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Chen Y, Hua X, Li S, Zhao J, Yu H, Wang D, Yang J, Liu L. Aromatic compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline coordinates nitrogen assimilation and methane mitigation in fragrant rice. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3429-3438.e4. [PMID: 39047736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Rice paddy has been the main source of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions, with significant variations among rice varieties. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) is the key component of the pleasant aroma in fragrant rice. Here, we show that fragrant rice is metabolically active in nitrogen assimilation and exhibits high levels of 2-AP and that CH4 fluxes at the booting stage and cumulative emissions are 25.5% and 14.8% lower, respectively, in fragrant rice paddies compared with nonfragrant rice paddies. Three precursors involved in 2-AP synthesis-proline, glutamic acid, and ornithine-are identified as crucial nitrogen compounds that significantly promote CH4 oxidation in the rhizosphere. Augmenting 2-AP synthesis, either through foliar spraying or by utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 technology to generate knockout lines of BETAINE ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE 2 gene, effectively enhances CH4 oxidation and reduces CH4 fluxes. Our findings reveal that the 2-AP metabolic pathway coordinates the carbon/nitrogen cycle to improve nitrogen assimilation along with high 2-AP levels and mitigate CH4 emissions in paddy ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xia Hua
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiamei Zhao
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Huan Yu
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Dongyao Wang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jiqiang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Wang X, Yuan Y, Charrier L, Deng Z, Geisler M, Deng XW, Chen H. Light-stabilized GIL1 suppresses PIN3 activity to inhibit hypocotyl gravitropism. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38990128 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Light and gravity coordinately regulate the directional growth of plants. Arabidopsis Gravitropic in the Light 1 (GIL1) inhibits the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls in red and far-red light, but the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Our study found that GIL1 is a plasma membrane-localized protein. In endodermal cells of the upper part of hypocotyls, GIL1 controls the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls. GIL1 directly interacts with PIN3 and inhibits the auxin transport activity of PIN3. Mutation of PIN3 suppresses the abnormal gravitropic response of gil1 mutant. The GIL1 protein is unstable in darkness but it is stabilized by red and far-red light. Together, our data suggest that light-stabilized GIL1 inhibits the negative gravitropism of hypocotyls by suppressing the activity of the auxin transporter PIN3, thereby enhancing the emergence of young seedlings from the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolian Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yanfang Yuan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Laurence Charrier
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Zhaoguo Deng
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Markus Geisler
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, 1700, Switzerland
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Haodong Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, 100084, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Wang W, Huang L, Song Y, Gui S, Cao J, Zhang H, Du M, Chen J, Wang Z, Zhou J, Meng X, Zeng D, Li J, Wang Y. LAZY4 acts additively with the starch-statolith-dependent gravity-sensing pathway to regulate shoot gravitropism and tiller angle in rice. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024:100943. [PMID: 38897199 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2024.100943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Rice tiller angle is a key agronomic trait that has significant effects on the establishment of a high-yield rice population. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the control of rice tiller angle remains to be clarified. Here, we characterized the novel tiller-angle gene LAZY4 (LA4) in rice through map-based cloning. LA4 encodes a C3H2C3-type RING zinc-finger E3 ligase localized in the nucleus, and an in vitro ubiquitination assay revealed that the conserved RING finger domain is essential for its E3 ligase activity. We found that expression of LA4 can be induced by gravistimulation and that loss of LA4 function leads to defective shoot gravitropism caused by impaired asymmetric auxin redistribution upon gravistimulation. Genetic analysis demonstrated that LA4 acts in a distinct pathway from the starch biosynthesis regulators LA2 and LA3, which function in the starch-statolith-dependent pathway. Further genetic analysis showed that LA4 regulates shoot gravitropism and tiller angle by acting upstream of LA1 to mediate lateral auxin transport upon gravistimulation. Our studies reveal that LA4 regulates shoot gravitropism and tiller angle upstream of LA1 through a novel pathway independent of the LA2-LA3-mediated gravity-sensing mechanism, providing new insights into the rice tiller-angle regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Linzhou Huang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Yuqi Song
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Songtao Gui
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Jiajia Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Han Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Mengchen Du
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Jiaze Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiangbing Meng
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai' an 271018, China; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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4
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Bai Q, Xuan S, Li W, Ali K, Zheng B, Ren H. Molecular mechanism of brassinosteroids involved in root gravity response based on transcriptome analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:485. [PMID: 38822229 PMCID: PMC11143716 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05174-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a class of phytohormones that regulate a wide range of developmental processes in plants. BR-associated mutants display impaired growth and response to developmental and environmental stimuli. RESULTS Here, we found that a BR-deficient mutant det2-1 displayed abnormal root gravitropic growth in Arabidopsis, which was not present in other BR mutants. To further elucidate the role of DET2 in gravity, we performed transcriptome sequencing and analysis of det2-1 and bri1-116, bri1 null mutant allele. Expression levels of auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin, and other related genes in the two mutants of det2-1 and bri1-116 were basically the same. However, we only found that a large number of JAZ (JASMONATE ZIM-domain) genes and jasmonate synthesis-related genes were upregulated in det2-1 mutant, suggesting increased levels of endogenous JA. CONCLUSIONS Our results also suggested that DET2 not only plays a role in BR synthesis but may also be involved in JA regulation. Our study provides a new insight into the molecular mechanism of BRs on the root gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, 716000, PR China
| | - Shurong Xuan
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Khawar Ali
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China
| | - Hongyan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, 710119, PR China.
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5
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Chen JC, Lin HY, Novák O, Strnad M, Lee YI, Fang SC. Diverse geotropic responses in the orchid family. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 38809156 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In epiphytes, aerial roots are important to combat water-deficient, nutrient-poor, and high-irradiance microhabitats. However, whether aerial roots can respond to gravity and whether auxin plays a role in regulating aerial root development remain open-ended questions. Here, we investigated the gravitropic response of the epiphytic orchid Phalaenopsis aphrodite. Our data showed that aerial roots of P. aphrodite failed to respond to gravity, and this was correlated with a lack of starch granules/statolith sedimentation in the roots and the absence of the auxin efflux carrier PIN2 gene. Using an established auxin reporter, we discovered that auxin maximum was absent in the quiescent center of aerial roots of P. aphrodite. Also, gravity failed to trigger auxin redistribution in the root caps. Hence, loss of gravity sensing and gravity-dependent auxin redistribution may be the genetic factors contributing to aerial root development. Moreover, the architectural and functional innovations that achieve fast gravitropism in the flowering plants appear to be lost in both terrestrial and epiphytic orchids, but are present in the early diverged orchid subfamilies. Taken together, our findings provide physiological and molecular evidence to support the notion that epiphytic orchids lack gravitropism and suggest diverse geotropic responses in the orchid family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhun-Chen Chen
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yin Lin
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Science, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Yung-I Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Su-Chiung Fang
- Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Academia Sinica, Tainan, Taiwan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chen G, Ma B, Chen Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Liu H. Soft Robots with Plant-Inspired Gravitropism Based on Fluidic Liquid Metal. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306129. [PMID: 38447146 PMCID: PMC11095172 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Plants can autonomously adjust their growth direction based on the gravitropic response to maximize energy acquisition, despite lacking nerves and muscles. Endowing soft robots with gravitropism may facilitate the development of self-regulating systems free of electronics, but remains elusive. Herein, acceleration-regulated soft actuators are described that can respond to the gravitational field by leveraging the unique fluidity of liquid metal in its self-limiting oxide skin. The soft actuator is obtained by magnetic printing of the fluidic liquid metal heater circuit on a thermoresponsive liquid crystal elastomer. The Joule heat of the liquid metal circuit with gravity-regulated resistance can be programmed by changing the actuator's pose to induce the flow of liquid metal. The actuator can autonomously adjust its bending degree by the dynamic interaction between its thermomechanical response and gravity. A gravity-interactive soft gripper is also created with controllable grasping and releasing by rotating the actuator. Moreover, it is demonstrated that self-regulated oscillation motion can be achieved by interfacing the actuator with a monostable tape spring, allowing the electronics-free control of a bionic walker. This work paves the avenue for the development of liquid metal-based reconfigurable electronics and electronics-free soft robots that can perceive gravity or acceleration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Yanjie Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Jin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical EngineeringSchool of Biological Science and Medical EngineeringSoutheast UniversityNanjing210096China
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Henry AR, Miller ND, Spalding EP. QTL for the Kinematic Traits That Define the Arabidopsis Root Elongation Zone and Their Relationship to Gravitropism. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1189. [PMID: 38732404 PMCID: PMC11085590 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Cell expansion in a discrete region called the elongation zone drives root elongation. Analyzing time lapse images can quantify the expansion in kinematic terms as if it were fluid flow. We used horizontal microscopes to collect images from which custom software extracted the length of the elongation zone, the peak relative elemental growth rate (REGR) within it, the axial position of the REGR peak, and the root elongation rate. Automation enabled these kinematic traits to be measured in 1575 Arabidopsis seedlings representing 162 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross of Cvi and Ler ecotypes. We mapped ten quantitative trait loci (QTL), affecting the four kinematic traits. Three QTL affected two or more traits in these vertically oriented seedlings. We compared this genetic architecture with that previously determined for gravitropism using the same RIL population. The major QTL peaks for the kinematic traits did not overlap with the gravitropism QTL. Furthermore, no single kinematic trait correlated with quantitative descriptors of the gravitropism response curve across this population. In addition to mapping QTL for growth zone traits, this study showed that the size and shape of the elongation zone may vary widely without affecting the differential growth induced by gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edgar P. Spalding
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; (A.R.H.); (N.D.M.)
