1
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Robinson BP, Bass NR, Bhakt P, Spiliotis ET. Septin-coated microtubules promote maturation of multivesicular bodies by inhibiting their motility. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202308049. [PMID: 38668767 PMCID: PMC11046855 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202308049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton consists of microtubule subsets with distinct compositions of microtubule-associated proteins, which instruct the position and traffic of subcellular organelles. In the endocytic pathway, these microtubule-associated cues are poorly understood. Here, we report that in MDCK cells, endosomes with multivesicular body (MVB) and late endosome (LE) markers localize preferentially to microtubules coated with septin GTPases. Compared with early endosomes, CD63-containing MVBs/LEs are largely immotile on septin-coated microtubules. In vitro reconstitution assays revealed that the motility of isolated GFP-CD63 endosomes is directly inhibited by microtubule-associated septins. Quantification of CD63-positive endosomes containing the early endosome antigen (EEA1), the Rab7 effector and dynein adaptor RILP or Rab27a, showed that intermediary EEA1- and RILP-positive GFP-CD63 preferentially associate with septin-coated microtubules. Septin knockdown enhanced GFP-CD63 motility and decreased the percentage of CD63-positive MVBs/LEs with lysobiphosphatidic acid without impacting the fraction of EEA1-positive CD63. These results suggest that MVB maturation involves immobilization on septin-coated microtubules, which may facilitate multivesiculation and/or organelle-organelle contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi R. Bass
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Priyanka Bhakt
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elias T. Spiliotis
- Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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2
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Hu M, Feng X, Liu Q, Liu S, Huang F, Xu H. The ion channels of endomembranes. Physiol Rev 2024; 104:1335-1385. [PMID: 38451235 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00025.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The endomembrane system consists of organellar membranes in the biosynthetic pathway [endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, and secretory vesicles] as well as those in the degradative pathway (early endosomes, macropinosomes, phagosomes, autophagosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes). These endomembrane organelles/vesicles work together to synthesize, modify, package, transport, and degrade proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, regulating the balance between cellular anabolism and catabolism. Large ion concentration gradients exist across endomembranes: Ca2+ gradients for most endomembrane organelles and H+ gradients for the acidic compartments. Ion (Na+, K+, H+, Ca2+, and Cl-) channels on the organellar membranes control ion flux in response to cellular cues, allowing rapid informational exchange between the cytosol and organelle lumen. Recent advances in organelle proteomics, organellar electrophysiology, and luminal and juxtaorganellar ion imaging have led to molecular identification and functional characterization of about two dozen endomembrane ion channels. For example, whereas IP3R1-3 channels mediate Ca2+ release from the ER in response to neurotransmitter and hormone stimulation, TRPML1-3 and TMEM175 channels mediate lysosomal Ca2+ and H+ release, respectively, in response to nutritional and trafficking cues. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of these endomembrane channels, with a focus on their subcellular localizations, ion permeation properties, gating mechanisms, cell biological functions, and disease relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqin Hu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Feng
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu Liu
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangqian Huang
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxing Xu
- Department of Neurology and Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Liangzhu Laboratory and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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3
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Wardhani K, Levina A, Grau GER, Lay PA. Fluorescent, phosphorescent, magnetic resonance contrast and radioactive tracer labelling of extracellular vesicles. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:6779-6829. [PMID: 38828885 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00238h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
This review focusses on the significance of fluorescent, phosphorescent labelling and tracking of extracellular vesicles (EVs) for unravelling their biology, pathophysiology, and potential diagnostic and therapeutic uses. Various labeling strategies, such as lipid membrane, surface protein, luminal, nucleic acid, radionuclide, quantum dot labels, and metal complex-based stains, are evaluated for visualizing and characterizing EVs. Direct labelling with fluorescent lipophilic dyes is simple but generally lacks specificity, while surface protein labelling offers selectivity but may affect EV-cell interactions. Luminal and nucleic acid labelling strategies have their own advantages and challenges. Each labelling approach has strengths and weaknesses, which require a suitable probe and technique based on research goals, but new tetranuclear polypyridylruthenium(II) complexes as phosphorescent probes have strong phosphorescence, selective staining, and stability. Future research should prioritize the design of novel fluorescent probes and labelling platforms that can significantly enhance the efficiency, accuracy, and specificity of EV labeling, while preserving their composition and functionality. It is crucial to reduce false positive signals and explore the potential of multimodal imaging techniques to gain comprehensive insights into EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kartika Wardhani
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology (B-TEK) Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, 87545, USA
| | - Aviva Levina
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
| | - Georges E R Grau
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Vascular Immunology Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia.
- Sydney Nano, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Cancer Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Marie Bashir Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- Sydney Analytical, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
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4
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Otsu W. [Role of endosomal pathway in the ciliary transport and the membrane organization of outer segment disc membrane in photoreceptors]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2024; 159:203-208. [PMID: 38684400 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.23077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
A photoreceptor is a specialized neuron that is responsible for the conversion of light into an electrical signal. Photoreceptors are classified into rods and cones, and both photoreceptors possess light-sensing ciliary organelles called outer segments (OSs), anchored in the cells by a microtubule-based axoneme. The OS consists of a stack of disc membranes, which are abundant for the retinal phototransduction proteins such as rhodopsin. Recently, modern protein synchronization techniques using in vivo transfection in rodents revealed that rhodopsin transits through Rab11-positive recycling endosomes, preferentially entering the OS in the dark. Moreover, Peripherin-2 (PRPH2, also called retinal degeneration slow, RDS), a photoreceptor-specific tetraspanin protein essential for the morphogenesis of disc membranes, is delivered to the OS following complementary to that of rhodopsin. Various PRPH2 disease-causing mutations have been found in humans, and most of the mutations in the cytosolic C-terminus of PRPH2 are linked to cone-dominant macular dystrophies. It has been shown that the late endosome is the waystation that sorts newly synthesized PRPH2 into the cilium. The multiple C-terminal motifs of PRPH2 regulate its late endosome and ciliary targeting through ubiquitination and binding to an Endosomal Sorting Complexes Required for Transport (ESCRT) component, Hrs. These findings suggest that the late endosomes play an important role in the biosynthetic pathway of ciliary proteins and can be a new therapeutic target for the diseases caused by ciliary defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Otsu
- Department of Biomedical Research Laboratory, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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5
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Liu M, Wen Z, Zhang T, Zhang L, Liu X, Wang M. The role of exosomal molecular cargo in exosome biogenesis and disease diagnosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1417758. [PMID: 38983854 PMCID: PMC11231912 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1417758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes represent a type of extracellular vesicles derived from the endosomal pathway that transport diverse molecular cargoes such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These cargoes have emerged as crucial elements impacting disease diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, and are integral to the process of exosome formation. This review delves into the essential molecular cargoes implicated in the phases of exosome production and release. Emphasis is placed on their significance as cancer biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets, accompanied by an exploration of the obstacles and feasible applications linked to these developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijin Liu
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Zhenzhen Wen
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Linghan Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
| | - Maoyuan Wang
- Laboratory Medicine, People's Hospital of Ganzhou Economic Development Zone, Ganzhou, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, GanZhou, China
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6
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Ma R, Chen L, Hu N, Caplan S, Hu G. Cilia and Extracellular Vesicles in Brain Development and Disease. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:1020-1029. [PMID: 37956781 PMCID: PMC11087377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary and motile cilia are thin, hair-like cellular projections from the cell surface involved in movement, sensing, and communication between cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound vesicles secreted by cells and contain various proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that are delivered to and influence the behavior of other cells. Both cilia and EVs are essential for the normal functioning of brain cells, and their malfunction can lead to several neurological diseases. Cilia and EVs can interact with each other in several ways, and this interplay plays a crucial role in facilitating various biological processes, including cell-to-cell communication, tissue homeostasis, and pathogen defense. Cilia and EV crosstalk in the brain is an emerging area of research. Herein, we summarize the detailed molecular mechanisms of cilia and EV interplay and address the ciliary molecules that are involved in signaling and cellular dysfunction in brain development and diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential clinical use of cilia and EVs in brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Computer Science, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningyun Hu
- Millard West High School, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
| | - Guoku Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
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7
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Yadav K, Vijayalakshmi R, Kumar Sahu K, Sure P, Chahal K, Yadav R, Sucheta, Dubey A, Jha M, Pradhan M. Exosome-Based Macromolecular neurotherapeutic drug delivery approaches in overcoming the Blood-Brain barrier for treating brain disorders. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2024; 199:114298. [PMID: 38642716 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Delivering drugs to the brain is a complex challenge in medical research, particularly for disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The blood-brain barrier restricts the entry of many therapeutic molecules, hindering their effectiveness. Nanoparticles, a potential solution, face issues like toxicity and limited approvals. A new avenue explores the use of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), i.e., exosomes, as natural carriers for drug delivery. sEVs, tiny structures below 150 nm, show promise due to their minimal immune response and ability to precisely deliver drugs. This review focuses on the potential of sEVs-based drug delivery systems for treating neurological disorders, brain cancers, and other brain-related issues. Notably, bioengineered sEVs-carrying therapeutic compounds exhibit promise in early studies. The unique features of sEVs, such as their small size and natural properties, position them as candidates to overcome challenges in drug delivery to the brain. Ongoing clinical trials and research into sEVs behavior within the body further highlight their potential for revolutionizing drug delivery and addressing complex brain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Yadav
- Raipur Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sarona, Raipur, Chhattisgarh 492010, India
| | - R Vijayalakshmi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, GIET School of Pharmacy, Chaitanya Knowledge City, Rajahmundry, AP, 533296, India
| | - Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, 281406, India
| | - Pavani Sure
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Vignan Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kavita Chahal
- Department of Botany, Government Model Science College Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Renu Yadav
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Sucheta
- School of Medical and Allied Sciences, K. R. Mangalam University, Sohna Road, Gurugram, Haryana, 122103, India
| | - Akhilesh Dubey
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), NGSM Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutics, Mangaluru-575018, Karnataka, India
| | - Megha Jha
- Department of Life Science, Mansarovar Global University, Sehore, M.P., India
| | - Madhulika Pradhan
- Gracious College of Pharmacy, Abhanpur, Chhattisgarh, 493661, India.
