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Liu Y, Yuan J, Li Y, Bi Y, Prusky DB. The sensor protein AaSho1 regulates infection structures differentiation, osmotic stress tolerance and virulence via MAPK module AaSte11-AaPbs2-AaHog1 in Alternaria alternata. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2024; 23:1594-1607. [PMID: 38680872 PMCID: PMC11047198 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The high-osmolarity-sensitive protein Sho1 functions as a key membrane receptor in phytopathogenic fungi, which can sense and respond to external stimuli or stresses, and synergistically regulate diverse fungal biological processes through cellular signaling pathways. In this study, we investigated the biological functions of AaSho1 in Alternaria alternata, the causal agent of pear black spot. Targeted gene deletion revealed that AaSho1 is essential for infection structure differentiation, response to external stresses and synthesis of secondary metabolites. Compared to the wild-type (WT), the ∆AaSho1 mutant strain showed no significant difference in colony growth, morphology, conidial production and biomass accumulation. However, the mutant strain exhibited significantly reduced levels of melanin production, cellulase (CL) and ploygalacturonase (PG) activities, virulence, resistance to various exogenous stresses. Moreover, the appressorium and infection hyphae formation rates of the ∆AaSho1 mutant strain were significantly inhibited. RNA-Seq results showed that there were four branches including pheromone, cell wall stress, high osmolarity and starvation in the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) cascade pathway. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid experiments showed that AaSho1 activates the MAPK pathway via AaSte11-AaPbs2-AaHog1. These results suggest that AaSho1 of A. alternata is essential for fungal development, pathogenesis and osmotic stress response by activating the MAPK cascade pathway via Sho1-Ste11-Pbs2-Hog1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxiang Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- College of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongcai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dov B. Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization Volcani Center Information Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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2
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Qiu C, Liu Z. Positive selection and functional diversification of transcription factor Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:133. [PMID: 38229332 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12893-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Transcription factor Cmr1 (Colletotrichum melanin regulation 1) and its homologs in several plant fungal pathogens are the regulators of the 1,8-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN)-melanin biosynthesis pathway and have evolved functional diversification in morphology and pathogenicity. The fungal genus Alternaria comprises the group of "black fungi" that are rich in DHN-melanin in the primary cell wall and septa of the conidia. Some Alternaria species cause many economically important plant diseases worldwide. However, the evolution and function of Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a total of forty-two Cmr1 homologs from forty-two Alternaria spp. and all contained one additional diverse fungal specific transcription factor motif. Phylogenetic analysis indicated the division of these homologs into five major clades and three branches. Dated phylogeny showed the A and D clades diverged latest and earliest, respectively. Molecular evolutionary analyses revealed that three amino acid sites of Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria were the targets of positive selection. Asmr1, the homolog of Cmr1 in the potato early blight pathogen, Alternaria solani was amplified and displayed the sequence conservation at the amino acid level in different A. solani isolates. Asmr1 was further confirmed to have the transcriptional activation activity and was upregulated during the early stage of potato infection. Deletion of asmr1 led to the decreased melanin content and pathogenicity, deformed conidial morphology, and responses to cell wall and fungicide stresses in A. solani. These results suggest positive selection and functional divergence have played a role in the evolution of Cmr1 homologs in Alternaria. KEY POINTS: • Cmr1 homologs were under positive selection in Alternaria species • Asmr1 is a functional transcription factor, involved in spore development, melanin biosynthesis, pathogenicity, and responses to cell wall and fungicide stresses in A. solani • Cmr1 might be used as a potential taxonomic marker of the genus Alternaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaodong Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China
| | - Zhenyu Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management On Crops, Hefei, Anhui, 230036, China.
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3
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Ouyang H, Sun G, Li K, Wang R, Lv X, Zhang Z, Zhao R, Wang Y, Shu H, Jiang H, Zhang S, Wu J, Zhang Q, Chen X, Liu T, Ye W, Wang Y, Wang Y. Profiling of Phakopsora pachyrhizi transcriptome revealed co-expressed virulence effectors as prospective RNA interference targets for soybean rust management. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39225562 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Soybean rust (SBR), caused by an obligate biotrophic pathogen Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a devastating disease of soybean worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying plant invasion by P. pachyrhizi are poorly understood, which hinders the development of effective control strategies for SBR. Here we performed detailed histological characterization on the infection cycle of P. pachyrhizi in soybean and conducted a high-resolution transcriptional dissection of P. pachyrhizi during infection. This revealed P. pachyrhizi infection leads to significant changes in gene expression with 10 co-expressed gene modules, representing dramatic transcriptional shifts in metabolism and signal transduction during different stages throughout the infection cycle. Numerous genes encoding secreted protein are biphasic expressed, and are capable of inhibiting programmed cell death triggered by microbial effectors. Notably, three co-expressed P. pachyrhizi apoplastic effectors (PpAE1, PpAE2, and PpAE3) were found to suppress plant immune responses and were essential for P. pachyrhizi infection. Double-stranded RNA coupled with nanomaterials significantly inhibited SBR infection by targeting PpAE1, PpAE2, and PpAE3, and provided long-lasting protection to soybean against P. pachyrhizi. Together, this study revealed prominent changes in gene expression associated with SBR and identified P. pachyrhizi virulence effectors as promising targets of RNA interference-based soybean protection strategy against SBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibing Ouyang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Guangzheng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kainan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaoyu Lv
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Rong Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jinbin Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tengfei Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory (ZBBL), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Xia Y, Sun G, Xiao J, He X, Jiang H, Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Li K, Zhang S, Shi X, Wang Z, Liu L, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Duan K, Ye W, Wang Y, Dong S, Wang Y, Ma Z, Wang Y. AlphaFold-guided redesign of a plant pectin methylesterase inhibitor for broad-spectrum disease resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:1344-1368. [PMID: 39030909 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are a critical site where plants and pathogens continuously struggle for physiological dominance. Here we show that dynamic remodeling of pectin methylesterification of plant cell walls is a component of the physiological and co-evolutionary struggles between hosts and pathogens. A pectin methylesterase (PsPME1) secreted by Phytophthora sojae decreases the degree of pectin methylesterification, thus synergizing with an endo-polygalacturonase (PsPG1) to weaken plant cell walls. To counter PsPME1-mediated susceptibility, a plant-derived pectin methylesterase inhibitor protein, GmPMI1, protects pectin to maintain a high methylesterification status. GmPMI1 protects plant cell walls from enzymatic degradation by inhibiting both soybean and P. sojae pectin methylesterases during infection. However, constitutive expression of GmPMI1 disrupted the trade-off between host growth and defense responses. We therefore used AlphaFold structure tools to design a modified form of GmPMI1 (GmPMI1R) that specifically targets and inhibits pectin methylesterases secreted from pathogens but not from plants. Transient expression of GmPMI1R enhanced plant resistance to oomycete and fungal pathogens. In summary, our work highlights the biochemical modification of the cell wall as an important focal point in the physiological and co-evolutionary conflict between hosts and microbes, providing an important proof of concept that AI-driven structure-based tools can accelerate the development of new strategies for plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeqiang Xia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Guangzheng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xinyi He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Haibin Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Kainan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Sicong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Xuechao Shi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhaoyun Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuheng Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Kaixuan Duan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China; Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
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5
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Kortsinoglou AM, Wood MJ, Myridakis AI, Andrikopoulos M, Roussis A, Eastwood D, Butt T, Kouvelis VN. Comparative genomics of Metarhizium brunneum strains V275 and ARSEF 4556: unraveling intraspecies diversity. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2024:jkae190. [PMID: 39210673 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkae190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi belonging to the Order Hypocreales are renowned for their ability to infect and kill insect hosts, while their endophytic mode of life and the beneficial rhizosphere effects on plant hosts have only been recently recognized. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying their different lifestyles could optimize their potential as both biocontrol and biofertilizer agents, as well as the wider appreciation of niche plasticity in fungal ecology. This study describes the comprehensive whole genome sequencing and analysis of one of the most effective entomopathogenic and endophytic EPF strains, Metarhizium brunneum V275 (commercially known as Lalguard Met52), achieved through Nanopore and Illumina reads. Comparative genomics for exploring intraspecies variability and analyses of key gene sets were conducted with a second effective EPF strain, M. brunneum ARSEF 4556. The search for strain- or species-specific genes was extended to M. brunneum strain ARSEF 3297 and other species of genus Metarhizium, to identify molecular mechanisms and putative key genome adaptations associated with mode of life differences. Genome size differed significantly, with M. brunneum V275 having the largest genome amongst M. brunneum strains sequenced to date. Genome analyses revealed an abundance of plant-degrading enzymes, plant colonization-associated genes, and intriguing intraspecies variations regarding their predicted secondary metabolic compounds and the number and localization of Transposable Elements. The potential significance of the differences found between closely related endophytic and entomopathogenic fungi, regarding plant growth-promoting and entomopathogenic abilities, are discussed, enhancing our understanding of their diverse functionalities and putative applications in agriculture and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Kortsinoglou
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Martyn J Wood
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, Swansea, UK
| | - Antonis I Myridakis
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Marios Andrikopoulos
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Roussis
- Section of Botany, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Dan Eastwood
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, Swansea, UK
| | - Tariq Butt
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, Singleton Park, SA2 8PP, Swansea, UK
| | - Vassili N Kouvelis
- Section of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
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6
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Zhao X, Liu Y, Huang Z, Li G, Zhang Z, He X, Du H, Wang M, Li Z. Early diagnosis of Cladosporium fulvum in greenhouse tomato plants based on visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) and near-infrared (NIR) data fusion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20176. [PMID: 39215204 PMCID: PMC11364674 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-71220-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant diseases can inflict varying degrees of damage on agricultural production. Therefore, identifying a rapid, non-destructive early diagnostic method is crucial for safeguarding plants. Cladosporium fulvum (C. fulvum) is one of the major diseases in tomato growth. This work presents a method of data fusion using two hyperspectral imaging systems of visible/near-infrared (VIS/NIR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for the early diagnosis of C. fulvum in greenhouse tomatoes. First, hyperspectral images of samples at health and different times of infection were collected. The average spectral data of the image regions of interest were extracted and preprocessed for subsequent spectral datasets. Then different classification models were established for VIS/NIR and NIR data, optimized through various variable selection and data fusion methods. The principal component analysis-radial basis function neural network (PCA-RBF) model established using low-level data fusion achieved optimal results, achieving accuracies of 100% and 99.3% for calibration and prediction, respectively. Moreover, both the macro-averaged F1 (Macro-F1) values reached 1, and the geometric mean (G-mean) values reached 1 and 1, respectively. The results indicated that it was feasible to establish a PCA-RBF model by using the hyperspectral technique with low-level data fusion for the early detection of C. fulvum in greenhouse tomatoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuerong Zhao
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Zongbao Huang
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Gangao Li
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Zilin Zhang
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Xiuhan He
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Huiling Du
- Department of Basic Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China
| | - Meiqin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
| | - Zhiwei Li
- College of Agricultural Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
- College of Information Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, 030801, China.
