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Wrzesień A, Andrzejewski K, Jampolska M, Kaczyńska K. Respiratory Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease-Consequence or Underlying Cause? Applying Animal Models to the Study of Respiratory Malfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2327. [PMID: 38397004 PMCID: PMC10888758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative brain disease that is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. In addition to dementia, which is the loss of cognitive function, including thinking, remembering, and reasoning, and behavioral abilities, AD patients also experience respiratory disturbances. The most common respiratory problems observed in AD patients are pneumonia, shortness of breath, respiratory muscle weakness, and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The latter is considered an outcome of Alzheimer's disease and is suggested to be a causative factor. While this narrative review addresses the bidirectional relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and Alzheimer's disease and reports on existing studies describing the most common respiratory disorders found in patients with Alzheimer's disease, its main purpose is to review all currently available studies using animal models of Alzheimer's disease to study respiratory impairments. These studies on animal models of AD are few in number but are crucial for establishing mechanisms, causation, implementing potential therapies for respiratory disorders, and ultimately applying these findings to clinical practice. This review summarizes what is already known in the context of research on respiratory disorders in animal models, while pointing out directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Department of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (A.W.); (K.A.); (M.J.)
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APOE Allele Frequency in Southern Greece: Exploring the Role of Geographical Gradient in the Greek Population. Geriatrics (Basel) 2022; 8:geriatrics8010001. [PMID: 36648906 PMCID: PMC9844375 DOI: 10.3390/geriatrics8010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND the apolipoprotein e4 allele (APOE4) constitutes an established genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's Disease Dementia (ADD). We aimed to explore the frequency of the APOE isoforms in the Greek population of Southern Greece. METHODS peripheral blood from 175 Greek AD patients, 113 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 75 healthy individuals. DNA isolation was performed with a High Pure PCR Template Kit (Roche), followed by amplification with a real-time qPCR kit (TIB MolBiol) in Roche's Light Cycler PCR platform. RESULTS APOE4 allele frequency was 20.57% in the ADD group, 17.69% in the MCI group, and 6.67% in the control group. APOE3/3 homozygosity was the most common genotype, while the frequency of APOE4/4 homozygosity was higher in the AD group (8.60%). APOE4 carrier status was associated with higher odds for ADD and MCI (OR: 4.49, 95% CI: [1.90-10.61] and OR: 3.82, 95% CI: [1.59-9.17], respectively). CONCLUSION this study examines the APOE isoforms and is the first to report a higher APOE frequency in MCI compared with healthy controls in southern Greece. Importantly, we report the occurrence of the APOE4 allele, related to ADD, as amongst the lowest globally reported, even within the nation, thus enhancing the theory of ethnicity and latitude contribution.
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Ye F, Funk Q, Rockers E, Shulman JM, Masdeu JC, Pascual B. In Alzheimer-prone brain regions, metabolism and risk-gene expression are strongly correlated. Brain Commun 2022; 4:fcac216. [PMID: 36092303 PMCID: PMC9453434 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcac216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer’s disease provides information crucial to early intervention, particularly in people with a high genetic risk. Metabolic network modularity, recently applied to the study of dementia, is increased in Alzheimer’s disease patients compared with controls, but network modularity in cognitively unimpaired elderly with various risks of developing Alzheimer’s disease needs to be determined. Based on their 5-year cognitive progression, we stratified 117 cognitively normal participants (78.3 ± 4.0 years of age, 52 women) into three age-matched groups, each with a different level of risk for Alzheimer’s disease. From their fluorodeoxyglucose PET we constructed metabolic networks, evaluated their modular structures using the Louvain algorithm, and compared them between risk groups. As the risk for Alzheimer’s disease increased, the metabolic connections among brain regions weakened and became more modular, indicating network fragmentation and functional impairment of the brain. We then set out to determine the correlation between regional brain metabolism, particularly in the modules derived from the previous analysis, and the regional expression of Alzheimer-risk genes in the brain, obtained from the Allen Human Brain Atlas. In all risk groups of this elderly population, the regional brain expression of most Alzheimer-risk genes showed a strong correlation with brain metabolism, particularly in the module that corresponded to regions of the brain that are affected earliest and most severely in Alzheimer’s disease. Among the genes, APOE and CD33 showed the strongest negative correlation and SORL1 showed the strongest positive correlation with brain metabolism. The Pearson correlation coefficients remained significant when contrasted against a null-hypothesis distribution of correlation coefficients across the whole transcriptome of 20 736 genes (SORL1: P = 0.0130; CD33, P = 0.0136; APOE: P = 0.0093). The strong regional correlation between Alzheimer-related gene expression in the brain and brain metabolism in older adults highlights the role of brain metabolism in the genesis of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengdan Ye
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , Houston, TX 77005 , USA