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8
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Li W, Li Y, Zhao J, Liao J, Wen W, Chen Y, Cui H. Release of damaged mitochondrial DNA: A novel factor in stimulating inflammatory response. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 258:155330. [PMID: 38733868 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a circular double-stranded genome that exists independently of the nucleus. In recent years, research on mtDNA has significantly increased, leading to a gradual increase in understanding of its physiological and pathological characteristics. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other factors can damage mtDNA. This damaged mtDNA can escape from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm or extracellular space, subsequently activating immune signaling pathways, such as NLR family pyrin domain protein 3 (NLRP3), and triggering inflammatory responses. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of mtDNA damage and leakage in the pathological mechanisms underlying various diseases including infectious diseases, metabolic inflammation, and immune disorders. Consequently, comprehensive investigation of mtDNA can elucidate the pathological mechanisms underlying numerous diseases. The prevention of mtDNA damage and leakage has emerged as a novel approach to disease treatment, and mtDNA has emerged as a promising target for drug development. This article provides a comprehensive review of the mechanisms underlying mtDNA-induced inflammation, its association with various diseases, and the methods used for its detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Li
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Yuting Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of TCM Endocrinology, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China
| | - Jiabao Liao
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Weibo Wen
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of TCM Encephalopathy, Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650021, China.
| | - Huantian Cui
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Yunnan 650500, China.
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9
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Chander AM, de Melo Teixeira M, Singh NK, Williams MP, Parker CW, Leo P, Stajich JE, Torok T, Tighe S, Mason CE, Venkateswaran K. Genomic and morphological characterization of Knufia obscura isolated from the Mars 2020 spacecraft assembly facility. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12249. [PMID: 38806503 PMCID: PMC11133487 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61115-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Trichomeriaceae, belonging to the Chaetothyriales order and the Ascomycota phylum, are known for their capability to inhabit hostile environments characterized by extreme temperatures, oligotrophic conditions, drought, or presence of toxic compounds. The genus Knufia encompasses many polyextremophilic species. In this report, the genomic and morphological features of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 presented, which was isolated from the Mars 2020 mission spacecraft assembly facility located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. The identification is based on sequence alignment for marker genes, multi-locus sequence analysis, and whole genome sequence phylogeny. The morphological features were studied using a diverse range of microscopic techniques (bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast and scanning electron microscopy). The phylogenetic marker genes of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 exhibited highest similarities with type strain of Knufia obscura (CBS 148926T) that was isolated from the gas tank of a car in Italy. To validate the species identity, whole genomes of both strains (FJI-L2-BK-P2 and CBS 148926T) were sequenced, annotated, and strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 was confirmed as K. obscura. The morphological analysis and description of the genomic characteristics of K. obscura FJI-L2-BK-P2 may contribute to refining the taxonomy of Knufia species. Key morphological features are reported in this K. obscura strain, resembling microsclerotia and chlamydospore-like propagules. These features known to be characteristic features in black fungi which could potentially facilitate their adaptation to harsh environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Munish Chander
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Marcus de Melo Teixeira
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
- School of Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Nitin K Singh
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Michael P Williams
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Ceth W Parker
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Patrick Leo
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - Jason E Stajich
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of CA-Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Tamas Torok
- Ecology Department, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Scott Tighe
- Vermont Integrative Genomics Lab, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Christopher E Mason
- WorldQuant Initiative for Quantitative Prediction, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, Room Y-13.15, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Kasthuri Venkateswaran
- Biotechnology and Planetary Protection Group, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, M/S 89-2, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA.
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10
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Javdani-Mallak A, Salahshoori I. Environmental pollutants and exosomes: A new paradigm in environmental health and disease. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171774. [PMID: 38508246 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the intricate interplay between environmental pollutants and exosomes, shedding light on a novel paradigm in environmental health and disease. Cellular stress, induced by environmental toxicants or disease, significantly impacts the production and composition of exosomes, crucial mediators of intercellular communication. The heat shock response (HSR) and unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways, activated during cellular stress, profoundly influence exosome generation, cargo sorting, and function, shaping intercellular communication and stress responses. Environmental pollutants, particularly lipophilic ones, directly interact with exosome lipid bilayers, potentially affecting membrane stability, release, and cellular uptake. The study reveals that exposure to environmental contaminants induces significant changes in exosomal proteins, miRNAs, and lipids, impacting cellular function and health. Understanding the impact of environmental pollutants on exosomal cargo holds promise for biomarkers of exposure, enabling non-invasive sample collection and real-time insights into ongoing cellular responses. This research explores the potential of exosomal biomarkers for early detection of health effects, assessing treatment efficacy, and population-wide screening. Overcoming challenges requires advanced isolation techniques, standardized protocols, and machine learning for data analysis. Integration with omics technologies enhances comprehensive molecular analysis, offering a holistic understanding of the complex regulatory network influenced by environmental pollutants. The study underscores the capability of exosomes in circulation as promising biomarkers for assessing environmental exposure and systemic health effects, contributing to advancements in environmental health research and disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afsaneh Javdani-Mallak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iman Salahshoori
- Department of Polymer Processing, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran; Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Fallahi S, Zangbar HS, Farajdokht F, Rahbarghazi R, Mohaddes G, Ghiasi F. Exosomes as a therapeutic tool to promote neurorestoration and cognitive function in neurological conditions: Achieve two ends with a single effort. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14752. [PMID: 38775149 PMCID: PMC11110007 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Exosomes possess a significant role in intercellular communications. In the nervous system, various neural cells release exosomes that not only own a role in intercellular communications but also eliminate the waste of cells, maintain the myelin sheath, facilitate neurogenesis, and specifically assist in normal cognitive function. In neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), traumatic brain injury (TBI), and stroke, exosomal cargo like miRNAs take part in the sequela of conditions and serve as a diagnostic tool of neurological disorders, too. Exosomes are not only a diagnostic tool but also their inhibition or administration from various sources like mesenchymal stem cells and serum, which have shown a worthy potential to treat multiple neurological disorders. In addition to neurodegenerative manifestations, cognitive deficiencies are an integral part of neurological diseases, and applying exosomes in improving both aspects of these diseases has been promising. This review discusses the status of exosome therapy in improving neurorestorative and cognitive function following neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solmaz Fallahi
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Hamid Soltani Zangbar
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Fereshteh Farajdokht
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Neurosciences Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Neuroscience and Cognition, Faculty of Advanced Medical SciencesTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Neurosciences Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of Biomedical EducationCalifornia Health Sciences University, College of Osteopathic MedicineClovisCaliforniaUSA
| | - Fariba Ghiasi
- Drug Applied Research CenterTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Department of PhysiologyTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
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12
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Zhang Y, Ding N, Li Y, Ouyang M, Fu P, Peng Y, Tan Y. Transcription factor FOXM1 specifies chromatin DNA to extracellular vesicles. Autophagy 2024; 20:1054-1071. [PMID: 37974331 PMCID: PMC11135825 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2284523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicle DNAs (evDNAs) hold significant diagnostic value for various diseases and facilitate transcellular transfer of genetic material. Our study identifies transcription factor FOXM1 as a mediator for directing chromatin genes or DNA fragments (termed FOXM1-chDNAs) to extracellular vesicles (EVs). FOXM1 binds to MAP1LC3/LC3 in the nucleus, and FOXM1-chDNAs, such as the DUX4 gene and telomere DNA, are designated by FOXM1 binding and translocated to the cytoplasm before being released to EVs through the secretory autophagy during lysosome inhibition (SALI) process involving LC3. Disrupting FOXM1 expression or the SALI process impairs FOXM1-chDNAs incorporation into EVs. FOXM1-chDNAs can be transmitted to recipient cells via EVs and expressed in recipient cells when they carry functional genes. This finding provides an example of how chromatin DNA fragments are specified to EVs by transcription factor FOXM1, revealing its contribution to the formation of evDNAs from nuclear chromatin. It provides a basis for further exploration of the roles of evDNAs in biological processes, such as horizontal gene transfer.Abbreviation: ATG5: autophagy related 5; CCFs: cytoplasmic chromatin fragments; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; cytoDNA: cytoplasmic DNA; CQ: chloroquine; FOXM1-DBD: FOXM1 DNA binding domain; DUX4:double homeobox 4; EVs: extracellular vesicles; evDNAs: extracellular vesicle DNAs; FOXM1: forkhead box M1; FOXM1-chDNAs: chromatin DNA fragments directed by FOXM1 to EVs; HGT: horizontal gene transfer; LC3-II: lipid modified LC3; LMNB1: lamin B1; LIR: LC3-interacting region; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MVBs: multivesicular bodies; M1-binding DNA: a linear DNA containing 72× FOXM1 binding sites; SALI: secretory autophagy during lysosome inhibition; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TetO-DUX4: TetO array-containing DUX4 DNA; TetO: tet operator; TetR: tet repressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunsheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, PR China
| | - Nana Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Min Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Ping Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yousong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Yongjun Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan Engineering Research Center for Anticancer Targeted Protein Pharmaceuticals, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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13
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Gupta R, Gupta J, Roy S. Exosomes: Key Players for Treatment of Cancer and Their Future Perspectives. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2024; 22:118-147. [PMID: 38407852 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2023.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reena Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Jitendra Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Suchismita Roy
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
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14
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da Silva Lira Filho A, Lafleur A, Marcet-Palacios M, Olivier M. Identification of potential novel proteomic markers of Leishmania spp.-derived exosomes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1354636. [PMID: 38440791 PMCID: PMC10910114 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1354636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are heterogenous cell-derived membrane-bound structures which can be subdivided into three distinct classes according to distinct morphological characteristics, cellular origins, and functions. Small EVs, or exosomes, can be produced by the protozoan parasite Leishmania through the evolutionarily conserved ESCRT pathway, and act as effectors of virulence and drivers of pathogenesis within mammalian hosts. Techniques for the identification of EVs of non-mammalian origin, however, remain inaccurate in comparison to their well-characterized mammalian counterparts. Thus, we still lack reliable and specific markers for Leishmania-derived exosomes, which poses a significant challenge to the field. Methods Herein, we utilized serial differential ultracentrifugation to separate Leishmania-derived EV populations into three distinct fractions. Nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy were used to validate their morphological characteristics, and bioinformatic analysis of LC-MS/MS proteomics corroborated cellular origins and function. Discussion Proteomic data indicated potential novel proteic markers of Leishmania-derived exosomes, including proteins involved in endosomal machinery and the ESCRT pathway, as well as the parasitic phosphatase PRL-1. Further investigation is required to determine the specificity and sensitivity of these markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alonso da Silva Lira Filho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea Lafleur
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marcelo Marcet-Palacios
- Department of Medicine, Alberta Respiratory Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences Technology, Laboratory Research and Biotechnology, Northern Alberta Institute of Technology, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Martin Olivier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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15