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7
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Tang C, Wang H, Jin X, Li W, Wang Y. Transcription factors containing both C 2H 2 and homeobox domains play different roles in Verticillium dahliae. mSphere 2024:e0040924. [PMID: 39189776 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00409-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae causes Verticillium wilt in more than 200 plant species worldwide. As a soilborne fungus, it forms melanized microsclerotia and colonizes the xylem of host plants. Our previous study revealed a subfamily of C2H2-homeobox transcription factors in V. dahliae, but their biological roles remain unknown. In this study, we systematically characterized the functions of seven C2H2-homeobox transcription factors in V. dahliae. Deletion of VdChtf3 and VdChtf6 significantly decreased the production of melanized microsclerotia, and knockout of VdChtf1 and VdChtf4 enhanced virulence. Loss of VdChtf2 and VdChtf6 increased conidium production, whereas loss of VdChtf5 and VdChtf7 did not affect growth, conidiation, microsclerotial formation, or virulence. Further research showed that VdChtf3 activated the expression of genes encoding pectic enzymes to participate in microsclerotial formation. In addition, VdChtf4 reduced the expression of VdSOD1 to disturb the scavenging of superoxide radicals but induced the expression of genes related to cell wall synthesis to maintain cell wall integrity. These findings highlight the diverse roles of different members of the C2H2-homeobox gene family in V. dahliae. IMPORTANCE Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus that causes plant wilt and can infect a variety of economic crops and woody trees. The molecular basis of microsclerotial formation and infection by this fungus remains to be further studied. In this study, we analyzed the functions of seven C2H2-homobox transcription factors. Notably, VdChtf3 and VdChtf4 exhibited the most severe defects, affecting phenotypes associated with critical developmental stages in the V. dahliae disease cycle. Our results indicate that VdChtf3 is a potential specific regulator of microsclerotial formation, modulating the expression of pectinase-encoding genes. This finding could contribute to a better understanding of microsclerotial development in V. dahliae. Moreover, VdChtf4 was associated with cell wall integrity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress resistance, and increased virulence. These discoveries shed light on the biological significance of C2H2-homeobox transcription factors in V. dahliae's adaptation to the environment and infection of host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianjiang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonglin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, Beijing Key Laboratory for Forest Pest Control, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
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Shands AC, Xu G, Belisle RJ, Seifbarghi S, Jackson N, Bombarely A, Cano LM, Manosalva PM. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of Phytophthora cinnamomi reveal complex genome architecture, expansion of pathogenicity factors, and host-dependent gene expression profiles. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1341803. [PMID: 39211322 PMCID: PMC11357935 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1341803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora cinnamomi is a hemibiotrophic oomycete causing Phytophthora root rot in over 5,000 plant species, threatening natural ecosystems, forestry, and agriculture. Genomic studies of P. cinnamomi are limited compared to other Phytophthora spp. despite the importance of this destructive and highly invasive pathogen. The genome of two genetically and phenotypically distinct P. cinnamomi isolates collected from avocado orchards in California were sequenced using PacBio and Illumina sequencing. Genome sizes were estimated by flow cytometry and assembled de novo to 140-141 Mb genomes with 21,111-21,402 gene models. Genome analyses revealed that both isolates exhibited complex heterozygous genomes fitting the two-speed genome model. The more virulent isolate encodes a larger secretome and more RXLR effectors when compared to the less virulent isolate. Transcriptome analysis after P. cinnamomi infection in Arabidopsis thaliana, Nicotiana benthamiana, and Persea americana de Mill (avocado) showed that this pathogen deploys common gene repertoires in all hosts and host-specific subsets, especially among effectors. Overall, our results suggested that clonal P. cinnamomi isolates employ similar strategies as other Phytophthora spp. to increase phenotypic diversity (e.g., polyploidization, gene duplications, and a bipartite genome architecture) to cope with environmental changes. Our study also provides insights into common and host-specific P. cinnamomi infection strategies and may serve as a method for narrowing and selecting key candidate effectors for functional studies to determine their contributions to plant resistance or susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan C. Shands
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Guangyuan Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Rodger J. Belisle
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Shirin Seifbarghi
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Natasha Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Aureliano Bombarely
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Politécnica de Valéncia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Liliana M. Cano
- Department of Plant Pathology, Indian River Research and Education Center (IRREC), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS), University of Florida, Fort Pierce, FL, United States
| | - Patricia M. Manosalva
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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Liu Q, Zhang Q, Xue H, Bi Y, Yang X, Zong Y, Liu Z, Dov P. Effects of TrPLDs on the pathogenicity of Trichothecium roseum infected apple fruit. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104496. [PMID: 38637067 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase D plays a critical regulatory role in the pathogenicity of filamentous fungi. However, the molecular mechanism of PLD regulating the pathogenicity of filamentous fungi has not been reported. In this research, the previously constructed TrPLD1 and TrPLD2 (TrPLDs) mutants were used as test strains. Firstly, the function of TrPLDs in Trichothecium roseum was studied. Then, the effects of TrPLDs on the pathogenicity of T. roseum and the quality of the inoculated apples were verified. The results suggested that the deletion of TrPLD1 delayed the spore germination of ΔTrPLD1 and inhibited germ tube elongation by down-regulating the expressions of TrbrlA, TrabaA and TrwetA. By down-regulating the extracellular enzyme-coding gene expressions, ΔTrPLD1 inhibited the degradation of apple fruit cell wall and the change of fatty acid content during infection, reduced the cell membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of apple fruit, thereby maintaining the integrity of fruit cell membrane, and reduced the pathogenicity of ΔTrPLD1 to apple and kept the quality of apple. However, ΔTrPLD2 did not have a significant effect on the infection process of apple fruit by the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Huali Xue
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China.
| | - Xi Yang
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Zhiguang Liu
- College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China
| | - Prusky Dov
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, PR China; Department of Postharvest Science of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel
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Pejenaute-Ochoa MD, Tomás-Gallardo L, Ibeas JI, Barrales RR. Row1, a member of a new family of conserved fungal proteins involved in infection, is required for appressoria functionality in Ustilago maydis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1101-1122. [PMID: 38742361 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The appressorium of phytopathogenic fungi is a specific structure with a crucial role in plant cuticle penetration. Pathogens with melanized appressoria break the cuticle through cell wall melanization and intracellular turgor pressure. However, in fungi with nonmelanized appressorium, the mechanisms governing cuticle penetration are poorly understood. Here we characterize Row1, a previously uncharacterized appressoria-specific protein of Ustilago maydis that localizes to membrane and secretory vesicles. Deletion of row1 decreases appressoria formation and plant penetration, thereby reducing virulence. Specifically, the Δrow1 mutant has a thicker cell wall that is more resistant to glucanase degradation. We also observed that the Δrow1 mutant has secretion defects. We show that Row1 is functionally conserved at least among Ustilaginaceae and belongs to the Row family, which consists of five other proteins that are highly conserved among Basidiomycota fungi and are involved in U. maydis virulence. We observed similarities in localization between Row1 and Row2, which is also involved in cell wall remodelling and secretion, suggesting similar molecular functions for members of this protein family. Our data suggest that Row1 could modify the chitin-glucan matrix of the fungal cell wall and may be involved in unconventional protein secretion, thereby promoting both appressoria maturation and penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Pejenaute-Ochoa
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Laura Tomás-Gallardo
- Proteomics and Biochemistry Platform, Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José I Ibeas
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ramón R Barrales
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. Utrera km.1, 41013, Seville, Spain
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Ocán-Torres D, Martínez-Burgos WJ, Manzoki MC, Soccol VT, Neto CJD, Soccol CR. Microbial Bioherbicides Based on Cell-Free Phytotoxic Metabolites: Analysis and Perspectives on Their Application in Weed Control as an Innovative Sustainable Solution. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1996. [PMID: 39065523 PMCID: PMC11280510 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Weeds cause significant agricultural losses worldwide, and herbicides have traditionally been the main solution to this problem. However, the extensive use of herbicides has led to multiple cases of weed resistance, which could generate an increase in the application concentration and consequently a higher persistence in the environment, hindering natural degradation processes. Consequently, more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as microbial bioherbicides, have been sought. Although these bioherbicides are promising, their efficacy remains a challenge, as evidenced by their limited commercial and industrial production. This article reviews the current status of microbial-based bioherbicides and highlights the potential of cell-free metabolites to improve their efficacy and commercial attractiveness. Stirred tank bioreactors are identified as the most widely used for production-scale submerged fermentation. In addition, the use of alternative carbon and nitrogen sources, such as industrial waste, supports the circular economy. Furthermore, this article discusses the optimization of downstream processes using bioprospecting and in silico technologies to identify target metabolites, which leads to more precise and efficient production strategies. Bacterial bioherbicides, particularly those derived from Pseudomonas and Xanthomonas, and fungal bioherbicides from genera such as Alternaria, Colletotrichum, Trichoderma and Phoma, show significant potential. Nevertheless, limitations such as their restricted range of action, their persistence in the environment, and regulatory issues restrict their commercial availability. The utilization of cell-free microbial metabolites is proposed as a promising solution due to their simpler handling and application. In addition, modern technologies, including encapsulation and integrated management with chemical herbicides, are investigated to enhance the efficacy and sustainability of bioherbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter José Martínez-Burgos
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (D.O.-T.); (M.C.M.); (V.T.S.); (C.J.D.N.)
| | | | | | | | - Carlos Ricardo Soccol
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81531-990, Brazil; (D.O.-T.); (M.C.M.); (V.T.S.); (C.J.D.N.)
