1
|
May JP. Plant viruses and biomolecular condensates: novel perspectives in virus replication strategies. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1636-1638. [PMID: 38655603 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This article is a Commentary on Lin & Nagy (2024), 243: 1917–1935.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared P May
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri-Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie J, Fei X, Yan Q, Jiang T, Li Z, Chen H, Wang B, Chao Q, He Y, Fan Z, Wang L, Wang M, Shi L, Zhou T. The C4 photosynthesis bifunctional enzymes, PDRPs, of maize are co-opted to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes to promote infection of a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:1812-1832. [PMID: 38339894 PMCID: PMC11182595 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
In maize, two pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) regulatory proteins, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2, are respectively specific to the chloroplast of mesophyll cells (MCs) and bundle sheath cells (BSCs). Functionally, ZmPDRP1/2 catalyse both phosphorylation/inactivation and dephosphorylation/activation of ZmPPDK, which is implicated as a major rate-limiting enzyme in C4 photosynthesis of maize. Our study here showed that maize plants lacking ZmPDRP1 or silencing of ZmPDRP1/2 confer resistance to a prevalent potyvirus sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV). We verified that the C-terminal domain (CTD) of ZmPDRP1 plays a key role in promoting viral infection while independent of enzyme activity. Intriguingly, ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 re-localize to cytoplasmic viral replication complexes (VRCs) following SCMV infection. We identified that SCMV-encoded cytoplasmic inclusions protein CI targets directly ZmPDRP1 or ZmPDRP2 or their CTDs, leading to their re-localization to cytoplasmic VRCs. Moreover, we found that CI could be degraded by the 26S proteasome system, while ZmPDRP1 and ZmPDRP2 could up-regulate the accumulation level of CI through their CTDs by a yet unknown mechanism. Most importantly, with genetic, cell biological and biochemical approaches, we provide evidence that BSCs-specific ZmPDRP2 could accumulate in MCs of Zmpdrp1 knockout (KO) lines, revealing a unique regulatory mechanism crossing different cell types to maintain balanced ZmPPDK phosphorylation, thereby to keep maize normal growth. Together, our findings uncover the genetic link of the two cell-specific maize PDRPs, both of which are co-opted to VRCs to promote viral protein accumulation for robust virus infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Fei
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Baichen Wang
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Qing Chao
- Key Laboratory of PhotobiologyInstitute of Botany, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yueqiu He
- College of AgronomyYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Lijin Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Meng Wang
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Liang Shi
- Longping Agriculture Science Co. Ltd.BeijingChina
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Maize Bio‐breeding and Department of Plant PathologyChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Wang A. Monitoring the Intracellular Trafficking of Virus-Induced Structures and Intercellular Spread of Viral Infection in Plants Using Endomembrane Trafficking Pathway-Specific Chemical Inhibitor and Organelle-Selective Fluorescence Dye. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2724:127-137. [PMID: 37987903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3485-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Infection by positive-strand RNA viruses induces extensive remodeling of the host endomembrane system in favor of viral replication and movement. The integral membrane protein 6K2 of potyviruses induces the formation of membranous virus replication vesicles at the endoplasmic reticulum exit site (ERES). The intracellular trafficking of 6K2-induced vesicles along with microfilaments requires the vesicular transport pathway, actomyosin motility system, and possibly post-Golgi compartments such as endosomes as well. Recent studies have shown that endocytosis is essential for the intracellular movement of potyviruses from the site of viral genome replication/assembly site to plasmodesmata (PD) to enter neighboring cells. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol of how to use endomembrane trafficking pathway-specific chemical inhibitors and organelle-selective fluorescence dye to study the trafficking of potyviral proteins and potyvirus-induced vesicles and to unravel the role of endocytosis and the endocytic pathway in potyvirus infection in Nicotiana benthamiana plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Jia Z, Chen J, Yan F, Wu G. Co-immunoprecipitation-Based Isolation of Double-Stranded RNA-Associated Protein Complexes in Nicotiana benthamiana. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2771:91-98. [PMID: 38285395 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3702-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is associated with most viral infections, and is generated in host cells during viral replication. Viral RNA replication occurs within the viral factories called the viral replication complexes (VRCs). In addition to viral genome, viral-derived dsRNA and replicase, the VRCs composition remains largely unexplored. The dsRNA binding domain of the B2 protein from Flock house virus has been reported to be used for detecting viral-derived long dsRNA in plants efficiently. Nicotiana benthamiana is widely used as a model plant for plant-microbe interactions owing to its susceptibility to diverse plant diseases, especially viral diseases. Here, we describe the use of Nicotiana benthamiana stably expressing GFP-tagged dsRNA binding protein (B2: GFP) to pull down dsRNA and associated host and viral proteins from turnip mosaic virus-infected plants. The obtained protein complexes are compatible with functional assays, Western blotting, and mass spectrometry. This system provides a valuable and robust tool to study VRC proteome in N. benthamiana upon plant viral infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxing Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Fang X, Chen J, Yan F, Wu G. Subcellular Colocalization Assay of Host Factors with Viral Replication Complex in the dsRNA Reporter Nicotiana benthamiana. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2771:39-45. [PMID: 38285389 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3702-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
As obligate pathogens, plant viruses co-opt several host factors for viral replication. Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) plays important roles in plants, including eliciting innate immune responses and RNA interference. dsRNA also represents the genetic entities of a number of viruses and is a marker of infection by positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses. Previous detection methods for RNA viruses basically relied on immunological methods, but later researchers discovered that the dsRNA-binding domain of the Flock house virus B2 protein is a perfect alternative to the J2 mAb for sensitive and rapid detection of long dsRNA in vitro and in vivo, and developed B2:GFP transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana line. This method describes in detail how to visualize host factors in the viral replication complex in time and space with the help of B2:GFP transgenic plants, exemplified by Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a representative virus member of the Potyviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Fang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianping Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| | - Guanwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Virology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ambrosone A, Barbulova A, Cappetta E, Cillo F, De Palma M, Ruocco M, Pocsfalvi G. Plant Extracellular Vesicles: Current Landscape and Future Directions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4141. [PMID: 38140468 PMCID: PMC10747359 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Plant cells secrete membrane-enclosed micrometer- and nanometer-sized vesicles that, similarly to the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by mammalian or bacterial cells, carry a complex molecular cargo of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and primary and secondary metabolites. While it is technically complicated to isolate EVs from whole plants or their tissues, in vitro plant cell cultures provide excellent model systems for their study. Plant EVs have been isolated from the conditioned culture media of plant cell, pollen, hairy root, and protoplast cultures, and recent studies have gathered important structural and biological data that provide a framework to decipher their physiological roles and unveil previously unacknowledged links to their diverse biological functions. The primary function of plant EVs seems to be in the secretion that underlies cell growth and morphogenesis, cell wall composition, and cell-cell communication processes. Besides their physiological functions, plant EVs may participate in defence mechanisms against different plant pathogens, including fungi, viruses, and bacteria. Whereas edible and medicinal-plant-derived nanovesicles isolated from homogenised plant materials ex vivo are widely studied and exploited, today, plant EV research is still in its infancy. This review, for the first time, highlights the different in vitro sources that have been used to isolate plant EVs, together with the structural and biological studies that investigate the molecular cargo, and pinpoints the possible role of plant EVs as mediators in plant-pathogen interactions, which may contribute to opening up new scenarios for agricultural applications, biotechnology, and innovative strategies for plant disease management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Ambrosone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Ani Barbulova
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division (R.D.) Naples, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| | - Elisa Cappetta
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Italy; (A.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Fabrizio Cillo
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Research Division (R.D.) Bari, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
| | - Monica De Palma
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division (R.D.) Portici, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Research Division (R.D.) Portici, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Gabriella Pocsfalvi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources (IBBR), Research Division (R.D.) Naples, National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80131 Naples, Italy;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
He M, Li Z, Xie X. The Roles of N6-Methyladenosine Modification in Plant-RNA Virus Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15608. [PMID: 37958594 PMCID: PMC10649972 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a dynamic post-transcriptional RNA modification. Recently, its role in viruses has led to the study of viral epitranscriptomics. m6A has been observed in viral genomes and alters the transcriptomes of both the host cell and virus during infection. The effects of m6A modifications on host plant mRNA can either increase the likelihood of viral infection or enhance the resistance of the host to the virus. However, to date, the regulatory mechanisms of m6A in viral infection and host immune responses have not been fully elucidated. With the development of sequencing-based biotechnologies, the study of m6A in plant viruses has received increasing attention. In this mini review, we summarize the positive and negative consequences of m6A modification in different RNA viral infections. Given its increasingly important roles in multiple viruses, m6A represents a new potential target for antiviral defense.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Xin Xie
- Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jovanović I, Frantová N, Zouhar J. A sword or a buffet: plant endomembrane system in viral infections. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1226498. [PMID: 37636115 PMCID: PMC10453817 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1226498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The plant endomembrane system is an elaborate collection of membrane-bound compartments that perform distinct tasks in plant growth and development, and in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Most plant viruses are positive-strand RNA viruses that remodel the host endomembrane system to establish intricate replication compartments. Their fundamental role is to create optimal conditions for viral replication, and to protect replication complexes and the cell-to-cell movement machinery from host defenses. In addition to the intracellular antiviral defense, represented mainly by RNA interference and effector-triggered immunity, recent findings indicate that plant antiviral immunity also includes membrane-localized receptor-like kinases that detect viral molecular patterns and trigger immune responses, which are similar to those observed for bacterial and fungal pathogens. Another recently identified part of plant antiviral defenses is executed by selective autophagy that mediates a specific degradation of viral proteins, resulting in an infection arrest. In a perpetual tug-of-war, certain host autophagy components may be exploited by viral proteins to support or protect an effective viral replication. In this review, we present recent advances in the understanding of the molecular interplay between viral components and plant endomembrane-associated pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Jovanović
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Nicole Frantová
- Department of Crop Science, Breeding and Plant Medicine, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| | - Jan Zouhar
- Central European Institute of Technology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nunna H, Qu F, Tatineni S. P3 and NIa-Pro of Turnip Mosaic Virus Are Independent Elicitors of Superinfection Exclusion. Viruses 2023; 15:1459. [PMID: 37515147 PMCID: PMC10383533 DOI: 10.3390/v15071459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Superinfection exclusion (SIE) is an antagonistic interaction between identical or closely related viruses in host cells. Previous studies by us and others led to the hypothesis that SIE was elicited by one or more proteins encoded in the genomes of primary viruses. Here, we tested this hypothesis using Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae, with significant economic consequences. To this end, individual TuMV-encoded proteins were transiently expressed in the cells of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, followed by challenging them with a modified TuMV expressing the green fluorescent protein (TuMV-GFP). Three days after TuMV-GFP delivery, these cells were examined for the replication-dependent expression of GFP. Cells expressing TuMV P1, HC-Pro, 6K1, CI, 6K2, NIa-VPg, NIb, or CP proteins permitted an efficient expression of GFP, suggesting that these proteins failed to block the replication of a superinfecting TuMV-GFP. By contrast, N. benthamiana cells expressing TuMV P3 or NIa-Pro did not express visible GFP fluorescence, suggesting that both of them could elicit potent SIE against TuMV-GFP. The SIE elicitor activity of P3 and NIa-Pro was further confirmed by their heterologous expression from a different potyvirus, potato virus A (PVA). Plants systemically infected with PVA variants expressing TuMV P3 or NIa-Pro blocked subsequent infection by TuMV-GFP. A +1-frameshift mutation in P3 and NIa-Pro cistrons facilitated superinfection by TuMV-GFP, suggesting that the P3 and NIa-Pro proteins, but not the RNA, are involved in SIE activity. Additionally, deletion mutagenesis identified P3 amino acids 3 to 200 of 352 and NIa-Pro amino acids 3 to 40 and 181 to 242 of 242 as essential for SIE elicitation. Collectively, our study demonstrates that TuMV encodes two spatially separated proteins that act independently to exert SIE on superinfecting TuMV. These results lay the foundation for further mechanistic interrogations of SIE in this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haritha Nunna
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| | - Feng Qu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Satyanarayana Tatineni
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68503, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gaši E, Radić T, Čarija M, Gambino G, Balestrini R, Hančević K. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Induce Changes of Photosynthesis-Related Parameters in Virus Infected Grapevine. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12091783. [PMID: 37176841 PMCID: PMC10180532 DOI: 10.3390/plants12091783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The negative effects of viruses and the positive effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on grapevine performance are well reported, in contrast to the knowledge about their interactive effects in perennial plants, e.g., in grapevine. To elucidate the physiological consequences of grapevine-AMF-virus interactions, two different AMF inoculum (Rhizophagus irregularis and 'Mix AMF') were used on grapevine infected with grapevine rupestris stem pitting virus, grapevine leafroll associated virus 3 and/or grapevine pinot gris virus. Net photosynthesis rate (AN), leaf transpiration (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and conductance to H2O (gs) were measured at three time points during one growing season. Furthermore, quantum efficiency in light (ΦPSII) and electron transport rate (ETR) were surveyed in leaves of different maturity, old (basal), mature (middle) and young (apical) leaf. Lastly, pigment concentration and growth parameters were analysed. Virus induced changes in grapevine were minimal in this early infection stage. However, the AMF induced changes of grapevine facing biotic stress were most evident in higher net photosynthesis rate, conductance to H2O, chlorophyll a concentration, total carotenoid concentration and dry matter content. The AMF presence in the grapevine roots seem to prevail over virus infection, with Rhizophagus irregularis inducing greater photosynthesis changes in solitary form rather than mixture. This study shows that AMF can be beneficial for grapevine facing viral infection, in the context of functional physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Gaši
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Radić
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Mate Čarija
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Giorgio Gambino
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (IPSP-CNR), Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - Katarina Hančević
- Institute for Adriatic Crops and Karst Reclamation, Put Duilova 11, 21000 Split, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
He R, Li Y, Bernards MA, Wang A. Manipulation of the Cellular Membrane-Cytoskeleton Network for RNA Virus Replication and Movement in Plants. Viruses 2023; 15:744. [PMID: 36992453 PMCID: PMC10056259 DOI: 10.3390/v15030744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses infect all cellular life forms and cause various diseases and significant economic losses worldwide. The majority of viruses are positive-sense RNA viruses. A common feature of infection by diverse RNA viruses is to induce the formation of altered membrane structures in infected host cells. Indeed, upon entry into host cells, plant-infecting RNA viruses target preferred organelles of the cellular endomembrane system and remodel organellar membranes to form organelle-like structures for virus genome replication, termed as the viral replication organelle (VRO) or the viral replication complex (VRC). Different viruses may recruit different host factors for membrane modifications. These membrane-enclosed virus-induced replication factories provide an optimum, protective microenvironment to concentrate viral and host components for robust viral replication. Although different viruses prefer specific organelles to build VROs, at least some of them have the ability to exploit alternative organellar membranes for replication. Besides being responsible for viral replication, VROs of some viruses can be mobile to reach plasmodesmata (PD) via the endomembrane system, as well as the cytoskeleton machinery. Viral movement protein (MP) and/or MP-associated viral movement complexes also exploit the endomembrane-cytoskeleton network for trafficking to PD where progeny viruses pass through the cell-wall barrier to enter neighboring cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong He
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford St., London, ON N5V 4T3, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, 1151 Richmond St. N., London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Prakash V, Nihranz CT, Casteel CL. The Potyviral Protein 6K2 from Turnip Mosaic Virus Increases Plant Resilience to Drought. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:189-197. [PMID: 36534062 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0183-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Virus infection can increase drought tolerance of infected plants compared with noninfected plants; however, the mechanisms mediating virus-induced drought tolerance remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) infection increases Arabidopsis thaliana survival under drought compared with uninfected plants. To determine if specific TuMV proteins mediate drought tolerance, we cloned the coding sequence for each of the major viral proteins and generated transgenic A. thaliana that constitutively express each protein. Three TuMV proteins, 6K1, 6K2, and NIa-Pro, enhanced drought tolerance of A. thaliana when expressed constitutively in plants compared with controls. While in the control plant, transcripts related to abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and ABA levels were induced under drought, there were no changes in ABA or related transcripts in plants expressing 6K2 under drought compared with well-watered conditions. Expression of 6K2 also conveyed drought tolerance in another host plant, Nicotiana benthamiana, when expressed using a virus overexpression construct. In contrast to ABA, 6K2 expression enhanced salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in both Arabidopsis and N. benthamiana. These results suggest 6K2-induced drought tolerance is mediated through increased SA levels and SA-dependent induction of plant secondary metabolites, osmolytes, and antioxidants that convey drought tolerance. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ved Prakash
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Chad T Nihranz
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| | - Clare L Casteel
- Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Guo J, Wang G, Xie L, Wang X, Feng L, Guo W, Tao X, Humbel BM, Zhang Z, Hong J. Three-dimensional analysis of membrane structures associated with tomato spotted wilt virus infection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2023; 46:650-664. [PMID: 36482792 PMCID: PMC10107360 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To study viral infection, the direct structural visualization of the viral life cycle consisting of virus attachment, entry, replication, assembly and transport is essential. Although conventional electron microscopy (EM) has been extremely helpful in the investigation of virus-host cell interactions, three-dimensional (3D) EM not only provides important information at the nanometer resolution, but can also create 3D maps of large volumes, even entire virus-infected cells. Here, we determined the ultrastructural details of tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV)-infected plant cells using focused ion beam scanning EM (FIB-SEM). The viral morphogenesis and dynamic transformation of paired parallel membranes (PPMs) were analyzed. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane network consisting of tubules and sheets was related to viral intracellular trafficking and virion storage. Abundant lipid-like bodies, clustering mitochondria, cell membrane tubules, and myelin-like bodies were likely associated with viral infection. Additionally, connecting structures between neighboring cells were found only in infected plant tissues and showed the characteristics of tubular structure. These novel connections that formed continuously in the cell wall or were wrapped by the cell membranes of neighboring cells appeared frequently in the large-scale 3D model, suggesting additional strategies for viral trafficking that were difficult to distinguish using conventional EM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Guo
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Guan Wang
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Li Xie
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xinqiu Wang
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Lingchong Feng
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Wangbiao Guo
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Bruno M. Humbel
- Center of Cryo‐Electron MicroscopyZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Imaging, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST)OkinawaJapan
| | - Zhongkai Zhang
- Yunnan Provincial Key Laboratory of Agri‐Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology and Genetic ResourcesYunnan Academy of Agricultural SciencesKunmingChina
| | - Jian Hong
- Center of Analysis and MeasurementZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ershova N, Sheshukova E, Kamarova K, Arifulin E, Tashlitsky V, Serebryakova M, Komarova T. Nicotiana benthamiana Kunitz peptidase inhibitor-like protein involved in chloroplast-to-nucleus regulatory pathway in plant-virus interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1041867. [PMID: 36438111 PMCID: PMC9685412 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant viruses use a variety of strategies to infect their host. During infection, viruses cause symptoms of varying severity, which are often associated with altered leaf pigmentation due to structural and functional damage to chloroplasts that are affected by viral proteins. Here we demonstrate that Nicotiana benthamiana Kunitz peptidase inhibitor-like protein (KPILP) gene is induced in response to potato virus X (PVX) infection. Using reverse genetic approach, we have demonstrated that KPILP downregulates expression of LHCB1 and LHCB2 genes of antenna light-harvesting complex proteins, HEMA1 gene encoding glutamyl-tRNA reductase, which participates in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, and RBCS1A gene encoding RuBisCO small subunit isoform involved in the antiviral immune response. Thus, KPILP is a regulator of chloroplast retrograde signaling system during developing PVX infection. Moreover, KPILP was demonstrated to affect carbon partitioning: reduced glucose levels during PVX infection were associated with KPILP upregulation. Another KPILP function is associated with plasmodesmata permeability control. Its ability to stimulate intercellular transport of reporter 2xGFP molecules indicates that KPILP is a positive plasmodesmata regulator. Moreover, natural KPILP glycosylation is indispensable for manifestation of this function. During PVX infection KPILP increased expression leads to the reduction of plasmodesmata callose deposition. These results could indicate that KPILP affects plasmodesmata permeability via callose-dependent mechanism. Thus, virus entering a cell and starting reproduction triggers KPILP expression, which leads to downregulation of nuclear-encoded chloroplast genes associated with retrograde signaling, reduction in photoassimilates accumulation and increase in intercellular transport, creating favorable conditions for reproduction and spread of viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Ershova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sheshukova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Kamila Kamarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenii Arifulin
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vadim Tashlitsky
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Komarova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nagy PD. Co-opted membranes, lipids, and host proteins: what have we learned from tombusviruses? Curr Opin Virol 2022; 56:101258. [PMID: 36166851 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2022.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses replicate in intracellular membranous structures formed after virus-driven intensive manipulation of subcellular organelles and membranes. These unique structures are called viral-replication organelles (VROs). To build VROs, the replication proteins coded by (+)RNA viruses co-opt host proteins, including membrane-shaping, lipid synthesis, and lipid-modification enzymes to create an optimal microenvironment that (i) concentrates the viral replicase and associated host proteins and the viral RNAs; (ii) regulates enzymatic activities and spatiotemporally the replication process; and (iii) protects the viral RNAs from recognition and degradation by the host innate immune defense. Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a plant (+)RNA virus, serves as an advanced model to study the interplay among viral components, co-opted host proteins, lipids, and membranes. This review presents our current understanding of the complex interaction between TBSV and host with panviral implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang Y, Chen I, Kao Y, Hsu Y, Tsai C. The gibberellic acid derived from the plastidial MEP pathway is involved in the accumulation of Bamboo mosaic virus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:1543-1557. [PMID: 35524450 PMCID: PMC9543464 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A gene upregulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection was revealed as 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase (NbDXR). DXR is the key enzyme in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway that catalyzes the conversion of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate to 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate. Knockdown and overexpression of NbDXR followed by BaMV inoculation revealed that NbDXR is involved in BaMV accumulation. Treating leaves with fosmidomycin, an inhibitor of DXR function, reduced BaMV accumulation. Subcellular localization confirmed that DXR is a chloroplast-localized protein by confocal microscopy. Furthermore, knockdown of 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-(E)-butenyl-4-diphosphate reductase, one of the enzymes in the MEP pathway, also reduced BaMV accumulation. The accumulation of BaMV increased significantly in protoplasts treated with isopentenyl pyrophosphate. Thus, the metabolites of the MEP pathway could be involved in BaMV infection. To identify the critical components involved in BaMV accumulation, we knocked down the crucial enzyme of isoprenoid synthesis, NbGGPPS11 or NbGGPPS2. Only NbGGPPS2 was involved in BaMV infection. The geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) synthesized by NbGGPPS2 is known for gibberellin synthesis. We confirmed this result by supplying gibberellic acid exogenously on leaves, which increased BaMV accumulation. The de novo synthesis of gibberellic acid could assist BaMV accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying‐Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - I‐Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Shun Kao
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Yau‐Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| | - Ching‐Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichung402Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Agaoua A, Rittener V, Troadec C, Desbiez C, Bendahmane A, Moquet F, Dogimont C. A single substitution in Vacuolar protein sorting 4 is responsible for resistance to Watermelon mosaic virus in melon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4008-4021. [PMID: 35394500 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, introgression of genetic resistance is a proven strategy for developing new resistant lines. While host proteins involved in genome replication and cell to cell movement are widely studied, other cell mechanisms responsible for virus infection remain under investigated. Endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) play a key role in membrane trafficking in plants and are involved in the replication of several plant RNA viruses. In this work, we describe the role of the ESCRT protein CmVPS4 as a new susceptibility factor to the Potyvirus Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) in melon. Using a worldwide collection of melons, we identified three different alleles carrying non-synonymous substitutions in CmVps4. Two of these alleles were shown to be associated with WMV resistance. Using a complementation approach, we demonstrated that resistance is due to a single non-synonymous substitution in the allele CmVps4P30R. This work opens up new avenues of research on a new family of host factors required for virus infection and new targets for resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Agaoua
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Vincent Rittener
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
| | - Christelle Troadec
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Dogimont
- Genetics and Breeding of Fruit and Vegetables (GAFL-INRAE), 84000 Avignon, France
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang D, Tang J, Wei K, Jia S, Jiang Y, Cai H, Mao P, Li M. Physiological and Molecular Responses of Zoysia japonica to Rust Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084185. [PMID: 35457004 PMCID: PMC9026483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica) is a popular turfgrass species and is widely used for sport turf and urban landscape. Zoysiagrass is often infected by Puccinia zoysiae, which causes a loss in turf quality. The physiological and molecular mechanisms of rust resistance are poorly understood in this species. In this study, the rust-resistant and susceptible lines of zoysiagrass were inoculated with P. zoysiae, and alterations of leaf cell structure, physiological indicators and transcriptomic response were investigated at the various stages of inoculation. After inoculation, the cell membranes, nucleus, mitochondria, and chloroplast were all impaired, followed by abnormal physiological metabolism. The damage occurred earlier and more severely in the susceptible line. Changes in electrolyte leakage and chlorophyll content varied with the genotype and the inoculation stages. The transcriptome analysis showed that plant hormones, MAPK signal transduction pathway, photosynthesis and energy generation pathways were significantly enriched in the early response, in both the resistant and susceptible lines. The results provided insights into the physiological and molecular mechanisms of rust disease resistance and would benefit the breeding of rust-resistant varieties in zoysiagrass and related turfgrass species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Jun Tang
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Kai Wei
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Shangang Jia
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Yiwei Jiang
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Hongwei Cai
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Peisheng Mao
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
| | - Manli Li
