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Sorensen RM, Savić-Zdravković D, Jovanović B. Changes in the wing shape and size in fruit flies exposed to micro and nanoplastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142821. [PMID: 38986775 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Geometric morphometrics analysis (GMA) is a well-known technique to identify minute changes in Drosophila wings. This study aimed to determine potential changes in Drosophila wings shape and size after exposure to polystyrene nanoplastics (NPs) (50 nm) and microplastics (MPs) (1 μm). Flies were exposed from eggs to pupal eclosion and analyzed using GMA. Results revealed a difference in shape and size between male and female wings, as expected, due to sexual dimorphism. Therefore, wings were analyzed by sex. Wings of MPs and NPs treated females were elongated compared to controls and had a constriction of the wing joint. Additionally, MPs treated female flies had the most dissimilar shape compared to controls. In male flies, NPs flies had smaller wings compared to MPs and control flies. Compared to control, NPs wings of males were shrunken at the joint and in the entire proximal region of the wing. However, male MPs wings had a narrower anal region and were slightly elongated. These results reveal that wing shape and size can change in a different way based on the sex of the flies and size of plastic particles that larvae interacted with. All the changes in the wings occurred only within the normally allowed wing variation and treatment with NPs/MPs did not cause development of the aberrant phenotypes. Results can pave the way for further understanding of how MPs and NPs can alter phenotypes of flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel M Sorensen
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Dimitrija Savić-Zdravković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, Višegradska 33, Niš, 18000, Serbia.
| | - Boris Jovanović
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
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Huang X, Su Z, Xie XJ. The Enigmas of Tissue Closure: Inspiration from Drosophila. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:8710-8725. [PMID: 39194731 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46080514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Hollow structures are essential for development and physiological activity. The construction and maintenance of hollow structures never cease throughout the lives of multicellular animals. Epithelial tissue closure is the main strategy used by living organisms to build hollow structures. The high diversity of hollow structures and the simplicity of their development in Drosophila make it an excellent model for the study of hollow structure morphogenesis. In this review, we summarize the tissue closure processes in Drosophila that give rise to or maintain hollow structures and highlight the molecular mechanisms and distinct cell biology involved in these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Zhongjing Su
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Xie
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
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3
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Gao X, Zang H, Liu X, Guo S, Ye D, Liu Z, Jing X, Niu Q, Wu Y, Lü Y, Chen D, Guo R. Unraveling the modulatory manner and function of circRNAs in the Asian honey bee larval guts. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1391717. [PMID: 39045457 PMCID: PMC11263028 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1391717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) that can participate in biological processes such as gene expression, growth, and development. However, little has been explored about the function of circRNAs in the development of Apis cerana larval guts. By using our previously gained deep sequencing data from the guts of A. cerana worker larvae at 4-, 5-, and 6-day-old (Ac4, Ac5, and Ac6 groups), the expression pattern and regulatory role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) during the development process was comprehensively investigated, with a focus on differentially expressed circRNAs (DEcircRNAs) relevant to immunity pathways and developmental signaling pathways, followed by validation of the binding relationships among a key competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) axis. Here, 224 (158) DEcircRNAs were detected in the Ac4 vs. Ac5 (Ac5 vs. Ac6) comparison group. It's suggested that 172 (123) parental genes of DEcircRNAs were involved in 26 (20) GO terms such as developmental process and metabolic process and 138 (136) KEGG pathways like Hippo and Wnt signaling pathways. Additionally, ceRNA network analysis indicated that 21 (11) DEcircRNAs could target seven (three) DEmiRNAs, further targeting 324 (198) DEmRNAs. These DEmRNAs can be annotated to 33 (26) GO terms and 168 (200) KEGG pathways, including 12 (16) cellular and humoral immune pathways (endocytosis, lysosome, Jak-STAT, etc.) and 10 (nine) developmental signaling pathways (Hippo, mTOR, Hedgehog, etc.). Interestingly, DEcircRNAs in these two comparison groups could target the same ace-miR-6001-y, forming complex sub-networks. The results of PCR and Sanger sequencing confirmed the back-splicing sites within four randomly selected DEcircRNAs. RT-qPCR detection of these four DEcircRNAs verified the reliability of the used transcriptome data. The results of dual-luciferase reporter assay verified the binding relationships between novel_circ_001627 and ace-miR-6001-y and between ace-miR-6001-y and apterous-like. Our data demonstrated that DEcircRNAs were likely to modulate the developmental process of the A. cerana worker larval guts via regulation of parental gene transcription and ceRNA network, and novel_circ_001627/ace-miR-6001-y/apterous-like was a potential regulatory axis in the larval gut development. Findings from this work offer a basis and a candidate ceRNA axis for illustrating the circRNA-modulated mechanisms underlying the A. cerana larval guts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuze Gao
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - He Zang
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Natural Biotoxin, Fuzhou, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sijia Guo
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Daoyou Ye
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhitan Liu
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xin Jing
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qingsheng Niu
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Wu
- Apiculture Science Institute of Jilin Province, Jilin, China
| | - Yang Lü
- Mudanjiang Branch of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Mudanjiang, China
| | - Dafu Chen
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Natural Biotoxin, Fuzhou, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
| | - Rui Guo
- College of Bee Science and Biomedicine, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- National and Local United Engineering Laboratory of Natural Biotoxin, Fuzhou, China
- Apitherapy Research Institute of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, China
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4
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Mönch TC, Smylla TK, Brändle F, Preiss A, Nagel AC. Novel Genome-Engineered H Alleles Differentially Affect Lateral Inhibition and Cell Dichotomy Processes during Bristle Organ Development. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:552. [PMID: 38790181 PMCID: PMC11121709 DOI: 10.3390/genes15050552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hairless (H) encodes the major antagonist in the Notch signaling pathway, which governs cellular differentiation of various tissues in Drosophila. By binding to the Notch signal transducer Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)), H assembles repressor complexes onto Notch target genes. Using genome engineering, three new H alleles, HFA, HLLAA and HWA were generated and a phenotypic series was established by several parameters, reflecting the residual H-Su(H) binding capacity. Occasionally, homozygous HWA flies develop to adulthood. They were compared with the likewise semi-viable HNN allele affecting H-Su(H) nuclear entry. The H homozygotes were short-lived, sterile and flightless, yet showed largely normal expression of several mitochondrial genes. Typical for H mutants, both HWA and HNN homozygous alleles displayed strong defects in wing venation and mechano-sensory bristle development. Strikingly, however, HWA displayed only a loss of bristles, whereas bristle organs of HNN flies showed a complete shaft-to-socket transformation. Apparently, the impact of HWA is restricted to lateral inhibition, whereas that of HNN also affects the respective cell type specification. Notably, reduction in Su(H) gene dosage only suppressed the HNN bristle phenotype, but amplified that of HWA. We interpret these differences as to the role of H regarding Su(H) stability and availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja C. Mönch
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.C.M.); (T.K.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Thomas K. Smylla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.C.M.); (T.K.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Franziska Brändle
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.C.M.); (T.K.S.); (F.B.)
| | - Anette Preiss
- Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Anja C. Nagel
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (T.C.M.); (T.K.S.); (F.B.)
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Tran NV, Montanari MP, Gui J, Lubenets D, Fischbach LL, Antson H, Huang Y, Brutus E, Okada Y, Ishimoto Y, Tõnissoo T, Shimmi O. Programmed disassembly of a microtubule-based membrane protrusion network coordinates 3D epithelial morphogenesis in Drosophila. EMBO J 2024; 43:568-594. [PMID: 38263333 PMCID: PMC10897427 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-023-00025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive analysis of cellular dynamics during the process of morphogenesis is fundamental to understanding the principles of animal development. Despite recent advancements in light microscopy, how successive cell shape changes lead to complex three-dimensional tissue morphogenesis is still largely unresolved. Using in vivo live imaging of Drosophila wing development, we have studied unique cellular structures comprising a microtubule-based membrane protrusion network. This network, which we name here the Interplanar Amida Network (IPAN), links the two wing epithelium leaflets. Initially, the IPAN sustains cell-cell contacts between the two layers of the wing epithelium through basal protrusions. Subsequent disassembly of the IPAN involves loss of these contacts, with concomitant degeneration of aligned microtubules. These processes are both autonomously and non-autonomously required for mitosis, leading to coordinated tissue proliferation between two wing epithelia. Our findings further reveal that a microtubule organization switch from non-centrosomal to centrosomal microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) at the G2/M transition leads to disassembly of non-centrosomal microtubule-derived IPAN protrusions. These findings exemplify how cell shape change-mediated loss of inter-tissue contacts results in 3D tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngan Vi Tran
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Martti P Montanari
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jinghua Gui
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dmitri Lubenets
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Hanna Antson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yunxian Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erich Brutus
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Yasushi Okada
- Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Osaka, Japan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Physics, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Ishimoto
- Department of Machine Intelligence and Systems Engineering, Akita Prefectural University, Akita, 015-0055, Japan
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51010, Tartu, Estonia.
