also maintains F-actin homeostasis under normal growth conditions.
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Sun H, Qiao Z, Chua KP, Tursic A, Liu X, Gao YG, Mu Y, Hou X, Miao Y. Profilin Negatively Regulates Formin-Mediated Actin Assembly to Modulate PAMP-Triggered Plant Immunity. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1882-1895.e7. [PMID: 29861135 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Profilin functions with formin in actin assembly, a process that regulates multiple aspects of plant development and immune responses. High-level eukaryotes contain multiple isoforms of profilin, formin, and actin, whose partner-specific interactions in actin assembly are not completely understood in plant development and defense responses. To examine the functionally distinct interactions between profilin and formin, we studied all five Arabidopsis profilins and their interactions with formin by using both in vitro biochemical and in vivo cell biology approaches. Unexpectedly, we found a previously undescribed negative regulatory function of AtPRF3 in AtFH1-mediated actin polymerization. The N-terminal 37 residues of AtPRF3 were identified to play a predominant role in inhibiting formin-mediated actin nucleation via their high affinity for the formin polyproline region and their triggering of the oligomerization of AtPRF3. Both in vivo and in vitro mechanistic studies of AtPRF3 revealed a universal mechanism in which the weak interaction between profilin and formin positively regulates actin assembly by ensuring rapid recycling of profilin, whereas profilin oligomerization negatively regulates actin polymerization. Upon recognition of the pathogen-associated molecular pattern, the gene transcription and protein degradation of AtPRF3 are modulated for actin assembly during plant innate immunity. The prf3 Arabidopsis plants show higher sensitivity to the bacterial flagellum peptide in both the plant growth and ROS responses. These findings demonstrate a profilin-mediated actin assembly mechanism underlying the plant immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Sun
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Zhu Qiao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Khi Pin Chua
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Alma Tursic
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xu Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yong-Gui Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Xingliang Hou
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637551, Singapore; School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore.
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Miao Y, Tipakornsaowapak T, Zheng L, Mu Y, Lewellyn E. Phospho-regulation of intrinsically disordered proteins for actin assembly and endocytosis. FEBS J 2018; 285:2762-2784. [PMID: 29722136 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Actin filament assembly contributes to the endocytic pathway pleiotropically, with active roles in clathrin-dependent and clathrin-independent endocytosis as well as subsequent endosomal trafficking. Endocytosis comprises a series of dynamic events, including the initiation of membrane curvature, bud invagination, vesicle abscission and subsequent vesicular transport. The ultimate success of endocytosis requires the coordinated activities of proteins that trigger actin polymerization, recruit actin-binding proteins (ABPs) and organize endocytic proteins (EPs) that promote membrane curvature through molecular crowding or scaffolding mechanisms. A particularly interesting phenomenon is that multiple EPs and ABPs contain a substantial percentage of intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs), which can contribute to protein coacervation and phase separation. In addition, intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) frequently contain sites for post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, and these modifications exhibit a high preference for IDR residues [Groban ES et al. (2006) PLoS Comput Biol 2, e32]. PTMs are implicated in regulating protein function by modulating the protein conformation, protein-protein interactions and the transition between order and disorder states of IDPs. The molecular mechanisms by which IDRs of ABPs and EPs fine-tune actin assembly and endocytosis remain mostly unexplored and elusive. In this review, we analyze protein sequences of budding yeast EPs and ABPs, and discuss the potential underlying mechanisms for regulating endocytosis and actin assembly through the emerging concept of IDR-mediated protein multivalency, coacervation, and phase transition, with an emphasis on the phospho-regulation of IDRs. Finally, we summarize the current understanding of how these mechanisms coordinate actin cytoskeleton assembly and membrane curvature formation during endocytosis in budding yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansong Miao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Liangzhen Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yuguang Mu
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eric Lewellyn
- Department of Biology, Division of Natural Sciences, St Norbert College, De Pere, WI, USA
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36