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Simonetti V, Ravazzolo L, Ruperti B, Quaggiotti S, Castiello U. A system for the study of roots 3D kinematics in hydroponic culture: a study on the oscillatory features of root tip. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:50. [PMID: 38561757 PMCID: PMC10983651 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The root of a plant is a fundamental organ for the multisensory perception of the environment. Investigating root growth dynamics as a mean of their interaction with the environment is of key importance for improving knowledge in plant behaviour, plant biology and agriculture. To date, it is difficult to study roots movements from a dynamic perspective given that available technologies for root imaging focus mostly on static characterizations, lacking temporal and three-dimensional (3D) spatial information. This paper describes a new system based on time-lapse for the 3D reconstruction and analysis of roots growing in hydroponics. RESULTS The system is based on infrared stereo-cameras acquiring time-lapse images of the roots for 3D reconstruction. The acquisition protocol guarantees the root growth in complete dark while the upper part of the plant grows in normal light conditions. The system extracts the 3D trajectory of the root tip and a set of descriptive features in both the temporal and frequency domains. The system has been used on Zea mays L. (B73) during the first week of growth and shows good inter-reliability between operators with an Intra Class Correlation Coefficient (ICC) > 0.9 for all features extracted. It also showed measurement accuracy with a median difference of < 1 mm between computed and manually measured root length. CONCLUSIONS The system and the protocol presented in this study enable accurate 3D analysis of primary root growth in hydroponics. It can serve as a valuable tool for analysing real-time root responses to environmental stimuli thus improving knowledge on the processes contributing to roots physiological and phenotypic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Ravazzolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Italy
| | - Benedetto Ruperti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Italy
| | - Silvia Quaggiotti
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, Agripolis, Italy
| | - Umberto Castiello
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Kulich I, Schmid J, Teplova A, Qi L, Friml J. Rapid translocation of NGR proteins driving polarization of PIN-activating D6 protein kinase during root gravitropism. eLife 2024; 12:RP91523. [PMID: 38441122 PMCID: PMC10942638 DOI: 10.7554/elife.91523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Root gravitropic bending represents a fundamental aspect of terrestrial plant physiology. Gravity is perceived by sedimentation of starch-rich plastids (statoliths) to the bottom of the central root cap cells. Following gravity perception, intercellular auxin transport is redirected downwards leading to an asymmetric auxin accumulation at the lower root side causing inhibition of cell expansion, ultimately resulting in downwards bending. How gravity-induced statoliths repositioning is translated into asymmetric auxin distribution remains unclear despite PIN auxin efflux carriers and the Negative Gravitropic Response of roots (NGR) proteins polarize along statolith sedimentation, thus providing a plausible mechanism for auxin flow redirection. In this study, using a functional NGR1-GFP construct, we visualized the NGR1 localization on the statolith surface and plasma membrane (PM) domains in close proximity to the statoliths, correlating with their movements. We determined that NGR1 binding to these PM domains is indispensable for NGR1 functionality and relies on cysteine acylation and adjacent polybasic regions as well as on lipid and sterol PM composition. Detailed timing of the early events following graviperception suggested that both NGR1 repolarization and initial auxin asymmetry precede the visible PIN3 polarization. This discrepancy motivated us to unveil a rapid, NGR-dependent translocation of PIN-activating AGCVIII kinase D6PK towards lower PMs of gravity-perceiving cells, thus providing an attractive model for rapid redirection of auxin fluxes following gravistimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kulich
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Julia Schmid
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | | | - Linlin Qi
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaKlosterneuburgAustria
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10
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Pourhabibian S, Iranbakhsh A, Ebadi M, Hassanpour H, Hekmat A. Alteration in the callogenesis, tropane alkaloid formation, and gene expression in Hyoscyamus niger under clinorotation. PROTOPLASMA 2024; 261:293-302. [PMID: 37814140 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-023-01894-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of clinorotation induced by 2-D clinostat on the growth, tropane alkaloid production, gene expression, antioxidant capacity, and cellular defense responses in the callus tissue of Hyoscyamus niger. Callus induction was conducted by putting hypocotyl explants in the MS culture medium supplemented with 1 mgL-1 2,4-D and 1 mgL-1 BAP growth regulators. The sub-cultured calli were placed on a clinostat for 0, 3, 7, and 10 days (2.24 × 10-5 g on the edge of the callus ring). Clinorotation significantly increased callus fresh weight, dry weight, protein, carbohydrate, and proline contents compared to the control, and their maximum contents were obtained after 7 and 10 days. H2O2 level enhanced under clinorotation with a 76.3% rise after 10 days compared to control and positively affected the atropine (77.1%) and scopolamine (69.2%) productions. Hyoscyamine 6-beta hydroxylase and putrescine N-methyltransferase gene expression involved in the tropane alkaloid biosynthesis were upregulated markedly with 14.2 and 17.1-folds increase after 10 days of clinorotation, respectively. The expressions of jasmonic acid, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and ethylene-responsive element-binding transcription factor were upregulated, and the activity of peroxidase and catalase showed a 72.7 and 80% rise after 10 days. These findings suggest that microgravity can enhance callogenesis by stimulating the ROS level, which can impact the antioxidant enzymes, tropane alkaloid formation, and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pourhabibian
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Iranbakhsh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mostafa Ebadi
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Halimeh Hassanpour
- Aerospace Research Institute, Ministry of Science Research and Technology, Tehran, 14665-834, Iran
| | - Azadeh Hekmat
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Li X, Zhao R, Liu J, Li Z, Chen A, Xu S, Sheng X. Dynamic changes in calcium signals during root gravitropism. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 208:108481. [PMID: 38447424 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Gravitropism is a vital mechanism through which plants adapt to their environment. Previous studies indicated that Ca2+ may play an important role in plant gravitropism. However, our understanding of the calcium signals in root gravitropism is still largely limited. Using a vertical stage confocal and transgenic Arabidopsis R-GECO1, our data showed that gravity stimulation enhances the occurrence of calcium spikes and increases the Ca2+ concentration in the lower side of the root cap. Furthermore, a close correlation was observed in the asymmetry of calcium signals with the inclination angles at which the roots were oriented. The frequency of calcium spikes on the lower side of 90°-rotated root decreases rapidly over time, whereas the asymmetric distribution of auxin readily strengthens for up to 3 h, indicating that the calcium spikes, promoted by gravity stimulation, may precede auxin as one of the early signals. In addition, the root gravitropism of starchless mutants is severely impaired. Correspondingly, no significant increase in calcium spike occurrence was observed in the root caps of these mutants within 15 min following a 90° rotation, indicating the involvement of starch grains in the formation of calcium spikes. However, between 30 and 45 min after a 90° rotation, asymmetric calcium spikes were indeed observed in the root of starchless mutants, suggesting that starch grains are not indispensable for the formation of calcium spikes. Besides, co-localization analysis suggests that the ER may function as calcium stores during the occurrence of calcium spikes. These findings provide further insights into plant gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruoxin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Jiahui Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ai Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Shi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xianyong Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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Cho Y, Kim Y, Lee H, Kim S, Kang J, Kadam US, Ju Park S, Sik Chung W, Chan Hong J. Cellular and physiological functions of SGR family in gravitropic response in higher plants. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00039-0. [PMID: 38295878 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In plants, gravity directs bidirectional growth; it specifies upward growth of shoots and downward growth of roots. Due to gravity, roots establish robust anchorage and shoot, which enables to photosynthesize. It sets optimum posture and develops plant architecture to efficiently use resources like water, nutrients, CO2, and gaseous exchange. Hence, gravitropism is crucial for crop productivity as well as for the growth of plants in challenging climate. Some SGR members are known to affect tiller and shoot angle, organ size, and inflorescence stem in plants. AIM OF REVIEW Although the SHOOT GRAVITROPISM (SGR) family plays a key role in regulating the fate of shoot gravitropism, little is known about its function compared to other proteins involved in gravity response in plant cells and tissues. Moreover, less information on the SGR family's physiological activities and biochemical responses in shoot gravitropism is available. This review scrutinizes and highlights the recent developments in shoot gravitropism and provides an outlook for future crop development, multi-application scenarios, and translational research to improve agricultural productivity. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Plants have evolved multiple gene families specialized in gravitropic responses, of which the SGR family is highly significant. The SGR family regulates the plant's gravity response by regulating specific physiological and biochemical processes such as transcription, cell division, amyloplast sedimentation, endodermis development, and vacuole formation. Here, we analyze the latest discoveries in shoot gravitropism with particular attention to SGR proteins in plant cell biology, cellular physiology, and homeostasis. Plant cells detect gravity signals by sedimentation of amyloplast (starch granules) in the direction of gravity, and the signaling cascade begins. Gravity sensing, signaling, and auxin redistribution (organ curvature) are the three components of plant gravitropism. Eventually, we focus on the role of multiple SGR genes in shoot and present a complete update on the participation of SGR family members in gravity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Cho
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujeong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyebi Lee
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sundong Kim
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehee Kang
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Ulhas S Kadam
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Chung
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Chan Hong
- Division of Life Science and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Four), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Gyeongnam, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Pozhvanov G, Suslov D. Sucrose and Mannans Affect Arabidopsis Shoot Gravitropism at the Cell Wall Level. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:209. [PMID: 38256762 PMCID: PMC10819476 DOI: 10.3390/plants13020209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Gravitropism is the plant organ bending in response to gravity. Gravitropism, phototropism and sufficient mechanical strength define the optimal position of young shoots for photosynthesis. Etiolated wild-type Arabidopsis seedlings grown horizontally in the presence of sucrose had a lot more upright hypocotyls than seedlings grown without sucrose. We studied the mechanism of this effect at the level of cell wall biomechanics and biochemistry. Sucrose strengthened the bases of hypocotyls and decreased the content of mannans in their cell walls. As sucrose is known to increase the gravitropic bending of hypocotyls, and mannans have recently been shown to interfere with this process, we examined if the effect of sucrose on shoot gravitropism could be partially mediated by mannans. We compared cell wall biomechanics and metabolomics of hypocotyls at the early steps of gravitropic bending in Col-0 plants grown with sucrose and mannan-deficient mutant seedlings. Sucrose and mannans affected gravitropic bending via different mechanisms. Sucrose exerted its effect through cell wall-loosening proteins, while mannans changed the walls' viscoelasticity. Our data highlight the complexity of shoot gravitropism control at the cell wall level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Pozhvanov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Laboratory of Analytical Phytochemistry, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Herzen State Pedagogical University, 191186 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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14
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Aronsson H, Solymosi K. Diversification of Plastid Structure and Function in Land Plants. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2776:63-88. [PMID: 38502498 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3726-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Plastids represent a largely diverse group of organelles in plant and algal cells that have several common features but also a broad spectrum of morphological, ultrastructural, biochemical, and physiological differences. Plastids and their structural and metabolic diversity significantly contribute to the functionality and developmental flexibility of the plant body throughout its lifetime. In addition to the multiple roles of given plastid types, this diversity is accomplished in some cases by interconversions between different plastids as a consequence of developmental and environmental signals that regulate plastid differentiation and specialization. In addition to basic plastid structural features, the most important plastid types, the newly characterized peculiar plastids, and future perspectives in plastid biology are also provided in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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15
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Chen J, Yu R, Li N, Deng Z, Zhang X, Zhao Y, Qu C, Yuan Y, Pan Z, Zhou Y, Li K, Wang J, Chen Z, Wang X, Wang X, He SN, Dong J, Deng XW, Chen H. Amyloplast sedimentation repolarizes LAZYs to achieve gravity sensing in plants. Cell 2023; 186:4788-4802.e15. [PMID: 37741279 PMCID: PMC10615846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Gravity controls directional growth of plants, and the classical starch-statolith hypothesis proposed more than a century ago postulates that amyloplast sedimentation in specialized cells initiates gravity sensing, but the molecular mechanism remains uncharacterized. The LAZY proteins are known as key regulators of gravitropism, and lazy mutants show striking gravitropic defects. Here, we report that gravistimulation by reorientation triggers mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling-mediated phosphorylation of Arabidopsis LAZY proteins basally polarized in root columella cells. Phosphorylation of LAZY increases its interaction with several translocons at the outer envelope membrane of chloroplasts (TOC) proteins on the surface of amyloplasts, facilitating enrichment of LAZY proteins on amyloplasts. Amyloplast sedimentation subsequently guides LAZY to relocate to the new lower side of the plasma membrane in columella cells, where LAZY induces asymmetrical auxin distribution and root differential growth. Together, this study provides a molecular interpretation for the starch-statolith hypothesis: the organelle-movement-triggered molecular polarity formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayue Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renbo Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetable Research Center, Tropical Crops Genetic Resources Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Na Li
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaoguo Deng
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yaran Zhao
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Chengfu Qu
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanfang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhexian Pan
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kunlun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhiren Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaolian Wang
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shu-Nan He
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haodong Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing 100084, China.