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Mendoza AD, Dietrich N, Tan CH, Herrera D, Kasiah J, Payne Z, Cubillas C, Schneider DL, Kornfeld K. Lysosome-related organelles contain an expansion compartment that mediates delivery of zinc transporters to promote homeostasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2307143121. [PMID: 38330011 PMCID: PMC10873617 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307143121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc is an essential nutrient-it is stored during periods of excess to promote detoxification and released during periods of deficiency to sustain function. Lysosome-related organelles (LROs) are an evolutionarily conserved site of zinc storage, but mechanisms that control the directional zinc flow necessary for homeostasis are not well understood. In Caenorhabditis elegans intestinal cells, the CDF-2 transporter stores zinc in LROs during excess. Here, we identify ZIPT-2.3 as the transporter that releases zinc during deficiency; ZIPT-2.3 transports zinc, localizes to the membrane of LROs in intestinal cells, and is necessary for zinc release from LROs and survival during zinc deficiency. In zinc excess and deficiency, the expression levels of CDF-2 and ZIPT-2.3 are reciprocally regulated at the level of mRNA and protein, establishing a fundamental mechanism for directional flow to promote homeostasis. To elucidate how the ratio of CDF-2 and ZIPT-2.3 is altered, we used super-resolution microscopy to demonstrate that LROs are composed of a spherical acidified compartment and a hemispherical expansion compartment. The expansion compartment increases in volume during zinc excess and deficiency. These results identify the expansion compartment as an unexpected structural feature of LROs that facilitates rapid transitions in the composition of zinc transporters to mediate homeostasis, likely minimizing the disturbance to the acidified compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelita D. Mendoza
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Nicholas Dietrich
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Chieh-Hsiang Tan
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Daniel Herrera
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Jennysue Kasiah
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Zachary Payne
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Ciro Cubillas
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Daniel L. Schneider
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
| | - Kerry Kornfeld
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO63110
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16
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Sambre P, Ho JCS, Parikh AN. Intravesicular Solute Delivery and Surface Area Regulation in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles Driven by Cycles of Osmotic Stresses. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3250-3261. [PMID: 38266489 PMCID: PMC10859933 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipid bilayers are dynamic cellular components that undergo constant changes in their topology, facilitating a broad diversity of physiological functions including endo- and exocytosis, cell division, and intracellular trafficking. These shape transformations consume energy, supplied invariably by the activity of proteins. Here, we show that cycles of oppositely directed osmotic stresses─unassisted by any protein activity─can induce well-defined remodeling of giant unilamellar vesicles, minimally recapitulating the phenomenologies of surface area homeostasis and macropinocytosis. We find that a stress cycle consisting of deflationary hypertonic stress followed by an inflationary hypotonic one prompts an elaborate sequence of membrane shape changes ultimately transporting molecular cargo from the outside into the intravesicular milieu. The initial osmotic deflation produces microscopic spherical invaginations. During the subsequent inflation, the first subpopulation contributes area to the swelling membrane, thereby providing a means for surface area regulation and tensional homeostasis. The second subpopulation vesiculates into the lumens of the mother vesicles, producing pinocytic vesicles. Remarkably, the gradients of solute concentrations between the GUV and the daughter pinocytic vesicles create cascades of water current, inducing pulsatory transient poration that enable solute exchange between the buds and the GUV interior. This results in an efficient water-flux-mediated delivery of molecular cargo across the membrane boundary. Our findings suggest a primitive physical mechanism for communication and transport across protocellular compartments driven only by osmotic stresses. They also suggest plausible physical routes for intravesicular, and possibly intracellular, delivery of ions, solutes, and molecular cargo stimulated simply by cycles of osmotic currents of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi
D. Sambre
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - James C. S. Ho
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore
- Institute
for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551Singapore
| | - Atul N. Parikh
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Singapore
Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, 636921 Singapore
- Institute
for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551Singapore
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, University of
California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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17
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Hatzakis N, Kaestel-Hansen J, de Sautu M, Saminathan A, Scanavachi G, Correia R, Nielsen AJ, Bleshoey S, Boomsma W, Kirchhausen T. Deep learning assisted single particle tracking for automated correlation between diffusion and function. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3716053. [PMID: 38352328 PMCID: PMC10862944 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3716053/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Sub-cellular diffusion in living systems reflects cellular processes and interactions. Recent advances in optical microscopy allow the tracking of this nanoscale diffusion of individual objects with an unprecedented level of precision. However, the agnostic and automated extraction of functional information from the diffusion of molecules and organelles within the sub-cellular environment, is labor-intensive and poses a significant challenge. Here we introduce DeepSPT, a deep learning framework to interpret the diffusional 2D or 3D temporal behavior of objects in a rapid and efficient manner, agnostically. Demonstrating its versatility, we have applied DeepSPT to automated mapping of the early events of viral infections, identifying distinct types of endosomal organelles, and clathrin-coated pits and vesicles with up to 95% accuracy and within seconds instead of weeks. The fact that DeepSPT effectively extracts biological information from diffusion alone illustrates that besides structure, motion encodes function at the molecular and subcellular level.
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18
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Weihrauch D, Keszler A, Broeckel G, Aranda E, Lindemer B, Lohr NL. Red light mediates the exocytosis of vasodilatory vesicles from cultured endothelial cells: a cellular, and ex vivo murine model. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:355-364. [PMID: 38277065 PMCID: PMC10917865 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
We have previously established that 670 nm energy induces relaxation of blood vessels via an endothelium derived S-nitrosothiol (RSNO) suggested to be embedded in vesicles. Here, we confirm that red light facilitates the exocytosis of this vasodilator from cultured endothelial cells and increases ex vivo blood vessel diameter. Ex vivo pressurized and pre-constricted facial arteries from C57Bl6/J mice relaxed 14.7% of maximum diameter when immersed in the medium removed from red-light exposed Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells. In parallel experiments, 0.49 nM RSNO equivalent species was measured in the medium over the irradiated cells vs dark control. Electron microscopy of light exposed endothelium revealed significant increases in the size of the Multi Vesicular Body (MVB), a regulator of exosome trafficking, while RSNO accumulated in the MVBs as detected with immunogold labeling electron microscopy (1.8-fold of control). Moreover, red light enhanced the presence of F-actin related stress fibers (necessary for exocytosis), and the endothelial specific marker VE-cadherin levels suggesting an endothelial origin of the extracellular vesicles. Flow cytometry coupled with DAF staining, an indirect sensor of nitric oxide (NO), indicated significant amounts of NO within the extracellular vesicles (1.4-fold increase relative to dark control). Therefore, we further define the mechanism on the 670 nm light mediated traffic of endothelial vasodilatory vesicles and plan to leverage this insight into the delivery of red-light therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Weihrauch
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Agnes Keszler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Grant Broeckel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Eva Aranda
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Brian Lindemer
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicole L Lohr
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Clement J Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
- Cardiovascular Institute, University of Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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19
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Abdul-Rahman T, Ghosh S, Kalmanovich JB, Awuah AW, Zivcevska M, Khalifa S, Bassey EE, Ali NA, Ferreira MMDS, Umar TP, Garg N, Nweze VN, Inturu VSS, Abdelwahab MM, Kurian S, Alexiou A, Alfaleh M, Alqurashi TMA, Ashraf GM. The role of membrane trafficking and retromer complex in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25261. [PMID: 38284858 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is a physiological process encompassing different pathways involved in transporting cellular products across cell membranes to specific cell locations via encapsulated vesicles. This process is required for cells to mature and function properly, allowing them to adapt to their surroundings. The retromer complex is a complex composed of nexin proteins and peptides that play a vital role in the endosomal pathway of membrane trafficking. In humans, any interference in normal membrane trafficking or retromer complex can cause profound changes such as those seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Several studies have explored the potential causative mechanisms in developing both disease processes; however, the role of retromer trafficking in their pathogenesis is becoming increasingly significant with promising therapeutic applications. This manuscript describes the processes involved in membrane transport and the roles of the retromer in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. Moreover, we will also explore how these aberrant mechanisms may serve as possible avenues for treatment development in both diseases and the prospect of its future application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shankhaneel Ghosh
- Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Marija Zivcevska
- Liberty University College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lynchburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Samar Khalifa
- Clinical Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt
| | | | | | | | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Neil Garg
- Rowan-Virtua School of Osteopathic Medicine, One Medical Center Drive Stratford, Stratford, New Jersey, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, New South Wales, Australia
- AFNP Med, Wien, Austria
| | - Mohammed Alfaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Vaccines and Immunotherapy Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thamer M A Alqurashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Li X, Han Y, Meng Y, Yin L. Small RNA-big impact: exosomal miRNAs in mitochondrial dysfunction in various diseases. RNA Biol 2024; 21:1-20. [PMID: 38174992 PMCID: PMC10773649 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2023.2293343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are multitasking organelles involved in maintaining the cell homoeostasis. Beyond its well-established role in cellular bioenergetics, mitochondria also function as signal organelles to propagate various cellular outcomes. However, mitochondria have a self-destructive arsenal of factors driving the development of diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), a heterogeneous group of membranous nano-sized vesicles, are present in a variety of bodily fluids. EVs serve as mediators for intercellular interaction. Exosomes are a class of small EVs (30-100 nm) released by most cells. Exosomes carry various cargo including microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short noncoding RNAs. Recent studies have closely associated exosomal miRNAs with various human diseases, including diseases caused by mitochondrial dysfunction, which are a group of complex multifactorial diseases and have not been comprehensively described. In this review, we first briefly introduce the characteristics of EVs. Then, we focus on possible mechanisms regarding exosome-mitochondria interaction through integrating signalling networks. Moreover, we summarize recent advances in the knowledge of the role of exosomal miRNAs in various diseases, describing how mitochondria are changed in disease status. Finally, we propose future research directions to provide a novel therapeutic strategy that could slow the disease progress mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaqing Li
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Central laboratory, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Yi Han
- Traditional Chinese Medicine Department, People’s Hospital of Yanjiang District, Ziyang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yu Meng
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Central laboratory, The Fifth Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University, Heyuan, China
| | - Lianghong Yin
- Institute of Nephrology and Blood Purification, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Charvet S, Bock NA, Kim E, Duhamel S. Transcriptomics reveal a unique phago-mixotrophic response to low nutrient concentrations in the prasinophyte Pterosperma cristatum. ISME COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 4:ycae083. [PMID: 38957873 PMCID: PMC11217555 DOI: 10.1093/ismeco/ycae083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Constitutive mixoplankton-plastid-bearing microbial eukaryotes capable of both phototrophy and phagotrophy-are ubiquitous in marine ecosystems and facilitate carbon transfer to higher trophic levels within aquatic food webs, which supports enhanced sinking carbon flux. However, the regulation of the relative contribution of photosynthesis and prey consumption remains poorly characterized. We investigated the transcriptional dynamics behind this phenotypic plasticity in the prasinophyte green alga Pterosperma cristatum. Based on what is known of other mixoplankton species that cannot grow without photosynthesis (obligate phototrophs), we hypothesized that P. cristatum uses phagotrophy to circumvent the restrictions imposed on photosynthesis by nutrient depletion, to obtain nutrients from ingested prey, and to maintain photosynthetic carbon fixation. We observed an increase in feeding as a response to nutrient depletion, coinciding with an upregulation of expression for genes involved in essential steps of phagocytosis including prey recognition, adhesion and engulfment, transport and maturation of food vacuoles, and digestion. Unexpectedly, genes involved in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain, pigment biosynthesis, and carbon fixation were downregulated as feeding increased, implying an abatement of photosynthesis. Contrary to our original hypothesis, our results therefore suggest that depletion of inorganic nutrients triggered an alteration of trophic behavior from photosynthesis to phagotrophy in P. cristatum. While this behavior distinguishes P. cristatum from other groups of constitutive mixoplankton, its physiological response aligns with recent discoveries from natural microbial communities. These findings indicate that mixoplankton communities in nutrient-limited oceans can regulate photosynthesis against bacterivory based on nutrient availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Charvet