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12
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Li Y, Song S, Chen B, Zhang Y, Sun T, Ma X, Li Y, Sun J, Zhang X. Deleting an xylosidase-encoding gene VdxyL3 increases growth and pathogenicity of Verticillium dahlia. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1428780. [PMID: 39104581 PMCID: PMC11298495 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1428780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Verticillium dahliae causes a devastating Verticillium wilt disease on hundreds of plant species worldwide, including cotton. Understanding the interaction mechanism between V. dahliae and its hosts is the prerequisite for developing effective strategies for disease prevention. Methods Here, based on the previous observation of an xylosidase-encoding gene (VdxyL3) in V. dahliae being obviously up-regulated after sensing root exudates from a cotton variety susceptible to this pathogen, we investigated the function of VdxyL3 in the growth and pathogenesis of V. dahliae by generating its deletion-mutant strains (ΔVdxyL3). Results Deleting VdxyL3 led to increased colony expansion rate, conidial production, mycelial growth, carbon and nitrogen utilization capacities, and enhanced stress tolerance and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. VdxyL3 is a secretory protein; however, VdxyL3 failed to induce cell death in N. benthamiana based on transient expression experiment. Transcriptomic analysis identified 1300 genes differentially expressed (DEGs) between wild-type (Vd952) and ΔVdxyL3 during infection, including 348 DEGs encoding secretory proteins, among which contained 122 classical secreted proteins and 226 non-classical secreted proteins. It was notable that of the 122 classical secretory proteins, 50 were carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and 58 were small cysteine rich proteins (SCRPs), which were required for the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. Conclusion The RNA-seq data thus potentially connected the genes encoding these proteins to the pathogenesis of V. dahliae. This study provides an experimental basis for further studies on the interaction between V. dahliae and cotton and the pathogenic mechanism of the fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtai Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shenglong Song
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Invasive Alien Species in Agriculture and Forestry of the North-western Desert Oasis (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Ürümqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tiange Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xiaohu Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Marcianò D, Kappel L, Ullah SF, Srivastava V. From glycans to green biotechnology: exploring cell wall dynamics and phytobiota impact in plant glycopathology. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39004515 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2024.2370341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Filamentous plant pathogens, including fungi and oomycetes, pose significant threats to cultivated crops, impacting agricultural productivity, quality and sustainability. Traditionally, disease control heavily relied on fungicides, but concerns about their negative impacts motivated stakeholders and government agencies to seek alternative solutions. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) have been developed as promising alternatives to minimize fungicide use. However, BCAs often exhibit inconsistent performances, undermining their efficacy as plant protection alternatives. The eukaryotic cell wall of plants and filamentous pathogens contributes significantly to their interaction with the environment and competitors. This highly adaptable and modular carbohydrate armor serves as the primary interface for communication, and the intricate interplay within this compartment is often mediated by carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) responsible for cell wall degradation and remodeling. These processes play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of plant diseases and contribute significantly to establishing both beneficial and detrimental microbiota. This review explores the interplay between cell wall dynamics and glycan interactions in the phytobiome scenario, providing holistic insights for efficiently exploiting microbial traits potentially involved in plant disease mitigation. Within this framework, the incorporation of glycobiology-related functional traits into the resident phytobiome can significantly enhance the plant's resilience to biotic stresses. Therefore, in the rational engineering of future beneficial consortia, it is imperative to recognize and leverage the understanding of cell wall interactions and the role of the glycome as an essential tool for the effective management of plant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetrio Marcianò
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Kappel
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sadia Fida Ullah
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, AlbaNova University Center, Stockholm, Sweden
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14
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Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Taheri A, Kennedy JF. Pectin-associated immune responses in plant-microbe interactions: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132790. [PMID: 38823736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of pectin, a complex polysaccharide found in the plant cell wall, in mediating immune responses during interactions between plants and microbes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying pectin-mediated immune responses and to understand how these interactions shape plant-microbe communication. Pectin acts as a signaling molecule, triggering immune responses such as the production of antimicrobial compounds, reinforcement of the cell wall, and activation of defense-related genes. Pectin functions as a target for pathogen-derived enzymes, enabling successful colonization by certain microbial species. The document discusses the complexity of pectin-based immune signaling networks and their modulation by various factors, including pathogen effectors and host proteins. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding the crosstalk between pectin-mediated immunity and other defense pathways to develop strategies for enhancing plant resistance against diseases. The insights gained from this study have implications for the development of innovative approaches to enhance crop protection and disease management in agriculture. Further investigations into the components and mechanisms involved in pectin-mediated immunity will pave the way for future advancements in plant-microbe interaction research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, University of agricultural Sciences and natural resources of Gorgan, Iran.
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
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Mahmoud FM, Pritsch K, Siani R, Benning S, Radl V, Kublik S, Bunk B, Spröer C, Schloter M. Comparative genomic analysis of strain Priestia megaterium B1 reveals conserved potential for adaptation to endophytism and plant growth promotion. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0042224. [PMID: 38916310 PMCID: PMC11302069 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00422-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024] Open
Abstract
In our study, we aimed to explore the genomic and phenotypic traits of Priestia megaterium strain B1, which was isolated from root material of healthy apple plants, to adapt to the endophytic lifestyle and promote plant growth. We identified putative genes encoding proteins involved in chemotaxis, flagella biosynthesis, biofilm formation, secretory systems, detoxification, transporters, and transcription regulation. Furthermore, B1 exhibited both swarming and swimming motilities, along with biofilm formation. Both genomic and physiological analyses revealed the potential of B1 to promote plant growth through the production of indole-3-acetic acid and siderophores, as well as the solubilization of phosphate and zinc. To deduce potential genomic features associated with endophytism across members of P. megaterium strains, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis involving 27 and 31 genomes of strains recovered from plant and soil habitats, respectively, in addition to our strain B1. Our results indicated a closed pan genome and comparable genome size of strains from both habitats, suggesting a facultative host association and adaptive lifestyle to both habitats. Additionally, we performed a sparse Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis to infer the most discriminative functional features of the two habitats based on Pfam annotation. Despite the distinctive clustering of both groups, functional enrichment analysis revealed no significant enrichment of any Pfam domain in both habitats. Furthermore, when assessing genetic elements related to adaptation to endophytism in each individual strain, we observed their widespread presence among strains from both habitats. Moreover, all members displayed potential genetic elements for promoting plant growth.IMPORTANCEBoth genomic and phenotypic analyses yielded valuable insights into the capacity of P. megaterium B1 to adapt to the plant niche and enhance its growth. The comparative genomic analysis revealed that P. megaterium members, whether derived from soil or plant sources, possess the essential genetic machinery for interacting with plants and enhancing their growth. The conservation of these traits across various strains of this species extends its potential application as a bio-stimulant in diverse environments. This significance also applies to strain B1, particularly regarding its application to enhance the growth of plants facing apple replant disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. Mahmoud
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Karin Pritsch
- Research Unit for Environmental Simulations, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Roberto Siani
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Benning
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Viviane Radl
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Susanne Kublik
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Boyke Bunk
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Michael Schloter
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair for Environmental Microbiology, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hoffmann N, Mohammad E, McFarlane HE. Disrupting cell wall integrity impacts endomembrane trafficking to promote secretion over endocytic trafficking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3731-3747. [PMID: 38676707 PMCID: PMC11194303 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
The plant cell wall provides a strong yet flexible barrier to protect cells from the external environment. Modifications of the cell wall, either during development or under stress conditions, can induce cell wall integrity responses and ultimately lead to alterations in gene expression, hormone production, and cell wall composition. These changes in cell wall composition presumably require remodelling of the secretory pathway to facilitate synthesis and secretion of cell wall components and cell wall synthesis/remodelling enzymes from the Golgi apparatus. Here, we used a combination of live-cell confocal imaging and transmission electron microscopy to examine the short-term and constitutive impact of isoxaben, which reduces cellulose biosynthesis, and Driselase, a cocktail of cell-wall-degrading fungal enzymes, on cellular processes during cell wall integrity responses in Arabidopsis. We show that both treatments altered organelle morphology and triggered rebalancing of the secretory pathway to promote secretion while reducing endocytic trafficking. The actin cytoskeleton was less dynamic following cell wall modification, and organelle movement was reduced. These results demonstrate active remodelling of the endomembrane system and actin cytoskeleton following changes to the cell wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Hoffmann
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
| | - Eskandar Mohammad
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, M5S 3B2Canada
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Díaz-Tapia KM, Zavala-Páramo MG, Villa-Rivera MG, Morelos-Martínez MI, López-Romero E, Simpson J, Bolaños-Rebolledo J, Cano-Camacho H. Differential Carbon Catabolite Repression and Hemicellulolytic Ability among Pathotypes of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum against Natural Plant Substrates. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:406. [PMID: 38921392 PMCID: PMC11204554 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes anthracnose in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) and presents a great diversity of pathotypes with different levels of virulence against bean varieties worldwide. The purpose of this study was to establish whether pathotypic diversity is associated with differences in the mycelial growth and secretion of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). We evaluated growth, hemicellulase and cellulase activity, and PCWDE secretion in four pathotypes of C. lindemuthianum in cultures with glucose, bean hypocotyls and green beans of P. vulgaris, and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The results showed differences in the mycelial growth, hemicellulolytic activity, and PCWDE secretion among the pathotypes. Glucose was not the preferred carbon source for the best mycelial growth in all pathotypes, each of which showed a unique PCWDE secretion profile, indicating different levels of carbon catabolite regulation (CCR). The pathotypes showed a high differential hemicellulolytic capacity to degrade host and water hyacinth tissues, suggesting CCR by pentoses and that there are differences in the absorption and metabolism of different monosaccharides and/or disaccharides. We propose that different levels of CCR could optimize growth in different host tissues and could allow for consortium behavior in interactions with bean crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Morelia Díaz-Tapia
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - María Guadalupe Zavala-Páramo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Morelia, Universidad Autónoma de México, Antigua Carretera a Pátzcuaro No. 8701, Morelia 58190, Michoacán, Mexico;
| | - Ma. Irene Morelos-Martínez
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - Everardo López-Romero
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta SN, Guanajuato 36030, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - June Simpson
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Irapuato, Km 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carretera Irapuato-León, Irapuato 36821, Guanajuato, Mexico;
| | - Jeni Bolaños-Rebolledo
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
| | - Horacio Cano-Camacho
- Centro Multidisciplinario de Estudios en Biotecnología, FMVZ, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Km 9.5 Carretera Morelia-Zinapécuaro, Posta Veterinaria, Morelia 58000, Michoacán, Mexico; (K.M.D.-T.); (M.I.M.-M.); (J.B.-R.)
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de Assis MA, da Silva JJB, de Carvalho LM, Parreiras LS, Cairo JPLF, Marone MP, Gonçalves TA, Silva DS, Dantzger M, de Figueiredo FL, Carazzolle MF, Pereira GAG, Damasio A. A Multiomics Perspective on Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzyme Production: Insights from the Unexploited Fungus Trichoderma erinaceum. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:407. [PMID: 38921393 PMCID: PMC11205114 DOI: 10.3390/jof10060407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma erinaceum is a filamentous fungus that was isolated from decaying sugarcane straw at a Brazilian ethanol biorefinery. This fungus shows potential as a source of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). In this study, we conducted a comprehensive multiomics investigation of T. erinaceum to gain insights into its enzymatic capabilities and genetic makeup. Firstly, we performed genome sequencing and assembly, which resulted in the identification of 10,942 genes in the T. erinaceum genome. We then conducted transcriptomics and secretome analyses to map the gene expression patterns and identify the enzymes produced by T. erinaceum in the presence of different substrates such as glucose, microcrystalline cellulose, pretreated sugarcane straw, and pretreated energy cane bagasse. Our analyses revealed that T. erinaceum highly expresses genes directly related to lignocellulose degradation when grown on pretreated energy cane and sugarcane substrates. Furthermore, our secretome analysis identified 35 carbohydrate-active enzymes, primarily PCWDEs. To further explore the enzymatic capabilities of T. erinaceum, we selected a β-glucosidase from the secretome data for recombinant production in a fungal strain. The recombinant enzyme demonstrated superior performance in degrading cellobiose and laminaribiose compared to a well-known enzyme derived from Trichoderma reesei. Overall, this comprehensive study provides valuable insights into both the genetic patterns of T. erinaceum and its potential for lignocellulose degradation and enzyme production. The obtained genomic data can serve as an important resource for future genetic engineering efforts aimed at optimizing enzyme production from this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. de Assis
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
| | - Jovanderson J. B. da Silva
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Lucas M. de Carvalho
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Lucas S. Parreiras
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - João Paulo L. F. Cairo
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
- York Structural Biology Laboratory (YSBL), Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Marina P. Marone
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Thiago A. Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
| | - Desireé S. Silva
- SENAI Institute for Biomass Innovation, Três Lagoas 79640-250, Brazil;
| | - Miriam Dantzger
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Fernanda L. de Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
| | - Marcelo F. Carazzolle
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - Gonçalo A. G. Pereira
- Genomics and BioEnergy Laboratory (LGE), Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (J.J.B.d.S.); (L.M.d.C.); (L.S.P.); (M.D.); (M.F.C.); (G.A.G.P.)
| | - André Damasio
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Molecular Biology (LEBIMO), Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-862, São Paulo, Brazil; (M.A.d.A.); (J.P.L.F.C.); (T.A.G.); (F.L.d.F.)