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
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6
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Ma M, Zheng Y, Lu S, Pan X, Worley KC, Burrage LC, Blieden LS, Allworth A, Chen WL, Merla G, Mandriani B, Rosenfeld JA, Li-Kroeger D, Dutta D, Yamamoto S, Wangler MF, Glass IA, Strohbehn S, Blue E, Prontera P, Lalani SR, Bellen HJ. De novo variants in PLCG1 are associated with hearing impairment, ocular pathology, and cardiac defects. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.01.08.23300523. [PMID: 38260438 PMCID: PMC10802640 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.08.23300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Phospholipase C isozymes (PLCs) hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate into inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol, important signaling molecules involved in many cellular processes. PLCG1 encodes the PLCγ1 isozyme that is broadly expressed. Hyperactive somatic mutations of PLCG1 are observed in multiple cancers, but only one germline variant has been reported. Here we describe three unrelated individuals with de novo heterozygous missense variants in PLCG1 (p.Asp1019Gly, p.His380Arg, and p.Asp1165Gly) who exhibit variable phenotypes including hearing loss, ocular pathology and cardiac septal defects. To model these variants in vivo, we generated the analogous variants in the Drosophila ortholog, small wing (sl). We created a null allele slT2A and assessed the expression pattern. sl is broadly expressed, including in wing discs, eye discs, and a subset of neurons and glia. Loss of sl causes wing size reductions, ectopic wing veins and supernumerary photoreceptors. We document that mutant flies exhibit a reduced lifespan and age-dependent locomotor defects. Expressing wild-type sl in slT2A mutant rescues the loss-of-function phenotypes whereas expressing the variants causes lethality. Ubiquitous overexpression of the variants also reduces viability, suggesting that the variants are toxic. Ectopic expression of an established hyperactive PLCG1 variant (p.Asp1165His) in the wing pouch causes severe wing phenotypes, resembling those observed with overexpression of the p.Asp1019Gly or p.Asp1165Gly variants, further arguing that these two are gain-of-function variants. However, the wing phenotypes associated with p.His380Arg overexpression are mild. Our data suggest that the PLCG1 de novo heterozygous missense variants are pathogenic and contribute to the features observed in the probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Ma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yiming Zheng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Current affiliation: State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kim C. Worley
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lindsay C. Burrage
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lauren S. Blieden
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Aimee Allworth
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Current affiliation: Children’s National Medical Center and George Washington University, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Giuseppe Merla
- Laboratory of Regulatory & Functional Genomics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, San Giovanni Rotondo, Foggia 71013, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples 80131, Italy
| | - Barbara Mandriani
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Bari 70121, Italy
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Li-Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michael F. Wangler
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | - Ian A. Glass
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sam Strohbehn
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Elizabeth Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institute for Public Health Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Paolo Prontera
- Medical Genetics Unit, Hospital of Perugia, Perugia 06129, Italy
| | - Seema R. Lalani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hugo J. Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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George LF, Follmer ML, Fontenoy E, Moran HR, Brown JR, Ozekin YH, Bates EA. Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Mediates Drosophila Wing Development. Bioelectricity 2023; 5:290-306. [PMID: 38143873 PMCID: PMC10733776 DOI: 10.1089/bioe.2022.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The temporal dynamics of morphogen presentation impacts transcriptional responses and tissue patterning. However, the mechanisms controlling morphogen release are far from clear. We found that inwardly rectifying potassium (Irk) channels regulate endogenous transient increases in intracellular calcium and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP/Dpp) release for Drosophila wing development. Inhibition of Irk channels reduces BMP/Dpp signaling, and ultimately disrupts wing morphology. Ion channels impact development of several tissues and organisms in which BMP signaling is essential. In neurons and pancreatic beta cells, Irk channels modulate membrane potential to affect intracellular Ca++ to control secretion of neurotransmitters and insulin. Based on Irk activity in neurons, we hypothesized that electrical activity controls endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca++ release into the cytoplasm to regulate the release of BMP. Materials and Methods To test this hypothesis, we reduced expression of four proteins that control ER calcium, Stromal interaction molecule 1 (Stim), Calcium release-activated calcium channel protein 1 (Orai), SarcoEndoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase (SERCA), small conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK), and Bestrophin 2 (Best2) using RNAi and documented wing phenotypes. We use live imaging to study calcium and Dpp release within pupal wings and larval wing discs. Additionally, we employed immunohistochemistry to characterize Small Mothers Against Decapentaplegic (SMAD) phosphorylation downstream of the BMP/Dpp pathway following RNAi knockdown. Results We found that reduced Stim and SERCA function decreases amplitude and frequency of endogenous calcium transients in the wing disc and reduced BMP/Dpp release. Conclusion Our results suggest control of ER calcium homeostasis is required for BMP/Dpp release, and Drosophila wing development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Faith George
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Mikaela Lynn Follmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Fontenoy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Hannah Rose Moran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jeremy Ryan Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Yunus H. Ozekin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily Anne Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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8
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Chen Y, Li H, Yi TC, Shen J, Zhang J. Notch Signaling in Insect Development: A Simple Pathway with Diverse Functions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14028. [PMID: 37762331 PMCID: PMC10530718 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway which functions between adjacent cells to establish their distinct identities. Despite operating in a simple mechanism, Notch signaling plays remarkably diverse roles in development to regulate cell fate determination, organ growth and tissue patterning. While initially discovered and characterized in the model insect Drosophila melanogaster, recent studies across various insect species have revealed the broad involvement of Notch signaling in shaping insect tissues. This review focuses on providing a comprehensive picture regarding the roles of the Notch pathway in insect development. The roles of Notch in the formation and patterning of the insect embryo, wing, leg, ovary and several specific structures, as well as in physiological responses, are summarized. These results are discussed within the developmental context, aiming to deepen our understanding of the diversified functions of the Notch signaling pathway in different insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Haomiao Li
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Tian-Ci Yi
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management of Mountainous Regions, Institute of Entomology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biosecurity and MOA Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management for Plant Quarantine Pests, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (Y.C.)
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9
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Messelodi D, Strocchi S, Bertuccio SN, Baden P, Indio V, Giorgi FM, Taddia A, Serravalle S, Valente S, di Fonzo A, Frattini E, Bernardoni R, Pession A, Grifoni D, Deleidi M, Astolfi A, Pession A. Neuronopathic Gaucher disease models reveal defects in cell growth promoted by Hippo pathway activation. Commun Biol 2023; 6:431. [PMID: 37076591 PMCID: PMC10115838 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04813-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher Disease (GD), the most common lysosomal disorder, arises from mutations in the GBA1 gene and is characterized by a wide spectrum of phenotypes, ranging from mild hematological and visceral involvement to severe neurological disease. Neuronopathic patients display dramatic neuronal loss and increased neuroinflammation, whose molecular basis are still unclear. Using a combination of Drosophila dGBA1b loss-of-function models and GD patient-derived iPSCs differentiated towards neuronal precursors and mature neurons we showed that different GD- tissues and neuronal cells display an impairment of growth mechanisms with an increased cell death and reduced proliferation. These phenotypes are coupled with the downregulation of several Hippo transcriptional targets, mainly involved in cells and tissue growth, and YAP exclusion from nuclei. Interestingly, Hippo knock-down in the GBA-KO flies rescues the proliferative defect, suggesting that targeting the Hippo pathway can be a promising therapeutic approach to neuronopathic GD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Messelodi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Strocchi
- Laboratory of Translational Research, USL-IRCCS of Reggio Emilia, 42123, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Pascale Baden
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, 72076, Germany
- Hertie Institut for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Indio
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40064, Ozzano dell'Emilia (BO), Italy
| | - Federico M Giorgi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Taddia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Salvatore Serravalle
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sabrina Valente
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessio di Fonzo
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Emanuele Frattini
- Neurology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Bernardoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Daniela Grifoni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences (MeSVA), University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy.