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, United States
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY 10024, United States
- Department of Biology, School of Natural and Social Sciences, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, PA 17870, United States
| | - Nicholas A Bock
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, United States
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie de Villefranche, CNRS and Sorbonne Université, 06230 Villefranche-sur-Mer, France
| | - Eunsoo Kim
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY 10024, United States
- Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, South Korea
| | - Solange Duhamel
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, United States
- Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York City, NY 10024, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
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Bharati J, Kumar M, Kumar N, Malhotra A, Singhal PC. MicroRNA193a: An Emerging Mediator of Glomerular Diseases. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1743. [PMID: 38136614 PMCID: PMC10742064 DOI: 10.3390/biom13121743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding small RNAs that regulate the protein expression of coding messenger RNAs. They are used as biomarkers to aid in diagnosing, prognosticating, and surveillance of diseases, especially solid cancers. MiR-193a was shown to be directly pathogenic in an experimental mouse model of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) during the last decade. Its specific binding and downregulation of Wilm's tumor-1 (WT-1), a transcription factor regulating podocyte phenotype, is documented. Also, miR-193a is a regulator switch causing the transdifferentiation of glomerular parietal epithelial cells to a podocyte phenotype in in vitro study. Interaction between miR-193a and apolipoprotein 1 (APOL1) mRNA in glomeruli (filtration units of kidneys) is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of common glomerular diseases. Since the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the role of miR-193a in glomerular diseases, including diabetic nephropathy and membranous nephropathy, besides FSGS. Considering the lack of biomarkers to manage FSGS and diabetic nephropathy clinically, it is worthwhile to invest in evaluating miR-193a in the pathogenesis of these diseases. What causes the upregulation of miR-193a in FSGS and how the mechanism is different in different glomerular disorders still need to be elucidated. This narrative review highlights the pathogenic mechanisms of miR-193a elevation in various glomerular diseases and its potential use in clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyita Bharati
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
| | - Megan Kumar
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Neil Kumar
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Ashwani Malhotra
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
| | - Pravin C. Singhal
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA; (J.B.); (M.K.); (N.K.)
- Division of Kidney Diseases and Hypertension, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra Northwell Health, Great Neck, NY 11021, USA
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23
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Xu X, Wu T, Lin R, Zhu S, Ji J, Jin D, Huang M, Zheng W, Ni W, Jiang F, Xuan S, Xiao M. Differences between migrasome, a 'new organelle', and exosome. J Cell Mol Med 2023; 27:3672-3680. [PMID: 37665060 PMCID: PMC10718147 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The migrasome is a new organelle discovered by Professor Yu Li in 2015. When cells migrate, the membranous organelles that appear at the end of the retraction fibres are migrasomes. With the migration of cells, the retraction fibres which connect migrasomes and cells finally break. The migrasomes detach from the cell and are released into the extracellular space or directly absorbed by the recipient cell. The cytoplasmic contents are first transported to the migrasome and then released from the cell through the migrasome. This release mechanism, which depends on cell migration, is named 'migracytosis'. The main components of the migrasome are extracellular vesicles after they leave the cell, which are easy to remind people of the current hot topic of exosomes. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles wrapped by the lipid bimolecular layer. With extensive research, exosomes have solved many disease problems. This review summarizes the differences between migrasomes and exosomes in size, composition, property and function, extraction method and regulation mechanism for generation and release. At the same time, it also prospects for the current hotspot of migrasomes, hoping to provide literature support for further research on the generation and release mechanism of migrasomes and their clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Tong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Renjie Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shengze Zhu
- Medical School of Nantong University oral medcine192NantongChina
| | - Jie Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Dandan Jin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Mengxiang Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenjie Zheng
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Wenkai Ni
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
| | - Shihai Xuan
- Department of Clinical LaboratoryAffiliated Dongtai Hospital of Nantong UniversityDongtaiChina
| | - Mingbing Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityMedical School of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
- Research Center of Clinical MedicineAffiliated Hospital of Nantong UniversityNantongChina
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24
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da Costa Marques R, Hüppe N, Speth KR, Oberländer J, Lieberwirth I, Landfester K, Mailänder V. Proteomics reveals time-dependent protein corona changes in the intracellular pathway. Acta Biomater 2023; 172:355-368. [PMID: 37839632 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular protein corona has not been fully investigated in the field of nanotechnology-biology (nano-bio) interactions. To effectively understand intracellular protein corona formation and dynamics, we established a workflow to isolate the intracellular protein corona at different uptake times of two nanoparticles - magnetic hydroxyethyl starch nanoparticles (HES-NPs) and magnetic human serum albumin nanocapsules (HSA-NCs). We performed label-free quantitative LC-MS proteomics to analyze the composition of the intracellular protein corona and correlated our findings with results from conventional methods for intracellular trafficking of nanocarriers, such as flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and confocal microscopy (cLSM). We determined the evolution of the intracellular protein corona. At different time stages the protein corona of the HES-NPs with a slower uptake changed, but there were fewer changes in that of the HSA-NCs with a more rapid uptake. We identified proteins that are involved in macropinocytosis (RAC1, ASAP2) as well as caveolin. This was confirmed by blocking experiments and by TEM studies. The investigated nanocarrier predominantly trafficked from early endosomes as determined by RAB5 identification in proteomics and in cLSM to late endosomes/lysosomes (RAB7, LAMP1, cathepsin K and HSP 90-beta) We further demonstrated differences between nanoparticles with slower and faster uptake kinetics and determined the associated proteome at different time points. Analysis of the intracellular protein corona provides us with effective data to examine the intracellular trafficking of nanocarriers used in efficient drug delivery and intracellular applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Many research papers focus on the protein corona on nanoparticles formed in biological fluids, but there are hardly any articles dealing with proteins that come in contact with nanoparticles inside cells. The "intracellular protein corona" studied here is a far more complex and highly demanding field. Most nanocarriers are designed to be taken up into cells. Given this, we chose two different nanocarriers to reveal changes in the proteins in dendritic cells during contact at specific times. Further studies will allow us to examine molecular target proteins using these methods. Our research is a significant addition towards the goal of understanding and thus improving the efficacy of drug nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard da Costa Marques
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Natkritta Hüppe
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Kai R Speth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jennifer Oberländer
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Lieberwirth
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany; Dermatology Clinic, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Langenbeckstr. 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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25
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Kæstel-Hansen J, de Sautu M, Saminathan A, Scanavachi G, Da Cunha Correia RFB, Nielsen AJ, Bleshøy SV, Boomsma W, Kirchhausen T, Hatzakis NS. Deep learning assisted single particle tracking for automated correlation between diffusion and function. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.16.567393. [PMID: 38014323 PMCID: PMC10680793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.16.567393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Sub-cellular diffusion in living systems reflects cellular processes and interactions. Recent advances in optical microscopy allow the tracking of this nanoscale diffusion of individual objects with an unprecedented level of precision. However, the agnostic and automated extraction of functional information from the diffusion of molecules and organelles within the sub-cellular environment, is labor-intensive and poses a significant challenge. Here we introduce DeepSPT, a deep learning framework to interpret the diffusional 2D or 3D temporal behavior of objects in a rapid and efficient manner, agnostically. Demonstrating its versatility, we have applied DeepSPT to automated mapping of the early events of viral infections, identifying distinct types of endosomal organelles, and clathrin-coated pits and vesicles with up to 95% accuracy and within seconds instead of weeks. The fact that DeepSPT effectively extracts biological information from diffusion alone indicates that besides structure, motion encodes function at the molecular and subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Kæstel-Hansen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
| | - Marilina de Sautu
- Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmaceutics Harvard Medical School
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Anand Saminathan
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Gustavo Scanavachi
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Ricardo F Bango Da Cunha Correia
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Annette Juma Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
| | - Sara Vogt Bleshøy
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
| | | | - Tom Kirchhausen
- Department of Cell Biology Harvard Medical School
- Department of Pediatrics Harvard Medical School
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine Boston Children's Hospital
| | - Nikos S Hatzakis
- Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Center for 4D cellular dynamics, Department of Chemistry University of Copenhagen
- Novo Nordisk Center for Optimised Oligo Escape
- Novo Nordisk foundation Center for Protein Research
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26
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Marzan AL, Chitti SV. Unravelling the Role of Cancer Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Muscle Atrophy, Lipolysis, and Cancer-Associated Cachexia. Cells 2023; 12:2598. [PMID: 37998333 PMCID: PMC10670053 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia is a metabolic syndrome that causes significant reduction in whole-body weight due to excessive loss of muscle mass accompanied by loss of fat mass. Reduced food intake and several metabolic abnormalities, such as increased energy expenditure, excessive catabolism, and inflammation, are known to drive cachexia. It is well documented that cancer cells secrete EVs in abundance which can be easily taken up by the recipient cell. The cargo biomolecules carried by the EVs have the potential to alter the signalling pathways and function of the recipient cells. EV cargo includes proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and metabolites. Tumour-secreted EVs have been found to alter the metabolic and biological functions of adipose and muscle tissue, which aids in the development of the cachexia phenotype. To date, no medical intervention or FDA-approved drug exists that can completely reverse cachexia. Therefore, understanding how cancer-derived EVs contribute to the onset and progression of cancer-associated cachexia may help with the identification of new biomarkers as well as provide access to novel treatment alternatives. The goal of this review article is to discuss the most recent research on cancer-derived EVs and their function in cellular crosstalk that promotes catabolism in muscle and adipose tissue during cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sai V. Chitti
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia;
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27
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Gressler AE, Leng H, Zinecker H, Simon AK. Proteostasis in T cell aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 70:101838. [PMID: 37708826 PMCID: PMC10804938 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Aging leads to a decline in immune cell function, which leaves the organism vulnerable to infections and age-related multimorbidities. One major player of the adaptive immune response are T cells, and recent studies argue for a major role of disturbed proteostasis contributing to reduced function of these cells upon aging. Proteostasis refers to the state of a healthy, balanced proteome in the cell and is influenced by synthesis (translation), maintenance and quality control of proteins, as well as degradation of damaged or unwanted proteins by the proteasome, autophagy, lysosome and cytoplasmic enzymes. This review focuses on molecular processes impacting on proteostasis in T cells, and specifically functional or quantitative changes of each of these upon aging. Importantly, we describe the biological consequences of compromised proteostasis in T cells, which range from impaired T cell activation and function to enhancement of inflamm-aging by aged T cells. Finally, approaches to improve proteostasis and thus rejuvenate aged T cells through pharmacological or physical interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Elisabeth Gressler
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Houfu Leng
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom; Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heidi Zinecker
- Ascenion GmbH, Am Zirkus 1, Bertold-Brecht-Platz 3, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Simon
- Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, United Kingdom.