- College of Grassland Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (D.Z.); (J.T.); (K.W.); (S.J.); (H.C.); (P.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen I, Chen X, Chiu G, Huang Y, Hsu Y, Tsai C. The function of chloroplast ferredoxin-NADP + oxidoreductase positively regulates the accumulation of bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:503-515. [PMID: 34918877 PMCID: PMC8916203 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A gene down-regulated in Nicotiana benthamiana after bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV) infection had high identity to the nuclear-encoded chloroplast ferredoxin NADP+ oxidoreductase gene (NbFNR). NbFNR is a flavoenzyme involved in the photosynthesis electron transport chain, catalysing the conversion of NADP+ into NADPH. To investigate whether NbFNR is involved in BaMV infection, we used virus-induced gene silencing to reduce the expression of NbFNR in leaves and protoplasts. After BaMV inoculation, the accumulation of BaMV coat protein and RNA was significantly reduced. The transient expression of NbFNR fused with orange fluorescent protein (OFP) localized in the chloroplasts and elevated the level of BaMV coat protein. These results suggest that NbFNR could play a positive role in regulating BaMV accumulation. Expressing a mutant that failed to translocate to the chloroplast did not assist in BaMV accumulation. Another mutant with a catalytic site mutation could support BaMV accumulation to some extent, but accumulation was significantly lower than that of the wild type. In an in vitro replication assay, the replicase complex with FNR inhibitor, heparin, the RdRp activity was reduced. Furthermore, BaMV replicase was revealed to interact with NbFNR in yeast two-hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Overall, these results suggest that NbFNR localized in the chloroplast with functional activity could efficiently assist BaMV accumulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I‐Hsuan Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Xiang‐Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Guan‐Zhi Chiu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ying‐Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Yau‐Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| | - Ching‐Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of BiotechnologyNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
- Advaced Plant Biotechnology CenterNational Chung Hsing UniversityTaichungTaiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Transcriptome and Small RNA Profiling of Potato Virus Y Infected Potato Cultivars, Including Systemically Infected Russet Burbank. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030523. [PMID: 35336930 PMCID: PMC8952017 DOI: 10.3390/v14030523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Potatoes are the world’s most produced non-grain crops and an important food source for billions of people. Potatoes are susceptible to numerous pathogens that reduce yield, including Potato virus Y (PVY). Genetic resistance to PVY is a sustainable way to limit yield and quality losses due to PVY infection. Potato cultivars vary in their susceptibility to PVY and include susceptible varieties such as Russet Burbank, and resistant varieties such as Payette Russet. Although the loci and genes associated with PVY-resistance have been identified, the genes and mechanisms involved in limiting PVY during the development of systemic infections have yet to be fully elucidated. To increase our understanding of PVY infection, potato antiviral responses, and resistance, we utilized RNA sequencing to characterize the transcriptomes of two potato cultivars. Since transcriptional responses associated with the extreme resistance response occur soon after PVY contact, we analyzed the transcriptome and small RNA profile of both the PVY-resistant Payette Russet cultivar and PVY-susceptible Russet Burbank cultivar 24 h post-inoculation. While hundreds of genes, including terpene synthase and protein kinase encoding genes, exhibited increased expression, the majority, including numerous genes involved in plant pathogen interactions, were downregulated. To gain greater understanding of the transcriptional changes that occur during the development of systemic PVY-infection, we analyzed Russet Burbank leaf samples one week and four weeks post-inoculation and identified similarities and differences, including higher expression of genes involved in chloroplast function, photosynthesis, and secondary metabolite production, and lower expression of defense response genes at those time points. Small RNA sequencing identified different populations of 21- and 24-nucleotide RNAs and revealed that the miRNA profiles in PVY-infected Russet Burbank plants were similar to those observed in other PVY-tolerant cultivars and that during systemic infection ~32% of the NLR-type disease resistance genes were targeted by 21-nt small RNAs. Analysis of alternative splicing in PVY-infected potato plants identified splice variants of several hundred genes, including isoforms that were more dominant in PVY-infected plants. The description of the PVYN-Wi-associated transcriptome and small RNA profiles of two potato cultivars described herein adds to the body of knowledge regarding differential outcomes of infection for specific PVY strain and host cultivar pairs, which will help further understanding of the mechanisms governing genetic resistance and/or virus-limiting responses in potato plants.
Collapse
|
21
|
Takata S, Mise K, Takano Y, Kaido M. Subcellular dynamics of red clover necrotic mosaic virus double-stranded RNAs in infected plant cells. Virology 2022; 568:126-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
22
|
Altabella T, Ramirez-Estrada K, Ferrer A. Phytosterol metabolism in plant positive-strand RNA virus replication. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:281-291. [PMID: 34665312 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02799-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The genome of most plant viruses consists of a single positive-strand of RNA (+ ssRNA). Successful replication of these viruses is fully dependent on the endomembrane system of the infected cells, which experiences a massive proliferation and a profound reshaping that enables assembly of the macromolecular complexes where virus genome replication occurs. Assembly of these viral replicase complexes (VRCs) requires a highly orchestrated interplay of multiple virus and co-opted host cell factors to create an optimal microenvironment for efficient assembly and functioning of the virus genome replication machinery. It is now widely accepted that VRC formation involves the recruitment of high levels of sterols, but the specific role of these essential components of cell membranes and the precise molecular mechanisms underlying sterol enrichment at VRCs are still poorly known. In this review, we intend to summarize the most relevant knowledge on the role of sterols in ( +)ssRNA virus replication and discuss the potential of manipulating the plant sterol pathway to help plants fight these infectious agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Altabella
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biology, Healthcare and the Environment, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Karla Ramirez-Estrada
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism, Faculty of Chemistry, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, NL, 66451, México
| | - Albert Ferrer
- Plant Metabolism and Metabolic Engineering Program, Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Cerdanyola, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Pantaleo V, Masuta C. Diversity of viral RNA silencing suppressors and their involvement in virus-specific symptoms. Adv Virus Res 2022; 113:1-23. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2022.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
24
|
Hinge VR, Chavhan RL, Kale SP, Suprasanna P, Kadam US. Engineering Resistance Against Viruses in Field Crops Using CRISPR- Cas9. Curr Genomics 2021; 22:214-231. [PMID: 34975291 PMCID: PMC8640848 DOI: 10.2174/1389202922666210412102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Food security is threatened by various biotic stresses that affect the growth and production of agricultural crops. Viral diseases have become a serious concern for crop plants as they incur huge yield losses. The enhancement of host resistance against plant viruses is a priority for the effective management of plant viral diseases. However, in the present context of the climate change scenario, plant viruses are rapidly evolving, resulting in the loss of the host resistance mechanism. Advances in genome editing techniques, such as CRISPR-Cas9 [clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats-CRISPR-associated 9], have been recognized as promising tools for the development of plant virus resistance. CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing tool is widely preferred due to high target specificity, simplicity, efficiency, and reproducibility. CRISPR-Cas9 based virus resistance in plants has been successfully achieved by gene targeting and cleaving the viral genome or altering the plant genome to enhance plant innate immunity. In this article, we have described the CRISPR-Cas9 system, mechanism of plant immunity against viruses and highlighted the use of the CRISPR-Cas9 system to engineer virus resistance in plants. We also discussed prospects and challenges on the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated plant virus resistance in crop improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ulhas S. Kadam
- Address correspondenceto this author at the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, 14476, Germany; E-mail: ,
‡Present Address: Division of Life Sciences, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyenongsang National University, Jinju-si, Republic of Korea; E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Feng Z, Inaba JI, Nagy PD. Tombusviruses Target a Major Crossroad in the Endocytic and Recycling Pathways via Co-opting Rab7 Small GTPase. J Virol 2021; 95:e0107621. [PMID: 34406861 PMCID: PMC8513485 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01076-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses induce the biogenesis of unique membranous organelles called viral replication organelles (VROs), which perform virus replication in infected cells. Tombusviruses have been shown to rewire cellular trafficking and metabolic pathways, remodel host membranes, and recruit multiple host factors to support viral replication. In this work, we demonstrate that tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) and the closely related carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) usurp Rab7 small GTPase to facilitate building VROs in the surrogate host yeast and in plants. Depletion of Rab7 small GTPase, which is needed for late endosome and retromer biogenesis, strongly inhibits TBSV and CIRV replication in yeast and in planta. The viral p33 replication protein interacts with Rab7 small GTPase, which results in the relocalization of Rab7 into the large VROs. Similar to the depletion of Rab7, the deletion of either MON1 or CCZ1 heterodimeric GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) of Rab7 inhibited TBSV RNA replication in yeast. This suggests that the activated Rab7 has proviral functions. We show that the proviral function of Rab7 is to facilitate the recruitment of the retromer complex and the endosomal sorting nexin-BAR proteins into VROs. We demonstrate that TBSV p33-driven retargeting of Rab7 into VROs results in the delivery of several retromer cargos with proviral functions. These proteins include lipid enzymes, such as Vps34 PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), PI4Kα-like Stt4 phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase, and Psd2 phosphatidylserine decarboxylase. In summary, based on these and previous findings, we propose that subversion of Rab7 into VROs allows tombusviruses to reroute endocytic and recycling trafficking to support virus replication. IMPORTANCE The replication of positive-strand RNA viruses depends on the biogenesis of viral replication organelles (VROs). However, the formation of membranous VROs is not well understood yet. Using tombusviruses and the model host yeast, we discovered that the endosomal Rab7 small GTPase is critical for the formation of VROs. Interaction between Rab7 and the TBSV p33 replication protein leads to the recruitment of Rab7 into VROs. TBSV-driven usurping of Rab7 has proviral functions through facilitating the delivery of the co-opted retromer complex, sorting nexin-BAR proteins, and lipid enzymes into VROs to create an optimal milieu for virus replication. These results open up the possibility that controlling cellular Rab7 activities in infected cells could be a target for new antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jun-ichi Inaba