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Hertie Institut for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
- Institut Imagine, INSERM UMR1163, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Annalisa Astolfi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138, Bologna, Italy
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10
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Kim LH, Kim JY, Xu YY, Lim MA, Koo BS, Kim JH, Yoon SE, Kim YJ, Choi KW, Chang JW, Hong ST. Tctp, a unique Ing5-binding partner, inhibits the chromatin binding of Enok in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2218361120. [PMID: 37014852 PMCID: PMC10104566 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218361120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The MOZ/MORF histone acetyltransferase complex is highly conserved in eukaryotes and controls transcription, development, and tumorigenesis. However, little is known about how its chromatin localization is regulated. Inhibitor of growth 5 (ING5) tumor suppressor is a subunit of the MOZ/MORF complex. Nevertheless, the in vivo function of ING5 remains unclear. Here, we report an antagonistic interaction between Drosophila Translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) (Tctp) and ING5 (Ing5) required for chromatin localization of the MOZ/MORF (Enok) complex and H3K23 acetylation. Yeast two-hybrid screening using Tctp identified Ing5 as a unique binding partner. In vivo, Ing5 controlled differentiation and down-regulated epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, whereas it is required in the Yorkie (Yki) pathway to determine organ size. Ing5 and Enok mutants promoted tumor-like tissue overgrowth when combined with uncontrolled Yki activity. Tctp depletion rescued the abnormal phenotypes of the Ing5 mutation and increased the nuclear translocation of Ing5 and chromatin binding of Enok. Nonfunctional Enok promoted the nuclear translocation of Ing5 by reducing Tctp, indicating a feedback mechanism between Tctp, Ing5, and Enok to regulate histone acetylation. Therefore, Tctp is essential for H3K23 acetylation by controlling the nuclear translocation of Ing5 and chromatin localization of Enok, providing insights into the roles of human TCTP and ING5-MOZ/MORF in tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee-Hyang Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Ja-Young Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Ying Xu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Ae Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Bon Seok Koo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hae Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Eun Yoon
- Korea Drosophila Resource Center, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Joon Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Wook Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science & Technology, Daejeon34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tae Hong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon35015, Republic of Korea
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11
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Marmion RA, Simpkins AG, Barrett LA, Denberg DW, Zusman S, Schottenfeld-Roames J, Schüpbach T, Shvartsman SY. Stochastic phenotypes in RAS-dependent developmental diseases. Curr Biol 2023; 33:807-816.e4. [PMID: 36706752 PMCID: PMC10026697 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations upregulating RAS signaling are associated with multiple developmental disorders. A hallmark of these conditions is that the same mutation may present vastly different phenotypes in different individuals, even in monozygotic twins. Here, we demonstrate how the origins of such largely unexplained phenotypic variations may be dissected using highly controlled studies in Drosophila that have been gene edited to carry activating variants of MEK, a core enzyme in the RAS pathway. This allowed us to measure the small but consistent increase in signaling output of such alleles in vivo. The fraction of mutation carriers reaching adulthood was strongly reduced, but most surviving animals had normal RAS-dependent structures. We rationalize these results using a stochastic signaling model and support it by quantifying cell fate specification errors in bilaterally symmetric larval trachea, a RAS-dependent structure that allows us to isolate the effects of mutations from potential contributions of genetic modifiers and environmental differences. We propose that the small increase in signaling output shifts the distribution of phenotypes into a regime, where stochastic variation causes defects in some individuals, but not in others. Our findings shed light on phenotypic heterogeneity of developmental disorders caused by deregulated RAS signaling and offer a framework for investigating causal effects of other pathogenic alleles and mild mutations in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Marmion
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Alison G Simpkins
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Lena A Barrett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - David W Denberg
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Susan Zusman
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | | | - Trudi Schüpbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.
| | - Stanislav Y Shvartsman
- Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA; Flatiron Institute, Simons Foundation, New York, NY 10010, USA.
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12
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Maier D, Bauer M, Boger M, Sanchez Jimenez A, Yuan Z, Fechner J, Scharpf J, Kovall RA, Preiss A, Nagel AC. Genetic and Molecular Interactions between HΔCT, a Novel Allele of the Notch Antagonist Hairless, and the Histone Chaperone Asf1 in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:205. [PMID: 36672946 PMCID: PMC9858708 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular differentiation relies on the highly conserved Notch signaling pathway. Notch activity induces gene expression changes that are highly sensitive to chromatin landscape. We address Notch gene regulation using Drosophila as a model, focusing on the genetic and molecular interactions between the Notch antagonist Hairless and the histone chaperone Asf1. Earlier work implied that Asf1 promotes the silencing of Notch target genes via Hairless (H). Here, we generate a novel HΔCT allele by genome engineering. Phenotypically, HΔCT behaves as a Hairless gain of function allele in several developmental contexts, indicating that the conserved CT domain of H has an attenuator role under native biological contexts. Using several independent methods to assay protein-protein interactions, we define the sequences of the CT domain that are involved in Hairless-Asf1 binding. Based on previous models, where Asf1 promotes Notch repression via Hairless, a loss of Asf1 binding should reduce Hairless repressive activity. However, tissue-specific Asf1 overexpression phenotypes are increased, not rescued, in the HΔCT background. Counterintuitively, Hairless protein binding mitigates the repressive activity of Asf1 in the context of eye development. These findings highlight the complex connections of Notch repressors and chromatin modulators during Notch target-gene regulation and open the avenue for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Maier
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Milena Bauer
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mike Boger
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- European Center for Angioscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Ludolf-Krehl-Straße 13–17, D-68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Anna Sanchez Jimenez
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Zhenyu Yuan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building 2201, Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Johannes Fechner
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Biomedical Genetics (IBMG), University of Stuttgart, Allmandring 31, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Janika Scharpf
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rhett A. Kovall
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Medical Sciences Building 2201, Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Anette Preiss
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anja C. Nagel
- Institute of Biology, Genetics Department 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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13
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Turna Demir F. In vivo effects of 1,4-dioxane on genotoxic parameters and behavioral alterations in Drosophila melanogaster. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:414-430. [PMID: 35023806 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2022.2027832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
1,4-Dioxane (DXN) is used as solvent in different consumer products including cosmetics, paints, surfactants, and waxes. In addition, DXN is released as an unwanted contaminating by-product as a result of some reactions including ethoxylation of alcohols, which occurs with in personal care products. Consequently, DXN pollution was detected in drinking water and is considered as an environmental problem. At present, the genotoxicity effects attributed to DXN are controversial. The present study using an in vivo model organism Drosophila melanogaster aimed to determine the toxic/genotoxic, mutagenic/recombinogenic, oxidative damage as evidenced by ROS production, phenotypic alterations as well as behavioral and developmental alterations that are closely related to neuronal functions. Data demonstrated that nontoxic DXN concentration (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1%) induced mutagenic (1%) and recombinogenic (0.1, 0.25, or 0.5%) effects in wing spot test and genotoxicity in hemocytes using comet assay. The nontoxic concentrations of DXN (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, or 1%) significantly increased oxidative stress, climbing behavior, thermal sensivity and abnormal phenotypic alterations. Our findings show that in contrast to in vitro exposure, DXN using an in vivo model Drosophila melanogaster this compound exerts toxic and genotoxic effects. Data suggest that additional studies using other in vivo models are thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Turna Demir
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Medical Laboratory Techniques Programme, Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Turkey
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14
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He T, Fan Y, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhu AJ. Dissection of the microRNA Network Regulating Hedgehog Signaling in Drosophila. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:866491. [PMID: 35573695 PMCID: PMC9096565 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.866491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionarily conserved Hedgehog (Hh) signaling plays a critical role in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis. Aberrant Hh signaling often leads to various forms of developmental anomalies and cancer. Since altered microRNA (miRNA) expression is associated with developmental defects and tumorigenesis, it is not surprising that several miRNAs have been found to regulate Hh signaling. However, these miRNAs are mainly identified through small-scale in vivo screening or in vitro assays. As miRNAs preferentially reduce target gene expression via the 3' untranslated region, we analyzed the effect of reduced expression of core components of the Hh signaling cascade on downstream signaling activity, and generated a transgenic Drosophila toolbox of in vivo miRNA sensors for core components of Hh signaling, including hh, patched (ptc), smoothened (smo), costal 2 (cos2), fused (fu), Suppressor of fused (Su(fu)), and cubitus interruptus (ci). With these tools in hand, we performed a genome-wide in vivo miRNA overexpression screen in the developing Drosophila wing imaginal disc. Of the twelve miRNAs identified, seven were not previously reported in the in vivo Hh regulatory network. Moreover, these miRNAs may act as general regulators of Hh signaling, as their overexpression disrupts Hh signaling-mediated cyst stem cell maintenance during spermatogenesis. To identify direct targets of these newly discovered miRNAs, we used the miRNA sensor toolbox to show that miR-10 and miR-958 directly target fu and smo, respectively, while the other five miRNAs act through yet-to-be-identified targets other than the seven core components of Hh signaling described above. Importantly, through loss-of-function analysis, we found that endogenous miR-10 and miR-958 target fu and smo, respectively, whereas deletion of the other five miRNAs leads to altered expression of Hh signaling components, suggesting that these seven newly discovered miRNAs regulate Hh signaling in vivo. Given the powerful effects of these miRNAs on Hh signaling, we believe that identifying their bona fide targets of the other five miRNAs will help reveal important new players in the Hh regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Fan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Alan Jian Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