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16
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Vecchiato G, Hattermann T, Palladino M, Tedone F, Heuret P, Rowe NP, Marcati P. A 2D model to study how secondary growth affects the self-supporting behaviour of climbing plants. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011538. [PMID: 37844126 PMCID: PMC10602260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Climbing plants exhibit specialized shoots, called "searchers", to cross spaces and alternate between spatially discontinuous supports in their natural habitats. To achieve this task, searcher shoots combine both primary and secondary growth processes of their stems in order to support, orientate and explore their extensional growth into the environment. Currently, there is an increasing interest in developing models to describe plant growth and posture. However, the interactions between the sensing activity (e.g. photo-, gravi-, proprioceptive sensing) and the elastic responses are not yet fully understood. Here, we aim to model the extension and rigidification of searcher shoots. Our model defines variations in the radius (and consequently in mass distribution) along the shoot based on experimental data collected in natural habitats of two climbing species: Trachelospermum jasminoides (Lindl.) Lem. and Condylocarpon guianense Desf.. Using this framework, we predicted the sensory aspect of a plant, that is, the plant's response to external stimuli, and the plant's proprioception, that is, the plant's "self-awareness". The results suggest that the inclusion of the secondary growth in a model is fundamental to predict the postural development and self-supporting growth phase of shoots in climbing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Hattermann
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Michele Palladino
- Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, Italy
- Department of Information Engineering, Computer Science and Mathematics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | | | - Patrick Heuret
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Nick P. Rowe
- AMAP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAe, IRD, Montpellier, France
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17
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Dougherty L, Borejsza-Wysocka E, Miaule A, Wang P, Zheng D, Jansen M, Brown S, Piñeros M, Dardick C, Xu K. A single amino acid substitution in MdLAZY1A dominantly impairs shoot gravitropism in Malus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:1142-1160. [PMID: 37394917 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant architecture is 1 of the most important factors that determines crop yield potential and productivity. In apple (Malus domestica), genetic improvement of tree architecture has been challenging due to a long juvenile phase and growth as complex trees composed of a distinct scion and a rootstock. To better understand the genetic control of apple tree architecture, the dominant weeping growth phenotype was investigated. We report the identification of MdLAZY1A (MD13G1122400) as the genetic determinant underpinning the Weeping (W) locus that largely controls weeping growth in Malus. MdLAZY1A is 1 of the 4 paralogs in apple that are most closely related to AtLAZY1 involved in gravitropism in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The weeping allele (MdLAZY1A-W) contains a single nucleotide mutation c.584T>C that leads to a leucine to proline (L195P) substitution within a predicted transmembrane domain that colocalizes with Region III, 1 of the 5 conserved regions in LAZY1-like proteins. Subcellular localization revealed that MdLAZY1A localizes to the plasma membrane and nucleus in plant cells. Overexpressing the weeping allele in apple cultivar Royal Gala (RG) with standard growth habit impaired its gravitropic response and altered the growth to weeping-like. Suppressing the standard allele (MdLAZY1A-S) by RNA interference (RNAi) in RG similarly changed the branch growth direction to downward. Overall, the L195P mutation in MdLAZY1A is genetically causal for weeping growth, underscoring not only the crucial roles of residue L195 and Region III in MdLAZY1A-mediated gravitropic response but also a potential DNA base editing target for tree architecture improvement in Malus and other crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dougherty
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Agritech, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Ewa Borejsza-Wysocka
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Agritech, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Alexandre Miaule
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Agritech, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Desen Zheng
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Agritech, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Michael Jansen
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Electron and Confocal Microscopy Unit, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Susan Brown
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Agritech, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Miguel Piñeros
- School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Christopher Dardick
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Appalachian Fruit Research Station, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Kenong Xu
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell Agritech, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
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18
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Nishimura T, Mori S, Shikata H, Nakamura M, Hashiguchi Y, Abe Y, Hagihara T, Yoshikawa HY, Toyota M, Higaki T, Morita MT. Cell polarity linked to gravity sensing is generated by LZY translocation from statoliths to the plasma membrane. Science 2023; 381:1006-1010. [PMID: 37561884 DOI: 10.1126/science.adh9978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Organisms have evolved under gravitational force, and many sense the direction of gravity by means of statoliths in specialized cells. In flowering plants, starch-accumulating plastids, known as amyloplasts, act as statoliths to facilitate downstream gravitropism. The gravity-sensing mechanism has long been considered a mechanosensing process by which amyloplasts transmit forces to intracellular structures, but the molecular mechanism underlying this has not been elucidated. We show here that LAZY1-LIKE (LZY) family proteins involved in statocyte gravity signaling associate with amyloplasts and the proximal plasma membrane. This results in polar localization according to the direction of gravity. We propose a gravity-sensing mechanism by which LZY translocation to the plasma membrane signals the direction of gravity by transmitting information on the position of amyloplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Course for Basic Biology, The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama 240-0115, Japan
| | - Shogo Mori
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Shikata
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Course for Basic Biology, The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama 240-0115, Japan
| | - Moritaka Nakamura
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuko Hashiguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Abe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takuma Hagihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | | | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE), Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Takumi Higaki
- Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
- International Research Organization for Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
- Course for Basic Biology, The Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama 240-0115, Japan
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19
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Tsugawa S, Miyake Y, Okamoto K, Toyota M, Yagi H, Terao Morita M, Hara-Nishimura I, Demura T, Ueda H. Shoot gravitropism and organ straightening cooperate to arrive at a mechanically favorable shape in Arabidopsis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11165. [PMID: 37460700 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravitropism is the plant organ bending in response to gravity, while a straightening mechanism prevents bending beyond the gravitropic set-point angle. The promotion and prevention of bending occur simultaneously around the inflorescence stem tip. How these two opposing forces work together and what part of the stem they affect are unknown. To understand the mechanical forces involved, we rotated wild type and organ-straightening-deficient mutant (myosin xif xik) Arabidopsis plants to a horizontal position to initiate bending. The mutant stems started to bend before the wild-type stems, which led us to hypothesize that the force preventing bending was weaker in mutant. We modeled the wild-type and mutant stems as elastic rods, and evaluated two parameters: an organ-angle-dependent gravitropic-responsive parameter (β) and an organ-curvature-dependent proprioceptive-responsive parameter (γ). Our model showed that these two parameters were lower in mutant than in wild type, implying that, unexpectedly, both promotion and prevention of bending are weak in mutant. Subsequently, finite element method simulations revealed that the compressive stress in the middle of the stem was significantly lower in wild type than in mutant. The results of this study show that myosin-XIk-and-XIf-dependent organ straightening adjusts the stress distribution to achieve a mechanically favorable shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tsugawa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Systems Science and Technology, Akita Prefectural University, Yurihonjo, Akita, 015-0055, Japan.
| | - Yuzuki Miyake
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Keishi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
- Hirano Senior High School Attached to Osaka Kyoiku University, Osaka, 547-0032, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Toyota
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saitama University, Saitama, 338-8570, Japan
- Suntory Rising Stars Encouragement Program in Life Sciences (SunRiSE), Suntory Foundation for Life Sciences, Kyoto, 619-0284, Japan
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Hiroki Yagi
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
- Course for Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa, 240-0115, Japan
| | - Ikuko Hara-Nishimura
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan
| | - Taku Demura
- Center for Digital Green-innovation, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Haruko Ueda
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan.