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX 77005 , USA
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological and Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Quentin Funk
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological and Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Elijah Rockers
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological and Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Joshua M Shulman
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
- Center for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Joseph C Masdeu
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological and Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
| | - Belen Pascual
- Nantz National Alzheimer Center, Houston Methodist Neurological and Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine , Houston, TX 77030 , USA
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Ma JP, Robbins CB, Lee JM, Soundararajan S, Stinnett SS, Agrawal R, Plassman BL, Lad EM, Whitson H, Grewal DS, Fekrat S. Longitudinal Analysis of the Retina and Choroid in Cognitively Normal Individuals at Higher Genetic Risk of Alzheimer Disease. Ophthalmol Retina 2022; 6:607-619. [PMID: 35283324 PMCID: PMC9271592 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the baseline differences and longitudinal rate of change in retinal and choroidal imaging parameters between apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE ε4) carriers and noncarriers with normal cognition. DESIGN Prospective study. SUBJECTS Four hundred thirteen eyes of 218 individuals with normal cognition aged ≥ 55 years with known APOE status (98 APOE ε4 carriers and 120 noncarriers). The exclusion criteria included diabetes mellitus, uncontrolled hypertension, glaucoma, and vitreoretinal or neurodegenerative disease. METHODS OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed at baseline and 2 years (Zeiss Cirrus HD-OCT 5000 with AngioPlex; Zeiss Meditec). The groups were compared using sex- and age-adjusted generalized estimating equations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES OCT parameters: retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness, central subfield thickness (CST), and choroidal vascularity index. OCT angiography parameters: foveal avascular zone area, perfusion density (PD), vessel density, peripapillary capillary PD (CPD), and capillary flux index (CFI). The rate of change per year was calculated. RESULTS At the baseline, the APOE ε4 carriers had lower CST (P = 0.018), PD in the 6-mm ETDRS circle (P = 0.049), and temporal CFI (P = 0.047). Seventy-one APOE ε4 carriers and 78 noncarriers returned at 2 years; at follow-up, the 6-mm ETDRS circle (P = 0.05) and outer ring (P = 0.049) showed lower PD in the APOE ε4 carriers, with no differences in the rates of change between the groups (all P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS There was exploratory evidence of differences in the CST, PD, and peripapillary CFI between the APOE ε4 carriers and noncarriers with normal cognition. Larger and longer-term studies may help further elucidate the potential prognostic value of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Ma
- iMIND Research Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cason B Robbins
- iMIND Research Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jia Min Lee
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Srinath Soundararajan
- iMIND Research Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sandra S Stinnett
- iMIND Research Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rupesh Agrawal
- National Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore; Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore; Duke NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- iMIND Research Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eleonora M Lad
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Heather Whitson
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Dilraj S Grewal
- iMIND Research Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Sharon Fekrat
- iMIND Research Group, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
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From Early Childhood to Adolescence: Lessons About Traumatic Brain Injury From the Ohio Head Injury Outcomes Study. J Head Trauma Rehabil 2021; 35:226-239. [PMID: 31996606 DOI: 10.1097/htr.0000000000000555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Ohio Head Injury Outcomes study was a 12-year longitudinal study of early childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI). This article reviewed the findings pertaining to caregiver and family functioning and child cognition, behavior, social competence, emotional functioning, and academics. We further considered individual and social-environmental influences on recovery and interventions. SETTING Recruitment was completed at 3 children's hospitals and 1 general hospital. PARTICIPANTS Children aged 3 to 7 years at the time of injury with complicated mild to moderate and severe TBI or orthopedic injury requiring hospitalization were included. DESIGN A concurrent cohort/prospective research design was used. A baseline assessment was completed shortly after the injury. Follow-up assessments were completed at 6, 12, and 18 months and at an average of 38 and 82 months postinjury. MAIN MEASURES At baseline, parents/guardians completed retrospective ratings of their child's behavioral, emotional, and social functioning preinjury. At the subsequent assessments, ratings reflected current functioning. Information about current family and caregiver functioning was collected at each time point and cognitive testing was completed at selected time points. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Recovery after TBI is complex, varies over time, and involves injury-related and premorbid influences, cognition, genetics, and caregiver and family functioning. A sizable number of children with TBI have persisting unmet clinical needs.