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15
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Akiyama T, Seidel CW, Gibson MC. The feedback regulator nord controls Dpp/BMP signaling via extracellular interaction with dally in the Drosophila wing. Dev Biol 2022; 488:91-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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16
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Kumar N, Huizar FJ, Farfán-Pira KJ, Brodskiy PA, Soundarrajan DK, Nahmad M, Zartman JJ. MAPPER: An Open-Source, High-Dimensional Image Analysis Pipeline Unmasks Differential Regulation of Drosophila Wing Features. Front Genet 2022; 13:869719. [PMID: 35480325 PMCID: PMC9035675 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.869719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenomics requires quantification of large volumes of image data, necessitating high throughput image processing approaches. Existing image processing pipelines for Drosophila wings, a powerful genetic model for studying the underlying genetics for a broad range of cellular and developmental processes, are limited in speed, precision, and functional versatility. To expand on the utility of the wing as a phenotypic screening system, we developed MAPPER, an automated machine learning-based pipeline that quantifies high-dimensional phenotypic signatures, with each dimension quantifying a unique morphological feature of the Drosophila wing. MAPPER magnifies the power of Drosophila phenomics by rapidly quantifying subtle phenotypic differences in sample populations. We benchmarked MAPPER’s accuracy and precision in replicating manual measurements to demonstrate its widespread utility. The morphological features extracted using MAPPER reveal variable sexual dimorphism across Drosophila species and unique underlying sex-specific differences in morphogen signaling in male and female wings. Moreover, the length of the proximal-distal axis across the species and sexes shows a conserved scaling relationship with respect to the wing size. In sum, MAPPER is an open-source tool for rapid, high-dimensional analysis of large imaging datasets. These high-content phenomic capabilities enable rigorous and systematic identification of genotype-to-phenotype relationships in a broad range of screening and drug testing applications and amplify the potential power of multimodal genomic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilay Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Francisco J. Huizar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Keity J. Farfán-Pira
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnical Institute (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Pavel A. Brodskiy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Dharsan K. Soundarrajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
| | - Marcos Nahmad
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Neurosciences, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnical Institute (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jeremiah J. Zartman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeremiah J. Zartman,
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17
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Antson H, Tõnissoo T, Shimmi O. The developing wing crossvein of Drosophila melanogaster: a fascinating model for signaling and morphogenesis. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:118-127. [PMID: 35302430 PMCID: PMC8942417 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2040316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila wing has been used as a model for studying tissue growth, morphogenesis and pattern formation. The wing veins of Drosophila are composed of two distinct structures, longitudinal veins and crossveins. Although positional information of longitudinal veins is largely defined in the wing imaginal disc during the larval stage, crossvein primordial cells appear to be naive until the early pupal stage. Here, we first review how wing crossveins have been investigated in the past. Then, the developmental mechanisms underlying crossvein formation are summarized. This review focuses on how a conserved trafficking mechanism of BMP ligands is utilized for crossvein formation, and how various co-factors play roles in sustaining BMP signalling. Recent findings further reveal that crossvein development serves as an excellent model to address how BMP signal and dynamic cellular processes are coupled. This comprehensive review illustrates the uniqueness, scientific value and future perspectives of wing crossvein development as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Antson
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Osamu Shimmi
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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18
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Roberto N, Becam I, Plessis A, Holmgren RA. Engrailed, Suppressor of fused and Roadkill modulate the Drosophila GLI transcription factor Cubitus interruptus at multiple levels. Development 2022; 149:dev200159. [PMID: 35290435 PMCID: PMC10656455 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Morphogen gradients need to be robust, but may also need to be tailored for specific tissues. Often this type of regulation is carried out by negative regulators and negative feedback loops. In the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway, activation of patched (ptc) in response to Hh is part of a negative feedback loop limiting the range of the Hh morphogen. Here, we show that in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc two other known Hh targets genes feed back to modulate Hh signaling. First, anterior expression of the transcriptional repressor Engrailed modifies the Hh gradient by attenuating the expression of the Hh pathway transcription factor cubitus interruptus (ci), leading to lower levels of ptc expression. Second, the E-3 ligase Roadkill shifts the competition between the full-length activator and truncated repressor forms of Ci by preferentially targeting full-length Ci for degradation. Finally, we provide evidence that Suppressor of fused, a negative regulator of Hh signaling, has an unexpected positive role, specifically protecting full-length Ci but not the Ci repressor from Roadkill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Roberto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
| | - Isabelle Becam
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Anne Plessis
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Robert A. Holmgren
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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19
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Abstract
The Drosophila wing imaginal disc is a tissue of undifferentiated cells that are precursors of the wing and most of the notum of the adult fly. The wing disc first forms during embryogenesis from a cluster of ∼30 cells located in the second thoracic segment, which invaginate to form a sac-like structure. They undergo extensive proliferation during larval stages to form a mature larval wing disc of ∼35,000 cells. During this time, distinct cell fates are assigned to different regions, and the wing disc develops a complex morphology. Finally, during pupal stages the wing disc undergoes morphogenetic processes and then differentiates to form the adult wing and notum. While the bulk of the wing disc comprises epithelial cells, it also includes neurons and glia, and is associated with tracheal cells and muscle precursor cells. The relative simplicity and accessibility of the wing disc, combined with the wealth of genetic tools available in Drosophila, have combined to make it a premier system for identifying genes and deciphering systems that play crucial roles in animal development. Studies in wing imaginal discs have made key contributions to many areas of biology, including tissue patterning, signal transduction, growth control, regeneration, planar cell polarity, morphogenesis, and tissue mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Kenneth D Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Waksman Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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20
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Ye ZF, Zhang P, Gai TT, Lou JH, Dai FY, Tong XL. Sob gene is critical to wing development in Bombyx mori and Tribolium castaneum. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:65-77. [PMID: 33822467 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of insect appendages requires the expression of multiple genes in a strict spatial and temporal order. The odd-skipped family genes are vital transcriptional factors involved in embryonic development. The development and morphogenesis of the insect wing requires multiple transcription factors to regulate the expression of wing patterning genes at the transcriptional level. However, the function of odd-related genes in insect wing morphogenesis and development during postembryonic stages is unclear. We focused on the roles of the sister of odd and bowl (sob) gene, a member of odd-skipped family genes, during the wing morphopoiesis in Bombyx mori using the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 system and in Tribolium castaneum by RNA interference. The results showed that the wings were significantly smaller and degenerated, and wing veins were indistinct in the sob gene loss-of-function group in both B. mori and T. castaneum. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that the Tcsob gene regulated the expression of wing development genes, such as the cht 7 and the vg gene. The findings suggest the importance of sob gene in insect wing morphology formation during postembryonic stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Gai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing-Hou Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang-Yin Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Key Laboratory of Sericultural Biology and Genetic Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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21
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Mo D, Shen J, Zhang J. Use of FLP/FRT System to Screen for Notch Signaling Regulators in the Drosophila Wing. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2472:39-48. [PMID: 35674890 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2201-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations of genes encoding key components of the Notch signaling pathways often result in lethality at early developmental stages, making it difficult to decipher how they regulate the formation of specific cell types or organs. Mosaic analysis using the FLP/FRT system allows investigating the roles of essential genes during wing development in Drosophila melanogaster. This chapter describes the practical methods to isolate Notch signaling regulators by somatic mosaic screen. The fly stocks, cross schemes, and screen parameters are summarized. We also explain how to validate the roles of potential Notch signaling regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Mo
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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22