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Hyogo, 658-8501, Japan.
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20
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Wang H, Tu R, Ruan Z, Chen C, Peng Z, Zhou X, Sun L, Hong Y, Chen D, Liu Q, Wu W, Zhan X, Shen X, Zhou Z, Cao L, Zhang Y, Cheng S. Photoperiod and gravistimulation-associated Tiller Angle Control 1 modulates dynamic changes in rice plant architecture. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:160. [PMID: 37347301 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04404-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE TAC1 is involved in photoperiodic and gravitropic responses to modulate rice dynamic plant architecture likely by affecting endogenous auxin distribution, which could explain TAC1 widespread distribution in indica rice. Plants experience a changing environment throughout their growth, which requires dynamic adjustments of plant architecture in response to these environmental cues. Our previous study demonstrated that Tiller Angle Control 1 (TAC1) modulates dynamic changes in plant architecture in rice; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we show that TAC1 regulates plant architecture in an expression dose-dependent manner, is highly expressed in stems, and exhibits dynamic expression in tiller bases during the growth period. Photoperiodic treatments revealed that TAC1 expression shows circadian rhythm and is more abundant during the dark period than during the light period and under short-day conditions than under long-day conditions. Therefore, it contributes to dynamic plant architecture under long-day conditions and loose plant architecture under short-day conditions. Gravity treatments showed that TAC1 is induced by gravistimulation and negatively regulates shoot gravitropism, likely by affecting auxin distribution. Notably, the tested indica rice containing TAC1 displayed dynamic plant architecture under natural long-day conditions, likely explaining the widespread distribution of TAC1 in indica rice. Our results provide new insights into TAC1-mediated regulatory mechanisms for dynamic changes in rice plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Ranran Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
- Rice Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Application and Safety Control of Genetically Modified Crops, Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zheyan Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Zequn Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Xingpeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Lianping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Yongbo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Daibo Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Qunen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Weixun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Xiaodeng Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Xihong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Zhengping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China
| | - Liyong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China.
| | - Yingxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China.
| | - Shihua Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Key Laboratory for Zhejiang Super Rice Research, China National Center for Rice Improvement, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, 311401, China.
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21
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Cai Y, Huang L, Song Y, Yuan Y, Xu S, Wang X, Liang Y, Zhou J, Liu G, Li J, Wang W, Wang Y. LAZY3 interacts with LAZY2 to regulate tiller angle by modulating shoot gravity perception in rice. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1217-1228. [PMID: 36789453 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Starch biosynthesis in gravity-sensing tissues of rice shoot determines the magnitude of rice shoot gravitropism and thus tiller angle. However, the molecular mechanism underlying starch biosynthesis in rice gravity-sensing tissues is still unclear. We characterized a novel tiller angle gene LAZY3 (LA3) in rice through map-based cloning. Biochemical, molecular and genetic studies further demonstrated the essential roles of LA3 in gravity perception of rice shoot and tiller angle control. The shoot gravitropism and lateral auxin transport were defective in la3 mutant upon gravistimulation. We showed that LA3 encodes a chloroplast-localized tryptophan-rich protein associated with starch granules via Tryptophan-rich region (TRR) domain. Moreover, LA3 could interact with the starch biosynthesis regulator LA2, determining starch granule formation in shoot gravity-sensing tissues. LA3 and LA2 negatively regulate tiller angle in the same pathway acting upstream of LA1 to mediate asymmetric distribution of auxin. Our study defined LA3 as an indispensable factor of starch biosynthesis in rice gravity-sensing tissues that greatly broadens current understanding in the molecular mechanisms underlying the starch granule formation in gravity-sensing tissues, and provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of shoot gravitropism and rice tiller angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyue Cai
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linzhou Huang
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuqi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yundong Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Shuo Xu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guifu Liu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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22
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Nishimura T, Makigawa S, Sun J, Kodama K, Sugiyama H, Matsumoto K, Iwata T, Wasano N, Kano A, Morita MT, Fujii Y, Shindo M. Design and synthesis of strong root gravitropism inhibitors with no concomitant growth inhibition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5173. [PMID: 36997582 PMCID: PMC10063617 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32063-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we describe a highly potent gravitropic bending inhibitor with no concomitant growth inhibition. Previously, we reported that (2Z,4E)-5-phenylpenta-2,4-dienoic acid (ku-76) selectively inhibits root gravitropic bending of lettuce radicles at 5 μM. Based on the structure-activity relationship study of ku-76 as a lead compound, we designed and synthesized various C4-substituted analogs of ku-76. Among the analogs, 4-phenylethynyl analog exhibited the highest potency for gravitropic bending inhibition, which was effective at only 0.01 μM. Remarkably, 4-phenylethynyl analog is much more potent than the known inhibitor, NPA. Substitution in the para position on the aromatic ring of 4-phenylethynyl group was tolerated without diminished activity. In addition, evaluation using Arabidopsis indicated that 4-phenylethynyl analog inhibits gravitropism by affecting auxin distribution in the root tips. Based on the effects on Arabidopsis phenotypes, 4-phenylethynyl analog may be a novel inhibitor that differs in action from the previously reported auxin transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nishimura
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Saki Makigawa
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Jun Sun
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kozue Kodama
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Hiromi Sugiyama
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
- Department of Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Iwata
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Naoya Wasano
- International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
- Institute of Biological Control, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Arihiro Kano
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Fujii
- International Environmental and Agricultural Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8, Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Shindo
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga-koen, Kasuga, 816-8580, Japan.
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23
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Barker R, Kruse CPS, Johnson C, Saravia-Butler A, Fogle H, Chang HS, Trane RM, Kinscherf N, Villacampa A, Manzano A, Herranz R, Davin LB, Lewis NG, Perera I, Wolverton C, Gupta P, Jaiswal P, Reinsch SS, Wyatt S, Gilroy S. Meta-analysis of the space flight and microgravity response of the Arabidopsis plant transcriptome. NPJ Microgravity 2023; 9:21. [PMID: 36941263 PMCID: PMC10027818 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-023-00247-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight presents a multifaceted environment for plants, combining the effects on growth of many stressors and factors including altered gravity, the influence of experiment hardware, and increased radiation exposure. To help understand the plant response to this complex suite of factors this study compared transcriptomic analysis of 15 Arabidopsis thaliana spaceflight experiments deposited in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's GeneLab data repository. These data were reanalyzed for genes showing significant differential expression in spaceflight versus ground controls using a single common computational pipeline for either the microarray or the RNA-seq datasets. Such a standardized approach to analysis should greatly increase the robustness of comparisons made between datasets. This analysis was coupled with extensive cross-referencing to a curated matrix of metadata associated with these experiments. Our study reveals that factors such as analysis type (i.e., microarray versus RNA-seq) or environmental and hardware conditions have important confounding effects on comparisons seeking to define plant reactions to spaceflight. The metadata matrix allows selection of studies with high similarity scores, i.e., that share multiple elements of experimental design, such as plant age or flight hardware. Comparisons between these studies then helps reduce the complexity in drawing conclusions arising from comparisons made between experiments with very different designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Barker
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Colin P S Kruse
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | | | - Amanda Saravia-Butler
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Logyx, LLC, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Homer Fogle
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
- Bionetics, Yorktown, VA, 23693, USA
| | - Hyun-Seok Chang
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ralph Møller Trane
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Noah Kinscherf
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Alicia Villacampa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Manzano
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laurence B Davin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-741, USA
| | - Norman G Lewis
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-741, USA
| | - Imara Perera
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Chris Wolverton
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, OH, 43015, USA
| | - Parul Gupta
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Pankaj Jaiswal
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Sigrid S Reinsch
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Sarah Wyatt
- Department of Environmental and Plant Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 45701, USA
| | - Simon Gilroy
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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24
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Roy S, Bhattacharya B, Bandyopadhyay S, Bal B, Dewanji A, Ghosh K. Understanding the role of starch sheath layer in graviception of Alternanthera philoxeroides: a biophysical and microscopical study. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2023; 136:265-276. [PMID: 36680680 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-023-01434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants' ability to sense and respond to gravity is a unique and fundamental process. When a plant organ is tilted, it adjusts its growth orientation relative to gravity direction, which is achieved by a curvature of the organ. In higher, multicellular plants, it is thought that the relative directional change of gravity is detected by starch-filled organelles that occur inside specialized cells called statocytes, and this is followed by signal conversion from physical information to physiological information within the statocytes. The classic starch statolith hypothesis, i.e., the starch accumulating amyloplasts movement along the gravity vector within gravity-sensing cells (statocytes) is the probable trigger of subsequent intracellular signaling, is widely accepted. Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose through his pioneering research had investigated whether the fundamental reaction of geocurvature is contractile or expansive and whether the geo-sensing cells are diffusedly distributed in the organ or are present in the form of a definite layer. In this backdrop, a microscopy based experimental study was undertaken to understand the distribution pattern of the gravisensing layer, along the length (node-node) of the model plant Alternanthera philoxeroides and to study the microrheological property of the mobile starch-filled statocytes following inclination-induced graviception in the stem of the model plant. The study indicated a prominent difference in the pattern of distribution of the gravisensing layer along the length of the model plant. The study also indicated that upon changing the orientation of the plant from vertical position to horizontal position there was a characteristic change in orientation of the mobile starch granules within the statocytes. In the present study for the analysis of the microscopic images of the stem tissue cross sections, a specialized and modified microscopic illumination setup was developed in the laboratory in order to enhance the resolution and contrast of the starch granules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibsankar Roy
- Laboratory for Cognitive Systems and Cybernetics Research, Center for Soft Computing Research, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, 700 108, India
- Agriculture and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Barnini Bhattacharya
- Laboratory for Cognitive Systems and Cybernetics Research, Center for Soft Computing Research, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, 700 108, India
- Department of Physiology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | - Sanmoy Bandyopadhyay
- Laboratory for Cognitive Systems and Cybernetics Research, Center for Soft Computing Research, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, 700 108, India
| | - Bijay Bal
- Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics (Retired), Kolkata, India
| | - Anjana Dewanji
- Agriculture and Ecological Research Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Kuntal Ghosh
- Laboratory for Cognitive Systems and Cybernetics Research, Center for Soft Computing Research, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, 700 108, India.