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Mentink LJ, Guimarães JPOFT, Faber M, Sprooten E, Olde Rikkert MGM, Haak KV, Beckmann CF. Functional co-activation of the default mode network in APOE ε4-carriers: A replication study. Neuroimage 2021; 240:118304. [PMID: 34329959 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and functional alterations of the brain in persons genetically at-risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD) are crucial in unravelling AD development. Filippini et al. found that the default mode network (DMN) is already affected in young APOE ε4-carriers, with increased co-activation of the DMN during rest and increased hippocampal task activation. We aimed to replicate the early findings of Filippini et al, using the APOE gene, still the principal AD risk gene, and extended this with a polygenic risk score (PRS) analysis for AD, using the Human Connectome Project dataset (HCP). We included participants from the HCP S1200 dataset (age range: 22-36 years). We studied morphometric features, functional DMN co-activation and functional task activation of recollection performance. Permutation Analysis of Linear Models (PALM) was used to test for group differences between APOE ε4-carriers and non-carriers, and to test the association with PRS. PALM controls for biases induced by the family structure of the HCP sample. Results were family-wise error rate corrected at p < 0.05. Our primary analysis did not replicate the early findings of Filippini et al. (2009). However, compared with non-carriers, APOE ε4-carriers showed increased functional activation during the encoding of subsequently recollected items in areas related to facial recognition (p<0.05, t>756.11). This increased functional activation was also positively associated with PRS (APOE variants included) (p<0.05, t>647.55). Our results are supportive for none to limited genetic effects on brain structure and function in young adults. Taking the methodological considerations of replication studies into account, the true effect of APOE ε4-carriership is likely smaller than indicated in the Filippini paper. However, it still holds that we may not yet be able to detect already present measurable effects decades before a clinical expression of AD. Since the mechanistic pathway of AD is likely to encompass many different factors, further research should be focused on the interactions of genetic risk, biomarkers, aging and lifestyle factors over the life course. Sensitive functional neuroimaging as used here may help disentangling these complex interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara J Mentink
- Department of Geriatrics, Radboudumc Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - João P O F T Guimarães
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Myrthe Faber
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg Center for Cognition and Communication, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands.