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Zhang F, Chen Y, Shen J, Zhang J. The Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme UbcD1 is Required for Notch Signaling Activation During Drosophila Wing Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:770853. [PMID: 34712275 PMCID: PMC8546230 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.770853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling pathway plays crucial roles in animal development. Protein ubiquitination contributes to Notch signaling regulation by governing the stability and activity of major signaling components. Studies in Drosophila have identified multiple ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinating enzymes that modify Notch ligand and receptor proteins. The fate of ubiquitinated substrates depend on topologies of the attached ubiquitin chains, which are determined by the ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2 enzymes). However, which E2 enzymes participate in Notch signal transduction remain elusive. Here, we report that the E2 enzyme UbcD1 is required for Notch signaling activation during Drosophila wing development. Mutations of UbcD1 lead to marginal nicks in the adult wing and reduction of Notch signaling targets expression in the wing imaginal disc. Genetic analysis reveal that UbcD1 functions in the signaling receiving cells prior to cleavage of the Notch protein. We provide further evidence suggesting that UbcD1 is likely involved in endocytic trafficking of Notch protein. Our results demonstrate that UbcD1 positively regulates Notch signaling and thus reveal a novel role of UbcD1 in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchao Zhang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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23
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Shen CH, Xu QY, Fu KY, Guo WC, Jin L, Li GQ. Ecdysis triggering hormone is essential for larva-pupa-adult transformation in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:241-252. [PMID: 33368728 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Drosophila melanogaster, ecdysis triggering hormone (ETH) is the key factor triggering ecdysis behaviour and promoting trachea clearance. However, whether ETH plays the dual roles in non-dipteran insects is unknown. In this survey, we found that Ldeth mRNA levels were positively correlated with circulating 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) titers in Leptinotarsa decemlineata. Ingestion of an ecdysteroid agonist halofenozide or 20E stimulated the transcription of Ldeth, whereas RNA interference (RNAi) of ecdysteroidogenesis (LdPTTH or LdSHD) or 20E signalling (LdEcR, LdUSP or LdFTZ-F1) genes inhibited the expression, indicating ETH acts downstream of 20E. RNAi of Ldeth at the final instar stage impaired pupation. More than 80% of the Ldeth-depleted beetles remained as prepupae, completely wrapped in the old larval cuticles. These prepupae became withered, dried and darkened gradually, and finally died in soil. The remaining Ldeth hypomorphs pupated and emerged as abnormal adults, bearing smaller and wrinkle elytrum and hindwing. Moreover, the tracheae in the Ldeth hypomorphs were full of liquid. We accordingly proposed that the failure of trachea clearance disenabled air-swallowing after pupa-adult ecdysis and impacted wing expansion. Our results suggest that ETH plays the dual roles, initiation of ecdysis and motivation of trachea clearance, in a coleopteran.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Shen
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q-Y Xu
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K-Y Fu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - W-C Guo
- Institute of Microbiological Application, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Urumqi, China
| | - L Jin
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - G-Q Li
- Education Ministry Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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24
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Harnish JM, Link N, Yamamoto S. Drosophila as a Model for Infectious Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2724. [PMID: 33800390 PMCID: PMC7962867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used to understand fundamental principles of genetics and biology for over a century. Drosophila is now also considered an essential tool to study mechanisms underlying numerous human genetic diseases. In this review, we will discuss how flies can be used to deepen our knowledge of infectious disease mechanisms in vivo. Flies make effective and applicable models for studying host-pathogen interactions thanks to their highly conserved innate immune systems and cellular processes commonly hijacked by pathogens. Drosophila researchers also possess the most powerful, rapid, and versatile tools for genetic manipulation in multicellular organisms. This allows for robust experiments in which specific pathogenic proteins can be expressed either one at a time or in conjunction with each other to dissect the molecular functions of each virulent factor in a cell-type-specific manner. Well documented phenotypes allow large genetic and pharmacological screens to be performed with relative ease using huge collections of mutant and transgenic strains that are publicly available. These factors combine to make Drosophila a powerful tool for dissecting out host-pathogen interactions as well as a tool to better understand how we can treat infectious diseases that pose risks to public health, including COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Harnish
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nichole Link
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.M.H.); (N.L.)
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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25
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Alba V, Carthew JE, Carthew RW, Mani M. Global constraints within the developmental program of the Drosophila wing. eLife 2021; 10:66750. [PMID: 34180394 PMCID: PMC8257256 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal development is a complex process, involving a vast number of molecular constituents interacting on multiple spatio-temporal scales in the formation of intricate body structures. Despite this complexity, development is remarkably reproducible and displays tolerance to both genetic and environmental perturbations. This robustness implies the existence of hidden simplicities in developmental programs. Here, using the Drosophila wing as a model system, we develop a new quantitative strategy that enables a robust description of biologically salient phenotypic variation. Analyzing natural phenotypic variation across a highly outbred population and variation generated by weak perturbations in genetic and environmental conditions, we observe a highly constrained set of wing phenotypes. Remarkably, the phenotypic variants can be described by a single integrated mode that corresponds to a non-intuitive combination of structural variations across the wing. This work demonstrates the presence of constraints that funnel environmental inputs and genetic variation into phenotypes stretched along a single axis in morphological space. Our results provide quantitative insights into the nature of robustness in complex forms while yet accommodating the potential for evolutionary variations. Methodologically, we introduce a general strategy for finding such invariances in other developmental contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Alba
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - James E Carthew
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Richard W Carthew
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Madhav Mani
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
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26
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Maier D. Membrane-Anchored Hairless Protein Restrains Notch Signaling Activity. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111315. [PMID: 33171957 PMCID: PMC7694644 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway governs cell-to-cell communication in higher eukaryotes. In Drosophila, after cleavage of the transmembrane receptor Notch, the intracellular domain of Notch (ICN) binds to the transducer Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)) and shuttles into the nucleus to activate Notch target genes. Similarly, the Notch antagonist Hairless transfers Su(H) into the nucleus to repress Notch target genes. With the aim to prevent Su(H) nuclear translocation, Hairless was fused to a transmembrane domain to anchor the protein at membranes. Indeed, endogenous Su(H) co-localized with membrane-anchored Hairless, demonstrating their binding in the cytoplasm. Moreover, adult phenotypes uncovered a loss of Notch activity, in support of membrane-anchored Hairless sequestering Su(H) in the cytosol. A combined overexpression of membrane-anchored Hairless with Su(H) lead to tissue proliferation, which is in contrast to the observed apoptosis after ectopic co-overexpression of the wild-type genes, indicating a shift to a gain of Notch activity. A mixed response, general de-repression of Notch signaling output, plus inhibition at places of highest Notch activity, perhaps reflects Su(H)’s role as activator and repressor, supported by results obtained with the Hairless-binding deficient Su(H)LLL mutant, inducing activation only. Overall, the results strengthen the idea of Su(H) and Hairless complex formation within the cytosolic compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Maier
- Deptartment of General Genetics 190g, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstr. 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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27
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Abstract
Abstract
Background
Organisms show an incredibly diverse array of body and organ shapes that are both unique to their taxon and important for adapting to their environment. Achieving these specific shapes involves coordinating the many processes that transform single cells into complex organs, and regulating their growth so that they can function within a fully-formed body.
Main text
Conceptually, body and organ shape can be separated in two categories, although in practice these categories need not be mutually exclusive. Body shape results from the extent to which organs, or parts of organs, grow relative to each other. The patterns of relative organ size are characterized using allometry. Organ shape, on the other hand, is defined as the geometric features of an organ’s component parts excluding its size. Characterization of organ shape is frequently described by the relative position of homologous features, known as landmarks, distributed throughout the organ. These descriptions fall into the domain of geometric morphometrics.
Conclusion
In this review, we discuss the methods of characterizing body and organ shape, the developmental programs thought to underlie each, highlight when and how the mechanisms regulating body and organ shape might overlap, and provide our perspective on future avenues of research.
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28
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Nagel AC, Maier D, Scharpf J, Ketelhut M, Preiss A. Limited Availability of General Co-Repressors Uncovered in an Overexpression Context during Wing Venation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101141. [PMID: 32998295 PMCID: PMC7601384 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate is determined by the coordinated activity of different pathways, including the conserved Notch pathway. Activation of Notch results in the transcription of Notch targets that are otherwise silenced by repressor complexes. In Drosophila, the repressor complex comprises the transcription factor Suppressor of Hairless (Su(H)) bound to the Notch antagonist Hairless (H) and the general co-repressors Groucho (Gro) and C-terminal binding protein (CtBP). The latter two are shared by different repressors from numerous pathways, raising the possibility that they are rate-limiting. We noted that the overexpression during wing development of H mutants HdNT and HLD compromised in Su(H)-binding induced ectopic veins. On the basis of the role of H as Notch antagonist, overexpression of Su(H)-binding defective H isoforms should be without consequence, implying different mechanisms but repression of Notch signaling activity. Perhaps excess H protein curbs general co-repressor availability. Supporting this model, nearly normal wings developed upon overexpression of H mutant isoforms that bound neither Su(H) nor co-repressor Gro and CtBP. Excessive H protein appeared to sequester general co-repressors, resulting in specific vein defects, indicating their limited availability during wing vein development. In conclusion, interpretation of overexpression phenotypes requires careful consideration of possible dominant negative effects from interception of limiting factors.