- Machine Intelligence Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India.
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25
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Wang Y, Peng Y, Guo H. To curve for survival: Apical hook development. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:324-342. [PMID: 36562414 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Apical hook is a simple curved structure formed at the upper part of hypocotyls when dicot seeds germinate in darkness. The hook structure is transient but essential for seedlings' survival during soil emergence due to its efficient protection of the delicate shoot apex from mechanical injury. As a superb model system for studying plant differential growth, apical hook has fascinated botanists as early as the Darwin age, and significant advances have been achieved at both the morphological and molecular levels to understand how apical hook development is regulated. Here, we will mainly summarize the research progress at these two levels. We will also briefly compare the growth dynamics between apical hook and hypocotyl gravitropic bending at early seed germination phase, with the aim to deduce a certain consensus on their connections. Finally, we will outline the remaining questions and future research perspectives for apical hook development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichuan Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yang Peng
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Hongwei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Molecular Design for Plant Cell Factory of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Plant and Food Science, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, 518055, China
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26
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Yamazaki C, Yamazaki T, Kojima M, Takebayashi Y, Sakakibara H, Uheda E, Oka M, Kamada M, Shimazu T, Kasahara H, Sano H, Suzuki T, Higashibata A, Miyamoto K, Ueda J. Comprehensive analyses of plant hormones in etiolated pea and maize seedlings grown under microgravity conditions in space: Relevance to the International Space Station experiment "Auxin Transport". LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2023; 36:138-146. [PMID: 36682823 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Functional relationships between endogenous levels of plant hormones in the growth and development of shoots in etiolated Alaska pea and etiolated Golden Cross Bantam maize seedlings under different gravities were investigated in the "Auxin Transport" experiment aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Comprehensive analyses of 31 species of plant hormones of pea and maize seedlings grown under microgravity (μg) in space and 1 g conditions were conducted. Principal component analysis (PCA) and a multiple regression analysis with the dataset from the plant hormone analysis of the etiolated pea seedlings grown under μg and 1 g conditions in the presence and absence of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) revealed endogenous levels of auxin correlated positively with bending and length of epicotyls. Endogenous cytokinins correlated negatively with them. These results suggest an interaction of auxin and cytokinins in automorphogenesis and growth inhibition of etiolated Alaska pea epicotyls grown under μg conditions in space. Less polar auxin transport with reduced endogenous levels of auxin increased endogenous levels of cytokinins, resulting in changing the growth direction of epicotyls and inhibiting growth. On the other hand, almost no close relationship between endogenous plant hormone levels and growth and development in etiolated maize seedlings grown was observed under μg conditions in space, as per Schulze et al. (1992). However, endogenous levels of IAA in the seedlings grown under μg conditions in space were significantly higher than those grown on Earth, similar to the cases of polar auxin transport already reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Yamazaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Tomokazu Yamazaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Mikiko Kojima
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Yumiko Takebayashi
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Mass Spectrometry and Microscopy Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (CSRS), Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
| | - Eiji Uheda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Mariko Oka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, 4-101 Koyamacho-minami, Tottori 680-8553, Japan.
| | - Motoshi Kamada
- Future Development Division, Advanced Engineering Services Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Takezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0032, Japan.
| | - Toru Shimazu
- Technology and Research Promotion Department, Japan Space Forum, Shin-Otemachi Bldg. 7F, 2-2-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
| | - Haruo Kasahara
- Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sano
- Utilization Engineering Department, Japan Manned Space System Corporation, Space Station Test Building, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Tomomi Suzuki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Akira Higashibata
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - Kensuke Miyamoto
- Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
| | - Junichi Ueda
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan.
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27
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Che X, Splitt BL, Eckholm MT, Miller ND, Spalding EP. BRXL4-LAZY1 interaction at the plasma membrane controls Arabidopsis branch angle and gravitropism. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:211-224. [PMID: 36478485 PMCID: PMC10107345 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism guides growth to shape plant architecture above and below ground. Mutations in LAZY1 impair stem gravitropism and cause less upright inflorescence branches (wider angles). The LAZY1 protein resides at the plasma membrane and in the nucleus. The plasma membrane pool is necessary and sufficient for setting branch angles. To investigate the molecular mechanism of LAZY1 function, we screened for LAZY1-interacting proteins in yeast. We identified BRXL4, a shoot-specific protein related to BREVIS RADIX. The BRXL4-LAZY1 interaction occurred at the plasma membrane in plant cells, and not detectably in the nucleus. Mutations in the C-terminus of LAZY1, but not other conserved regions, prevented the interaction. Opposite to lazy1, brxl4 mutants displayed faster gravitropism and more upright branches. Overexpressing BRXL4 produced strong lazy1 phenotypes. The apparent negative regulation of LAZY1 function is consistent with BRXL4 reducing LAZY1 expression or the amount of LAZY1 at the plasma membrane. Measurements indicated that both are true. LAZY1 mRNA was three-fold more abundant in brxl4 mutants and almost undetectable in BRXL4 overexpressors. Plasma membrane LAZY1 was higher and nuclear LAZY1 lower in brxl4 mutants compared with the wild type. To explain these results, we suggest that BRXL4 reduces the amount of LAZY1 at the plasma membrane where it functions in gravity signaling and promotes LAZY1 accumulation in the nucleus where it reduces LAZY1 expression, possibly by suppressing its own transcription. This explanation of how BRXL4 negatively regulates LAZY1 suggests ways to modify shoot system architecture for practical purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Che
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Bessie L. Splitt
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Magnus T. Eckholm
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Nathan D. Miller
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
| | - Edgar P. Spalding
- Department of BotanyUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
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28
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Zhao R, Liu Z, Li Z, Xu S, Sheng X. Gravity induces asymmetric Ca 2+ spikes in the root cap in the early stage of gravitropism. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2022; 17:2025325. [PMID: 35023420 PMCID: PMC9176234 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.2025325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gravitropism is an important strategy for the adaptation of plants to the changing environment. Previous reports indicated that Ca2+ participated in plant gravity response. However, present information on the functions of Ca2+ in plant gravitropism was obtained mainly on coleoptiles, hypocotyls, and petioles, little is known about the dynamic changes of Ca2+ during root gravitropism. In the present study, the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana R-GECO1 was placed horizontally and subsequently vertically on a refitted Leica SP8 laser scanning confocal microscopy with a vertical stage. Real-time observations indicated that gravistimulation induced not only an increase in the Ca2+ concentration, but also an accelerated occurrence of Ca2+ sparks in the root cap, especially in the lower side of the lateral root cap, indicating a strong tie between Ca2+ dynamics and gravistimulation during the early stage of root gravity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zonghao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyong Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
- CONTACT Xianyong Sheng College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, North Xisanhuan 105, Beijing100048, China
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29
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Hosamani R, Swamy BK, Dsouza A, Sathasivam M. Plant responses to hypergravity: a comprehensive review. PLANTA 2022; 257:17. [PMID: 36534189 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypergravity is an effective novel stimulus to elucidate plant gravitational and mechanobiological behaviour. Here, we review the current understanding of phenotypic, physio-biochemical, and molecular plant responses to simulated hypergravity. Plants readily respond to altered gravity conditions, such as microgravity or hypergravity. Hypergravity-a gravitational force higher than that on the Earth's surface (> 1g)-can be simulated using centrifuges. Exposing seeds, seedlings, or plant cell cultures to hypergravity elicits characteristic morphological, physio-biochemical, and molecular changes. While several studies have provided insights into plant responses and underlying mechanisms, much is still elusive, including the interplay of hypergravity with gravitropism. Moreover, hypergravity is of great significance for mechano- and space/gravitational biologists to elucidate fundamental plant behaviour. In this review, we provide an overview of the phenotypic, physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses of plants to hypergravity. We then discuss the involvement of hypergravity in plant gravitropism-the directional growth along the gravity vector. Finally, we highlight future research directions to expand our understanding of hypergravity in plant biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Hosamani
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 580005, India.
| | - Basavalingayya K Swamy
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 580005, India
| | - Ajwal Dsouza
- Controlled Environment Systems Research Facility, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Malarvizhi Sathasivam
- Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IABT), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 580005, India
- College of Agriculture, Forestry and Life Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, USA
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Kawamoto N, Morita MT. Gravity sensing and responses in the coordination of the shoot gravitropic setpoint angle. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1637-1654. [PMID: 36089891 PMCID: PMC9828789 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Gravity is one of the fundamental environmental cues that affect plant development. Indeed, the plant architecture in the shoots and roots is modulated by gravity. Stems grow vertically upward, whereas lateral organs, such as the lateral branches in shoots, tend to grow at a specific angle according to a gravity vector known as the gravitropic setpoint angle (GSA). During this process, gravity is sensed in specialised gravity-sensing cells named statocytes, which convert gravity information into biochemical signals, leading to asymmetric auxin distribution and driving asymmetric cell division/expansion in the organs to achieve gravitropism. As a hypothetical offset mechanism against gravitropism to determine the GSA, the anti-gravitropic offset (AGO) has been proposed. According to this concept, the GSA is a balance of two antagonistic growth components, that is gravitropism and the AGO. Although the nature of the AGO has not been clarified, studies have suggested that gravitropism and the AGO share a common gravity-sensing mechanism in statocytes. This review discusses the molecular mechanisms underlying gravitropism as well as the hypothetical AGO in the control of the GSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomi Kawamoto
- Division of Plant Environmental ResponsesNational Institute for Basic BiologyMyodaijiOkazaki444‐8556Japan
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental ResponsesNational Institute for Basic BiologyMyodaijiOkazaki444‐8556Japan
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Leveraging orthology within maize and Arabidopsis QTL to identify genes affecting natural variation in gravitropism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212199119. [PMID: 36161933 PMCID: PMC9546580 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212199119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants typically orient their organs with respect to the Earth's gravity field by a dynamic process called gravitropism. To discover conserved genetic elements affecting seedling root gravitropism, we measured the process in a set of Zea mays (maize) recombinant inbred lines with machine vision and compared the results with those obtained in a similar study of Arabidopsis thaliana. Each of the several quantitative trait loci that we mapped in both species spanned many hundreds of genes, too many to test individually for causality. We reasoned that orthologous genes may be responsible for natural variation in monocot and dicot root gravitropism. If so, pairs of orthologous genes affecting gravitropism may be present within the maize and Arabidopsis QTL intervals. A reciprocal comparison of sequences within the QTL intervals identified seven pairs of such one-to-one orthologs. Analysis of knockout mutants demonstrated a role in gravitropism for four of the seven: CCT2 functions in phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis, ATG5 functions in membrane remodeling during autophagy, UGP2 produces the substrate for cellulose and callose polymer extension, and FAMA is a transcription factor. Automated phenotyping enabled this discovery of four naturally varying components of a conserved process (gravitropism) by making it feasible to conduct the same large-scale experiment in two species.