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Chen T, Ji D, Tian S. Variable-angle epifluorescence microscopy characterizes protein dynamics in the vicinity of plasma membrane in plant cells. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29540149 PMCID: PMC5853057 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The assembly of protein complexes and compositional lipid patterning act together to endow cells with the plasticity required to maintain compositional heterogeneity with respect to individual proteins. Hence, the applications for imaging protein localization and dynamics require high accuracy, particularly at high spatio-temporal level. RESULTS We provided experimental data for the applications of Variable-Angle Epifluorescence Microscopy (VAEM) in dissecting protein dynamics in plant cells. The VAEM-based co-localization analysis took penetration depth and incident angle into consideration. Besides direct overlap of dual-color fluorescence signals, the co-localization analysis was carried out quantitatively in combination with the methodology for calculating puncta distance and protein proximity index. Besides, simultaneous VAEM tracking of cytoskeletal dynamics provided more insights into coordinated responses of actin filaments and microtubules. Moreover, lateral motility of membrane proteins was analyzed by calculating diffusion coefficients and kymograph analysis, which represented an alternative method for examining protein motility. CONCLUSION The present study presented experimental evidence on illustrating the use of VAEM in tracking and dissecting protein dynamics, dissecting endosomal dynamics, cell structure assembly along with membrane microdomain and protein motility in intact plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093 China
| | - Dongchao Ji
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanxincun 20, Xiangshan, Haidian District, Beijing, 100093 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Key Laboratory of Post-Harvest Handling of Fruits, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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37
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Park E, Nedo A, Caplan JL, Dinesh-Kumar SP. Plant-microbe interactions: organelles and the cytoskeleton in action. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1012-1028. [PMID: 29250789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Contents Summary 1012 I. Introduction 1012 II. The endomembrane system in plant-microbe interactions 1013 III. The cytoskeleton in plant-microbe interactions 1017 IV. Organelles in plant-microbe interactions 1019 V. Inter-organellar communication in plant-microbe interactions 1022 VI. Conclusions and prospects 1023 Acknowledgements 1024 References 1024 SUMMARY: Plants have evolved a multilayered immune system with well-orchestrated defense strategies against pathogen attack. Multiple immune signaling pathways, coordinated by several subcellular compartments and interactions between these compartments, play important roles in a successful immune response. Pathogens use various strategies to either directly attack the plant's immune system or to indirectly manipulate the physiological status of the plant to inhibit an immune response. Microscopy-based approaches have allowed the direct visualization of membrane trafficking events, cytoskeleton reorganization, subcellular dynamics and inter-organellar communication during the immune response. Here, we discuss the contributions of organelles and the cytoskeleton to the plant's defense response against microbial pathogens, as well as the mechanisms used by pathogens to target these compartments to overcome the plant's defense barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunsook Park
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Alexander Nedo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Caplan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19711, USA
| | - Savithramma P Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology and The Genome Center, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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38
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Büttner D. Behind the lines-actions of bacterial type III effector proteins in plant cells. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 40:894-937. [PMID: 28201715 PMCID: PMC5091034 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenicity of most Gram-negative plant-pathogenic bacteria depends on the type III secretion (T3S) system, which translocates bacterial effector proteins into plant cells. Type III effectors modulate plant cellular pathways to the benefit of the pathogen and promote bacterial multiplication. One major virulence function of type III effectors is the suppression of plant innate immunity, which is triggered upon recognition of pathogen-derived molecular patterns by plant receptor proteins. Type III effectors also interfere with additional plant cellular processes including proteasome-dependent protein degradation, phytohormone signaling, the formation of the cytoskeleton, vesicle transport and gene expression. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular functions of type III effector proteins with known plant target molecules. Furthermore, plant defense strategies for the detection of effector protein activities or effector-triggered alterations in plant targets are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Büttner
- Genetics Department, Institute of Biology, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
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39