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28
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Liu DA, Tao K, Wu B, Yu Z, Szczepaniak M, Rames M, Yang C, Svitkina T, Zhu Y, Xu F, Nan X, Guo W. A phosphoinositide switch mediates exocyst recruitment to multivesicular endosomes for exosome secretion. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6883. [PMID: 37898620 PMCID: PMC10613218 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42661-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are secreted to the extracellular milieu when multivesicular endosomes (MVEs) dock and fuse with the plasma membrane. However, MVEs are also known to fuse with lysosomes for degradation. How MVEs are directed to the plasma membrane for exosome secretion rather than to lysosomes is unclear. Here we report that a conversion of phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI(3)P) to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) catalyzed sequentially by Myotubularin 1 (MTM1) and phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase type IIα (PI4KIIα) on the surface of MVEs mediates the recruitment of the exocyst complex. The exocyst then targets the MVEs to the plasma membrane for exosome secretion. We further demonstrate that disrupting PI(4)P generation or exocyst function blocked exosomal secretion of Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), a key immune checkpoint protein in tumor cells, and led to its accumulation in lysosomes. Together, our study suggests that the PI(3)P to PI(4)P conversion on MVEs and the recruitment of the exocyst direct the exocytic trafficking of MVEs for exosome secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Ao Liu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Kai Tao
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 2730 S. Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ziyan Yu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Malwina Szczepaniak
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 2730 S. Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Matthew Rames
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S. Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Changsong Yang
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tatyana Svitkina
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Yueyao Zhu
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Fengyuan Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Xiaolin Nan
- Program in Quantitative and Systems Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, 2730 S. Moody Ave, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
- Cancer Early Detection Advanced Research Center, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S. Moody Ave., Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Biology, School of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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29
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Martinez-Espinosa I, Serrato JA, Ortiz-Quintero B. The Role of Exosome-Derived microRNA on Lung Cancer Metastasis Progression. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1574. [PMID: 38002256 PMCID: PMC10669807 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The high mortality from lung cancer is mainly attributed to the presence of metastases at the time of diagnosis. Despite being the leading cause of lung cancer death, the underlying molecular mechanisms driving metastasis progression are still not fully understood. Recent studies suggest that tumor cell exosomes play a significant role in tumor progression through intercellular communication between tumor cells, the microenvironment, and distant organs. Furthermore, evidence shows that exosomes release biologically active components to distant sites and organs, which direct metastasis by preparing metastatic pre-niche and stimulating tumorigenesis. As a result, identifying the active components of exosome cargo has become a critical area of research in recent years. Among these components are microRNAs, which are associated with tumor progression and metastasis in lung cancer. Although research into exosome-derived microRNA (exosomal miRNAs) is still in its early stages, it holds promise as a potential target for lung cancer therapy. Understanding how exosomal microRNAs promote metastasis will provide evidence for developing new targeted treatments. This review summarizes current research on exosomal miRNAs' role in metastasis progression mechanisms, focusing on lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Blanca Ortiz-Quintero
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine and Translational Research, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Mexico City CP 14080, Mexico; (I.M.-E.); (J.A.S.)
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30
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Trifylli EM, Kriebardis AG, Koustas E, Papadopoulos N, Vasileiadi S, Fortis SP, Tzounakas VL, Anastasiadi AT, Sarantis P, Papageorgiou EG, Tsagarakis A, Aloizos G, Manolakopoulos S, Deutsch M. The Arising Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Cholangiocarcinoma: A Rundown of the Current Knowledge Regarding Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15563. [PMID: 37958547 PMCID: PMC10649642 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) constitute a heterogeneous group of highly malignant epithelial tumors arising from the biliary tree. This cluster of malignant tumors includes three distinct entities, the intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal CCAs, which are characterized by different epidemiological and molecular backgrounds, as well as prognosis and therapeutic approaches. The higher incidence of CCA over the last decades, the late diagnostic time that contributes to a high mortality and poor prognosis, as well as its chemoresistance, intensified the efforts of the scientific community for the development of novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic approaches. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) comprise highly heterogenic, multi-sized, membrane-enclosed nanostructures that are secreted by a large variety of cells via different routes of biogenesis. Their role in intercellular communication via their cargo that potentially contributes to disease development and progression, as well as their prospect as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic tools, has become the focus of interest of several current studies for several diseases, including CCA. The aim of this review is to give a rundown of the current knowledge regarding the emerging role of EVs in cholangiocarcinogenesis and their future perspectives as diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni-Myrto Trifylli
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Anastasios G. Kriebardis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Evangelos Koustas
- Oncology Department, General Hospital Evangelismos, 10676 Athens, Greece;
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Papadopoulos
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, 401 General Military Hospital, 115 27 Athens, Greece;
| | - Sofia Vasileiadi
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Sotirios P. Fortis
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Vassilis L. Tzounakas
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (V.L.T.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Alkmini T. Anastasiadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (V.L.T.); (A.T.A.)
| | - Panagiotis Sarantis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Effie G. Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Reliability and Quality Control in Laboratory Hematology (HemQcR), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Medical Laboratories, School of Health & Caring Sciences, University of West Attica (UniWA), Ag. Spyridonos Str., 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (E.-M.T.); (S.P.F.); (E.G.P.)
| | - Ariadne Tsagarakis
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA;
| | - Georgios Aloizos
- First Department of Internal Medicine, 417 Army Share Fund Hospital, 11521 Athens, Greece;
| | - Spilios Manolakopoulos
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
| | - Melanie Deutsch
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Hippokration General Hospital of Athens, Vasilissis Sofias Avenue Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.V.); (S.M.); (M.D.)