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29
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Drosophila melanogaster Mitochondrial Carriers: Similarities and Differences with the Human Carriers. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176052. [PMID: 32842667 PMCID: PMC7504413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial carriers are a family of structurally related proteins responsible for the exchange of metabolites, cofactors and nucleotides between the cytoplasm and mitochondrial matrix. The in silico analysis of the Drosophila melanogaster genome has highlighted the presence of 48 genes encoding putative mitochondrial carriers, but only 20 have been functionally characterized. Despite most Drosophila mitochondrial carrier genes having human homologs and sharing with them 50% or higher sequence identity, D. melanogaster genes display peculiar differences from their human counterparts: (1) in the fruit fly, many genes encode more transcript isoforms or are duplicated, resulting in the presence of numerous subfamilies in the genome; (2) the expression of the energy-producing genes in D. melanogaster is coordinated from a motif known as Nuclear Respiratory Gene (NRG), a palindromic 8-bp sequence; (3) fruit-fly duplicated genes encoding mitochondrial carriers show a testis-biased expression pattern, probably in order to keep a duplicate copy in the genome. Here, we review the main features, biological activities and role in the metabolism of the D. melanogaster mitochondrial carriers characterized to date, highlighting similarities and differences with their human counterparts. Such knowledge is very important for obtaining an integrated view of mitochondrial function in D. melanogaster metabolism.
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30
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Mo D, Chen Y, Jiang N, Shen J, Zhang J. Investigation of Isoform Specific Functions of the V-ATPase a Subunit During Drosophila Wing Development. Front Genet 2020; 11:723. [PMID: 32754202 PMCID: PMC7365883 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The vacuolar ATPases (V-ATPases) are ATP-dependent proton pumps that play vital roles in eukaryotic cells. Insect V-ATPases are required in nearly all epithelial tissues to regulate a multiplicity of processes including receptor-mediated endocytosis, protein degradation, fluid secretion, and neurotransmission. Composed of fourteen different subunits, several V-ATPase subunits exist in distinct isoforms to perform cell type specific functions. The 100 kD a subunit (Vha100) of V-ATPases are encoded by a family of five genes in Drosophila, but their assignments are not fully understood. Here we report an experimental survey of the Vha100 gene family during Drosophila wing development. A combination of CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis, somatic clonal analysis and in vivo RNAi assays is used to characterize the requirement of Vha100 isoforms, and mutants of Vha100-2, Vha100-3, Vha100-4, and Vha100-5 genes were generated. We show that Vha100-3 and Vha100-5 are dispensable for fly development, while Vha100-1 is not critically required in the wing. As for the other two isoforms, we find that Vha100-2 regulates wing cuticle maturation, while Vha100-4 is the single isoform involved in developmental patterning. More specifically, Vha100-4 is required for proper activation of the Wingless signaling pathway during fly wing development. Interestingly, we also find a specific genetic interaction between Vha100-1 and Vha100-4 during wing development. Our results revealed the distinct roles of Vha100 isoforms during insect wing development, providing a rationale for understanding the diverse roles of V-ATPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Mo
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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31
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Temporal flexibility of gene regulatory network underlies a novel wing pattern in flies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:11589-11596. [PMID: 32393634 PMCID: PMC7261121 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2002092117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Developmental genes can be coopted to generate evolutionary novelties by changing their spatial regulation. However, developmental genes seldom act independently, but rather work in a gene regulatory network (GRN). How is it possible to recruit a single gene from a whole GRN? What are the properties that allow parallel cooptions of the same genes during evolution? Here, we show that a novel engrailed gene expression underlies a novel wing color pattern in flies. We show that cooption is facilitated 1) because of GRN flexibility over development and 2) because every single gene of the GRN has its own functional time window. We suggest these two temporal properties could explain why the same gene can be independently recruited several times during evolution. Organisms have evolved endless morphological, physiological, and behavioral novel traits during the course of evolution. Novel traits were proposed to evolve mainly by orchestration of preexisting genes. Over the past two decades, biologists have shown that cooption of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) indeed underlies numerous evolutionary novelties. However, very little is known about the actual GRN properties that allow such redeployment. Here we have investigated the generation and evolution of the complex wing pattern of the fly Samoaia leonensis. We show that the transcription factor Engrailed is recruited independently from the other players of the anterior–posterior specification network to generate a new wing pattern. We argue that partial cooption is made possible because 1) the anterior–posterior specification GRN is flexible over time in the developing wing and 2) this flexibility results from the fact that every single gene of the GRN possesses its own functional time window. We propose that the temporal flexibility of a GRN is a general prerequisite for its possible cooption during the course of evolution.
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32
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Li X, Liu M, Ren X, Loncle N, Wang Q, Hemba-Waduge RUS, Yu SH, Boube M, Bourbon HMG, Ni JQ, Ji JY. The Mediator CDK8-Cyclin C complex modulates Dpp signaling in Drosophila by stimulating Mad-dependent transcription. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008832. [PMID: 32463833 PMCID: PMC7282676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of CDK8 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8) and its regulatory partner CycC (Cyclin C), two subunits of the conserved Mediator (MED) complex, have been linked to diverse human diseases such as cancer. Thus, it is essential to understand the regulatory network modulating the CDK8-CycC complex in both normal development and tumorigenesis. To identify upstream regulators or downstream effectors of CDK8, we performed a dominant modifier genetic screen in Drosophila based on the defects in vein patterning caused by specific depletion or overexpression of CDK8 or CycC in developing wing imaginal discs. We identified 26 genomic loci whose haploinsufficiency can modify these CDK8- or CycC-specific phenotypes. Further analysis of two overlapping deficiency lines and mutant alleles led us to identify genetic interactions between the CDK8-CycC pair and the components of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp, the Drosophila homolog of TGFβ, or Transforming Growth Factor-β) signaling pathway. We observed that CDK8-CycC positively regulates transcription activated by Mad (Mothers against dpp), the primary transcription factor downstream of the Dpp/TGFβ signaling pathway. CDK8 can directly interact with Mad in vitro through the linker region between the DNA-binding MH1 (Mad homology 1) domain and the carboxy terminal MH2 (Mad homology 2) transactivation domain. Besides CDK8 and CycC, further analyses of other subunits of the MED complex have revealed six additional subunits that are required for Mad-dependent transcription in the wing discs: Med12, Med13, Med15, Med23, Med24, and Med31. Furthermore, our analyses confirmed the positive roles of CDK9 and Yorkie in regulating Mad-dependent gene expression in vivo. These results suggest that CDK8 and CycC, together with a few other subunits of the MED complex, may coordinate with other transcription cofactors in regulating Mad-dependent transcription during wing development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xingjie Ren
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Loncle
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR5544 du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajitha-Udakara-Sampath Hemba-Waduge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Muriel Boube
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR5544 du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Henri-Marc G. Bourbon
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR5544 du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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33
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Koshikawa S. Evolution of wing pigmentation in Drosophila: Diversity, physiological regulation, and cis-regulatory evolution. Dev Growth Differ 2020; 62:269-278. [PMID: 32171022 PMCID: PMC7384037 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fruit flies (Drosophila and its close relatives, or “drosophilids”) are a group that includes an important model organism, Drosophila melanogaster, and also very diverse species distributed worldwide. Many of these species have black or brown pigmentation patterns on their wings, and have been used as material for evo‐devo research. Pigmentation patterns are thought to have evolved rapidly compared with body plans or body shapes; hence they are advantageous model systems for studying evolutionary gains of traits and parallel evolution. Various groups of drosophilids, including genus Idiomyia (Hawaiian Drosophila), have a variety of pigmentations, ranging from simple black pigmentations around crossveins to a single antero‐distal spot and a more complex mottled pattern. Pigmentation patterns are sometimes obviously used for sexual displays; however, in some cases they may have other functions. The process of wing formation in Drosophila, the general mechanism of pigmentation formation, and the transport of substances necessary for pigmentation, including melanin precursors, through wing veins are summarized here. Lastly, the evolution of the expression of genes regulating pigmentation patterns, the role of cis‐regulatory regions, and the conditions required for the evolutionary emergence of pigmentation patterns are discussed. Future prospects for research on the evolution of wing pigmentation pattern formation in drosophilids are presented, particularly from the point of view of how they compare with other studies of the evolution of new traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyuki Koshikawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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34
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Li Y, Zhang F, Jiang N, Liu T, Shen J, Zhang J. Decapentaplegic signaling regulates Wingless ligand production and target activation during
Drosophila
wing development. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:1176-1186. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Li
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Fengchao Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
| | - Junzheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management College of Plant Protection China Agricultural University Beijing China
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35