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32
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Jessup LH, Halloway AH, Mickelbart MV, McNickle GG. Information theory and plant ecology. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura H. Jessup
- Dept of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
- Dept of Ecological Sciences and Engineering, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Abdel H. Halloway
- Dept of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Michael V. Mickelbart
- Dept of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Gordon G. McNickle
- Dept of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
- Purdue Center for Plant Biology, Purdue Univ. West Lafayette IN USA
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A mechano-sensing mechanism for waving in plant roots. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9635. [PMID: 35688922 PMCID: PMC9187721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14093-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis roots grown on inclined agar surfaces exhibit unusual sinusoidal patterns known as root-waving. The origin of these patterns has been ascribed to both genetic and environmental factors. Here we propose a mechano-sensing model for root-waving, based on a combination of friction induced by gravitropism, the elasticity of the root and the anchoring of the root to the agar by thin hairs, and demonstrate its relevance to previously obtained experimental results. We further test the applicability of this model by performing experiments in which we measure the effect of gradually changing the inclination angles of the agar surfaces on the wavelength and other properties of the growing roots. We find that the observed dynamics is different than the dynamics reported in previous works, but that it can still be explained using the same mechano-sensing considerations. This is supported by the fact that a scaling relation derived from the model describes the observed dependence of the wavelength on the tilt angle for a large range of angles. We also compare the prevalence of waving in different plant species and show that it depends on root thickness as predicted by the model. The results indicate that waving can be explained using mechanics and gravitropism alone and that mechanics may play a greater role in root growth and form than was previously considered.
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Ju Z, Thomas TN, Chiu YJ, Yamanouchi S, Yoshida Y, Abe JI, Takahashi A, Wang J, Fujiwara K, Hada M. Adaptation and Changes in Actin Dynamics and Cell Motility as Early Responses of Cultured Mammalian Cells to Altered Gravitational Vector. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:6127. [PMID: 35682810 PMCID: PMC9181735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cultured mammalian cells have been shown to respond to microgravity (μG), but the molecular mechanism is still unknown. The study we report here is focused on molecular and cellular events that occur within a short period of time, which may be related to gravity sensing by cells. Our assumption is that the gravity-sensing mechanism is activated as soon as cells are exposed to any new gravitational environment. To study the molecular events, we exposed cells to simulated μG (SμG) for 15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, and 8 h using a three-dimensional clinostat and made cell lysates, which were then analyzed by reverse phase protein arrays (RPPAs) using a panel of 453 different antibodies. By comparing the RPPA data from cells cultured at 1G with those of cells under SμG, we identified a total of 35 proteomic changes in the SμG samples and found that 20 of these changes took place, mostly transiently, within 30 min. In the 4 h and 8 h samples, there were only two RPPA changes, suggesting that the physiology of these cells is practically indistinguishable from that of cells cultured at 1 G. Among the proteins involved in the early proteomic changes were those that regulate cell motility and cytoskeletal organization. To see whether changes in gravitational environment indeed activate cell motility, we flipped the culture dish upside down (directional change in gravity vector) and studied cell migration and actin cytoskeletal organization. We found that compared with cells grown right-side up, upside-down cells transiently lost stress fibers and rapidly developed lamellipodia, which was supported by increased activity of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1). The upside-down cells also increased their migratory activity. It is possible that these early molecular and cellular events play roles in gravity sensing by mammalian cells. Our study also indicated that these early responses are transient, suggesting that cells appear to adapt physiologically to a new gravitational environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenlin Ju
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Tamlyn N. Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.N.T.); (J.-i.A.)
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Yi-Jen Chiu
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
| | - Sakuya Yamanouchi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (S.Y.); (Y.Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Yukari Yoshida
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (S.Y.); (Y.Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Jun-ichi Abe
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.N.T.); (J.-i.A.)
| | - Akihisa Takahashi
- Gunma University Heavy Ion Medical Center, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan; (S.Y.); (Y.Y.); (A.T.)
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Keigi Fujiwara
- Department of Cardiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.N.T.); (J.-i.A.)
| | - Megumi Hada
- Radiation Institute for Science & Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX 77446, USA;
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Zhdanov O, Blatt MR, Zare-Behtash H, Busse A. Unidirectional versus bidirectional brushing: Simulating wind influence on Arabidopsis thaliana. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e7. [PMID: 37077979 PMCID: PMC10095948 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants acclimate to various types of mechanical stresses through thigmomorphogenesis and alterations in their mechanical properties. Although resemblance between wind- and touch-induced responses provides the foundation for studies where wind influence was mimicked by mechanical perturbations, factorial experiments revealed that it is not always straightforward to extrapolate results induced by one type of perturbation to the other. To investigate whether wind-induced changes in morphological and biomechanical traits can be reproduced, we subjected Arabidopsis thaliana to two vectorial brushing treatments. Both treatments significantly affected the length, mechanical properties and anatomical tissue composition of the primary inflorescence stem. While some of the morphological changes were found to be in line with those induced by wind, changes in the mechanical properties exhibited opposite trends irrespective of the brushing direction. Overall, a careful design of the brushing treatment gives the possibility to obtain a closer match to wind-induced changes, including a positive tropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zhdanov
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hossein Zare-Behtash
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Busse
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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36
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Miao R, Siao W, Zhang N, Lei Z, Lin D, Bhalerao RP, Lu C, Xu W. Katanin-Dependent Microtubule Ordering in Association with ABA Is Important for Root Hydrotropism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073846. [PMID: 35409205 PMCID: PMC8999029 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Root hydrotropism refers to root directional growth toward soil moisture. Cortical microtubule arrays are essential for determining the growth axis of the elongating cells in plants. However, the role of microtubule reorganization in root hydrotropism remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate that the well-ordered microtubule arrays and the microtubule-severing protein KATANIN (KTN) play important roles in regulating root hydrotropism in Arabidopsis. We found that the root hydrotropic bending of the ktn1 mutant was severely attenuated but not root gravitropism. After hydrostimulation, cortical microtubule arrays in cells of the elongation zone of wild-type (WT) Col-0 roots were reoriented from transverse into an oblique array along the axis of cell elongation, whereas the microtubule arrays in the ktn1 mutant remained in disorder. Moreover, we revealed that abscisic acid (ABA) signaling enhanced the root hydrotropism of WT and partially rescued the oryzalin (a microtubule destabilizer) alterative root hydrotropism of WT but not ktn1 mutants. These results suggest that katanin-dependent microtubule ordering is required for root hydrotropism, which might work downstream of ABA signaling pathways for plant roots to search for water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Miao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Resource and Environment, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.M.); (W.S.); (N.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Wei Siao
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Resource and Environment, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.M.); (W.S.); (N.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Na Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Resource and Environment, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.M.); (W.S.); (N.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zuliang Lei
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Resource and Environment, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.M.); (W.S.); (N.Z.); (Z.L.)
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomics Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China;
| | - Rishikesh P. Bhalerao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Tree Breeding by Molecular Design, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China;
- Umea Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 87 Umea, Sweden
| | - Congming Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Weifeng Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Water and Nutrient in Crops and College of Resource and Environment, Center for Plant Water-Use and Nutrition Regulation and College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Jinshan, Fuzhou 350002, China; (R.M.); (W.S.); (N.Z.); (Z.L.)