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peter D. Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Agaoua A, Bendahmane A, Moquet F, Dogimont C. Membrane Trafficking Proteins: A New Target to Identify Resistance to Viruses in Plants. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102139. [PMID: 34685948 PMCID: PMC8541145 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Replication cycles from most simple-stranded positive RNA viruses infecting plants involve endomembrane deformations. Recent published data revealed several interactions between viral proteins and plant proteins associated with vesicle formation and movement. These plant proteins belong to the COPI/II, SNARE, clathrin and ESCRT endomembrane trafficking mechanisms. In a few cases, variations of these plant proteins leading to virus resistance have been identified. In this review, we summarize all known interactions between these plant cell mechanisms and viruses and highlight strategies allowing fast identification of variant alleles for membrane-associated proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aimeric Agaoua
- INRAE Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 84140 Montfavet, France;
| | - Abdelhafid Bendahmane
- Institute of Plant Sciences-Paris-Saclay (IPS2), Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, Univ Evry, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | | | - Catherine Dogimont
- INRAE Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes (GAFL), 84140 Montfavet, France;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Navarro JA, Saiz-Bonilla M, Sanchez-Navarro JA, Pallas V. The mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of a multifunctional plant viral protein modulates chloroplast-to-nucleus communication, RNA silencing suppressor activity, encapsidation, pathogenesis and tissue tropism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:197-218. [PMID: 34309112 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense against melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) is triggered by the viral auxiliary replicase p29 that is targeted to mitochondrial membranes causing morphological alterations, oxidative burst and necrosis. Here we show that MNSV coat protein (CP) was also targeted to mitochondria and mitochondrial-derived replication complexes [viral replication factories or complex (VRC)], in close association with p29, in addition to chloroplasts. CP import resulted in the cleavage of the R/arm domain previously implicated in genome binding during encapsidation and RNA silencing suppression (RSS). We also show that CP organelle import inhibition enhanced RSS activity, CP accumulation and VRC biogenesis but resulted in inhibition of systemic spreading, indicating that MNSV whole-plant infection requires CP organelle import. We hypothesize that to alleviate the p29 impact on host physiology, MNSV could moderate its replication and p29 accumulation by regulating CP RSS activity through organelle targeting and, consequently, eluding early-triggered antiviral response. Cellular and molecular events also suggested that S/P domains, which correspond to processed CP in chloroplast stroma or mitochondrion matrix, could mitigate host response inhibiting p29-induced necrosis. S/P deletion mainly resulted in a precarious balance between defense and counter-defense responses, generating either cytopathic alterations and MNSV cell-to-cell movement restriction or some degree of local movement. In addition, local necrosis and defense responses were dampened when RSS activity but not S/P organelle targeting was affected. Based on a robust biochemical and cellular analysis, we established that the mitochondrial and chloroplast dual targeting of MNSV CP profoundly impacts the viral infection cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jose A Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Maria Saiz-Bonilla
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Jesus A Sanchez-Navarro
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| | - Vicente Pallas
- Department of Molecular and Evolutionary Plant Virology, Institute for Plant Molecular and Cell Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universitat Politècnica de València, Av. Ingeniero Fausto Elio, Valencia, 46022, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Happle A, Jeske H, Kleinow T. Dynamic subcellular distribution of begomoviral nuclear shuttle and movement proteins. Virology 2021; 562:158-175. [PMID: 34339930 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) encodes a nuclear shuttle protein (NSP), and a movement protein (MP) which cooperatively accomplish viral DNA transport through the plant. Subcellular distribution patterns of fluorescent protein-tagged NSP and MP were tracked in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in presence or absence of an AbMV infection using light microscopy. NSP was located within the nucleus and associated with early endosomes in the presence of MP. MP appeared at the plasma membrane, plasmodesmata and in motile vesicles, trafficking along the endoplasmic reticulum in an actin-dependent manner. MP and NSP did not co-localize and employed separate cellular pathways. Correspondingly, Förster resonance energy transfer analysis did not support physical interaction between NSP and MP. Time lapse movies illustrate the cellular dynamics of both proteins on their way around the nucleus and to the cell periphery and provide a first hint for the nuclear egress of NSP complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Happle
- Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Jeske
- Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Tatjana Kleinow
- Molecular Biology and Plant Virology, Institute of Biomaterials and Biomolecular Systems, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pagliari L, Tarquini G, Loschi A, Buoso S, Kapun G, Ermacora P, Musetti R. Gimme shelter: three-dimensional architecture of the endoplasmic reticulum, the replication site of grapevine Pinot gris virus. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2021; 48:1074-1085. [PMID: 34462050 DOI: 10.1071/fp21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grapevine leaf mottling and deformation is a novel grapevine disease that has been associated with grapevine Pinot gris virus (GPGV). The virus was observed exclusively inside membrane-bound structures in the bundle sheath cells of the infected grapevines. As reported widely in the literature, many positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses modify host-cell membranes to form a variety of deformed organelles, which shelter viral genome replication from host antiviral compounds. Morphologically, the GPGV-associated membranous structures resemble the deformed endoplasmic reticulum described in other virus-host interactions. In this study we investigated the GPGV-induced membranous structures observed in the bundle sheath cells of infected plants. The upregulation of different ER stress-related genes was evidenced by RT-qPCR assays, further confirming the involvement of the ER in grapevine/GPGV interaction. Specific labelling of the membranous structures with an antibody against luminal-binding protein identified them as ER. Double-stranded RNA molecules, which are considered intermediates of viral replication, were localised exclusively in the ER-derived structures and indicated that GPGV exploited this organelle to replicate itself in a shelter niche. Novel analyses using focussed ion-beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) were performed in grapevine leaf tissues to detail the three-dimensional organisation of the ER-derived structures and their remodelling due to virus replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pagliari
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Giulia Tarquini
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Alberto Loschi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Sara Buoso
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Gregor Kapun
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001, Ljubljana, Slovenia; and Centre of Excellence on Nanoscience and Nanotechnology - Nanocenter, Jamova 39, SI1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Paolo Ermacora
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy
| | - Rita Musetti
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences, University of Udine,via delle Scienze, 206, 33100 - Udine, Italy; and Corresponding author.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Yang X, Li Y, Wang A. Research Advances in Potyviruses: From the Laboratory Bench to the Field. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:1-29. [PMID: 33891829 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Potyviruses (viruses in the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses that cause devastating epidemics and significant yield losses in many crops worldwide. Several potyviruses are recognized as the most economically important viral pathogens. Therefore, potyviruses are more studied than other groups of plant viruses. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been generated to better understand potyviruses and their infection process. In this review, we list the top 10 economically important potyviruses and present a brief profile of each. We highlight recent exciting findings on the novel genome expression strategy and the biological functions of potyviral proteins and discuss recent advances in molecular plant-potyvirus interactions, particularly regarding the coevolutionary arms race. Finally, we summarize current disease control strategies, with a focus on biotechnology-based genetic resistance, and point out future research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
| | - Yinzi Li
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
| | - Aiming Wang
- London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ultrastructure of phytoplasma-infected jujube leaves with witches' broom disease. Micron 2021; 148:103108. [PMID: 34237476 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2021.103108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular characteristics of phytoplasma-infected jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) leaves were investigated using transmission electron microscopy. Midrib fragments of witches' broom-diseased jujube leaves were collected from abnormally small leaves at an early stage of branch clustering. The diseased jujube leaves showed multivesicular bodies (MVBs) with vesicles and tubules in the phloem parenchyma cells and sieve elements. The MVBs were connected to the plasma membrane appressed to the cell wall. There were increased callose collars at the pore-plasmodesma unit ends of the sieve elements in the diseased leaves than in control leaves. The proliferation of MVBs in the diseased jujube leaves could be associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent exosome release. The phytoplasma produced pleomorphic cells in sieve elements. Several types of putative extracellular structures were observed on the phytoplasma cells: (i) fimbriae-like threads, (ii) pili-like projections, (iii) flagella-like appendages, and (iv) tube-like structures. This study provides novel insights into intracellular obligate cell wall-less prokaryotes and host phloem structures.