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Shu C, Sun X, Cao J, Droby S, Jiang W. Antifungal efficiency and mechanisms of ethyl ferulate against postharvest pathogens. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 417:110710. [PMID: 38643598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2024.110710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Postharvest loss caused by a range of pathogens necessitates exploring novel antifungal compounds that are safe and efficient in managing the pathogens. This study evaluated the antifungal activity of ethyl ferulate (EF) and explored its mechanisms of action against Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, Penicillium expansum, Penicillium digitatum, Geotrichum candidum and evaluated its potential to inhibit postharvest decay. The results demonstrated that EF exerts potent antifungal activity against a wide board of postharvest pathogens. Results also revealed that its antifungal mechanism is multifaceted: EF may be involved in binding to and disturbing the integrity of the fungal plasma membrane, causing leakage of intracellular content and losing normal morphology and ultrastructure. EF also induced oxidative stress in the pathogen, causing membrane lipid peroxidation and malondialdehyde accumulation. EF inhibited the critical gene expression of the pathogen, affecting its metabolic regulation, antioxidant metabolism, and cell wall degrading enzymes. EF exhibited antifungal inhibitory activity when applied directly into peel wounds or after incorporation with chitosan coating. Due to its wide board and efficient antifungal activity, EF has the potential to provide a promising alternative to manage postharvest decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Shu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China; United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, 1299 Bethel Valley Road, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Xiuxiu Sun
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Daniel K. Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Jiankang Cao
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Samir Droby
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, the Volcani Center, 68 Ha Maccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - Weibo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, 17 Qinghuadonglu Road, Beijing 100083, China.
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20
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Zhan S, Wu W, Hu J, Liu F, Qiao X, Chen L, Zhou Y. The pathogenicity and regulatory function of temperature-sensitive proteins PscTSP in Pseudofabraea citricarpa under high temperature stress. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132017. [PMID: 38697438 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Citrus fruit rich in beneficial health-promoting nutrients used for functional foods or dietary supplements production. However, its quality and yield were damaged by citrus target spot. Citrus target spot is a low-temperature fungal disease caused by Pseudofabraea citricarpa, resulting in citrus production reductions and economic losses. In this study, transcriptome and gene knockout mutant analyses were performed on the growth and pathogenicity of P. citricarpa under different temperature conditions to quantify the functions of temperature-sensitive proteins (PscTSP). The optimum growth temperature for P. citricarpa strain WZ1 was 20 °C, while it inhibited or stopped growth above 30 °C and stopped growth below 4 °C or above 30 °C. Certain PscTSP-key genes of P. citricarpa were identified under high temperature stress. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed the expression levels of PscTSPs under high temperature stress. PscTSPs were limited by temperature and deletion of the PscTSP-X gene leads to changes in the integrity of citrus cell walls, osmotic regulation, oxidative stress response, calcium regulation, chitin synthesis, and the pathogenicity of P. citricarpa. These results provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of temperature sensitivity and pathogenicity in P. citricarpa, providing a foundation for developing resistance strategies against citrus target spot disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhan
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Wang Wu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Junhua Hu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fruit Tree Science (Southwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400712, China.
| | - Fengjiao Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China
| | - Xinghua Qiao
- Wanzhou District of Chongqing Plant Protection and Fruit Tree Technology Promotion Station, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Li Chen
- Wanzhou District of Chongqing Plant Protection and Fruit Tree Technology Promotion Station, Wanzhou, 404000, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing 400712, China; Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Fruit Tree Science (Southwest Region), Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing 400712, China
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21
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Ruan Z, Jiao J, Zhao J, Liu J, Liang C, Yang X, Sun Y, Tang G, Li P. Genome sequencing and comparative genomics reveal insights into pathogenicity and evolution of Fusarium zanthoxyli, the causal agent of stem canker in prickly ash. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:502. [PMID: 38773367 PMCID: PMC11110190 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10424-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium zanthoxyli is a destructive pathogen causing stem canker in prickly ash, an ecologically and economically important forest tree. However, the genome lack of F. zanthoxyli has hindered research on its interaction with prickly ash and the development of precise control strategies for stem canker. RESULTS In this study, we sequenced and annotated a relatively high-quality genome of F. zanthoxyli with a size of 43.39 Mb, encoding 11,316 putative genes. Pathogenicity-related factors are predicted, comprising 495 CAZymes, 217 effectors, 156 CYP450s, and 202 enzymes associated with secondary metabolism. Besides, a comparative genomics analysis revealed Fusarium and Colletotrichum diverged from a shared ancestor approximately 141.1 ~ 88.4 million years ago (MYA). Additionally, a phylogenomic investigation of 12 different phytopathogens within Fusarium indicated that F. zanthoxyli originated approximately 34.6 ~ 26.9 MYA, and events of gene expansion and contraction within them were also unveiled. Finally, utilizing conserved domain prediction, the results revealed that among the 59 unique genes, the most enriched domains were PnbA and ULP1. Among the 783 expanded genes, the most enriched domains were PKc_like kinases and those belonging to the APH_ChoK_Like family. CONCLUSION This study sheds light on the genetic basis of F. zanthoxyli's pathogenicity and evolution which provides valuable information for future research on its molecular interactions with prickly ash and the development of effective strategies to combat stem canker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Ruan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Jiao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaxue Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoqiong Liang
- Shaanxi Academy of Forestry, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Tang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiqin Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration on Management of Western Forest Bio- Disaster, College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China.
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Bigini V, Sillo F, Giulietti S, Pontiggia D, Giovannini L, Balestrini R, Savatin DV. Oligogalacturonide application increases resistance to Fusarium head blight in durum wheat. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:3070-3091. [PMID: 38334507 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Fusariosis causes substantial yield losses in the wheat crop worldwide and compromises food safety because of the presence of toxins associated with the fungal disease. Among the current approaches to crop protection, the use of elicitors able to activate natural defense mechanisms in plants is a strategy gaining increasing attention. Several studies indicate that applications of plant cell-wall-derived elicitors, such as oligogalacturonides (OGs) derived from partial degradation of pectin, induce local and systemic resistance against plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to establish the efficacy of OGs in protecting durum wheat (Triticum turgidum subsp. durum), which is characterized by an extreme susceptibility to Fusarium graminearum. To evaluate the functionality of OGs, spikes and seedlings of cv. Svevo were inoculated with OGs, F. graminearum spores, and a co-treatment of both. Results demonstrated that OGs are active elicitors of wheat defenses, triggering typical immune marker genes and determining regulation of fungal genes. Moreover, bioassays on spikes and transcriptomic analyses on seedlings showed that OGs can regulate relevant physiological processes in Svevo with dose-dependent specificity. Thus, the OG sensing system plays an important role in fine tuning immune signaling pathways in durum wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Bigini
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
| | - Fabiano Sillo
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Sarah Giulietti
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
- Department of Biology and biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and biotechnologies 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Research Center for Applied Sciences to the safeguard of Environment and Cultural Heritage (CIABC), Sapienza University of Rome, Ple Aldo Moro, 5 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Giovannini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Raffaella Balestrini
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniel V Savatin
- Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences, University of Tuscia, Via S. Camillo de Lellis, 01100 Viterbo, Italy
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Otulak-Kozieł K, Kozieł E, Treder K, Rusin P. Homogalacturonan Pectins Tuned as an Effect of Susceptible rbohD, Col-0-Reactions, and Resistance rbohF-, rbohD/F-Reactions to TuMV. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5256. [PMID: 38791293 PMCID: PMC11120978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall is an actively reorganized network during plant growth and triggered immunity in response to biotic stress. While the molecular mechanisms managing perception, recognition, and signal transduction in response to pathogens are well studied in the context of damaging intruders, the current understanding of plant cell wall rebuilding and active defense strategies in response to plant virus infections remains poorly characterized. Pectins can act as major elements of the primary cell wall and are dynamic compounds in response to pathogens. Homogalacturonans (HGs), a main component of pectins, have been postulated as defensive molecules in plant-pathogen interactions and linked to resistance responses. This research focused on examining the regulation of selected pectin metabolism components in susceptible (rbohD-, Col-0-TuMV) and resistance (rbohF-, rbohD/F-TuMV) reactions. Regardless of the interaction type, ultrastructural results indicated dynamic cell wall rebuilding. In the susceptible reaction promoted by RbohF, there was upregulation of AtPME3 (pectin methylesterase) but not AtPME17, confirmed by induction of PME3 protein deposition. Moreover, the highest PME activity along with a decrease in cell wall methylesters compared to resistance interactions in rbohD-TuMV were noticed. Consequently, the susceptible reaction of rbohD and Col-0 to TuMV was characterized by a significant domination of low/non-methylesterificated HGs. In contrast, cell wall changes during the resistance response of rbohF and rbohD/F to TuMV were associated with dynamic induction of AtPMEI2, AtPMEI3, AtGAUT1, and AtGAUT7 genes, confirmed by significant induction of PMEI2, PMEI3, and GAUT1 protein deposition. In both resistance reactions, a dynamic decrease in PME activity was documented, which was most intense in rbohD/F-TuMV. This decrease was accompanied by an increase in cell wall methylesters, indicating that the domination of highly methylesterificated HGs was associated with cell wall rebuilding in rbohF and rbohD/F defense responses to TuMV. These findings suggest that selected PME with PMEI enzymes have a diverse impact on the demethylesterification of HGs and metabolism as a result of rboh-TuMV interactions, and are important factors in regulating cell wall changes depending on the type of interaction, especially in resistance responses. Therefore, PMEI2 and PMEI3 could potentially be important signaling resistance factors in the rboh-TuMV pathosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Edmund Kozieł
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute in Radzików, Bonin Division, Department of Potato Protection and Seed Science at Bonin, Bonin Str. 3, 76-009 Bonin, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Treder
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute—National Research Institute in Radzików, Bonin Division, Department of Potato Protection and Seed Science at Bonin, Bonin Str. 3, 76-009 Bonin, Poland;
| | - Piotr Rusin
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, Nowoursynowska Street 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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24
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Castañeda-Casasola CC, Nieto-Jacobo MF, Soares A, Padilla-Padilla EA, Anducho-Reyes MA, Brown C, Soth S, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Hampton J, Mendoza-Mendoza A. Unveiling a Microexon Switch: Novel Regulation of the Activities of Sugar Assimilation and Plant-Cell-Wall-Degrading Xylanases and Cellulases by Xlr2 in Trichoderma virens. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5172. [PMID: 38791210 PMCID: PMC11121469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional microexons have not previously been described in filamentous fungi. Here, we describe a novel mechanism of transcriptional regulation in Trichoderma requiring the inclusion of a microexon from the Xlr2 gene. In low-glucose environments, a long mRNA including the microexon encodes a protein with a GAL4-like DNA-binding domain (Xlr2-α), whereas in high-glucose environments, a short mRNA that is produced encodes a protein lacking this DNA-binding domain (Xlr2-β). Interestingly, the protein isoforms differ in their impact on cellulase and xylanase activity. Deleting the Xlr2 gene reduced both xylanase and cellulase activity and growth on different carbon sources, such as carboxymethylcellulose, xylan, glucose, and arabinose. The overexpression of either Xlr2-α or Xlr2-β in T. virens showed that the short isoform (Xlr2-β) caused higher xylanase activity than the wild types or the long isoform (Xlr2-α). Conversely, cellulase activity did not increase when overexpressing Xlr2-β but was increased with the overexpression of Xlr2-α. This is the first report of a novel transcriptional regulation mechanism of plant-cell-wall-degrading enzyme activity in T. virens. This involves the differential expression of a microexon from a gene encoding a transcriptional regulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Coccet Castañeda-Casasola
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Laboratorio de AgroBiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún, km 20, ExHacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala 43830, Mexico;
- Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Centro Nacional de Referencia Fitosanitaria, Tecamac 55740, Mexico
| | | | - Amanda Soares
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Emir Alejandro Padilla-Padilla
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
- Centro de Ciencias Genómicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 04510, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Anducho-Reyes
- Laboratorio de AgroBiotecnología, Universidad Politécnica de Pachuca, Carretera Pachuca-Cd. Sahagún, km 20, ExHacienda de Santa Bárbara, Zempoala 43830, Mexico;
| | - Chris Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Sereyboth Soth
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
- Unit for Basic and Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Autonomous University of Queretaro, Queretaro 76230, Mexico
| | - John Hampton
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
| | - Artemio Mendoza-Mendoza
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Lincoln University, Lincoln 7647, New Zealand; (C.C.C.-C.); (A.S.); (E.A.P.-P.); (S.S.); (E.U.E.-N.); (J.H.)