| | - Emma Sprooten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Marcel G M Olde Rikkert
- Department of Geriatrics, Radboudumc Alzheimer Centre, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Koen V Haak
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain (FMRIB), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Zhang H, Chiu PW, Ip I, Liu T, Wong GHY, Song YQ, Wong SWH, Herrup K, Mak HKF. Small-World Networks and Their Relationship With Hippocampal Glutamine/Glutamate Concentration in Healthy Adults With Varying Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:952-961. [PMID: 33939228 PMCID: PMC8453801 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 allele (ApoE4) is the most common gene polymorphism related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Impaired synaptic dysfunction occurs in ApoE4 carriers before any clinical symptoms. It remains unknown whether ApoE4 status affects the hippocampal neuromodulation, which further influences brain network topology. Purpose To study the relationship of regional and global network properties by using graph theory analysis and glutamatergic (Glx) neuromodulation in the ApoE isoforms. Study Type Prospective. Subjects Eighty‐four cognitively normal adults (26 ApoE4 and 58 non‐ApoE4 carriers). Field Strength/Sequence Gradient‐echo echo‐planar and point resolved spectroscopy sequence at 3 T. Assessment Glx concentration in bilateral hippocampi were processed with jMRUI (4.0), and graph theory metrics (global: γ, λ, small‐worldness in whole brain; regional: nodal clustering coefficient (Ci) and nodal characteristic path length (Li)) in top 20% highly connected hubs of subgroups (low‐risk: non‐ApoE4; high‐risk: APOE4) were calculated and compared. Statistical Tests Two‐sample t test was used to compare metrics between subgroups. Correlations between regional properties and Glx by Pearson's partial correlation with false discovery rate correction. Results Significant differences (P < 0.05) in Ci between subgroups were found in hubs of left inferior frontal, bilateral inferior temporal, and bilateral precentral gyri, right parahippocampus, and bilateral precuneus. In addition, there was a significant correlation between Glx in the left hippocampus and Ci in inferior frontal gyrus (r = −0.537, P = 0.024), right inferior temporal (r = −0.478, P = 0.043), right parahippocampus (r = −0.629, P = 0.016), left precentral (r = −0.581, P = 0.022), right precentral (r = −0.651, P = 0.003), left precuneus (r = −0.545, P = 0.024), and right precuneus (r = −0.567, P = 0.022); and Li in left precuneus (r = 0.575, P = 0.032) and right precuneus (r = 0.586, P = 0.032) in the high‐risk group, but not in the low‐risk group. Data Conclusion Our results suggested that healthy ApoE4 carriers exhibit poorer local interconnectivity. Moreover, the close relationship between glutamate and small‐world network properties in ApoE4 carriers might reflect a compensatory response to the impaired network efficiency. Evidence Level 2 Technical Efficacy Stage 3
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pui W Chiu
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Isaac Ip
- Department of Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Tianyin Liu
- Department of Social Work and Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Gloria H Y Wong
- Department of Social Work and Administration, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - You-Qiang Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Savio W H Wong
- Department of Educational Psychology, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Herrup
- Alzheimer Disease Research Centre, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Henry K F Mak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Alzheimer's Disease Research Network, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Pillai JA, Bena J, Bonner-Jackson A, Leverenz JB. Impact of APOE ε4 genotype on initial cognitive symptoms differs for Alzheimer's and Lewy body neuropathology. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:31. [PMID: 33485373 PMCID: PMC7825215 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-021-00771-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background APOE ε4 carrier status is known to increase odds of amnestic presentations with Alzheimer’s pathology. It is unknown how APOE ε4 carrier status impacts odds of specific initial cognitive symptoms in the presence of Lewy body pathology. Here we evaluate the impact of APOE ε4 genotype on initial cognitive symptoms among those with Alzheimer’s disease pathology (ADP) and Lewy-related pathology (LRP). Methods A retrospective cohort study of 2288 participants with neuropathology confirmed ADP or LRP in the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center database, who had initial cognitive symptoms documented and had a Clinical Dementia Rating-Global (CDR-G) score ≤ 1 (cognitively normal, MCI, or early dementia). Unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models taking into account age at evaluation, sex, and education examined the relationship between APOE ε4 genotype and initial symptoms (memory, executive, language visuospatial) among ADP with LRP and ADP-LRP groups. Results One thousand three hundred three participants met criteria for ADP alone, 90 for LRP alone, and 895 for co-existing ADP and LRP (ADP-LRP). Younger age increased odds of