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31
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Cengiz Winter N, Karakaya M, Mosen P, Brusius I, Anlar B, Haliloglu G, Winter D, Wirth B. Proteomic Investigation of Differential Interactomes of Glypican 1 and a Putative Disease-Modifying Variant of Ataxia. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3081-3095. [PMID: 37585105 PMCID: PMC10476613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
In a currently 13-year-old girl of consanguineous Turkish parents, who developed unsteady gait and polyneuropathy at the ages of 3 and 6 years, respectively, we performed whole genome sequencing and identified a biallelic missense variant c.424C>T, p.R142W in glypican 1 (GPC1) as a putative disease-associated variant. Up to date, GPC1 has not been associated with a neuromuscular disorder, and we hypothesized that this variant, predicted as deleterious, may be causative for the disease. Using mass spectrometry-based proteomics, we investigated the interactome of GPC1 WT and the missense variant. We identified 198 proteins interacting with GPC1, of which 16 were altered for the missense variant. This included CANX as well as vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) complex members, whose dysregulation could have a potential impact on disease severity in the patient. Importantly, these proteins are novel interaction partners of GPC1. At 10.5 years, the patient developed dilated cardiomyopathy and kyphoscoliosis, and Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) was suspected. Given the unusually severe phenotype in a patient with FRDA carrying only 104 biallelic GAA repeat expansions in FXN, we currently speculate that disturbed GPC1 function may have exacerbated the disease phenotype. LC-MS/MS data are accessible in the ProteomeXchange Consortium (PXD040023).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Cengiz Winter
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Mert Karakaya
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Peter Mosen
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Isabell Brusius
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Banu Anlar
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Goknur Haliloglu
- Department
of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, 06230 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Dominic Winter
- Institute
for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute
of Human Genetics, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
- Center
for Rare Diseases Cologne, University Hospital
of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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Shen F, Dassama LMK. Opportunities and challenges of protein-based targeted protein degradation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8433-8447. [PMID: 37592990 PMCID: PMC10430753 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02361c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the 20 years since the first report of a proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTAC) molecule, targeted protein degradation (TPD) technologies have attempted to revolutionize the fields of chemical biology and biomedicine by providing exciting research opportunities and potential therapeutics. However, they primarily focus on the use of small molecules to recruit the ubiquitin proteasome system to mediate target protein degradation. This then limits protein targets to cytosolic domains with accessible and suitable small molecule binding pockets. In recent years, biologics such as proteins and nucleic acids have instead been used as binders for targeting proteins, thereby expanding the scope of TPD platforms to include secreted proteins, transmembrane proteins, and soluble but highly disordered intracellular proteins. This perspective summarizes the recent TPD platforms that utilize nanobodies, antibodies, and other proteins as binding moieties to deplete challenging targets, either through the ubiquitin proteasome system or the lysosomal degradation pathway. Importantly, the perspective also highlights opportunities and remaining challenges of current protein-based TPD technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Sarafan ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University USA
| | - Laura M K Dassama
- Department of Chemistry, Sarafan ChEM-H Institute, Stanford University USA
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine USA
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Bandyopadhyay D, Basu S, Mukherjee I, Chakrabarti S, Chakrabarti P, Mukherjee K, Bhattacharyya SN. Accelerated export of Dicer1 from lipid-challenged hepatocytes buffers cellular miRNA-122 levels and prevents cell death. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104999. [PMID: 37394005 PMCID: PMC10413358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes on exposure to high levels of lipids reorganize the metabolic program while fighting against the toxicity associated with elevated cellular lipids. The mechanism of this metabolic reorientation and stress management in lipid-challenged hepatocytes has not been well explored. We have noted the lowering of miR-122, a liver-specific miRNA, in the liver of mice fed with either a high-fat diet or a methionine-choline-deficient diet that is associated with increased fat accumulation in mice liver. Interestingly, low miR-122 levels are attributed to the enhanced extracellular export of miRNA processor enzyme Dicer1 from hepatocytes in the presence of high lipids. Export of Dicer1 can also account for the increased cellular levels of pre-miR-122-the substrate of Dicer1. Interestingly, restoration of Dicer1 levels in the mouse liver resulted in a strong inflammatory response and cell death in the presence of high lipids. Increasing death of hepatocytes was found to be caused by increased miR-122 levels in hepatocytes restored for Dicer1. Thus, the Dicer1 export by hepatocytes seems to be a key mechanism to combat lipotoxic stress by shunting out miR-122 from stressed hepatocytes. Finally, as part of this stress management, we determined that the Ago2-interacting pool of Dicer1, responsible for mature microribonucleoprotein formation in mammalian cells, gets depleted. miRNA-binder and exporter protein HuR is found to accelerate Ago2-Dicer1 uncoupling to ensure export of Dicer1 via extracellular vesicles in lipid-loaded hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diptankar Bandyopadhyay
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Sudarshana Basu
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Department of Molecular Biology, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) Kolkata, India
| | - Ishita Mukherjee
- Structural Biology and Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Saikat Chakrabarti
- Structural Biology and Bio-Informatics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Partha Chakrabarti
- Metabolic Disease Laboratory, Cell Biology and Physiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Suvendra N Bhattacharyya
- RNA Biology Research Laboratory, Molecular Genetics Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India; Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center (UNMC), Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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Alshafie W, Fotouhi M, Ayoubi R, Shlaifer I, Southern K, McPherson PS, Laflamme C. The identification of high-performing antibodies for Charged multivesicular body protein 2b for use in Western Blot, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence. F1000Res 2023; 12:884. [PMID: 37635943 PMCID: PMC10448144 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.139755.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Charged multivesicular body protein 2B is a subunit of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport III (ESRCT-III), a complex implicated in the lysosomal degradation pathway and formation of multivesicular bodies. Mutations to the CHMP2B gene can result in abnormal protein aggregates in neurons and is therefore predicted to be associated in neurodegenerative diseases, including across the ALS-FTD spectrum. Through our standardized experimental protocol which compares read-outs in knockout cell lines and isogenic parental controls, this study aims to enhance the reproducibility of research on this target by characterizing eight commercial antibodies against charged multivesicular body protein 2b using Western Blot, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. We identified many high-performing antibodies and encourage readers to use this report as a guide to select the most appropriate antibody for their specific needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa Alshafie
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Structural Genomics Consortium, The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Maryam Fotouhi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Structural Genomics Consortium, The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Riham Ayoubi
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Structural Genomics Consortium, The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Irina Shlaifer
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Structural Genomics Consortium, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Kathleen Southern
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Structural Genomics Consortium, The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Peter S. McPherson
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Structural Genomics Consortium, The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Carl Laflamme
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Structural Genomics Consortium, The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - NeuroSGC/YCharOS/EDDU collaborative group
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Structural Genomics Consortium, The Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
- The Neuro’s Early Drug Discovery Unit (EDDU), Structural Genomics Consortium, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 2B4, Canada
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Totland MZ, Omori Y, Sørensen V, Kryeziu K, Aasen T, Brech A, Leithe E. Endocytic trafficking of connexins in cancer pathogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023:166812. [PMID: 37454772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions are specialized regions of the plasma membrane containing clusters of channels that provide for the diffusion of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells. A fundamental role of gap junctions is to coordinate the functions of cells in tissues. Cancer pathogenesis is usually associated with loss of intercellular communication mediated by gap junctions, which may affect tumor growth and the response to radio- and chemotherapy. Gap junction channels consist of integral membrane proteins termed connexins. In addition to their canonical roles in cell-cell communication, connexins modulate a range of signal transduction pathways via interactions with proteins such as β-catenin, c-Src, and PTEN. Consequently, connexins can regulate cellular processes such as cell growth, migration, and differentiation through both channel-dependent and independent mechanisms. Gap junctions are dynamic plasma membrane entities, and by modulating the rate at which connexins undergo endocytosis and sorting to lysosomes for degradation, cells rapidly adjust the level of gap junctions in response to alterations in the intracellular or extracellular milieu. Current experimental evidence indicates that aberrant trafficking of connexins in the endocytic system is intrinsically involved in mediating the loss of gap junctions during carcinogenesis. This review highlights the role played by the endocytic system in controlling connexin degradation, and consequently gap junction levels, and discusses how dysregulation of these processes contributes to the loss of gap junctions during cancer development. We also discuss the therapeutic implications of aberrant endocytic trafficking of connexins in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasufumi Omori
- Department of Molecular and Tumour Pathology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, Akita, Japan
| | | | | | - Trond Aasen
- Patologia Molecular Translacional, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, Passeig Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Brech
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section for Physiology and Cell Biology, Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Oh S, Lee CM, Kwon SH. Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNA in the Kidney. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4833-4850. [PMID: 37358511 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Most cells in our body release membrane-bound, nano-sized particles into the extracellular milieu through cellular metabolic processes. Various types of macromolecules, reflecting the physiological and pathological status of the producing cells, are packaged into such so-called extracellular vesicles (EVs), which can travel over a distance to target cells, thereby transmitting donor cell information. The short, noncoding ribonucleic acid (RNA) called microRNA (miRNA) takes a crucial part in EV-resident macromolecules. Notably, EVs transferring miRNAs can induce alterations in the gene expression profiles of the recipient cells, through genetically instructed, base-pairing interaction between the miRNAs and their target cell messenger RNAs (mRNAs), resulting in either nucleolytic decay or translational halt of the engaged mRNAs. As in other body fluids, EVs released in urine, termed urinary EVs (uEVs), carry specific sets of miRNA molecules, which indicate either normal or diseased states of the kidney, the principal source of uEVs. Studies have therefore been directed to elucidate the contents and biological roles of miRNAs in uEVs and moreover to utilize the gene regulatory properties of miRNA cargos in ameliorating kidney diseases through their delivery via engineered EVs. We here review the fundamental principles of the biology of EVs and miRNA as well as our current understanding of the biological roles and applications of EV-loaded miRNAs in the kidney. We further discuss the limitations of contemporary research approaches, suggesting future directions to overcome the difficulties to advance both the basic biological understanding of miRNAs in EVs and their clinical applications in treating kidney diseases. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4833-4850, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekyung Oh
- Department of Medical Science, Catholic Kwandong University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chang M Lee
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sang-H Kwon
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
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Yu CW, Wu YC, Liao VHC. Nanoplastics exposure disrupts circadian rhythm associated with dysfunction of the endolysosomal pathway and autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131308. [PMID: 37004444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs), an emerging pollutant, have raised great safety concerns due to their widespread applications and continuous release into the environment, which lead to potential human and environmental risks. Recently, polystyrene NPs (100 nm; 100 mg/L) exposure has been reported to disrupt circadian rhythms under five days temperature entrainment and be associated with stress resistance decline in Caenorhabditis elegans. This study explored the possible relationship between circadian rhythm disruption and endocytosis and autophagy under polystyrene NPs exposure in C. elegans. We show that the disrupted circadian rhythm induced by NPs exposure reduced stress resistance via endocytosis and autophagy impairment. Furthermore, we found that most NPs taken up by intestinal cells were localized to early endosomes, late endosomes, and lysosomes and delivered to autophagosomes. In addition, the disruption of circadian rhythm inhibited NPs localization to these organelles. These findings indicate that NPs exposure disrupts circadian rhythm and alters its subcellular trafficking, leading to enhanced toxicity in C. elegans. Our results shed light on the prominent role of NPs exposure in circadian rhythm disruption associated with endocytosis and autophagy impairments, which may be conserved in higher animals such as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Wei Yu