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Li J, Hou R, Zhang F. A new Schizophyllum commune strain as a potential biocontrol agent against blueberry root rot. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:235. [PMID: 38722413 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, blueberry root rot has been caused mainly by Fusarium commune, and there is an urgent need for a green and efficient method to control this disease. To date, research on Schizophyllum commune has focused on antioxidant mechanisms, reactive dye degradation, etc., but the mechanism underlying the inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms is still unclear. Here, the control effects of S. commune on F. commune and blueberry root rot were studied using adversarial culture, tissue culture, and greenhouse pot experiments. The results showed that S. commune can dissolve insoluble phosphorus and secrete various extracellular hydrolases. The results of hyphal confrontation and fermentation broth antagonism experiments showed that S. commune had a significant inhibitory effect on F. commune, with inhibition rates of 70.30% and 22.86%, respectively. Microscopy results showed distortion of F. commune hyphae, indicating that S. commune is strongly parasitic. S. commune had a significant growth-promoting effect on blueberry tissue-cultured seedlings. After inoculation with S. commune, inoculation with the pathogenic fungus, or inoculation at a later time, the strain significantly reduced the root rot disease index in the potted blueberry seedlings, with relative control effects of 79.14% and 62.57%, respectively. In addition, S. commune G18 significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme contents in the aboveground and underground parts of potted blueberry seedlings. We can conclude that S. commune is a potential biocontrol agent that can be used to effectively control blueberry root rot caused by F. commune in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinziyue Li
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Rui Hou
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Fumei Zhang
- College of Forestry, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Boucher MJ, Madhani HD. Convergent evolution of innate immune-modulating effectors in invasive fungal pathogens. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:435-447. [PMID: 37985333 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Invasive fungal infections pose a major threat to human health. Bacterial and protozoan pathogens secrete protein effectors that overcome innate immune barriers to promote microbial colonization, yet few such molecules have been identified in human fungal pathogens. Recent studies have begun to reveal these long-sought effectors and have illuminated how they subvert key cellular pathways, including apoptosis, myeloid cell polarization, Toll-like receptor signaling, and phagosome action. Thus, despite lacking the specialized secretion systems of bacteria and parasites, it is increasingly clear that fungi independently evolved effectors targeting pathways often subverted by other classes of pathogens. These findings demonstrate the remarkable power of convergent evolution to enable diverse microbes to infect humans while also setting the stage for detailed dissection of fungal disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Boucher
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hiten D Madhani
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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28
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Edema H, Bawin T, Olsen S, Krause K, Karppinen K. Parasitic dodder expresses an arsenal of secreted cellulases with multi-substrate specificity during host invasion. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 210:108633. [PMID: 38663263 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Cuscuta campestris is a common and problematic parasitic plant which relies on haustoria to connect to and siphon nutrients from host plants. Glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GH9) cellulases (EC 3.2.1.4) play critical roles in plant cell wall biosynthesis and disassembly, but their roles during Cuscuta host invasion remains underexplored. In this study, we identified 22 full-length GH9 cellulase genes in C. campestris genome, which encoded fifteen secreted and seven membrane-anchored cellulases that showed distinct phylogenetic relationships. Expression profiles suggested that some of the genes are involved in biosynthesis and remodeling of the parasite's cell wall during haustoriogenesis, while other genes encoding secreted B- and C-type cellulases are tentatively associated with degrading host cell walls during invasion. Transcriptomic data in a host-free system and in the presence of susceptible or partially resistant tomato hosts, showed for especially GH9B7, GH9B11 and GH9B12 a shift in expression profiles in the presence of hosts, being more highly expressed during host attachment, indicating that Cuscuta can tune cellulase expression in response to a host. Functional analyses of recombinant B- and C-type cellulases showed endoglucanase activities over wide pH and temperature conditions, and activities towards multiple cellulose and hemicellulose substrates. These findings improve our understanding of host cell wall disassembly by Cuscuta, and cellulase activity towards broad substrate range potentially explain its wide host range. This is the first study to provide a broad biochemical insight into Cuscuta GH9 cellulases, which based on our study may have potential applications in industrial bioprocessing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Edema
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway; The Arctic Centre for Sustainable Energy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Thomas Bawin
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Stian Olsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Kirsten Krause
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway; The Arctic Centre for Sustainable Energy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
| | - Katja Karppinen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway; The Arctic Centre for Sustainable Energy, UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, 9037, Norway.
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Cui X, Li X, Li S, Huang Y, Liu N, Lian S, Li B, Wang C. Xylanase VmXyl2 is involved in the pathogenicity of Valsa mali by regulating xylanase activity and inducing cell necrosis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1342714. [PMID: 38745923 PMCID: PMC11092374 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1342714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Xylanase plays a key role in degrading plant cell wall during pathogenic fungi infection. Here, we identified a xylanase gene, VmXyl2 from the transcriptome of Valsa mali and examined its function. VmXyl2 has highly elevated transcript levels during the infection process of V. mali, with 15.02-fold increase. Deletion mutants of the gene were generated to investigate the necessity of VmXyl2 in the development and pathogenicity of V. mali. The VmXyl2 deletion mutant considerably reduced the virulence of V. mali in apple leaves and in twigs, accompanied by 41.22% decrease in xylanase activity. In addition, we found that VmXyl2 induces plant cell necrosis regardless of its xylanase activity, whereas promoting the infection of V. mali in apple tissues. The cell death-inducing activity of VmXyl2 dependent on BRI1-associated kinase-1 (BAK1) but not Suppressor of BIR1-1 (SOBIR1). Furthermore, VmXyl2 interacts with Mp2 in vivo, a receptor-like kinase with leucine-rich repeat. The results offer valuable insights into the roles of VmXyl2 in the pathogenicity of V. mali during its infection of apple trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Cui
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinke Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Shen Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Huang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Na Liu
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Sen Lian
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Baohua Li
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Caixia Wang
- Shandong Engineering Research Center for Environment-Friendly Agricultural Pest Management, College of Plant Health and Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Tu T, Ren Y, Gong W, Huang J, Zhu C, Salah M, Zhao L, Xia X, Wang Y. Endoglucanase H from Aspergillus westerdijkiae Plays an Important Role in the Virulence on Pear Fruits. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8415-8422. [PMID: 38573226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Aspergillus westerdijkiae can infect many agricultural products including cereals, grapes, and pear. Pathogenic fungi secrete diverse effectors as invasive weapons for successful invasion the host plant. During the pathogen-host interaction, 4486 differentially expressed genes were observed in A. westerdijkiae with 2773 up-regulated and 1713 down-regulated, whereas 8456 differentially expressed genes were detected in pear fruits with 4777 up-regulated and 3679 down-regulated. A total of 309 effector candidate genes were identified from the up-regulated genes in A. westerdijkiae. Endoglucanase H (AwEGH) was significantly induced during the pathogen-host interaction. Deletion of AwEGH resulted in altered fungal growth and morphology and reduced conidia production and germination compared to the wild-type. Further experiments demonstrated that AwEGH plays a role in cell wall integrity. Importantly, disruption of AwEGH significantly reduced the fungal virulence on pear fruits, and this defect can be partly explained by the impaired ability of A. westerdijkiae to penetrate host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Tu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Ren
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Weifeng Gong
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Juanying Huang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Chenyang Zhu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mahmoud Salah
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
- Department of Environmental Agricultural Science, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Environmental Research, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
| | - Luning Zhao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Xia
- Center of Analysis, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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de Ramón-Carbonell M, Sánchez-Torres P. Wide transcriptional outlook to uncover Penicillium expansum genes underlying fungal incompatible infection. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29124. [PMID: 38623190 PMCID: PMC11016614 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis of P. expansum involved different processes and one of them is the recognition between pathogen-host, which in the case of P. expansum is preferably pome fruit. In this work, the possible mechanisms connected to host recognition are addressed through the generation of a subtractive library carried out during the incompatible P. expansum-orange interaction in the initial stages of infection. The generated library was analyzed by massive sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Of the identified genes, a total of 24 were selected for subsequent expression analysis by RT-qPCR in two incompatible interaction situations. The characterization of the overexpressed genes revealed the presence of CWDEs, ATPases, aldolases, detoxifying enzymes and virulent determinants that could act as effectors related to fungal virulence independently of the host. However, several identified genes, which could not be associated with the virulence of P. expansum under compatible conditions, were related to enzymes to obtain the nutrients necessary for the growth and development of the pathogen under stress conditions through basal metabolism that contributes to expand the range of adaptation of the pathogen to the environment and different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta de Ramón-Carbonell
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Torres
- Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), Centro de Protección Vegetal y Biotecnología, 46113, Moncada, Valencia, Spain
- Food Biotechnology Department, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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32
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Wang L, Huang J, Chen S, Su X, Zhang X, Wang L, Zhang W, Wang Z, Zeng Q, Wang Q, Li Y. Endogenous cell wall degrading enzyme LytD is important for the biocontrol activity of Bacillus subtilis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1381018. [PMID: 38660441 PMCID: PMC11039861 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1381018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Autolysins are endogenous cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) in bacteria that remodel the peptidoglycan layer of its own cell wall. In the Bacillus subtilis genome, at least 35 autolysin genes have been identified. However, the study of their roles in bacterial physiology has been hampered by their complexity and functional redundancy. B. subtilis GLB191 is an effective biocontrol strain against grape downy mildew disease, the biocontrol effect of which results from both direct effect against the pathogen and stimulation of the plant defense. In this study, we show that the autolysin N-acetylglucosaminidase LytD, a major autolysin of vegetative growth in B. subtilis, plays an important role in its biocontrol activity against grape downy mildew. Disruption of lytD resulted in reduced suppression of the pathogen Plasmopara viticola and stimulation of the plant defense. LytD is also shown to affect the biofilm formation and colonization of B. subtilis on grape leaves. This is the first report that demonstrates the role of an endogenous CWDE in suppressing plant disease infection of a biological control microorganism. These findings not only expand our knowledge on the biological function of autolysins but also provide a new target to promote the biocontrol activity of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luotao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianquan Huang
- The Research Institute of Forestry and Pomology, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Si Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Su
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xun Zhang
- Airport Research Institute, China Academy of Civil Aviation Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lujun Wang
- Weinan Grapevine Research Institute, Weinan, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Weinan Grapevine Research Institute, Weinan, China
| | - Zhenshuo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qingchao Zeng
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Bradley JM, Butlin RK, Scholes JD. Comparative secretome analysis of Striga and Cuscuta species identifies candidate virulence factors for two evolutionarily independent parasitic plant lineages. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:251. [PMID: 38582844 PMCID: PMC10998327 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04935-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many parasitic plants of the genera Striga and Cuscuta inflict huge agricultural damage worldwide. To form and maintain a connection with a host plant, parasitic plants deploy virulence factors (VFs) that interact with host biology. They possess a secretome that represents the complement of proteins secreted from cells and like other plant parasites such as fungi, bacteria or nematodes, some secreted proteins represent VFs crucial to successful host colonisation. Understanding the genome-wide complement of putative secreted proteins from parasitic plants, and their expression during host invasion, will advance understanding of virulence mechanisms used by parasitic plants to suppress/evade host immune responses and to establish and maintain a parasite-host interaction. RESULTS We conducted a comparative analysis of the secretomes of root (Striga spp.) and shoot (Cuscuta spp.) parasitic plants, to enable prediction of candidate VFs. Using orthogroup clustering and protein domain analyses we identified gene families/functional annotations common to both Striga and Cuscuta species that were not present in their closest non-parasitic relatives (e.g. strictosidine synthase like enzymes), or specific to either the Striga or Cuscuta secretomes. For example, Striga secretomes were strongly associated with 'PAR1' protein domains. These were rare in the Cuscuta secretomes but an abundance of 'GMC oxidoreductase' domains were found, that were not present in the Striga secretomes. We then conducted transcriptional profiling of genes encoding putatively secreted proteins for the most agriculturally damaging root parasitic weed of cereals, S. hermonthica. A significant portion of the Striga-specific secretome set was differentially expressed during parasitism, which we probed further to identify genes following a 'wave-like' expression pattern peaking in the early penetration stage of infection. We identified 39 genes encoding putative VFs with functions such as cell wall modification, immune suppression, protease, kinase, or peroxidase activities, that are excellent candidates for future functional studies. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents a comprehensive secretome analysis among parasitic plants and revealed both similarities and differences in candidate VFs between Striga and Cuscuta species. This knowledge is crucial for the development of new management strategies and delaying the evolution of virulence in parasitic weeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Bradley
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
- Present address: Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3B2, Canada.