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Gou J, Stotsky JA, Othmer HG. Growth control in the Drosophila wing disk. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 12:e1478. [PMID: 31917525 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of size and shape is a fundamental requirement of biological development and has been a subject of scientific study for centuries, but we still lack an understanding of how organisms know when to stop growing. Imaginal wing disks of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which are precursors of the adult wings, are an archetypal tissue for studying growth control. The growth of the disks is dependent on many inter- and intra-organ factors such as morphogens, mechanical forces, nutrient levels, and hormones that influence gene expression and cell growth. Extracellular signals are transduced into gene-control signals via complex signal transduction networks, and since cells typically receive many different signals, a mechanism for integrating the signals is needed. Our understanding of the effect of morphogens on tissue-level growth regulation via individual pathways has increased significantly in the last half century, but our understanding of how multiple biochemical and mechanical signals are integrated to determine whether or not a cell decides to divide is still rudimentary. Numerous fundamental questions are involved in understanding the decision-making process, and here we review the major biochemical and mechanical pathways involved in disk development with a view toward providing a basis for beginning to understand how multiple signals can be integrated at the cell level, and how this translates into growth control at the level of the imaginal disk. This article is categorized under: Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Cellular Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Gou
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jay A Stotsky
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Hans G Othmer
- School of Mathematics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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36
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Banerjee TD, Monteiro A. Molecular mechanisms underlying simplification of venation patterns in holometabolous insects. Development 2020; 147:dev.196394. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.196394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
How mechanisms of pattern formation evolve has remained a central research theme in the field of evolutionary and developmental biology. The mechanism of wing vein differentiation in Drosophila is a classic text-book example of pattern formation using a system of positional-information, yet very little is known about how species with a different number of veins pattern their wings, and how insect venation patterns evolved. Here, we examine the expression pattern of genes previously implicated in vein differentiation in Drosophila in two butterfly species with more complex venation Bicyclus anynana and Pieris canidia. We also test the function of some of these genes in B. anynana. We identify both conserved as well as new domains of decapentaplegic, engrailed, invected, spalt, optix, wingless, armadillo, blistered, and rhomboid gene expression in butterflies, and propose how the simplified venation in Drosophila might have evolved via loss of decapentaplegic, spalt and optix gene expression domains, silencing of vein inducing programs at Spalt-expression boundaries, and changes in gene expression of vein maintenance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirtha Das Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Yale-NUS College, Singapore
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37
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Wang W, Peng J, Li Z, Wang P, Guo M, Zhang T, Qian W, Xia Q, Cheng D. Transcription factor E93 regulates wing development by directly promoting Dpp signaling in Drosophila. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 513:280-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.03.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abstract
During morphogenesis, cells communicate with each other to shape tissues and organs. Several lines of recent evidence indicate that ion channels play a key role in cellular signaling and tissue morphogenesis. However, little is known about the scope of specific ion-channel types that impinge upon developmental pathways. The Drosophila melanogaster wing is an excellent model in which to address this problem as wing vein patterning is acutely sensitive to changes in developmental pathways. We conducted a screen of 180 ion channels expressed in the wing using loss-of-function mutant and RNAi lines. Here we identify 44 candidates that significantly impacted development of the Drosophila melanogaster wing. Calcium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and ligand-gated cation channels were all identified in our screen, suggesting that a wide variety of ion channel types are important for development. Ion channels belonging to the pickpocket family, the ionotropic receptor family, and the bestrophin family were highly represented among the candidates of our screen. Seven new ion channels with human orthologs that have been implicated in human channelopathies were also identified. Many of the human orthologs of the channels identified in our screen are targets of common general anesthetics, anti-seizure and anti-hypertension drugs, as well as alcohol and nicotine. Our results confirm the importance of ion channels in morphogenesis and identify a number of ion channels that will provide the basis for future studies to understand the role of ion channels in development.
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39
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A Multivariate Genome-Wide Association Study of Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 211:1429-1447. [PMID: 30792267 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the complexity of genotype-phenotype relationships, simultaneous analyses of genomic associations with multiple traits will be more powerful and informative than a series of univariate analyses. However, in most cases, studies of genotype-phenotype relationships have been analyzed only one trait at a time. Here, we report the results of a fully integrated multivariate genome-wide association analysis of the shape of the Drosophila melanogaster wing in the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel. Genotypic effects on wing shape were highly correlated between two different laboratories. We found 2396 significant SNPs using a 5% false discovery rate cutoff in the multivariate analyses, but just four significant SNPs in univariate analyses of scores on the first 20 principal component axes. One quarter of these initially significant SNPs retain their effects in regularized models that take into account population structure and linkage disequilibrium. A key advantage of multivariate analysis is that the direction of the estimated phenotypic effect is much more informative than a univariate one. We exploit this fact to show that the effects of knockdowns of genes implicated in the initial screen were on average more similar than expected under a null model. A subset of SNP effects were replicable in an unrelated panel of inbred lines. Association studies that take a phenomic approach, considering many traits simultaneously, are an important complement to the power of genomics.
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40
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Coupling between dynamic 3D tissue architecture and BMP morphogen signaling during Drosophila wing morphogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:4352-4361. [PMID: 30760594 PMCID: PMC6410814 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815427116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue morphogenesis is a dynamic process often accompanied by cell patterning and differentiation. Although how conserved growth factor signaling affects cell and tissue shapes has been actively studied, much less is known about how signaling and dynamic morphogenesis are mutually coordinated. Our study shows that BMP signaling and 3D morphogenesis of the Drosophila pupal wing are tightly coupled. These findings are highlighted by the fact that the directionality of BMP signal is changed from lateral planar during the inflation stage to interplanar after re-apposition of the dorsal and ventral wing epithelia. We suspect that the dynamic interplay between planar and interplanar signaling linked to tissue shape changes is likely to be used across species in many developing organs. At the level of organ formation, tissue morphogenesis drives developmental processes in animals, often involving the rearrangement of two-dimensional (2D) structures into more complex three-dimensional (3D) tissues. These processes can be directed by growth factor signaling pathways. However, little is known about how such morphological changes affect the spatiotemporal distribution of growth factor signaling. Here, using the Drosophila pupal wing, we address how decapentaplegic (Dpp)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling and 3D wing morphogenesis are coordinated. Dpp, expressed in the longitudinal veins (LVs) of the pupal wing, initially diffuses laterally within both dorsal and ventral wing epithelia during the inflation stage to regulate cell proliferation. Dpp localization is then refined to the LVs within each epithelial plane, but with active interplanar signaling for vein patterning/differentiation, as the two epithelia appose. Our data further suggest that the 3D architecture of the wing epithelia and the spatial distribution of BMP signaling are tightly coupled, revealing that 3D morphogenesis is an emergent property of the interactions between extracellular signaling and tissue shape changes.
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41
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The Notch repressor complex in Drosophila: in vivo analysis of Hairless mutants using overexpression experiments. Dev Genes Evol 2019; 229:13-24. [PMID: 30612166 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-018-00624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
During development of higher animals, the Notch signalling pathway governs cell type specification by mediating appropriate gene expression responses. In the absence of signalling, Notch target genes are silenced by repressor complexes. In the model organism Drosophila melanogaster, the repressor complex includes the transcription factor Suppressor of Hairless [Su(H)] and Hairless (H) plus general co-repressors. Recent crystal structure analysis of the Drosophila Notch repressor revealed details of the Su(H)-H complex. They were confirmed by mutational analyses of either protein; however, only Su(H) mutants have been further studied in vivo. Here, we analyse three H variants predicted to affect Su(H) binding. To this end, amino acid replacements Phenylalanine 237, Leucines 245 and 247, as well as Tryptophan 258 to Alanine were introduced into the H protein. A cell-based reporter assay indicates substantial loss of Su(H) binding to the respective mutant proteins HFA, HLLAA and HWA. For in vivo analysis, UAS-lines HFA, HLLAA and HWA were generated to allow spatially restricted overexpression. In these assays, all three mutants resembled the HLD control, shown before to lack Su(H) binding, indicating a strong reduction of H activity. For example, the H variants were impaired in wing margin formation, but unexpectedly induced ectopic wing venation. Concurrent overexpression with Su(H), however, suggests that all mutant H protein isoforms are still able to bind Su(H) in vivo. We conclude that a weakening of the cohesion in the H-Su(H) repressor complex is sufficient for disrupting its in vivo functionality.