Collapse
|
32
|
Xie J, Jiang T, Li Z, Li X, Fan Z, Zhou T. Sugarcane mosaic virus remodels multiple intracellular organelles to form genomic RNA replication sites. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1921-1930. [PMID: 33905022 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Positive-stranded RNA viruses usually remodel the host endomembrane system to form virus-induced intracellular vesicles for replication during infections. The genus Potyvirus of the family Potyviridae represents the largest number of positive single-stranded RNA viruses, and its members cause great damage to crop production worldwide. Although potyviruses have a wide host range, each potyvirus infects a relatively limited number of host species. Phylogenesis and host range analysis can divide potyviruses into monocot-infecting and dicot-infecting groups, suggesting that they differ in their infection mechanisms, probably during replication. Comprehensive studies on the model dicot-infecting turnip mosaic virus have shown that the 6K2-induced replication vesicles are derived from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and subsequently target chloroplasts for viral genome replication. However, the replication site of monocot-infecting potyviruses is unknown. In this study, we show that the precursor 6K2-VPg-Pro polyproteins of dicot-infecting potyviruses and monocot-infecting potyviruses cluster phylogenetically in two separate groups. With a typical gramineae-infecting potyvirus-sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV)-we found that replicative double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) forms aggregates in the cytoplasm but does not associate with chloroplasts. SCMV 6K2-VPg-Pro-induced vesicles colocalize with replicative dsRNA. Moreover, SCMV 6K2-VPg-Pro-induced structures target multiple intracellular organelles, including the ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, and peroxisomes, and have no evident association with chloroplasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jipeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Agro-Biotechnology, and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory for Pest Monitoring and Green Management, Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nagy PD, Feng Z. Tombusviruses orchestrate the host endomembrane system to create elaborate membranous replication organelles. Curr Opin Virol 2021; 48:30-41. [PMID: 33845410 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses depend on intensive manipulation of subcellular organelles and membranes to create unique viral replication organelles (VROs), which represent the sites of robust virus replication. The host endomembrane-based protein-trafficking and vesicle-trafficking pathways are specifically targeted by many (+)RNA viruses to take advantage of their rich resources. We summarize the critical roles of co-opted endoplasmic reticulum subdomains and associated host proteins and COPII vesicles play in tombusvirus replication. We also present the surprising contribution of the early endosome and the retromer tubular transport carriers to VRO biogenesis. The central player is tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), which provides an outstanding system based on the identification of a complex network of interactions with the host cells. We present the emerging theme on how TBSV uses tethering and membrane-shaping proteins and lipid modifying enzymes to build the sophisticated VRO membranes with unique lipid composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA.
| | - Zhike Feng
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Li Q, Liu N, Liu Q, Zheng X, Lu L, Gao W, Liu Y, Liu Y, Zhang S, Wang Q, Pan J, Chen C, Mi Y, Yang M, Cheng X, Ren G, Yuan YW, Zhang X. DEAD-box helicases modulate dicing body formation in Arabidopsis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/18/eabc6266. [PMID: 33910901 PMCID: PMC8081359 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain numerous membraneless organelles that are made from liquid droplets of proteins and nucleic acids and that provide spatiotemporal control of various cellular processes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation and rapid stress-induced alterations of these organelles are relatively uncharacterized. Here, we investigated the roles of DEAD-box helicases in the formation and alteration of membraneless nuclear dicing bodies (D-bodies) in Arabidopsis thaliana We uncovered that RNA helicase 6 (RH6), RH8, and RH12 are previously unidentified D-body components. These helicases interact with and promote the phase separation of SERRATE, a key component of D-bodies, and drive the formation of D-bodies through liquid-liquid phase separations (LLPSs). The accumulation of these helicases in the nuclei decreases upon Turnip mosaic virus infections, which couples with the decrease of D-bodies. Our results thus reveal the key roles of RH6, RH8, and RH12 in modulating D-body formation via LLPSs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ningkun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingguo Zheng
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Lu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenrui Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yingjie Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Meiling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guodong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Institute of Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yao-Wu Yuan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, 75 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3043, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sánchez Pina MA, Gómez-Aix C, Méndez-López E, Gosalvez Bernal B, Aranda MA. Imaging Techniques to Study Plant Virus Replication and Vertical Transmission. Viruses 2021; 13:358. [PMID: 33668729 PMCID: PMC7996213 DOI: 10.3390/v13030358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant viruses are obligate parasites that need to usurp plant cell metabolism in order to infect their hosts. Imaging techniques have been used for quite a long time to study plant virus-host interactions, making it possible to have major advances in the knowledge of plant virus infection cycles. The imaging techniques used to study plant-virus interactions have included light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Here, we review the use of these techniques in plant virology, illustrating recent advances in the area with examples from plant virus replication and virus plant-to-plant vertical transmission processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Amelia Sánchez Pina
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Cristina Gómez-Aix
- Abiopep S.L., R&D Department, Parque Científico de Murcia, Ctra. de Madrid, Km 388, Complejo de Espinardo, Edf. R, 2º, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Eduardo Méndez-López
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Blanca Gosalvez Bernal
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| | - Miguel A. Aranda
- Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), Departamento de Biología del Estrés y Patología Vegetal, Grupo de Patología Vegetal, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (E.M.-L.); (B.G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Membrane Association and Topology of Citrus Leprosis Virus C2 Movement and Capsid Proteins. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9020418. [PMID: 33671330 PMCID: PMC7922530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although citrus leprosis disease has been known for more than a hundred years, one of its causal agents, citrus leprosis virus C2 (CiLV-C2), is poorly characterized. This study described the association of CiLV-C2 movement protein (MP) and capsid protein (p29) with biological membranes. Our findings obtained by computer predictions, chemical treatments after membrane fractionation, and biomolecular fluorescence complementation assays revealed that p29 is peripherally associated, while the MP is integrally bound to the cell membranes. Topological analyses revealed that both the p29 and MP expose their N- and C-termini to the cell cytoplasmic compartment. The implications of these results in the intracellular movement of the virus were discussed.
Collapse
|
37
|
Wang X, Ma J, Jin X, Yue N, Gao P, Mai KKK, Wang XB, Li D, Kang BH, Zhang Y. Three-dimensional reconstruction and comparison of vacuolar membranes in response to viral infection. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:353-364. [PMID: 33085164 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The vacuole is a unique plant organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis under various environmental stress conditions. However, the effects of biotic stress on vacuole structure has not been examined using three-dimensional (3D) visualization. Here, we performed 3D electron tomography to compare the ultrastructural changes in the vacuole during infection with different viruses. The 3D models revealed that vacuoles are remodeled in cells infected with cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) or tobacco necrosis virus A Chinese isolate (TNV-AC ), resulting in the formation of spherules at the periphery of the vacuole. These spherules contain neck-like channels that connect their interior with the cytosol. Confocal microscopy of CMV replication proteins 1a and 2a and TNV-AC auxiliary replication protein p23 showed that all of these proteins localize to the tonoplast. Electron microscopy revealed that the expression of these replication proteins alone is sufficient to induce spherule formation on the tonoplast, suggesting that these proteins play prominent roles in inducing vacuolar membrane remodeling. This is the first report of the 3D structures of viral replication factories built on the tonoplasts. These findings contribute to our understanding of vacuole biogenesis under normal conditions and during assembly of plant (+) RNA virus replication complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xueting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Juncai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xuejiao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ning Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Peng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Keith Ka Ki Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Xian-Bing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dawei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Byung-Ho Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agro-Biotechnology and Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Varkey J, Zhang J, Kim J, George G, He G, Belov G, Langen R, Wang X. An Amphipathic Alpha-Helix Domain from Poliovirus 2C Protein Tubulate Lipid Vesicles. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121466. [PMID: 33353144 PMCID: PMC7766222 DOI: 10.3390/v12121466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses universally remodel host intracellular membranes to form membrane-bound viral replication complexes, where viral offspring RNAs are synthesized. In the majority of cases, viral replication proteins are targeted to and play critical roles in the modulation of the designated organelle membranes. Many viral replication proteins do not have transmembrane domains, but contain single or multiple amphipathic alpha-helices. It has been conventionally recognized that these helices serve as an anchor for viral replication protein to be associated with membranes. We report here that a peptide representing the amphipathic α-helix at the N-terminus of the poliovirus 2C protein not only binds to liposomes, but also remodels spherical liposomes into tubules. The membrane remodeling ability of this amphipathic alpha-helix is similar to that recognized in other amphipathic alpha-helices from cellular proteins involved in membrane remodeling, such as BAR domain proteins. Mutations affecting the hydrophobic face of the amphipathic alpha-helix severely compromised membrane remodeling of vesicles with physiologically relevant phospholipid composition. These mutations also affected the ability of poliovirus to form plaques indicative of reduced viral replication, further underscoring the importance of membrane remodeling by the amphipathic alpha-helix in possible relation to the formation of viral replication complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jobin Varkey
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (J.V.); (G.G.)
| | - Jiantao Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.Z.); (G.H.)