| | - Roger K Butlin
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
- Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julie D Scholes
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK.
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Xu S, Shen C, Li C, Dong W, Yang G. Genome sequencing and comparative genome analysis of Rhizoctonia solani AG-3. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1360524. [PMID: 38638902 PMCID: PMC11024465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani AG-3 is a plant pathogenic fungus that belongs to the group of multinucleate Rhizoctonia. According to its internal transcribed spacer (ITS) cluster analysis and host range, it is divided into TB, PT, and TM subgroups. AG-3 TB mainly causes tobacco target spots, AG-3 PT mainly causes potato black scurf, and AG-3 TM mainly causes tomato leaf blight. In our previous study, we found that all 36 tobacco target spot strains isolated from Yunnan (Southwest China) were classified into AG-3 TB subgroup, while only two of the six tobacco target spot strains isolated from Liaoning (Northeast China) were classified into AG-3 TB subgroup, and the remaining four strains were classified into AG-3 TM subgroup, which had a unique taxonomic status, and there was no previous report on the whole genome information of AG-3 TM subgroup. In this study, the whole genomes of R. solani AG-3 strains 3T-1 (AG-3 TM isolated from Liaoning) and MJ-102 (AG-3 TB isolated from Yunnan) isolated from tobacco target spot in Liaoning and Yunnan were sequenced by IIumina and PacBio sequencing platforms. Comparative genomic analysis was performed with the previously reported AG-3 PT strain Rhs1AP, revealing their differences in genomes and virulence factors. The results indicated that the genome size of 3T-1 was 42,103,597 bp with 11,290 coding genes and 49.74% GC content, and the genome size of MJ-102 was 41,908,281 bp with 10,592 coding genes and 48.91% GC content. Through comparative genomic analysis with the previously reported strain Rhs1AP (AG-3 PT), it was found that the GC content between the genomes was similar, but the strains 3T-1 and MJ-102 contained more repetitive sequences. Similarly, there are similarities between their virulence factors, but there are also some differences. In addition, the results of collinearity analysis showed that 3T-1 and MJ-102 had lower similarity and longer evolutionary distance with Rhs1AP, but the genetic relationship between 3T-1 and MJ-102 was closer. This study can lay a foundation for studying the molecular pathogenesis and virulence factors of R. solani AG-3, and revealing its genomic composition will also help to develop more effective disease control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Genhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Protection and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Kahar G, Haxim Y, Waheed A, Bozorov TA, Liu X, Wen X, Zhao M, Zhang D. Multi-Omics Approaches Provide New Insights into the Identification of Putative Fungal Effectors from Valsa mali. Microorganisms 2024; 12:655. [PMID: 38674600 PMCID: PMC11051974 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi secrete numerous effectors into host cells to manipulate plants' defense mechanisms. Valsa mali, a necrotrophic fungus, severely impacts apple production in China due to the occurrence of Valsa canker. Here, we predicted 210 candidate effector protein (CEP)-encoding genes from V. mali. The transcriptome analysis revealed that 146 CEP-encoding genes were differentially expressed during the infection of the host, Malus sieversii. Proteome analysis showed that 27 CEPs were differentially regulated during the infection stages. Overall, 25 of the 146 differentially expressed CEP-encoding genes were randomly selected to be transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. Pathogenicity analysis showed that the transient expression of VM1G-05058 suppressed BAX-triggered cell death while the expression of VM1G-10148 and VM1G-00140 caused cell death in N. benthamiana. In conclusion, by using multi-omics analysis, we identified potential effector candidates for further evaluation in vivo. Our results will provide new insights into the investigation of virulent mechanisms of V. mali.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulnaz Kahar
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yakupjan Haxim
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Abdul Waheed
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Tohir A. Bozorov
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Plants Experimental Biology, Uzbek Academy of Sciences, Yukori-Yuz, Kibray 111226, Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Xuejing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Mingqi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
| | - Daoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China; (G.K.); (Y.H.); (A.W.); (X.L.); (X.W.); (M.Z.)
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Plant Gene Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
- Turpan Eremophytes Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Turpan 838008, China
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Wojtasik W, Dymińska L, Hanuza J, Burgberger M, Boba A, Szopa J, Kulma A, Mierziak J. Endophytic non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum reorganizes the cell wall in flax seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1352105. [PMID: 38590745 PMCID: PMC10999547 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1352105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is a crop producing valuable products like seeds and fiber. However, its cultivation faces challenges from environmental stress factors and significant yield losses due to fungal infections. The major threat is Fusarium oxysporum f.sp lini, causing fusarium wilt of flax. Interestingly, within the Fusarium family, there are non-pathogenic strains known as biocontrols, which protect plants from infections caused by pathogenic strains. When exposed to a non-pathogenic strain, flax exhibits defense responses similar to those seen during pathogenic infections. This sensitization process activates immune reactions, preparing the plant to better combat potential pathogenic strains. The plant cell wall is crucial for defending against pathogens. It serves as the primary barrier, blocking pathogen entry into plant cells. Methods The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of treating flax with a non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain, focusing on cell wall remodeling. The infection's progress was monitored by determining the fungal DNA content and microscopic observation. The plant defense response was confirmed by an increase in the level of Pathogenesis-Related (PR) genes transcripts. The reorganization of flax cell wall during non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain infection was examined using Infrared spectroscopy (IR), determination of cell wall polymer content, and analysis of mRNA level of genes involved in their metabolism. Results and discussion IR analysis revealed reduced cellulose content in flax seedlings after treatment with Fo47 and that the cellulose chains were shorter and more loosely bound. Hemicellulose content was also reduced but only after 12h and 36h. The total pectin content remained unchanged, while the relative share of simple sugars and uronic acids in the pectin fractions changed over time. In addition, a dynamic change in the level of methylesterification of carboxyl groups of pectin was observed in flax seedlings treated with Fo47 compared to untreated seedlings. The increase in lignin content was observed only 48 hours after the treatment with non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum. Analysis of mRNA levels of cell wall polymer metabolism genes showed significant changes over time in all analyzed genes. In conclusion, the research suggests that the rearrangement of the cell wall is likely one of the mechanisms behind flax sensitization by the non-pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum strain. Understanding these processes could help in developing strategies to enhance flax's resistance to fusarium wilt and improve its overall yield and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioleta Wojtasik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Dymińska
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Wrocław University of Economics and Business, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jerzy Hanuza
- Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Burgberger
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Boba
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Szopa
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kulma
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Mierziak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Basak P, Gurjar MS, Kumar TPJ, Kashyap N, Singh D, Jha SK, Saharan MS. Transcriptome analysis of Bipolaris sorokiniana - Hordeum vulgare provides insights into mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1360571. [PMID: 38577688 PMCID: PMC10993733 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1360571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Spot blotch disease incited by Bipolaris sorokiniana severely affects the cultivation of barley. The resistance to B. sorokiniana is quantitative in nature and its interaction with the host is highly complex which necessitates in-depth molecular analysis. Thus, the study aimed to conduct the transcriptome analysis to decipher the mechanisms and pathways involved in interactions between barley and B. sorokiniana in both the resistant (EC0328964) and susceptible (EC0578292) genotypes using the RNA Seq approach. In the resistant genotype, 6,283 genes of Hordeum vulgare were differentially expressed out of which 5,567 genes were upregulated and 716 genes were downregulated. 1,158 genes of Hordeum vulgare were differentially expressed in the susceptible genotype, out of which 654 genes were upregulated and 504 genes were downregulated. Several defense-related genes like resistant gene analogs (RGAs), disease resistance protein RPM1, pathogenesis-related protein PRB1-2-like, pathogenesis-related protein 1, thaumatin-like protein PWIR2 and defensin Tm-AMP-D1.2 were highly expressed exclusively in resistant genotype only. The pathways involved in the metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites were the most prominently represented pathways in both the resistant and susceptible genotypes. However, pathways involved in MAPK signaling, plant-pathogen interaction, and plant hormone signal transduction were highly enriched in resistant genotype. Further, a higher number of pathogenicity genes of B. sorokiniana was found in response to the susceptible genotype. The pathways encoding for metabolism, biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, ABC transporters, and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis were highly expressed in susceptible genotype in response to the pathogen. 14 and 11 genes of B. sorokiniana were identified as candidate effectors from susceptible and resistant host backgrounds, respectively. This investigation will offer valuable insights in unraveling the complex mechanisms involved in barley- B. sorokiniana interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Basak
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Malkhan Singh Gurjar
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Natasha Kashyap
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Singh
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Shailendra Kumar Jha
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahender Singh Saharan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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38
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Li Q, Feng Y, Li J, Hai Y, Si L, Tan C, Peng J, Hu Z, Li Z, Li C, Hao D, Tang W. Multi-omics approaches to understand pathogenicity during potato early blight disease caused by Alternaria solani. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1357579. [PMID: 38529180 PMCID: PMC10961351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1357579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Potato early blight (PEB), a foliar disease of potato during the growing period, caused by Alternaria sp., is common in major potato-producing areas worldwide. Effective agents to control this disease or completely resistant potato varieties are absent. Large-scale use of fungicides is limited due to possibility of increase in pathogen resistance and the requirements of ecological agriculture. In this study, we focused on the composition and infection characteristics of early blight pathogens in Yunnan Province and screened candidate pathogenesis-related pathways and genes. We isolated 85 strains of Alternaria sp. fungi from typical early blight spots in three potato-growing regions in Yunnan Province from 2018 to 2022, and identified 35 strains of Alternaria solani and 50 strains of Alternaria alternata by morphological characterization and ITS sequence comparison, which were identified as the main and conditional pathogens causing early blight in potato, respectively. Scanning electron microscope analysis confirmed only A. solani producing appressorium at 4 h after inoculation successfully infected the leaf cells. Via genome assembly and annotation, combine transcriptome and proteomic analysis, the following pathogenicity-related unit, transcription factors and metabolic pathway were identified: (1) cell wall-degrading enzymes, such as pectinase, keratinase, and cellulase; (2) genes and pathways related to conidia germination and pathogenicity, such as ubiquitination and peroxisomes; and (3) transcription factors, such as Zn-clus, C2H2, bZIP, and bHLH. These elements were responsible for PEB epidemic in Yunnan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yan Feng