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Paez-Garcia A, Sparks JA, de Bang L, Blancaflor EB. Plant Actin Cytoskeleton: New Functions from Old Scaffold. PLANT CELL MONOGRAPHS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-69944-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Gu Y, Zavaliev R, Dong X. Membrane Trafficking in Plant Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:1026-1034. [PMID: 28698057 PMCID: PMC5673114 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants employ sophisticated mechanisms to interact with pathogenic as well as beneficial microbes. Of those, membrane trafficking is key in establishing a rapid and precise response. Upon interaction with pathogenic microbes, surface-localized immune receptors undergo endocytosis for signal transduction and activity regulation while cell wall components, antimicrobial compounds, and defense proteins are delivered to pathogen invasion sites through polarized secretion. To sustain mutualistic associations, host cells also reprogram the membrane trafficking system to accommodate invasive structures of symbiotic microbes. Here, we provide an analysis of recent advances in understanding the roles of secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking pathways in plant immune activation. We also discuss strategies deployed by adapted microbes to manipulate these pathways to subvert or inhibit plant defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangnan Gu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China; Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Raul Zavaliev
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xinnian Dong
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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41
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Yu X, Feng B, He P, Shan L. From Chaos to Harmony: Responses and Signaling upon Microbial Pattern Recognition. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2017; 55:109-137. [PMID: 28525309 PMCID: PMC6240913 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-080516-035649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen- or microbe-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) are detected as nonself by host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI). Microbial invasions often trigger the production of host-derived endogenous signals referred to as danger- or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which are also perceived by PRRs to modulate PTI responses. Collectively, PTI contributes to host defense against infections by a broad range of pathogens. Remarkable progress has been made toward demonstrating the cellular and physiological responses upon pattern recognition, elucidating the molecular, biochemical, and genetic mechanisms of PRR activation, and dissecting the complex signaling networks that orchestrate PTI responses. In this review, we present an update on the current understanding of how plants recognize and respond to nonself patterns, a process from which the seemingly chaotic responses form into a harmonic defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Yu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
| | - Baomin Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Ping He
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
| | - Libo Shan
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843;
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Overexpression of GhPFN2 enhances protection against Verticillium dahliae invasion in cotton. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2017; 60:861-867. [PMID: 28741129 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that actin cytoskeleton is involved in plant innate immune responses, but the functional mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the behavior of a cotton profilin gene (GhPFN2) in response to Verticillium dahliae invasion, and evaluated its contribution to plant defense against this soil-borne fungal pathogen. GhPFN2 expression was up-regulated when cotton root was inoculated with V. dahliae, and the actin architecture was reorganized in the infected root cells, with a clear increase in the density of filamentous actin and the extent of actin bundling. Compared to the wild type, GhPFN2-overexpressing cotton plants showed enhanced protection against V. dahliae infection and the actin cytoskeleton organization in root epidermal cells was clearly altered, which phenocopied that of the wild-type (WT) root cells challenged with V. dahliae. These results provide a solid line of evidence showing that actin cytoskeleton reorganization involving GhPFN2 is important for defense against V. dahliae infection.
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43
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Inada N. Plant actin depolymerizing factor: actin microfilament disassembly and more. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2017; 130:227-238. [PMID: 28044231 PMCID: PMC5897475 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-016-0899-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR (ADF) is a conserved protein among eukaryotes. The main function of ADF is the severing and depolymerizing filamentous actin (F-actin), thus regulating F-actin organization and dynamics and contributing to growth and development of the organisms. Mammalian genomes contain only a few ADF genes, whereas angiosperm plants have acquired an expanding number of ADFs, resulting in the differentiation of physiological functions. Recent studies have revealed functions of ADFs in plant growth and development, and various abiotic and biotic stress responses. In biotic stress responses, ADFs are involved in both susceptibility and resistance, depending on the pathogens. Furthermore, recent studies have highlighted a new role of ADF in the nucleus, possibly in the regulation of gene expression. In this review, I will summarize the current status of plant ADF research and discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma-shi, Nara, 630-0192, Japan.