- Correspondence:
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37
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Moulia B, Badel E, Bastien R, Duchemin L, Eloy C. The shaping of plant axes and crowns through tropisms and elasticity: an example of morphogenetic plasticity beyond the shoot apical meristem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2354-2379. [PMID: 34890051 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shoot morphogenetic plasticity is crucial to the adaptation of plants to their fluctuating environments. Major insights into shoot morphogenesis have been compiled studying meristems, especially the shoot apical meristem (SAM), through a methodological effort in multiscale systems biology and biophysics. However, morphogenesis at the SAM is robust to environmental changes. Plasticity emerges later on during post-SAM development. The purpose of this review is to show that multiscale systems biology and biophysics is insightful for the shaping of the whole plant as well. More specifically, we review the shaping of axes and crowns through tropisms and elasticity, combining the recent advances in morphogenetic control using physical cues and by genes. We focus mostly on land angiosperms, but with growth habits ranging from small herbs to big trees. We show that generic (universal) morphogenetic processes have been identified, revealing feedforward and feedback effects of global shape on the local morphogenetic process. In parallel, major advances have been made in the analysis of the major genes involved in shaping axes and crowns, revealing conserved genic networks among angiosperms. Then, we show that these two approaches are now starting to converge, revealing exciting perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Moulia
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Badel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Renaud Bastien
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, PIAF, F-63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- INSERM U1284, Center for Research and Interdisciplinarity (CRI), Université de Paris, F-75004, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Duchemin
- Physique et Mécanique des Milieux Hétérogenes, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Eloy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, IRPHE, F-13013, Marseille, France
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Zhang C, Lü D, Zhang F, Wu Y, Zheng L, Zhang X, Li Z, Sun S, Long M. Gravity-Vector Induces Mechanical Remodeling of rMSCs via Combined Substrate Stiffness and Orientation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:724101. [PMID: 35198547 PMCID: PMC8859489 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.724101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinct physical factors originating from the cellular microenvironment are crucial to the biological homeostasis of stem cells. While substrate stiffness and orientation are known to regulate the mechanical remodeling and fate decision of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) separately, it remains unclear how the two factors are combined to manipulate their mechanical stability under gravity vector. Here we quantified these combined effects by placing rat MSCs onto stiffness-varied poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates in upward (180°), downward (0°), or edge-on (90°) orientation. Compared with those values onto glass coverslip, the nuclear longitudinal translocation, due to the density difference between the nucleus and the cytosol, was found to be lower at 0° for 24 h and higher at 90° for 24 and 72 h onto 2.5 MPa PDMS substrate. At 0°, the cell was mechanically supported by remarkably reduced actin and dramatically enhanced vimentin expression. At 90°, both enhanced actin and vimentin expression worked cooperatively to maintain cell stability. Specifically, perinuclear actin stress fibers with a large number, low anisotropy, and visible perinuclear vimentin cords were formed onto 2.5 MPa PDMS at 90° for 72 h, supporting the orientation difference in nuclear translocation and global cytoskeleton expression. This orientation dependence tended to disappear onto softer PDMS, presenting distinctive features in nuclear translocation and cytoskeletal structures. Moreover, cellular morphology and focal adhesion were mainly affected by substrate stiffness, yielding a time course of increased spreading area at 24 h but decreased area at 72 h with a decrease of stiffness. Mechanistically, the cell tended to be stabilized onto these PDMS substrates via β1 integrin–focal adhesion complexes–actin mechanosensitive axis. These results provided an insight in understanding the combination of substrate stiffness and orientation in defining the mechanical stability of rMSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongyuan Lü
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wu
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhan Li
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujin Sun
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mian Long
- Center for Biomechanics and Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Microgravity (National Microgravity Laboratory) and Beijing Key Laboratory of Engineered Construction and Mechanobiology, Institute of Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Engineering Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Mian Long,
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Shymanovich T, Vandenbrink JP, Herranz R, Medina FJ, Kiss JZ. Spaceflight studies identify a gene encoding an intermediate filament involved in tropism pathways. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 171:191-200. [PMID: 35007950 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We performed a series of experiments to study the interaction between phototropism and gravitropism in Arabidopsis thaliana as part of the Seedling Growth Project on the International Space Station. Red-light-based and blue-light-based phototropism were examined in microgravity and at 1g, a control that was produced by an on-board centrifuge. At the end of the experiments, seedlings were frozen and brought back to Earth for gene profiling studies via RNASeq methods. In this paper, we focus on five genes identified in these space studies by their differential expression in space: one involved in auxin transport and four others encoding genes for: a methyltransferase subunit, a transmembrane protein, a transcription factor for endodermis formation, and a cytoskeletal element (an intermediate filament protein). Time course studies using mutant strains of these five genes were performed for blue-light and red-light phototropism studies as well as for gravitropism assays on ground. Interestingly, all five of the genes had some effects on all the tropisms under the conditions studied. In addition, RT-PCR analyses examined expression of the five genes in wild-type seedlings during blue-light-based phototropism. Previous studies have supported a role of both microfilaments and microtubules in tropism pathways. However, the most interesting finding of the present space studies is that NFL, a gene encoding an intermediate filament protein, plays a role in phototropism and gravitropism, which opens the possibility that this cytoskeletal element modulates signal transduction in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Shymanovich
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA
| | - Joshua P Vandenbrink
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA; School of Biological Sciences, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA, 71272, USA
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas - CSIC, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - John Z Kiss
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27402, USA.
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40
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Gavelienė V, Jurkonienė S, Jankovska-Bortkevič E, Švegždienė D. Effects of Elevated Temperature on Root System Development of Two Lupine Species. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020192. [PMID: 35050080 PMCID: PMC8777784 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of elevated temperature on the growth, morphology and spatial orientation of lupine roots at the initial stages of development and on the formation of lupine root architecture at later stages. Two lupine species were studied-the invasive Lupinus polyphyllus Lindl. and the non-invasive L. luteus L. The plants were grown in climate chambers under 25 °C and simulated warming at 30 °C conditions. The angle of root curvature towards the vector of gravity was measured at the 48th hour of growth, and during a 4-h period after 90° reorientation. Root biometrical, histological measurements were carried out on 7-day-old and 30-day-old plants. The elevation of 5 °C affected root formation of the two lupine species differently. The initial roots of L. polyphyllus were characterized by worse spatial orientation, reduced growth and reduced mitotic index of root apical meristem at 30 °C compared with 25 °C. The length of primary roots of 30-day-old lupines and the number of lateral roots decreased by 14% and 16%, respectively. More intense root development and formation were observed in non-invasive L. luteus at 30 °C. Our results provide important information on the effect of elevated temperature on the formation of root architecture in two lupine species and suggest that global warming may impact the invasiveness of these species.
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Wang W, Gao H, Liang Y, Li J, Wang Y. Molecular basis underlying rice tiller angle: Current progress and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:125-137. [PMID: 34896639 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Crop plant architecture is an important agronomic trait that contributes greatly to crop yield. Tiller angle is one of the most critical components that determine crop plant architecture, which in turn substantially affects grain yield mainly owing to its large influence on plant density. Gravity is a fundamental physical force that acts on all organisms on earth. Plant organs sense gravity to control their growth orientation, including tiller angle in rice (Oryza sativa). This review summarizes recent research advances made using rice tiller angle as a research model, providing insights into domestication of rice tiller angle, genetic regulation of rice tiller angle, and shoot gravitropism. Finally, we propose that current discoveries in rice can shed light on shoot gravitropism and improvement of plant tiller/branch angle in other species, thereby contributing to agricultural production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Hengbin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China; Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Chin S, Blancaflor EB. Plant Gravitropism: From Mechanistic Insights into Plant Function on Earth to Plants Colonizing Other Worlds. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2368:1-41. [PMID: 34647245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1677-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gravitropism, the growth of roots and shoots toward or away from the direction of gravity, has been studied for centuries. Such studies have not only led to a better understanding of the gravitropic process itself, but also paved new paths leading to deeper mechanistic insights into a wide range of research areas. These include hormone biology, cell signal transduction, regulation of gene expression, plant evolution, and plant interactions with a variety of environmental stimuli. In addition to contributions to basic knowledge about how plants function, there is accumulating evidence that gravitropism confers adaptive advantages to crops, particularly under marginal agricultural soils. Therefore, gravitropism is emerging as a breeding target for enhancing agricultural productivity. Moreover, research on gravitropism has spawned several studies on plant growth in microgravity that have enabled researchers to uncouple the effects of gravity from other tropisms. Although rapid progress on understanding gravitropism witnessed during the past decade continues to be driven by traditional molecular, physiological, and cell biological tools, these tools have been enriched by technological innovations in next-generation omics platforms and microgravity analog facilities. In this chapter, we review the field of gravitropism by highlighting recent landmark studies that have provided unique insights into this classic research topic while also discussing potential contributions to agriculture on Earth and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chin
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Hirosawa Y, Tada A, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Ogura Y, Hayashi T, Uehara S, Ito-Inaba Y, Inaba T. Salicylic Acid Acts Antagonistically to Plastid Retrograde Signaling by Promoting the Accumulation of Photosynthesis-associated Proteins in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:1728-1744. [PMID: 34410430 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plastids are involved in phytohormone metabolism as well as photosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which plastid retrograde signals and phytohormones cooperatively regulate plastid biogenesis remains elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of an inhibitor and a mutation that generate biogenic plastid signals on phytohormones and vice versa. Inhibition of plastid biogenesis by norflurazon (NF) treatment and the plastid protein import2 (ppi2) mutation caused a decrease in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). This effect can be attributed in part to the altered expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and the metabolism of SA and JA. However, SA-dependent induction of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 gene was virtually unaffected in NF-treated plants and the ppi2 mutant. Instead, the level of chlorophyll in these plants was partially restored by the exogenous application of SA. Consistent with this observation, the levels of some photosynthesis-associated proteins increased in the ppi2 and NF-treated plants in response to SA treatment. This regulation in true leaves seems to occur at the posttranscriptional level since SA treatment did not induce the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes. In salicylic acid induction deficient 2 and lesions simulating disease resistance 1 mutants, endogenous SA regulates the accumulation of photosynthesis-associated proteins through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. These data indicate that SA acts antagonistically to the inhibition of plastid biogenesis by promoting the accumulation of photosynthesis-associated proteins in Arabidopsis, suggesting a possible link between SA and biogenic plastid signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Hirosawa
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Akari Tada
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources (IPSR), Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yoshitoshi Ogura
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Infectious Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka 830-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hayashi
- Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Susumu Uehara
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yasuko Ito-Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takehito Inaba