- School of Economics and Management, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Hai
- Yunnan YinMore Modern Agriculture Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Liping Si
- Yunnan YinMore Modern Agriculture Co., Ltd., Kunming, China
| | - Chen Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Peng
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Zuo Hu
- Zhaotong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhaotong, China
| | - Zhou Li
- Zhaotong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhaotong, China
| | - Canhui Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Dahai Hao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Potato Biology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
- School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, China
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Kumar P, Sharma R, Kumar K. A perspective on varied fungal virulence factors causing infection in host plants. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:392. [PMID: 38446264 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Pathogenic fungi and their spores are ubiquitously present and invade the tissues of higher living plants causing pathogenesis and inevitably death or retarded growth. A group of fungi kills its hosts and consume the dead tissues (necrotrophs), while others feed on living tissue (biotrophs) or combination of two (hemibiotrophs). A number of virulent factors is used by fungal pathogens to inhabit new hosts and cause illness. Fungal pathogens develop specialized structures for complete invasion into plant organs to regulate pathogenic growth. Virulence factors like effectors, mycotoxins, cell wall degrading enzymes and organic acids have varied roles depending on the infection strategy and assist the pathogens to possess control on living tissues of the plants. Infection strategies employed by fungi generally masks the plant defense mechanism, however necrotrophs are best known to harm plant tissues with their poisonous secretion. Interestingly, the effector chemicals released by Biotrophs reduce plant cell growth and regulate plant metabolism in their advantage causing no direct death. All these virulence tools cause huge loss to the agricultural product of pre- harvest crops and post-harvest yields causing low output leading to huge economic losses. This review focusses on comprehensive study of range of virulence factors of the pathogenic fungi responsible for their invasion inside the healthy tissues of plants. The compiled information would influence researchers to design antidote against all virulence factors of fungi relevant to their area of research which could pave way for protection against plant pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prince Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Rajani Sharma
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand, Ranchi, 834004, India.
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Amezrou R, Ducasse A, Compain J, Lapalu N, Pitarch A, Dupont L, Confais J, Goyeau H, Kema GHJ, Croll D, Amselem J, Sanchez-Vallet A, Marcel TC. Quantitative pathogenicity and host adaptation in a fungal plant pathogen revealed by whole-genome sequencing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1933. [PMID: 38431601 PMCID: PMC10908820 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of genetic determinism and evolutionary dynamics mediating host-pathogen interactions is essential to manage fungal plant diseases. Studies on the genetic architecture of fungal pathogenicity often focus on large-effect effector genes triggering strong, qualitative resistance. It is not clear how this translates to predominately quantitative interactions. Here, we use the Zymoseptoria tritici-wheat model to elucidate the genetic architecture of quantitative pathogenicity and mechanisms mediating host adaptation. With a multi-host genome-wide association study, we identify 19 high-confidence candidate genes associated with quantitative pathogenicity. Analysis of genetic diversity reveals that sequence polymorphism is the main evolutionary process mediating differences in quantitative pathogenicity, a process that is likely facilitated by genetic recombination and transposable element dynamics. Finally, we use functional approaches to confirm the role of an effector-like gene and a methyltransferase in phenotypic variation. This study highlights the complex genetic architecture of quantitative pathogenicity, extensive diversifying selection and plausible mechanisms facilitating pathogen adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Amezrou
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Aurélie Ducasse
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | - Jérôme Compain
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR URGI, Versailles, France
| | - Nicolas Lapalu
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR URGI, Versailles, France
| | - Anais Pitarch
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | - Laetitia Dupont
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | - Johann Confais
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR BIOGER, Palaiseau, France
| | | | - Gert H J Kema
- Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Croll
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Université de Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Amselem
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UR URGI, Versailles, France
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de Oliveira Silva A, Fernando Devasahayam BR, Aliyeva-Schnorr L, Glienke C, Deising HB. The serine-threonine protein kinase Snf1 orchestrates the expression of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes and is required for full virulence of the maize pathogen Colletotrichum graminicola. Fungal Genet Biol 2024; 171:103876. [PMID: 38367799 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2024.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Colletotrichum graminicola, the causal agent of maize leaf anthracnose and stalk rot, differentiates a pressurized infection cell called an appressorium in order to invade the epidermal cell, and subsequently forms biotrophic and necrotrophic hyphae to colonize the host tissue. While the role of force in appressorial penetration is established (Bechinger et al., 1999), the involvement of cell wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs) in this process and in tissue colonization is poorly understood, due to the enormous number and functional redundancy of these enzymes. The serine/threonine protein kinase gene SNF1 identified in Sucrose Non-Fermenting yeast mutants mediates de-repression of catabolite-repressed genes, including many genes encoding CWDEs. In this study, we identified and functionally characterized the SNF1 homolog of C. graminicola. Δsnf1 mutants showed reduced vegetative growth and asexual sporulation rates on media containing polymeric carbon sources. Microscopy revealed reduced efficacies in appressorial penetration of cuticle and epidermal cell wall, and formation of unusual medusa-like biotrophic hyphae by Δsnf1 mutants. Severe and moderate virulence reductions were observed on intact and wounded leaves, respectively. Employing RNA-sequencing we show for the first time that more than 2,500 genes are directly or indirectly controlled by Snf1 in necrotrophic hyphae of a plant pathogenic fungus, many of which encode xylan- and cellulose-degrading enzymes. The data presented show that Snf1 is a global regulator of gene expression and is required for full virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan de Oliveira Silva
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Bennet Rohan Fernando Devasahayam
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lala Aliyeva-Schnorr
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Chirlei Glienke
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Holger B Deising
- Chair of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Germany.
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Xiao Y, Sun G, Yu Q, Gao T, Zhu Q, Wang R, Huang S, Han Z, Cervone F, Yin H, Qi T, Wang Y, Chai J. A plant mechanism of hijacking pathogen virulence factors to trigger innate immunity. Science 2024; 383:732-739. [PMID: 38359129 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj9529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) interact with pathogen-derived polygalacturonases to inhibit their virulence-associated plant cell wall-degrading activity but stimulate immunity-inducing oligogalacturonide production. Here we show that interaction between Phaseolus vulgaris PGIP2 (PvPGIP2) and Fusarium phyllophilum polygalacturonase (FpPG) enhances substrate binding, resulting in inhibition of the enzyme activity of FpPG. This interaction promotes FpPG-catalyzed production of long-chain immunoactive oligogalacturonides, while diminishing immunosuppressive short oligogalacturonides. PvPGIP2 binding creates a substrate binding site on PvPGIP2-FpPG, forming a new polygalacturonase with boosted substrate binding activity and altered substrate preference. Structure-based engineering converts a putative PGIP that initially lacks FpPG-binding activity into an effective FpPG-interacting protein. These findings unveil a mechanism for plants to transform pathogen virulence activity into a defense trigger and provide proof of principle for engineering PGIPs with broader specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xiao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangzheng Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Qiangsheng Yu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Teng Gao
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qinsheng Zhu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shijia Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Zhifu Han
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "C. Darwin," Sapienza, University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Heng Yin
- Dalian Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Agricultural Preparations, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbohydrates, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Tiancong Qi
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jijie Chai
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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Barrit T, Planchet E, Lothier J, Satour P, Aligon S, Tcherkez G, Limami AM, Campion C, Teulat B. Nitrogen Nutrition Modulates the Response to Alternaria brassicicola Infection via Metabolic Modifications in Arabidopsis Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:534. [PMID: 38502050 PMCID: PMC10892011 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Little is known about the effect of nitrogen nutrition on seedling susceptibility to seed-borne pathogens. We have previously shown that seedlings grown under high nitrate (5 mM) conditions are less susceptible than those grown under low nitrate (0.1 mM) and ammonium (5 mM) in the Arabidopsis-Alternaria brassicicola pathosystem. However, it is not known how seedling metabolism is modulated by nitrogen nutrition, nor what is its response to pathogen infection. Here, we addressed this question using the same pathosystem and nutritive conditions, examining germination kinetics, seedling development, but also shoot ion contents, metabolome, and selected gene expression. Nitrogen nutrition clearly altered the seedling metabolome. A similar metabolomic profile was observed in inoculated seedlings grown at high nitrate levels and in not inoculated-seedlings. High nitrate levels also led to specific gene expression patterns (e.g., polyamine metabolism), while other genes responded to inoculation regardless of nitrogen supply conditions. Furthermore, the metabolites best correlated with high disease symptoms were coumarate, tyrosine, hemicellulose sugars, and polyamines, and those associated with low symptoms were organic acids (tricarboxylic acid pathway, glycerate, shikimate), sugars derivatives and β-alanine. Overall, our results suggest that the beneficial effect of high nitrate nutrition on seedling susceptibility is likely due to nutritive and signaling mechanisms affecting developmental plant processes detrimental to the pathogen. In particular, it may be due to a constitutively high tryptophan metabolism, as well as down regulation of oxidative stress caused by polyamine catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibault Barrit
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Elisabeth Planchet
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Jérémy Lothier
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Pascale Satour
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Sophie Aligon
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Guillaume Tcherkez
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Anis M. Limami
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Claire Campion
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
| | - Béatrice Teulat
- Institut Agro, University of Angers, INRAE, IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 49000 Angers, France; (T.B.); (E.P.); (J.L.); (P.S.); (S.A.); (G.T.); (A.M.L.); (C.C.)