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (J.K.); (G.B.)
| | - Gincy George
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (J.V.); (G.G.)
| | - Guijuan He
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.Z.); (G.H.)
| | - George Belov
- Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; (J.K.); (G.B.)
| | - Ralf Langen
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; (J.V.); (G.G.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (X.W.); Tel.: +1-323-442-1323 (R.L.); +1-540-231-1868 (X.W.)
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA; (J.Z.); (G.H.)
- Correspondence: (R.L.); (X.W.); Tel.: +1-323-442-1323 (R.L.); +1-540-231-1868 (X.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wu X, Cheng X. Intercellular movement of plant RNA viruses: Targeting replication complexes to the plasmodesma for both accuracy and efficiency. Traffic 2020; 21:725-736. [PMID: 33090653 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Replication and movement are two critical steps in plant virus infection. Recent advances in the understanding of the architecture and subcellular localization of virus-induced inclusions and the interactions between viral replication complex (VRC) and movement proteins (MPs) allow for the dissection of the intrinsic relationship between replication and movement, which has revealed that recruitment of VRCs to the plasmodesma (PD) via direct or indirect MP-VRC interactions is a common strategy used for cell-to-cell movement by most plant RNA viruses. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in the understanding of virus-induced inclusions and their roles in virus replication and cell-to-cell movement, analyze the advantages of such coreplicational movement from a viral point of view and discuss the possible mechanical force by which MPs drive the movement of virions or viral RNAs through the PD. Finally, we highlight the missing pieces of the puzzle of viral movement that are especially worth investigating in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaofei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region of Chinese Education Ministry, College of Agriculture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lyu S, Gao L, Zhang R, Zhang C, Hou X. Correlation Analysis of Expression Profile and Quantitative iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS Proteomics Reveals Resistance Mechanism Against TuMV in Chinese Cabbage ( Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis). Front Genet 2020; 11:963. [PMID: 32973883 PMCID: PMC7469979 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The arms race between plants and viruses never ceases. Chinese cabbage, an important type of Brassica vegetable crop, is vulnerable to plant virus infection, especially to Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV). To better examine the molecular mechanisms behind the virus infection, we conducted the correlation analysis of RNA-Seq and quantitative iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS in TuMV-infected and in healthy Chinese cabbage leaves. There were 757 differentially expressed genes and 75 differentially expressed proteins that were screened in Chinese cabbage plants infected with TuMV. These genes were enriched in many pathways, and among them, the plant hormone signal transduction, plant-pathogen interaction, and protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum pathways were suggested to be closely related pathways. The correlation analysis between RNA-Seq and quantitative iTRAQ-LC-MS/MS was then further explored. Finally, we obtained a preliminary network of several candidate genes associated with TuMV infection, and we found that they mainly belonged to calcium signaling pathways, heat shock proteins, WRKY transcription factors, and non-specific lipid transfer proteins. These results may lead to a better understanding of antiviral mechanisms and of disease-resistant breeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanwu Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rujia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Changwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xilin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kleinow T, Happle A, Kober S, Linzmeier L, Rehm TM, Fritze J, Buchholz PCF, Kepp G, Jeske H, Wege C. Phosphorylations of the Abutilon Mosaic Virus Movement Protein Affect Its Self-Interaction, Symptom Development, Viral DNA Accumulation, and Host Range. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1155. [PMID: 32849713 PMCID: PMC7411133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The genome of bipartite geminiviruses in the genus Begomovirus comprises two circular DNAs: DNA-A and DNA-B. The DNA-B component encodes a nuclear shuttle protein (NSP) and a movement protein (MP), which cooperate for systemic spread of infectious nucleic acids within host plants and affect pathogenicity. MP mediates multiple functions during intra- and intercellular trafficking, such as binding of viral nucleoprotein complexes, targeting to and modification of plasmodesmata, and release of the cargo after cell-to-cell transfer. For Abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV), phosphorylation of MP expressed in bacteria, yeast, and Nicotiana benthamiana plants, respectively, has been demonstrated in previous studies. Three phosphorylation sites (T221, S223, and S250) were identified in its C-terminal oligomerization domain by mass spectrometry, suggesting a regulation of MP by posttranslational modification. To examine the influence of the three sites on the self-interaction in more detail, MP mutants were tested for their interaction in yeast by two-hybrid assays, or by Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) techniques in planta. Expression constructs with point mutations leading to simultaneous (triple) exchange of T221, S223, and S250 to either uncharged alanine (MPAAA), or phosphorylation charge-mimicking aspartate residues (MPDDD) were compared. MPDDD interfered with MP-MP binding in contrast to MPAAA. The roles of the phosphorylation sites for the viral life cycle were studied further, using plant-infectious AbMV DNA-B variants with the same triple mutants each. When co-inoculated with wild-type DNA-A, both mutants infected N. benthamiana plants systemically, but were unable to do so for some other plant species of the families Solanaceae or Malvaceae. Systemically infected plants developed symptoms and viral DNA levels different from those of wild-type AbMV for most virus-plant combinations. The results indicate a regulation of diverse MP functions by posttranslational modifications and underscore their biological relevance for a complex host plant-geminivirus interaction.
Collapse
|
42
|
Sanfaçon H. Modulation of disease severity by plant positive-strand RNA viruses: The complex interplay of multifunctional viral proteins, subviral RNAs and virus-associated RNAs with plant signaling pathways and defense responses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:87-131. [PMID: 32711736 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses induce a range of symptoms of varying intensity, ranging from severe systemic necrosis to mild or asymptomatic infection. Several evolutionary constraints drive virus virulence, including the dependence of viruses on host factors to complete their infection cycle, the requirement to counteract or evade plant antiviral defense responses and the mode of virus transmission. Viruses have developed an array of strategies to modulate disease severity. Accumulating evidence has highlighted not only the multifunctional role that viral proteins play in disrupting or highjacking plant factors, hormone signaling pathways and intracellular organelles, but also the interaction networks between viral proteins, subviral RNAs and/or other viral-associated RNAs that regulate disease severity. This review focusses on positive-strand RNA viruses, which constitute the majority of characterized plant viruses. Using well-characterized viruses with different genome types as examples, recent advances are discussed as well as knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Sanfaçon
- Summerland Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Summerland, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Nagy PD. Host protein chaperones, RNA helicases and the ubiquitin network highlight the arms race for resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:133-158. [PMID: 32711728 PMCID: PMC7342006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses need to arrogate many cellular resources to support their replication and infection cycles. These viruses co-opt host factors, lipids and subcellular membranes and exploit cellular metabolites to built viral replication organelles in infected cells. However, the host cells have their defensive arsenal of factors to protect themselves from easy exploitation by viruses. In this review, the author discusses an emerging arms race for cellular resources between viruses and hosts, which occur during the early events of virus-host interactions. Recent findings with tomato bushy stunt virus and its hosts revealed that the need of the virus to exploit and co-opt given members of protein families provides an opportunity for the host to deploy additional members of the same or associated protein family to interfere with virus replication. Three examples with well-established heat shock protein 70 and RNA helicase protein families and the ubiquitin network will be described to illustrate this model on the early arms race for cellular resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. We predict that arms race for resources with additional cellular protein families will be discovered with tombusviruses. These advances will fortify research on interactions among other plant and animal viruses and their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Hyodo K, Okuno T. Hijacking of host cellular components as proviral factors by plant-infecting viruses. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:37-86. [PMID: 32711734 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses are important pathogens that cause serious crop losses worldwide. They are obligate intracellular parasites that commandeer a wide array of proteins, as well as metabolic resources, from infected host cells. In the past two decades, our knowledge of plant-virus interactions at the molecular level has exploded, which provides insights into how plant-infecting viruses co-opt host cellular machineries to accomplish their infection. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how plant viruses divert cellular components from their original roles to proviral functions. One emerging theme is that plant viruses have versatile strategies that integrate a host factor that is normally engaged in plant defense against invading pathogens into a viral protein complex that facilitates viral infection. We also highlight viral manipulation of cellular key regulatory systems for successful virus infection: posttranslational protein modifications for fine control of viral and cellular protein dynamics; glycolysis and fermentation pathways to usurp host resources, and ion homeostasis to create a cellular environment that is beneficial for viral genome replication. A deeper understanding of viral-infection strategies will pave the way for the development of novel antiviral strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Hyodo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Tetsuro Okuno