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chun Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Vivian Hsiu-Chuan Liao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Section 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
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38
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Simonetti B, Daly JL, Cullen PJ. Out of the ESCPE room: Emerging roles of endosomal SNX-BARs in receptor transport and host-pathogen interaction. Traffic 2023; 24:234-250. [PMID: 37089068 PMCID: PMC10768393 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Several functions of the human cell, such as sensing nutrients, cell movement and interaction with the surrounding environment, depend on a myriad of transmembrane proteins and their associated proteins and lipids (collectively termed "cargoes"). To successfully perform their tasks, cargo must be sorted and delivered to the right place, at the right time, and in the right amount. To achieve this, eukaryotic cells have evolved a highly organized sorting platform, the endosomal network. Here, a variety of specialized multiprotein complexes sort cargo into itineraries leading to either their degradation or their recycling to various organelles for further rounds of reuse. A key sorting complex is the Endosomal SNX-BAR Sorting Complex for Promoting Exit (ESCPE-1) that promotes the recycling of an array of cargos to the plasma membrane and/or the trans-Golgi network. ESCPE-1 recognizes a hydrophobic-based sorting motif in numerous cargoes and orchestrates their packaging into tubular carriers that pinch off from the endosome and travel to the target organelle. A wide range of pathogens mimic this sorting motif to hijack ESCPE-1 transport to promote their invasion and survival within infected cells. In other instances, ESCPE-1 exerts restrictive functions against pathogens by limiting their replication and infection. In this review, we discuss ESCPE-1 assembly and functions, with a particular focus on recent advances in the understanding of its role in membrane trafficking, cellular homeostasis and host-pathogen interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Simonetti
- Charles River Laboratories, Discovery House, Quays Office ParkConference Avenue, PortisheadBristolUK
| | - James L. Daly
- Department of Infectious DiseasesSchool of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, Guy's Hospital, King's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Peter J. Cullen
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Biomedical Sciences BuildingUniversity of BristolBristolUK
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Chang J, Lo ZHY, Alenizi S, Kovacevic Z. Re-Shaping the Pancreatic Cancer Tumor Microenvironment: A New Role for the Metastasis Suppressor NDRG1. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2779. [PMID: 37345116 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PaC) is a highly aggressive disease, with poor response to current treatments and 5-year survival rates of 10-15%. PaC progression is facilitated by its interaction with the complex and multifaceted tumor microenvironment (TME). In the TME, cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells constantly communicate with each other via the secretion and uptake of factors including cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, metabolites, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), reshaping the landscape of PaC. Recent studies demonstrated that the metastasis suppressor N-myc downstream regulated 1 (NDRG1) not only inhibits oncogenic signaling pathways in PaC cells but also alters the communication between PaC cells and the surrounding stroma. In fact, NDRG1 was found to influence the secretome of PaC cells, alter cancer cell metabolism, and interfere with intracellular trafficking and intercellular communication between PaC cells and surrounding fibroblasts. This review will present recent advancements in understanding the role of NDRG1 in PaC progression, with a focus on how this molecule influences PaC-stroma communication and its potential for re-shaping the PaC TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chang
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of NSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Zoe H Y Lo
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Shafi Alenizi
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Zaklina Kovacevic
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of Sydney, Sydney 2006, Australia
- Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Health, University of NSW, Sydney 2052, Australia
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40
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Haberberger RV, Kuramatilake J, Barry CM, Matusica D. Ultrastructure of dorsal root ganglia. Cell Tissue Res 2023:10.1007/s00441-023-03770-w. [PMID: 37079097 PMCID: PMC10115609 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03770-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contains thousands of sensory neurons that transmit information about our external and internal environment to the central nervous system. This includes signals related to proprioception, temperature, and nociception. Our understanding of DRG has increased tremendously over the last 50 years and has established the DRG as an active participant in peripheral processes. This includes interactions between neurons and non-neuronal cells such as satellite glia cells and macrophages that contribute to an increasingly complex cellular environment that modulates neuronal function. Early ultrastructural investigations of the DRG have described subtypes of sensory neurons based on differences in the arrangement of organelles such as the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. The neuron-satellite cell complex and the composition of the axon hillock in DRG have also been investigated, but, apart from basic descriptions of Schwann cells, ultrastructural investigations of other cell types in DRG are limited. Furthermore, detailed descriptions of key components of DRG, such as blood vessels and the capsule that sits at the intersection of the meninges and the connective tissue covering the peripheral nervous system, are lacking to date. With rising interest in DRG as potential therapeutic targets for aberrant signalling associated with chronic pain conditions, gaining further insights into DRG ultrastructure will be fundamental to understanding cell-cell interactions that modulate DRG function. In this review, we aim to provide a synopsis of the current state of knowledge on the ultrastructure of the DRG and its components, as well as to identify areas of interest for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Viktor Haberberger
- Division of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Jaliya Kuramatilake
- Division of Anatomy and Pathology, School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Christine M Barry
- Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Dusan Matusica
- Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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Rubio K, Romero-Olmedo AJ, Sarvari P, Swaminathan G, Ranvir VP, Rogel-Ayala DG, Cordero J, Günther S, Mehta A, Bassaly B, Braubach P, Wygrecka M, Gattenlöhner S, Tresch A, Braun T, Dobreva G, Rivera MN, Singh I, Graumann J, Barreto G. Non-canonical integrin signaling activates EGFR and RAS-MAPK-ERK signaling in small cell lung cancer. Theranostics 2023; 13:2384-2407. [PMID: 37215577 PMCID: PMC10196829 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an extremely aggressive cancer type with a patient median survival of 6-12 months. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling plays an important role in triggering SCLC. In addition, growth factor-dependent signals and alpha-, beta-integrin (ITGA, ITGB) heterodimer receptors functionally cooperate and integrate their signaling pathways. However, the precise role of integrins in EGF receptor (EGFR) activation in SCLC remains elusive. Methods: We analyzed human precision-cut lung slices (hPCLS), retrospectively collected human lung tissue samples and cell lines by classical methods of molecular biology and biochemistry. In addition, we performed RNA-sequencing-based transcriptomic analysis in human lung cancer cells and human lung tissue samples, as well as high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis of the protein cargo from extracellular vesicles (EVs) that were isolated from human lung cancer cells. Results: Our results demonstrate that non-canonical ITGB2 signaling activates EGFR and RAS/MAPK/ERK signaling in SCLC. Further, we identified a novel SCLC gene expression signature consisting of 93 transcripts that were induced by ITGB2, which may be used for stratification of SCLC patients and prognosis prediction of LC patients. We also found a cell-cell communication mechanism based on EVs containing ITGB2, which were secreted by SCLC cells and induced in control human lung tissue RAS/MAPK/ERK signaling and SCLC markers. Conclusions: We uncovered a mechanism of ITGB2-mediated EGFR activation in SCLC that explains EGFR-inhibitor resistance independently of EGFR mutations, suggesting the development of therapies targeting ITGB2 for patients with this extremely aggressive lung cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Rubio
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire IMoPA, UMR 7365; F-54000 Nancy, France
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, EcoCampus, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Addi J. Romero-Olmedo
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg; Marburg, Germany
| | - Pouya Sarvari
- Independent Researcher, collaborator of International Laboratory EPIGEN-CONCYTEP
| | | | - Vikas P. Ranvir
- Emmy Noether Research Group Epigenetic Machineries and Cancer, Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Diana G. Rogel-Ayala
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire IMoPA, UMR 7365; F-54000 Nancy, France
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Julio Cordero
- Department of Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
| | - Stefan Günther
- ECCPS Bioinformatics and Deep Sequencing Platform, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Department of Cardiac Development, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Aditi Mehta
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich; Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Bassaly
- Institute for Pathology, Justus Liebig University; 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Peter Braubach
- Institute for Pathology, Hannover Medical School; Hanover, Germany
- Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH) Research Network; Hanover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Center for Infection and Genomics of the Lung (CIGL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center; Giessen, Germany
- Institute of Lung Health, German Center for Lung Research (DZL); Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Achim Tresch
- CECAD, University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
- Center for Data and Simulation Science, University of Cologne; Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Braun
- Department of Cardiac Development, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Gergana Dobreva
- Department of Cardiovascular Genomics and Epigenomics, European Center for Angioscience (ECAS), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
| | - Miguel N. Rivera
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School; Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Indrabahadur Singh
- Emmy Noether Research Group Epigenetic Machineries and Cancer, Division of Chronic Inflammation and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Graumann
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- Institute of Translational Proteomics, Department of Medicine, Philipps-University Marburg; 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Guillermo Barreto
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Laboratoire IMoPA, UMR 7365; F-54000 Nancy, France
- Lung Cancer Epigenetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
- International Laboratory EPIGEN, Consejo de Ciencia y Tecnología del Estado de Puebla (CONCYTEP), Instituto de Ciencias, EcoCampus, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla; Puebla 72570, Mexico
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Brenner D, Geiger N, Schlegel J, Diesendorf V, Kersting L, Fink J, Stelz L, Schneider-Schaulies S, Sauer M, Bodem J, Seibel J. Azido-Ceramides, a Tool to Analyse SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Inhibition-SARS-CoV-2 Is Inhibited by Ceramides. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087281. [PMID: 37108461 PMCID: PMC10138768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that C6-ceramides efficiently suppress viral replication by trapping the virus in lysosomes. Here, we use antiviral assays to evaluate a synthetic ceramide derivative α-NH2-ω-N3-C6-ceramide (AKS461) and to confirm the biological activity of C6-ceramides inhibiting SARS-CoV-2. Click-labeling with a fluorophore demonstrated that AKS461 accumulates in lysosomes. Previously, it has been shown that suppression of SARS-CoV-2 replication can be cell-type specific. Thus, AKS461 inhibited SARS-CoV-2 replication in Huh-7, Vero, and Calu-3 cells up to 2.5 orders of magnitude. The results were confirmed by CoronaFISH, indicating that AKS461 acts comparable to the unmodified C6-ceramide. Thus, AKS461 serves as a tool to study ceramide-associated cellular and viral pathways, such as SARS-CoV-2 infections, and it helped to identify lysosomes as the central organelle of C6-ceramides to inhibit viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Brenner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nina Geiger
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Schlegel
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viktoria Diesendorf
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Louise Kersting
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julian Fink
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Linda Stelz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Bodem
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Seibel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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Banducci-Karp A, Xie J, Engels SAG, Sarantaris C, van Hage P, Varela M, Meijer AH, van der Vaart M. DRAM1 Promotes Lysosomal Delivery of Mycobacterium marinum in Macrophages. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060828. [PMID: 36980169 PMCID: PMC10047064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage-Regulated Autophagy Modulator 1 (DRAM1) is an infection-inducible membrane protein, whose function in the immune response is incompletely understood. Based on previous results in a zebrafish infection model, we have proposed that DRAM1 is a host resistance factor against intracellular mycobacterial infection. To gain insight into the cellular processes underlying DRAM1-mediated host defence, here we studied the interaction of DRAM1 with Mycobacterium marinum in murine RAW264.7 macrophages. We found that, shortly after phagocytosis, DRAM1 localised in a punctate pattern to mycobacteria, which gradually progressed to full DRAM1 envelopment of the bacteria. Within the same time frame, DRAM1-positive mycobacteria colocalised with the LC3 marker for autophagosomes and LysoTracker and LAMP1 markers for (endo)lysosomes. Knockdown analysis revealed that DRAM1 is required for the recruitment of LC3 and for the acidification of mycobacteria-containing vesicles. A reduction in the presence of LAMP1 further suggested reduced fusion of lysosomes with mycobacteria-containing vesicles. Finally, we show that DRAM1 knockdown impairs the ability of macrophages to defend against mycobacterial infection. Together, these results support that DRAM1 promotes the trafficking of mycobacteria through the degradative (auto)phagolysosomal pathway. Considering its prominent effect on host resistance to intracellular infection, DRAM1 is a promising target for therapeutic modulation of the microbicidal capacity of macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Banducci-Karp