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Wang Y, Liao X, Shang W, Qin J, Xu X, Hu X. The secreted feruloyl esterase of Verticillium dahliae modulates host immunity via degradation of GhDFR. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13431. [PMID: 38353627 PMCID: PMC10866084 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterase (ferulic acid esterase, FAE) is an essential component of many biological processes in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. This research aimed to investigate the role of FAE and its regulation mechanism in plant immunity. We identified a secreted feruloyl esterase VdFAE from the hemibiotrophic plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdFAE acted as an important virulence factor during V. dahliae infection, and triggered plant defence responses, including cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana. Deletion of VdFAE led to a decrease in the degradation of ethyl ferulate. VdFAE interacted with Gossypium hirsutum protein dihydroflavanol 4-reductase (GhDFR), a positive regulator in plant innate immunity, and promoted the degradation of GhDFR. Furthermore, silencing of GhDFR led to reduced resistance of cotton plants against V. dahliae. The results suggested a fungal virulence strategy in which a fungal pathogen secretes FAE to interact with host DFR and interfere with plant immunity, thereby promoting infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiwen Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenjing Shang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jun Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xiangming Xu
- Pest & Pathogen Ecology, NIAB East MallingWest MallingUK
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Integrated Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Treindl AD, Stapley J, Croll D, Leuchtmann A. Two-speed genomes of Epichloe fungal pathogens show contrasting signatures of selection between species and across populations. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17242. [PMID: 38084851 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Antagonistic selection between pathogens and their hosts can drive rapid evolutionary change and leave distinct molecular footprints of past and ongoing selection in the genomes of the interacting species. Despite an increasing availability of tools able to identify signatures of selection, the genetic mechanisms underlying coevolutionary interactions and the specific genes involved are still poorly understood, especially in heterogeneous natural environments. We searched the genomes of two species of Epichloe plant pathogen for evidence of recent selection. The Epichloe genus includes highly host-specific species that can sterilize their grass hosts. We performed selection scans using genome-wide SNP data from seven natural populations of two co-occurring Epichloe sibling species specialized on different hosts. We found evidence of recent (and ongoing) selective sweeps across the genome in both species. However, selective sweeps were more abundant in the species with a larger effective population size. Sweep regions often overlapped with highly polymorphic AT-rich regions supporting the role of these genome compartments in adaptive evolution. Although most loci under selection were specific to individual populations, we could also identify several candidate genes targeted by selection in sweep regions shared among populations. The genes encoded small secreted proteins typical of fungal effectors and cell wall-degrading enzymes. By investigating the genomic signatures of selection across multiple populations and species, this study contributes to our understanding of complex adaptive processes in natural plant pathogen systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemis D Treindl
- Plant Ecological Genetics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jessica Stapley
- Plant Pathology Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Croll
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Leuchtmann
- Plant Ecological Genetics Group, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Xu M, Godana EA, Li J, Deng Y, Ma Y, Ya H, Zhang H. Infection of postharvest pear by Penicillium expansum is facilitated by the glycoside hydrolase (eglB) gene. Int J Food Microbiol 2024; 410:110465. [PMID: 37980812 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
The primary reason for postharvest loss is blue mold disease which is mainly caused by Penicillium expansum. Strategies for disease control greatly depend on the understanding of mechanisms of pathogen-fruit interaction. A member of the glycoside hydrolase family, β-glucosidase 1b (eglB), in P. expansum was significantly upregulated during postharvest pear infection. Glycoside hydrolases are a large group of enzymes that can degrade plant cell wall polymers. High homology was found between the glycoside hydrolase superfamily in P. expansum. Functional characterization and analysis of eglB were performed via gene knockout and complementation analysis. Although eglB deletion had no notable effect on P. expansum colony shape or microscopic morphology, it did reduce the production of fungal hyphae, thereby reducing P. expansum's sporulation and patulin (PAT) accumulation. Moreover, the deletion of eglB (ΔeglB) reduced P. expansum pathogenicity in pears. The growth, conidia production, PAT accumulation, and pathogenicity abilities of ΔeglB were restored to that of wild-type P. expansum by complementation of eglB (ΔeglB-C). These findings indicate that eglB contributes to P. expansum's development and pathogenicity. This research is a contribution to the identification of key effectors of fungal pathogenicity for use as targets in fruit safety strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqiu Xu
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Esa Abiso Godana
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Li
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaping Deng
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufei Ma
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyuan Ya
- College of Food and Drug, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471934, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hongyin Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Zhao X, Wang Y, Yuan B, Zhao H, Wang Y, Tan Z, Wang Z, Wu H, Li G, Song W, Gupta R, Tsuda K, Ma Z, Gao X, Gu Q. Temporally-coordinated bivalent histone modifications of BCG1 enable fungal invasion and immune evasion. Nat Commun 2024; 15:231. [PMID: 38182582 PMCID: PMC10770383 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bivalent histone modifications, including functionally opposite H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 marks simultaneously on the same nucleosome, control various cellular processes by fine-tuning the gene expression in eukaryotes. However, the role of bivalent histone modifications in fungal virulence remains elusive. By mapping the genome-wide landscape of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 dynamic modifications in Fusarium graminearum (Fg) during invasion, we identify the infection-related bivalent chromatin-marked genes (BCGs). BCG1 gene, which encodes a secreted Fusarium-specific xylanase containing a G/Q-rich motif, displays the highest increase of bivalent modification during Fg infection. We report that the G/Q-rich motif of BCG1 is a stimulator of its xylanase activity and is essential for the full virulence of Fg. Intriguingly, this G/Q-rich motif is recognized by pattern-recognition receptors to trigger plant immunity. We discover that Fg employs H3K4me3 modification to induce BCG1 expression required for host cell wall degradation. After breaching the cell wall barrier, this active chromatin state is reset to bivalency by co-modifying with H3K27me3, which enables epigenetic silencing of BCG1 to escape from host immune surveillance. Collectively, our study highlights how fungal pathogens deploy bivalent epigenetic modification to achieve temporally-coordinated activation and suppression of a critical fungal gene, thereby facilitating successful infection and host immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yiming Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingqin Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanxi Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng Tan
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijun Wu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Ravi Gupta
- College of General Education, Kookmin University, Seoul, 02707, South Korea
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Lab of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhonghua Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, the Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuewen Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China
| | - Qin Gu
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Diseases and Pest Insects, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, China.
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Kalita B, Roy A, Jayaprakash A, Arunachalam A, P.T.V L. Identification of lncRNA and weighted gene coexpression network analysis of germinating Rhizopus delemar causing mucormycosis. Mycology 2024; 14:344-357. [PMID: 38187880 PMCID: PMC10769135 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2023.2265414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus delemar, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, causes a highly fatal disease, mucormycosis. Spore germination is a crucial mechanism for disease pathogenesis. Thus, exploring the molecular mechanisms of fungal germination would underpin our knowledge of such transformation and, in turn, help control mucormycosis. To gain insight into the developmental process particularly associated with cell wall modification and synthesis, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) was performed including both coding and non-coding transcripts identified in the current study, to find out the module of interest in the germination stages. The module-trait relationship identified a particular module to have a high correlation only at the resting phase and further analysis revealed the module to be enriched for protein phosphorylation, carbohydrate metabolic process, and cellular response to stimulus. Moreover, co-expression network analysis of highly connected nodes revealed cell wall modifying enzymes, especially those involved in mannosylation, chitin-glucan crosslinking, and polygalacturonase activities co-expressing and interacting with the novel lncRNAs among which some of them predicted to be endogenous target mimic (eTM) lncRNAs. Hence, the present study provides an insight into the onset of spore germination and the information on the novel non-coding transcripts with key cell wall-related enzymes as potential targets against mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barsha Kalita
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | - Abhijeet Roy
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
| | | | | | - Lakshmi P.T.V
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India
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Li W, Li P, Deng Y, Situ J, He Z, Zhou W, Li M, Xi P, Liang X, Kong G, Jiang Z. A plant cell death-inducing protein from litchi interacts with Peronophythora litchii pectate lyase and enhances plant resistance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:22. [PMID: 38167822 PMCID: PMC10761943 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell wall degrading enzymes, including pectate lyases (PeLs), released by plant pathogens, break down protective barriers and/or activate host immunity. The direct interactions between PeLs and plant immune-related proteins remain unclear. We identify two PeLs, PlPeL1 and PlPeL1-like, critical for full virulence of Peronophythora litchii on litchi (Litchi chinensis). These proteins enhance plant susceptibility to oomycete pathogens in a PeL enzymatic activity-dependent manner. However, LcPIP1, a plant immune regulator secreted by litchi, binds to PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like, and attenuates PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like induced plant susceptibility to Phytophthora capsici. LcPIP1 also induces cell death and various immune responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Conserved in plants, LcPIP1 homologs bear a conserved "VDMASG" motif and exhibit immunity-inducing activity. Furthermore, SERK3 interacts with LcPIP1 and is required for LcPIP1-induced cell death. NbPIP1 participates in immune responses triggered by the PAMP protein INF1. In summary, our study reveals the dual roles of PlPeL1/PlPeL1-like in plant-pathogen interactions: enhancing pathogen virulence through PeL enzymatic activity while also being targeted by LcPIP1, thus enhancing plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/Integrative Microbiology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junjian Situ
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoyuan He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenzhe Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiu Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources/College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Zide Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide/Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Waqar S, Bhat AA, Khan AA. Endophytic fungi: Unravelling plant-endophyte interaction and the multifaceted role of fungal endophytes in stress amelioration. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 206:108174. [PMID: 38070242 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi colonize interior plant tissue and mostly form mutualistic associations with their host plant. Plant-endophyte interaction is a complex mechanism and is currently a focus of research to understand the underlying mechanism of endophyte asymptomatic colonization, the process of evading plant immune response, modulation of gene expression, and establishment of a balanced mutualistic relationship. Fungal endophytes rely on plant hosts for nutrients, shelter, and transmission and improve the host plant's tolerance against biotic stresses, including -herbivores, nematodes, bacterial, fungal, viral, nematode, and other phytopathogens. Endophytic fungi have been reported to improve plant health by reducing and eradicating the harmful effect of phytopathogens through competition for space or nutrients, mycoparasitism, and through direct or indirect defense systems by producing secondary metabolites as well as by induced systemic resistance (ISR). Additionally, for efficient crop improvement, practicing them would be a fruitful step for a sustainable approach. This review article summarizes the current research progress in plant-endophyte interaction and the fungal endophyte mechanism to overcome host defense responses, their subsequent colonization, and the establishment of a balanced mutualistic interaction with host plants. This review also highlighted the potential of fungal endophytes in the amelioration of biotic stress. We have also discussed the relevance of various bioactive compounds possessing antimicrobial potential against a variety of agricultural pathogens. Furthermore, endophyte-mediated ISR is also emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Waqar
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Adil Ameen Bhat
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
| | - Abrar Ahmad Khan
- Section of Environmental Botany and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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