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44
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Zhang B, Hua Y, Wang J, Huo Y, Shimono M, Day B, Ma Q. TaADF4, an actin-depolymerizing factor from wheat, is required for resistance to the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 89:1210-1224. [PMID: 27995685 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Actin filament assembly in plants is a dynamic process, requiring the activity of more than 75 actin-binding proteins. Central to the regulation of filament assembly and stability is the activity of a conserved family of actin-depolymerizing factors (ADFs), whose primarily function is to regulate the severing and depolymerization of actin filaments. In recent years, the activity of ADF proteins has been linked to a variety of cellular processes, including those associated with response to stress. Herein, a wheat ADF gene, TaADF4, was identified and characterized. TaADF4 encodes a 139-amino-acid protein containing five F-actin-binding sites and two G-actin-binding sites, and interacts with wheat (Triticum aestivum) Actin1 (TaACT1), in planta. Following treatment of wheat, separately, with jasmonic acid, abscisic acid or with the avirulent race, CYR23, of the stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we observed a rapid induction in accumulation of TaADF4 mRNA. Interestingly, accumulation of TaADF4 mRNA was diminished in response to inoculation with a virulent race, CYR31. Silencing of TaADF4 resulted in enhanced susceptibility to CYR23, demonstrating a role for TaADF4 in defense signaling. Using a pharmacological-based approach, coupled with an analysis of host response to pathogen infection, we observed that treatment of plants with the actin-modifying agent latrunculin B enhanced resistance to CYR23, including increased production of reactive oxygen species and enhancement of localized hypersensitive cell death. Taken together, these data support the hypothesis that TaADF4 positively modulates plant immunity in wheat via the modulation of actin cytoskeletal organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Yuan Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Juan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Masaki Shimono
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Qing Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Quantitative Evaluation of Plant Actin Cytoskeletal Organization During Immune Signaling. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1578:207-221. [PMID: 28220427 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6859-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
High spatial and temporal resolution microscopy-based methods are valuable tools for the precise real-time imaging of changes in cellular organization in response to stimulus perception. Here, we describe a quantitative method for the evaluation of the plant actin cytoskeleton during immune stimulus perception and the activation of defense signaling. As a measure of the biotic stress-induced changes in actin filament organization, we present methods for analyzing changes in actin filament organization following elicitation of pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity. Using these methods, it is possible to not only quantitatively evaluate changes in actin cytoskeletal organization following biotic stress perception, but to also use these protocols to assess changes in actin filament organization following perception of a wide range of stimuli, including abiotic and developmental cues. As described herein, we present an example application of this method, designed to evaluate changes in actin cytoskeletal organization following pathogen perception and immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Inada
- The Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology
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Khatun K, Robin AHK, Park JI, Ahmed NU, Kim CK, Lim KB, Kim MB, Lee DJ, Nou IS, Chung MY. Genome-wide identification, characterization and expression profiling of LIM family genes in Solanum lycopersicum L. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2016; 108:177-190. [PMID: 27439220 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
LIM domain proteins, some of which have been shown to be actin binding proteins, are involved in various developmental activities and cellular processes in plants. To date, the molecular defense-related functions of LIM family genes have not been investigated in any solanaceous vegetable crop species. In this study, we identified 15 LIM family genes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through genome-wide analysis and performed expression profiling in different organs of tomato, including fruits at six different developmental stages. We also performed expression profiling of selected tomato LIM genes in plants under ABA, drought, cold, NaCl and heat stress treatment. The encoded proteins of the 15 tomato LIM genes were classified into two main groups, i.e., proteins similar to cysteine-rich proteins and plant-specific DAR proteins, based on differences in functional domains and variability in their C-terminal regions. The DAR proteins contain a so far poorly characterized zinc-finger-like motif that we propose to call DAR-ZF. Six of the 15 LIM genes were expressed only in flowers, indicating that they play flower-specific roles in plants. The other nine genes were expressed in all organs and at various stages of fruit development. SlβLIM1b was expressed relatively highly at the later stage of fruit development, but three other genes, SlWLIM2a, SlDAR2 and SlDAR4, were expressed at the early stage of fruit development. Seven genes were induced by ABA, five by cold, seven by drought, eight by NaCl and seven by heat treatment respectively, indicating their possible roles in abiotic stress tolerance. Our results will be useful for functional analysis of LIM genes during fruit development in tomato plants under different abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadiza Khatun
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Arif Hasan Khan Robin
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong-In Park
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nasar Uddin Ahmed
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, Bangladesh.
| | - Chang Kil Kim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ki-Byung Lim
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Min-Bae Kim
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do-Jin Lee
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ill Sup Nou
- Department of Horticulture, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Young Chung
- Department of Agricultural Industry Economy and Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea; Department of Agricultural Education, Sunchon National University, 413 Jungangno, Suncheon, Jeonnam, 540-950, Republic of Korea.