- Department of Plant Life Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Otulak-Kozieł K, Kozieł E, Escalante C, Valverde RA. Ultrastructural Analysis of Cells From Bell Pepper ( Capsicum annuum) Infected With Bell Pepper Endornavirus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:491. [PMID: 32411163 PMCID: PMC7199235 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Endornaviruses include viruses that infect fungi, oomycetes, and plants. The genome of plant endornaviruses consists of linear ssRNA ranging in size from approximately 13-18 kb and lacking capsid protein and cell-to-cell movement capability. Although, plant endornaviruses have not been shown to cause detectable changes in the plant phenotype, they have been associated with alterations of the host physiology. Except for the association of cytoplasmic vesicles with infections by Vicia faba endornavirus, effects on the plant cell ultrastructure caused by endornaviruses have not been reported. Bell pepper endornavirus (BPEV) has been identified in several pepper (Capsicum spp.) species. We conducted ultrastructural analyses of cells from two near-isogenic lines of the bell pepper (C. annuum) cv. Marengo, one infected with BPEV and the other BPEV-free, and found cellular alterations associated with BPEV-infections. Some cells of plants infected with BPEV exhibited alterations of organelles and other cell components. Affected cells were located mainly in the mesophyll and phloem tissues. Altered organelles included mitochondrion, chloroplast, and nucleus. The mitochondria from BPEV-infected plants exhibited low number of cristae and electron-lucent regions. Chloroplasts contained plastoglobules and small vesicles in the surrounding cytoplasm. Translucent regions in thylakoids were observed, as well as hypertrophy of the chloroplast structure. Many membranous vesicles were observed in the stroma along the envelope. The nuclei revealed a dilation of the nuclear envelope with vesicles and perinuclear areas. The organelle changes were accompanied by membranous structure rearrangements, such as paramural bodies and multivesicular bodies. These alterations were not observed in cells from plants of the BPEV-free line. Overall, the observed ultrastructural cell alterations associated with BPEV are similar to those caused by plant viruses and viroids and suggest some degree of parasitic interaction between BPEV and the plant host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Cesar Escalante
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Rodrigo A. Valverde
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-9996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
47
|
Nagy PD, Lin W. Taking over Cellular Energy-Metabolism for TBSV Replication: The High ATP Requirement of an RNA Virus within the Viral Replication Organelle. Viruses 2020; 12:v12010056. [PMID: 31947719 PMCID: PMC7019945 DOI: 10.3390/v12010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries on virus-driven hijacking and compartmentalization of the cellular glycolytic and fermentation pathways to support robust virus replication put the spotlight on the energy requirement of viral processes. The active recruitment of glycolytic enzymes in combination with fermentation enzymes by the viral replication proteins emphasizes the advantages of producing ATP locally within viral replication structures. This leads to a paradigm shift in our understanding of how viruses take over host metabolism to support the virus’s energy needs during the replication process. This review highlights our current understanding of how a small plant virus, Tomato bushy stunt virus, exploits a conserved energy-generating cellular pathway during viral replication. The emerging picture is that viruses not only rewire cellular metabolic pathways to obtain the necessary resources from the infected cells but the fast replicating viruses might have to actively hijack and compartmentalize the energy-producing enzymes to provide a readily available source of ATP for viral replication process.
Collapse
|
48
|
Xu M, Chen J, Huang Y, Shen D, Sun P, Xu Y, Tao X. Dynamic Transcriptional Profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana Infected by Tomato spotted wilt virus. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:153-163. [PMID: 31544594 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-19-0199-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is a negative-stranded RNA virus that infects hundreds of plant species, causing great economic loss. Infected Arabidopsis thaliana plants develop symptoms including chlorosis and wilt, which can lead to cell death. From 9 to 15 days after TSWV infection, symptoms progress through a three-stage process of appearance, severity, and death. In this study, deep sequencing technology was first used to explore gene expression in response to TSWV infection in model plant A. thaliana at different symptom development stages. We found that plant immune defense and protein degradation are induced by TSWV infection and that both inductions became stronger over time. The photosynthesis pathway was attenuated with TSWV infection. Cell wall metabolism had a large extent of downregulation while some genes were upregulated. These results illustrate the dynamic nature of TSWV infection in A. thaliana at the whole-transcriptome level. The link between biological processes and subpathway metabolism was further analyzed. Our study provides new insight into host regulatory networks and dynamic processes in response to TSWV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorong Tao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Arena GD, Ramos-González PL, Falk BW, Casteel CL, Freitas-Astúa J, Machado MA. Plant Immune System Activation Upon Citrus Leprosis Virus C Infection Is Mimicked by the Ectopic Expression of the P61 Viral Protein. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1188. [PMID: 32849736 PMCID: PMC7427430 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae) is an atypical virus that does not spread systemically in its plant hosts. Upon its inoculation by Brevipalpus mites, only localized lesions occur, and the infection remains limited to cells around mite feeding sites. Here, we aimed to gain insights into the putative causes of viral unfitness in plants by expanding the limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying plant/kitavirid interactions. Firstly, we quantified the CiLV-C viral RNAs during the infection in Arabidopsis thaliana plants using RT-qPCR and systematized it by defining three stages of distinguishing subgenomic and genomic RNA accumulation: i) 0-24 h after infestation, ii) 2-4 days after infestation (dai), and iii) 6-10 dai. Accordingly, the global plant response to CiLV-C infection was assessed by RNA-Seq at each period. Results indicated a progressive reprogramming of the plant transcriptome in parallel to the increasing viral loads. Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed the induction of cell growth-related processes at the early stages of the infection and the triggering of the SA-mediated pathway, ROS burst and hypersensitive response (HR) at the presymptomatic stage. Conversely, infected plants downregulated JA/ET-mediated pathways and processes involved in the primary metabolism including photosynthesis. Marker genes of unfolded protein response were also induced, suggesting a contribution of the endoplasmic reticulum stress to the cell death caused by the viral infection. Finally, we transiently expressed CiLV-C proteins in Nicotiana benthamiana plants to undertake their roles in the elicited plant responses. Expression of the CiLV-C P61 protein consistently triggered ROS burst, upregulated SA- and HR-related genes, increased SA levels, reduced JA levels, and caused cell death. Mimicry of responses typically observed during CiLV-C-plant interaction indicates P61 as a putative viral effector causing the HR-like symptoms associated with the infection. Our data strengthen the hypothesis that symptoms of CiLV-C infection might be the outcome of a hypersensitive-like response during an incompatible interaction. Consequently, the locally restricted infection of CiLV-C, commonly observed across infections by kitavirids, supports the thesis that these viruses, likely arising from an ancestral arthropod-infecting virus, are unable to fully circumvent plant defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella D. Arena
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Brazil
- Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALQ), Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro Luis Ramos-González
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pedro Luis Ramos-González, ; Juliana Freitas-Astúa,
| | - Bryce W. Falk
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Clare L. Casteel
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Juliana Freitas-Astúa
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Aplicada, Instituto Biológico, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Virologia Vegetal, Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Pedro Luis Ramos-González, ; Juliana Freitas-Astúa,
| | - Marcos A. Machado
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Huang YP, Huang YW, Hsiao YJ, Li SC, Hsu YH, Tsai CH. Autophagy is involved in assisting the replication of Bamboo mosaic virus in Nicotiana benthamiana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4657-4670. [PMID: 31552430 PMCID: PMC6760330 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a critical role in plants under biotic stress, including the response to pathogen infection. We investigated whether autophagy-related genes (ATGs) are involved in infection with Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. Initially, we observed that BaMV infection in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves upregulated the expression of ATGs but did not trigger cell death. The induction of ATGs, which possibly triggers autophagy, increased rather than diminished BaMV accumulation in the leaves, as revealed by gene knockdown and transient expression experiments. Furthermore, the inhibitor 3-methyladenine blocked autophagosome formation and the autophagy inducer rapamycin, which negatively and positively affected BaMV accumulation, respectively. Pull-down experiments with an antibody against orange fluorescent protein (OFP)-NbATG8f, an autophagosome marker protein, showed that both plus- and minus-sense BaMV RNAs could associate with NbATG8f. Confocal microscopy revealed that ATG8f-enriched vesicles possibly derived from chloroplasts contained both the BaMV viral RNA and its replicase. Thus, BaMV infection may induce the expression of ATGs possibly via autophagy to selectively engulf a portion of viral RNA-containing chloroplast. Virus-induced vesicles enriched with ATG8f could provide an alternative site for viral RNA replication or a shelter from the host silencing mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Ping Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Wen Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Jen Hsiao
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Siou-Cen Li
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsiu Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Advanced Plant Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|