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jiajun Xie
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sem A G Engels
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Christos Sarantaris
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick van Hage
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monica Varela
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel van der Vaart
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Burko P, D’Amico G, Miltykh I, Scalia F, Conway de Macario E, Macario AJL, Giglia G, Cappello F, Caruso Bavisotto C. Molecular Pathways Implicated in Radioresistance of Glioblastoma Multiforme: What Is the Role of Extracellular Vesicles? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054883. [PMID: 36902314 PMCID: PMC10003080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a primary brain tumor that is very aggressive, resistant to treatment, and characterized by a high degree of anaplasia and proliferation. Routine treatment includes ablative surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, GMB rapidly relapses and develops radioresistance. Here, we briefly review the mechanisms underpinning radioresistance and discuss research to stop it and install anti-tumor defenses. Factors that participate in radioresistance are varied and include stem cells, tumor heterogeneity, tumor microenvironment, hypoxia, metabolic reprogramming, the chaperone system, non-coding RNAs, DNA repair, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). We direct our attention toward EVs because they are emerging as promising candidates as diagnostic and prognostication tools and as the basis for developing nanodevices for delivering anti-cancer agents directly into the tumor mass. EVs are relatively easy to obtain and manipulate to endow them with the desired anti-cancer properties and to administer them using minimally invasive procedures. Thus, isolating EVs from a GBM patient, supplying them with the necessary anti-cancer agent and the capability of recognizing a specified tissue-cell target, and reinjecting them into the original donor appears, at this time, as a reachable objective of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Burko
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa D’Amico
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilia Miltykh
- Department of Human Anatomy, Institute of Medicine, Penza State University, 440026 Penza, Russia
| | - Federica Scalia
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Everly Conway de Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto J. L. Macario
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland at Baltimore-Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology (IMET), Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Giglia
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Section of Human Physiology, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Cappello
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
| | - Celeste Caruso Bavisotto
- Section of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (BIND), University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0916553501
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Wang L, Klionsky DJ, Shen HM. The emerging mechanisms and functions of microautophagy. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2023; 24:186-203. [PMID: 36097284 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-022-00529-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
'Autophagy' refers to an evolutionarily conserved process through which cellular contents, such as damaged organelles and protein aggregates, are delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Different forms of autophagy have been described on the basis of the nature of the cargoes and the means used to deliver them to lysosomes. At present, the prevailing categories of autophagy in mammalian cells are macroautophagy, microautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. The molecular mechanisms and biological functions of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy have been extensively studied, but microautophagy has received much less attention. In recent years, there has been a growth in research on microautophagy, first in yeast and then in mammalian cells. Here we review this form of autophagy, focusing on selective forms of microautophagy. We also discuss the upstream regulatory mechanisms, the crosstalk between macroautophagy and microautophagy, and the functional implications of microautophagy in diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Future research into microautophagy will provide opportunities to develop novel interventional strategies for autophagy- and lysosome-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Daniel J Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ministry of Education Frontiers Science Center for Precision Oncology, University of Macau, Macau, China. .,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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46
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Abstract
Host cell egress is a critical step in the life cycle of intracellular pathogens, especially in microbes capable of establishing chronic infections. The Gram-negative bacterium Brucella belongs to such a group of pathogens. Even though much has been done to understand how Brucella avoids killing and multiplies in its intracellular niche, the mechanism that this bacterium deploys to egress from the cell to complete its cycle has been poorly studied. In the manuscript, we quantify the kinetics of bacterial egress and show that Brucella exploits multivesicular bodies to exit host cells. For the first time, we visualized the process of egress in real time by live video microscopy and showed that a population of intracellular bacteria exit from host cells in vacuoles containing multivesicular body-like features. We observed the colocalization of Brucella with two multivesicular markers, namely, CD63 and LBPA, both during the final stages of the intracellular life cycle and in egressed bacteria. Moreover, drugs that either promote or inhibit multivesicular bodies either increased or decreased the number of extracellular bacteria, respectively. Our results strongly suggest that Brucella hijacks multivesicular bodies to exit the host cells to initiate new infection events. IMPORTANCE How intracellular bacterial pathogens egress from host cells has been poorly studied. This is particularly important because this stage of the infectious cycle can have a strong impact on how the host resolves the infection. Brucella is an intracellular pathogen that infects mammals, including humans, and causes a chronic debilitating illness. The bacterium has evolved a plethora of mechanisms to invade host cells, avoid degradation in the endocytic pathway, and actively multiply within a specialized intracellular compartment. However, how this pathogen exits from infected cells to produce reinfection and complete its life cycle is poorly understood. In the manuscript, we shed some light on the mechanisms that are exploited by Brucella to egress from host cells. We observed for the first time the egress of Brucella from infected cells by time-lapse video microscopy, and we found that the bacterium exits in vesicles containing multivesicular bodies (MVBs) features. Moreover, the drug manipulation of MVBs resulted in the alteration of bacterial egress efficiency. Our results indicate that Brucella hijacks MVBs to exit host cells and that this strongly contributes to the reinfection cycle.
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Romano JD, Mayoral J, Guevara RB, Rivera-Cuevas Y, Carruthers VB, Weiss LM, Coppens I. Toxoplasma gondii scavenges mammalian host organelles through the usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4A. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260159. [PMID: 36718630 PMCID: PMC10022688 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens exploit cellular resources through host cell manipulation. Within its nonfusogenic parasitophorous vacuole (PV), Toxoplasma gondii targets host nutrient-filled organelles and sequesters them into the PV through deep invaginations of the PV membrane (PVM) that ultimately detach from this membrane. Some of these invaginations are generated by an intravacuolar network (IVN) of parasite-derived tubules attached to the PVM. Here, we examined the usurpation of host ESCRT-III and Vps4A by the parasite to create PVM buds and vesicles. CHMP4B associated with the PVM/IVN, and dominant-negative (DN) CHMP4B formed many long PVM invaginations containing CHMP4B filaments. These invaginations were shorter in IVN-deficient parasites, suggesting cooperation between the IVN and ESCRT. In infected cells expressing Vps4A-DN, enlarged intra-PV structures containing host endolysosomes accumulated, reflecting defects in PVM scission. Parasite mutants lacking T. gondii (Tg)GRA14 or TgGRA64, which interact with ESCRT, reduced CHMP4B-DN-induced PVM invaginations and intra-PV host organelles, with greater defects in a double knockout, revealing the exploitation of ESCRT to scavenge host organelles by Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D. Romano
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Joshua Mayoral
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Rebekah B. Guevara
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Yolanda Rivera-Cuevas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Vern B. Carruthers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Louis M. Weiss
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Isabelle Coppens
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Basthi Mohan P, Rajpurohit S, Musunuri B, Bhat G, Lochan R, Shetty S. Exosomes in chronic liver disease. Clin Chim Acta 2023; 540:117215. [PMID: 36603656 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2022.117215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is the major cause of mortality and morbidity, particularly in developing countries. Although there has been a significant advancement in the identification and treatment of liver diseases over time, clinical results are not satisfactory in advanced liver disease. Thus, it is crucial to develop certain technology for early detection, and curative therapies and to investigate the molecular mechanisms behind CLD's pathogenesis. The study of exosomes in CLD is a rapidly developing field. They are structurally membrane-derived nano vesicles released by various cells. In CLD, exosomes released from injured hepatic cells affect intercellular communication, creating a microenvironment conducive to the illness's development. They also carry liver cell-specific proteins and miRNAs, which can be used as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets for various liver diseases. End-stage liver disease can only be treated by a liver transplant, however, the low availability of compatible organs, high expenses of treatment, and surgical complications significantly lower patient survival rates. Early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of CLD positively affect the likelihood of curative treatment and high patient survival rates. Considering the possibility that exosomes could be employed as tools for disease diagnostics and clinical intervention, The current study briefly summarizes the roles of exosomes and their cargo in diagnosing and treating liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Basthi Mohan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
| | - Siddheesh Rajpurohit
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaji Musunuri
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesh Bhat
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Lochan
- Lead Consultant- Liver transplant Surgeon, Manipal Hospital, Old Airport Road, Bangalore, and Adjunct Professor Manipal Academy of Higher Education, India
| | - Shiran Shetty
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India.
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Wang M, Luo S, Fan B, Zhu C, Chen Z. LIP5, a MVB biogenesis regulator, is required for rice growth. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1103028. [PMID: 36733718 PMCID: PMC9887185 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1103028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
LYST-INTERACTING PROTEIN5 (LIP5) is a conserved regulator of multivesicular body (MVB) biogenesis in eukaryotes. In Arabidopsis, AtLIP5 is a target of stress-responsive MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE3 and 6 and mediates stress-induced MVB biogenesis to promote stress responses. However, Arabidopsis atlip5 knockout mutants are normal in growth and development. Here we report that rice OsLIP5 gene could fully restore both the disease resistance and salt tolerance of the Arabidopsis oslip5 mutant plants to the wild-type levels. Unlike Arabidopsis atlip5 mutants, rice oslip5 mutants were severely stunted, developed necrotic lesions and all died before flowering. Unlike in Arabidopsis, LIP5 regulated endocytosis under both stress and normal conditions in rice. These findings indicate that there is strong evolutionary divergence among different plants in the role of the conserved LIP5-regulated MVB pathway in normal plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Wang
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuwei Luo
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baofang Fan
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Cheng Zhu
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Chen
- College of Life Science and Key Laboratory of Marine Food Quality and Hazard Controlling Technology of Zhejiang Province, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Biology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
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50
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Lalnunthangi A, Dakpa G, Tiwari S. Multifunctional role of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway in phagocytosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2023; 194:179-217. [PMID: 36631192 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a specialized form of endocytosis where large cells and particles (>0.5μm) are engulfed by the phagocytic cells, and ultimately digested in the phagolysosomes. This process not only eliminates unwanted particles and pathogens from the extracellular sources, but also eliminates apoptotic cells within the body, and is critical for maintenance of tissue homeostasis. It is believed that both endocytosis and phagocytosis share common pathways after particle internalization, but specialized features and differences between these two routes of internalization are also likely. The recruitment and removal of each protein/particle during the maturation of endocytic/phagocytic vesicles has to be tightly regulated to ensure their timely action. Ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP), degrades unwanted proteins by post-translational modification of proteins with chains of conserved protein Ubiquitin (Ub), with subsequent recognition of Ub chains by the 26S proteasomes and substrate degradation by this protease. This pathway utilizes different Ub linkages to modify proteins to regulate protein-protein interaction, localization, and activity. Due to its vast number of targets, it is involved in many cellular pathways, including phagocytosis. This chapters describes the basic steps and signaling in phagocytosis and different roles that UPP plays at multiple steps in regulating phagocytosis directly, or through its interaction with other phagosomal proteins. How aberrations in UPP function affect phagocytosis and their association with human diseases, and how pathogens exploit this pathway for their own benefit is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Swati Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
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