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Kang JH, Campos ML, Zemelis-Durfee S, Al-Haddad JM, Jones AD, Telewski FW, Brandizzi F, Howe GA. Molecular cloning of the tomato Hairless gene implicates actin dynamics in trichome-mediated defense and mechanical properties of stem tissue. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:5313-5324. [PMID: 27481446 PMCID: PMC5049383 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichomes are epidermal structures that provide a first line of defense against arthropod herbivores. The recessive hairless (hl) mutation in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) causes severe distortion of trichomes on all aerial tissues, impairs the accumulation of sesquiterpene and polyphenolic compounds in glandular trichomes, and compromises resistance to the specialist herbivore Manduca sexta Here, we demonstrate that the tomato Hl gene encodes a subunit (SRA1) of the highly conserved WAVE regulatory complex that controls nucleation of actin filaments in a wide range of eukaryotic cells. The tomato SRA1 gene spans a 42-kb region containing both Solyc11g013280 and Solyc11g013290 The hl mutation corresponds to a complex 3-kb deletion that removes the last exon of the gene. Expression of a wild-type SRA1 cDNA in the hl mutant background restored normal trichome development, accumulation of glandular trichome-derived metabolites, and resistance to insect herbivory. These findings establish a role for SRA1 in the development of tomato trichomes and also implicate the actin-cytoskeleton network in cytosolic control of specialized metabolism for plant defense. We also show that the brittleness of hl mutant stems is associated with altered mechanical and cell morphological properties of stem tissue, and demonstrate that this defect is directly linked to the mutation in SRA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ho Kang
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Crop Biotechnology Institute/GreenBio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcelo L Campos
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Starla Zemelis-Durfee
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jameel M Al-Haddad
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Frank W Telewski
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Gregg A Howe
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Contributions of host cellular trafficking and organization to the outcomes of plant-pathogen interactions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:163-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Shimono M, Higaki T, Kaku H, Shibuya N, Hasezawa S, Day B. Quantitative Evaluation of Stomatal Cytoskeletal Patterns during the Activation of Immune Signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159291. [PMID: 27415815 PMCID: PMC4944930 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Historically viewed as primarily functioning in the regulation of gas and water vapor exchange, it is now evident that stomata serve an important role in plant immunity. Indeed, in addition to classically defined functions related to cell architecture and movement, the actin cytoskeleton has emerged as a central component of the plant immune system, underpinning not only processes related to cell shape and movement, but also receptor activation and signaling. Using high resolution quantitative imaging techniques, the temporal and spatial changes in the actin microfilament array during diurnal cycling of stomatal guard cells has revealed a highly orchestrated transition from random arrays to ordered bundled filaments. While recent studies have demonstrated that plant stomata close in response to pathogen infection, an evaluation of stimulus-induced changes in actin cytoskeletal dynamics during immune activation in the guard cell, as well as the relationship of these changes to the function of the actin cytoskeleton and stomatal aperture, remains undefined. In the current study, we employed quantitative cell imaging and hierarchical clustering analyses to define the response of the guard cell actin cytoskeleton to pathogen infection and the elicitation of immune signaling. Using this approach, we demonstrate that stomatal-localized actin filaments respond rapidly, and specifically, to both bacterial phytopathogens and purified pathogen elicitors. Notably, we demonstrate that higher order temporal and spatial changes in the filament array show distinct patterns of organization during immune activation, and that changes in the naïve diurnal oscillations of guard cell actin filaments are perturbed by pathogens, and that these changes parallel pathogen-induced stomatal gating. The data presented herein demonstrate the application of a highly tractable and quantifiable method to assign transitions in actin filament organization to the activation of immune signaling in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimono
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, 1066 Bogue Street A286, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277–8562, Japan
| | - Hanae Kaku
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki, 214–8571, Japan
| | - Naoto Shibuya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-Ku, Kawasaki, 214–8571, Japan
| | - Seiichiro Hasezawa
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277–8562, Japan
| | - Brad Day
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, 1066 Bogue Street A286, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Genetics, 2240E Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, 2240A Biomedical Physical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, United States of America
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