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42
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Negreiros E, Herszterg S, Kang KH, Câmara A, Dias WB, Carneiro K, Bier E, Todeschini AR, Araujo H. N-linked glycosylation restricts the function of Short gastrulation to bind and shuttle BMPs. Development 2018; 145:dev.167338. [PMID: 30355725 DOI: 10.1242/dev.167338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disorders of N-linked glycosylation are increasingly reported in the literature. However, the targets that are responsible for the associated developmental and physiological defects are largely unknown. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) act as highly dynamic complexes to regulate several functions during development. The range and strength of BMP activity depend on interactions with glycosylated protein complexes in the extracellular milieu. Here, we investigate the role of glycosylation for the function of the conserved extracellular BMP antagonist Short gastrulation (Sog). We identify conserved N-glycosylated sites and describe the effect of mutating these residues on BMP pathway activity in Drosophila Functional analysis reveals that loss of individual Sog glycosylation sites enhances BMP antagonism and/or increases the spatial range of Sog effects in the tissue. Mechanistically, we provide evidence that N-terminal and stem glycosylation controls extracellular Sog levels and distribution. The identification of similar residues in vertebrate Chordin proteins suggests that N-glycosylation may be an evolutionarily conserved process that adds complexity to the regulation of BMP activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Negreiros
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Sophie Herszterg
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Kyung-Hwa Kang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Amanda Câmara
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902.,Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Wagner B Dias
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Katia Carneiro
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Ethan Bier
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, CA 92093-0349, USA
| | - Adriane Regina Todeschini
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902
| | - Helena Araujo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, 21941-902 .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular, Brasil (INCT-ENEM)
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43
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Nijhout HF, Best JA, Reed MC. Systems biology of robustness and homeostatic mechanisms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 11:e1440. [DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Janet A. Best
- Department of Mathematics Ohio State University Columbus Ohio
| | - Michael C. Reed
- Department of Mathematics Duke University Durham North Carolina
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44
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Pham MN, Schuweiler M, Ismat A. The extracellular protease AdamTS-B inhibits vein formation in the Drosophila wing. Genesis 2018; 56:e23255. [PMID: 30296002 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Vein patterning in the Drosophila wing provides a powerful tool to study regulation of various signaling pathways. Here we show that the ADAMTS extracellular protease AdamTS-B (CG4096) is expressed in the embryonic wing imaginal disc precursor cells and the wing imaginal disc, and functions to inhibit wing vein formation. Knock-down of AdamTS-B displayed posterior crossveins (PCVs) with either extra branches or deltas, or wider PCVs, and a wandering distal tip of the L5 longitudinal vein. Conversely, over-expression of AdamTS-B resulted in a complete absence of the PCV, an incomplete anterior crossvein, and missing distal end of the L5 longitudinal vein. We conclude that AdamTS-B inhibits wing vein formation through negative regulation of signaling pathways, possibly BMP as well as Egfr, displaying the complexity of roles for this family of extracellular proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ngoc Pham
- Department of Biology, Franklin & Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark Schuweiler
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
| | - Afshan Ismat
- Department of Biology, University of St. Thomas, Saint Paul, Minnesota
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45
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Hoffmann J, Donoughe S, Li K, Salcedo MK, Rycroft CH. A simple developmental model recapitulates complex insect wing venation patterns. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:9905-9910. [PMID: 30224459 PMCID: PMC6176563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721248115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect wings are typically supported by thickened struts called veins. These veins form diverse geometric patterns across insects. For many insect species, even the left and right wings from the same individual have veins with unique topological arrangements, and little is known about how these patterns form. We present a large-scale quantitative study of the fingerprint-like "secondary veins." We compile a dataset of wings from 232 species and 17 families from the order Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies), a group with particularly elaborate vein patterns. We characterize the geometric arrangements of veins and develop a simple model of secondary vein patterning. We show that our model is capable of recapitulating the vein geometries of species from other, distantly related winged insect clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Hoffmann
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Seth Donoughe
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
| | - Kathy Li
- Applied Physics and Applied Mathematics Department, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | - Mary K Salcedo
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Chris H Rycroft
- Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138;
- Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720
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46
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Wingless Signaling: A Genetic Journey from Morphogenesis to Metastasis. Genetics 2018; 208:1311-1336. [PMID: 29618590 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This FlyBook chapter summarizes the history and the current state of our understanding of the Wingless signaling pathway. Wingless, the fly homolog of the mammalian Wnt oncoproteins, plays a central role in pattern generation during development. Much of what we know about the pathway was learned from genetic and molecular experiments in Drosophila melanogaster, and the core pathway works the same way in vertebrates. Like most growth factor pathways, extracellular Wingless/Wnt binds to a cell surface complex to transduce signal across the plasma membrane, triggering a series of intracellular events that lead to transcriptional changes in the nucleus. Unlike most growth factor pathways, the intracellular events regulate the protein stability of a key effector molecule, in this case Armadillo/β-catenin. A number of mysteries remain about how the "destruction complex" destabilizes β-catenin and how this process is inactivated by the ligand-bound receptor complex, so this review of the field can only serve as a snapshot of the work in progress.
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47
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Ando T, Matsuda T, Goto K, Hara K, Ito A, Hirata J, Yatomi J, Kajitani R, Okuno M, Yamaguchi K, Kobayashi M, Takano T, Minakuchi Y, Seki M, Suzuki Y, Yano K, Itoh T, Shigenobu S, Toyoda A, Niimi T. Repeated inversions within a pannier intron drive diversification of intraspecific colour patterns of ladybird beetles. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3843. [PMID: 30242156 PMCID: PMC6155092 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How genetic information is modified to generate phenotypic variation within a species is one of the central questions in evolutionary biology. Here we focus on the striking intraspecific diversity of >200 aposematic elytral (forewing) colour patterns of the multicoloured Asian ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis, which is regulated by a tightly linked genetic locus h. Our loss-of-function analyses, genetic association studies, de novo genome assemblies, and gene expression data reveal that the GATA transcription factor gene pannier is the major regulatory gene located at the h locus, and suggest that repeated inversions and cis-regulatory modifications at pannier led to the expansion of colour pattern variation in H. axyridis. Moreover, we show that the colour-patterning function of pannier is conserved in the seven-spotted ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata, suggesting that H. axyridis’ extraordinary intraspecific variation may have arisen from ancient modifications in conserved elytral colour-patterning mechanisms in ladybird beetles. The harlequin ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis, has remarkable phenotypic diversity, with over 200 colour patterns. Here, Ando et al. show that this patterning is regulated by the transcription factor gene pannier and has diversified by repeated inversions and cis-regulatory modifications of pannier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiya Ando
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsuda
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumiko Goto
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kimiko Hara
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akinori Ito
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Junya Hirata
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Joichiro Yatomi
- Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rei Kajitani
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Miki Okuno
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Katsushi Yamaguchi
- NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kobayashi
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Takano
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yohei Minakuchi
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Masahide Seki
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suzuki
- Laboratory of Systems Genomics, Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8562, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yano
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- Department of Biological Information, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Shuji Shigenobu
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan.,NIBB Core Research Facilities, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan.,Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Shizuoka, 411-8540, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Niimi
- Division of Evolutionary Developmental Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan. .,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, 444-8585, Japan. .,Laboratory of Sericulture and Entomoresources, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan.
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48
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A genetic mosaic screen identifies genes modulating Notch signaling in Drosophila. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203781. [PMID: 30235233 PMCID: PMC6147428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is conserved in most multicellular organisms and plays critical roles during animal development. The core components and major signal transduction mechanism of Notch signaling have been extensively studied. However, our understanding of how Notch signaling activity is regulated in diverse developmental processes still remains incomplete. Here, we report a genetic mosaic screen in Drosophila melanogaster that leads to identification of Notch signali ng modulators during wing development. We discovered a group of genes required for the formation of the fly wing margin, a developmental process that is strictly dependent on the balanced Notch signaling activity. These genes encode transcription factors, protein phosphatases, vacuolar ATPases and factors required for RNA transport, stability, and translation. Our data support the view that Notch signaling is controlled through a wide range of molecular processes. These results also provide foundations for further study by showing that Me31B and Wdr62 function as two novel modulators of Notch signaling activity.
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49
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Synaptojanin regulates Hedgehog signalling by modulating phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate levels. J Biosci 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-018-9799-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Ruiz-Losada M, Blom-Dahl D, Córdoba S, Estella C. Specification and Patterning of Drosophila Appendages. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6030017. [PMID: 30011921 PMCID: PMC6162442 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6030017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Appendages are external projections of the body that serve the animal for locomotion, feeding, or environment exploration. The appendages of the fruit fly Drosophilamelanogaster are derived from the imaginal discs, epithelial sac-like structures specified in the embryo that grow and pattern during larva development. In the last decades, genetic and developmental studies in the fruit fly have provided extensive knowledge regarding the mechanisms that direct the formation of the appendages. Importantly, many of the signaling pathways and patterning genes identified and characterized in Drosophila have similar functions during vertebrate appendage development. In this review, we will summarize the genetic and molecular mechanisms that lead to the specification of appendage primordia in the embryo and their posterior patterning during imaginal disc development. The identification of the regulatory logic underlying appendage specification in Drosophila suggests that the evolutionary origin of the insect wing is, in part, related to the development of ventral appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Ruiz-Losada
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - David Blom-Dahl
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sergio Córdoba
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlos Estella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM/CSIC), Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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