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, 1-1 Gakuenkibanadai-nishi, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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Furutani M, Morita MT. LAZY1-LIKE-mediated gravity signaling pathway in root gravitropic set-point angle control. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1087-1095. [PMID: 34734273 PMCID: PMC8566294 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gravity signaling components contribute to the control of root gravitropic set-point angle through protein polarization relay within columella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Furutani
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Miyo Terao Morita
- Division of Plant Environmental Responses, National Institute for Basic Biology, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8556, Japan
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Olovnikov AM. Role of the Earth's Motions in Plant Orientation - Planetary Mechanism. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1388-1394. [PMID: 34906043 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921110031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
According to the proposed theory, the starch-rich particles (statoliths) help the plant to convert the signals from Earth's motions into the signals necessary for the plant to perceive its orientation relative to the gravity vector while moving freely because of inertia in the sensory cells (statocytes) of roots and stems. Motions of the Earth are never constant, which, in particular, refers to the so-called polar motions and oscillations of the planet's rotation axis. Statoliths at any given moment move in the cytoplasmic liquid of statocytes due to inertial motion initiated by the action of the Earth's movements, maintaining the trajectory set by the previous movement of the oscillating planet. Unlike statoliths, the walls of a statocyte move in space along with the entire plant and with the Earth, in strict accordance with the current direction of motion of the planet's axis. This leads to the inevitable collision of statoliths with the statocytic wall/membrane. Cytoplasmic liquid, as a substance that is not able to maintain its shape, does not interfere with the inertial motions of the statoliths and collision with the wall of the statocyte. By striking the membrane, statoliths cause the release of ions and other factors at the impact site, which further participate in the gravitropic process. Pressure of the sediment of statoliths at the bottom of the statocyte, as well as position of this sediment, are not the defining factors of gravitropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey M Olovnikov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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Takata N, Tsuyama T, Nagano S, Baba K, Yasuda Y, Sakamoto S, Mitsuda N, Taniguchi T. Prior secondary cell wall formation is required for gelatinous layer deposition and posture control in gravi-stimulated aspen. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 108:725-736. [PMID: 34396622 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls, especially secondary cell walls (SCWs), maintain cell shape and reinforce wood, but their structure and shape can be altered in response to gravity. In hardwood trees, tension wood is formed along the upper side of a bending stem and contains wood fiber cells that have a gelatinous layer (G-layer) inside the SCW. In a previous study, we generated nst/snd quadruple-knockout aspens (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides), in which SCW formation was impaired in 99% of the wood fiber cells. In the present study, we produced nst/snd triple-knockout aspens, in which a large number of wood fibers had thinner SCWs than the wild type (WT) and some had no SCW. Because SCW layers are always formed prior to G-layer deposition, the nst/snd mutants raise interesting questions of whether the mutants can form G-layers without SCW and whether they can control their postures in response to changes in gravitational direction. The nst/snd mutants and the WT plants showed growth eccentricity and vessel frequency reduction when grown on an incline, but the triple mutants recovered their upright growth only slightly, and the quadruple mutants were unable to maintain their postures. The mutants clearly showed that the G-layers were formed in SCW-containing wood fibers but not in those lacking the SCW. Our results indicate that SCWs are essential for G-layer formation and posture control. Furthermore, each wood fiber cell may be able to recognize its cell wall developmental stage to initiate the formation of the G-layer as a response to gravistimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Takata
- Forest Bio-Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Taku Tsuyama
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Soichiro Nagano
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Kei'ichi Baba
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuko Yasuda
- Forest Tree Breeding Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
| | - Shingo Sakamoto
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8566, Japan
- Global Zero Emission Research Center, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Toru Taniguchi
- Forest Bio-Research Center, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Hitachi, Ibaraki, 319-1301, Japan
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Somssich M, Vandenbussche F, Ivakov A, Funke N, Ruprecht C, Vissenberg K, VanDer Straeten D, Persson S, Suslov D. Brassinosteroids Influence Arabidopsis Hypocotyl Graviresponses through Changes in Mannans and Cellulose. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 62:678-692. [PMID: 33570567 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The force of gravity is a constant environmental factor. Plant shoots respond to gravity through negative gravitropism and gravity resistance. These responses are essential for plants to direct the growth of aerial organs away from the soil surface after germination and to keep an upright posture above ground. We took advantage of the effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the two types of graviresponses in Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyls to disentangle functions of cell wall polymers during etiolated shoot growth. The ability of etiolated Arabidopsis seedlings to grow upward was suppressed in the presence of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) but enhanced in the presence of brassinazole (BRZ), an inhibitor of BR biosynthesis. These effects were accompanied by changes in cell wall mechanics and composition. Cell wall biochemical analyses, confocal microscopy of the cellulose-specific pontamine S4B dye and cellular growth analyses revealed that the EBL and BRZ treatments correlated with changes in cellulose fibre organization, cell expansion at the hypocotyl base and mannan content. Indeed, a longitudinal reorientation of cellulose fibres and growth inhibition at the base of hypocotyls supported their upright posture whereas the presence of mannans reduced gravitropic bending. The negative effect of mannans on gravitropism is a new function for this class of hemicelluloses. We also found that EBL interferes with upright growth of hypocotyls through their uneven thickening at the base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Somssich
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Filip Vandenbussche
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Alexander Ivakov
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Norma Funke
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Targenomix GmbH, Am Muehlenberg 11, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Colin Ruprecht
- Max-Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
- Max-Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Muehlenberg 1, Potsdam 14476, Germany
| | - Kris Vissenberg
- Biology Department, Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Lab, Department of Agriculture, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Stavromenos, Heraklion, Crete 71410, Greece
| | - Dominique VanDer Straeten
- Laboratory of Functional Plant Biology, Department of Biology, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Staffan Persson
- School of Biosciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, SJTU-University of Adelaide Joint Centre for Agriculture and Health, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Plant & Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
- Copenhagen Plant Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C 1871, Denmark
| | - Dmitry Suslov
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
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Song K, Lee DW, Kim J, Kim J, Guim H, Kim K, Jeon JS, Choi G. EARLY STARVATION 1 Is a Functionally Conserved Protein Promoting Gravitropic Responses in Plants by Forming Starch Granules. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:628948. [PMID: 34367195 PMCID: PMC8343138 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.628948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Starch granules in the endodermis of plant hypocotyls act as statoliths that promote hypocotyl negative gravitropism-the directional growth of hypocotyls against gravity-in the dark. To identify the molecular components that regulate hypocotyl negative gravitropism, we performed a mutagenesis screen and isolated reduced gravitropic 1 (rgv1) mutants that lack starch granules in their hypocotyl endodermis and show reduced hypocotyl negative gravitropism in the dark. Using whole genome sequencing, we identified three different rgv1 mutants that are allelic to the previously reported early starvation 1 mutant, which is rapidly depleted of starch just before the dawn. ESV1 orthologs are present in starch-producing green organisms, suggesting ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein necessary for the formation of starch granules. Consistent with this, we found that liverwort and rice ESV1 can complement the Arabidopsis ESV1 mutant phenotype for both starch granules and hypocotyl negative gravitropism. To further investigate the function of ESV1 in other plants, we isolated rice ESV1 mutants and found that they show reduced levels of starch in their leaves and loosely packed starch granules in their grains. Both Arabidopsis and rice ESV1 mutants also lack starch granules in root columella and show reduced root gravitropism. Together, these results indicate ESV1 is a functionally conserved protein that promotes gravitropic responses in plants via its role in starch granule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijong Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Woo Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jeongheon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jaewook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hwanuk Guim
- Research Center for Materials Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Keunhwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Graduate School of Biotechnology and Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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49
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Li Y, Deng Z, Kamisugi Y, Chen Z, Wang J, Han X, Wei Y, He H, Terzaghi W, Cove DJ, Cuming AC, Chen H. A minus-end directed kinesin motor directs gravitropism in Physcomitrella patens. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4470. [PMID: 34294690 PMCID: PMC8298521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity is a critical environmental factor regulating directional growth and morphogenesis in plants, and gravitropism is the process by which plants perceive and respond to the gravity vector. The cytoskeleton is proposed to play important roles in gravitropism, but the underlying mechanisms are obscure. Here we use genetic screening in Physcomitrella patens, to identify a locus GTRC, that when mutated, reverses the direction of protonemal gravitropism. GTRC encodes a processive minus-end-directed KCHb kinesin, and its N-terminal, C-terminal and motor domains are all essential for transducing the gravity signal. Chimeric analysis between GTRC/KCHb and KCHa reveal a unique role for the N-terminus of GTRC in gravitropism. Further study shows that gravity-triggered normal asymmetric distribution of actin filaments in the tip of protonema is dependent on GTRC. Thus, our work identifies a microtubule-based cellular motor that determines the direction of plant gravitropism via mediating the asymmetric distribution of actin filaments. Gravitropism is the process by which plants perceive and respond to gravity. Here the authors identify a minus-end-directed kinesin required for gravity-triggered actin filament rearrangement and negative gravitropic response in the moss Physcomitrella patens, thus linking a microtubule-based cellular motor to gravitropism via actin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoguo Deng
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhiren Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hang He
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences and School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - David J Cove
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Haodong Chen
- Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. .,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.
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50
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Villacampa A, Sora L, Herranz R, Medina FJ, Ciska M. Analysis of Graviresponse and Biological Effects of Vertical and Horizontal Clinorotation in Arabidopsis thaliana Root Tip. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:734. [PMID: 33918741 PMCID: PMC8070489 DOI: 10.3390/plants10040734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Clinorotation was the first method designed to simulate microgravity on ground and it remains the most common and accessible simulation procedure. However, different experimental settings, namely angular velocity, sample orientation, and distance to the rotation center produce different responses in seedlings. Here, we compare A. thaliana root responses to the two most commonly used velocities, as examples of slow and fast clinorotation, and to vertical and horizontal clinorotation. We investigate their impact on the three stages of gravitropism: statolith sedimentation, asymmetrical auxin distribution, and differential elongation. We also investigate the statocyte ultrastructure by electron microscopy. Horizontal slow clinorotation induces changes in the statocyte ultrastructure related to a stress response and internalization of the PIN-FORMED 2 (PIN2) auxin transporter in the lower endodermis, probably due to enhanced mechano-stimulation. Additionally, fast clinorotation, as predicted, is only suitable within a very limited radius from the clinorotation center and triggers directional root growth according to the direction of the centrifugal force. Our study provides a full morphological picture of the stages of graviresponse in the root tip, and it is a valuable contribution to the field of microgravity simulation by clarifying the limitations of 2D-clinostats and proposing a proper use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Villacampa
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
| | - Ludovico Sora
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
- Department of Aerospace Science and Technology, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 34, 20156 Milano, Italy
| | - Raúl Herranz
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
| | - Francisco-Javier Medina
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
| | - Malgorzata Ciska
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.V.); (L.S.); (R.H.); (F.-J.M.)
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