non-amnestic symptoms across all three groups. In the adjusted model among ADP, APOE ε4 carriers had higher odds of amnestic initial symptoms 1.5 [95% CI, 1.7–2.14, p = 0.003] and lower odds of initial language symptoms 0.67 [95% CI, 0.47–0.96, p = 0.03] than non-carriers. The odds for these two symptoms were not different between ADP and mixed ADP-LRP groups. Female sex and higher education increased odds of initial language symptoms in the ADP group in the adjusted model. In the unadjusted model, APOE ε4 carriers with LRP had a higher odds of visuospatial initial symptoms 21.96 [95% CI, 4.02–110.62, p < 0.0001], while no difference was noted for initial executive/attention symptoms. Among LRP, the odds of APOE ε4 on amnestic symptom was not significant; however, the interaction effect evaluating the difference in odds ratios of amnestic symptom between ADP and LRP groups also did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions The odds of specific initial cognitive symptoms differed between ADP and LRP among APOE ε4 carriers compared to non-carriers. The odds of initial amnestic symptom was higher among ADP APOE ε4 carriers and the odds of visuospatial initial symptom was higher with LRP APOE ε4 carriers. This supports the hypothesis that APOE ε4 differentially impacts initial cognitive symptoms together with underlying neuropathology. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-021-00771-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan A Pillai
- Department of Neurology, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave / U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
| | - James Bena
- Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Aaron Bonner-Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave / U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - James B Leverenz
- Department of Neurology, Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave / U10, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Cleveland Clinic, Neurological Institute, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.,Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease: A Biomarker of the Future? Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9010063. [PMID: 33440662 PMCID: PMC7827030 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and is characterised pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid beta and tau protein aggregates. Currently, there are no approved disease modifying therapies for clearance of either of these proteins from the brain of people with AD. As well as abnormalities in protein aggregation, other pathological changes are seen in this condition. The function of mitochondria in both the nervous system and rest of the body is altered early in this disease, and both amyloid and tau have detrimental effects on mitochondrial function. In this review article, we describe how the function and structure of mitochondria change in AD. This review summarises current imaging techniques that use surrogate markers of mitochondrial function in both research and clinical practice, but also how mitochondrial functions such as ATP production, calcium homeostasis, mitophagy and reactive oxygen species production are affected in AD mitochondria. The evidence reviewed suggests that the measurement of mitochondrial function may be developed into a future biomarker for early AD. Further work with larger cohorts of patients is needed before mitochondrial functional biomarkers are ready for clinical use.
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Apolipoprotein E allele 4 effects on Single-Subject Gray Matter Networks in Mild Cognitive Impairment. NEUROIMAGE: CLINICAL 2021; 32:102799. [PMID: 34469849 PMCID: PMC8405842 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that gray matter networks are disrupted in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and associated with cognitive impairment and faster disease progression. However, it remains unknown how these alterations are related to the presence of Apolipoprotein E isoform E4 (ApoE4), the most prominent genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate this topic at the individual level, we explore the impact of ApoE4 and the disease progression on the Single-Subject Gray Matter Networks (SSGMNets) using the graph theory approach. Our data sample comprised 200 MCI patients selected from the ADNI database, classified as non-Converters and Converters (will progress into AD). Each group included 50 ApoE4-positive ('Carriers', ApoE4 + ) and 50 ApoE4-negative ('non-Carriers', ApoE4-). The SSGMNets were estimated from structural MRIs at two-time points: baseline and conversion. We investigated whether altered network topological measures at baseline and their rate of change (RoC) between baseline and conversion time points were associated with ApoE4 and disease progression. We also explored the correlation of SSGMNets attributes with general cognition score (MMSE), memory (ADNI-MEM), and CSF-derived biomarkers of AD (Aβ42, T-tau, and P-tau). Our results showed that ApoE4 and the disease progression modulated the global topological network properties independently but not in their RoC. MCI converters showed a lower clustering index in several regions associated with neurodegeneration in AD. The SSGMNets' topological organization was revealed to be able to predict cognitive and memory measures. The findings presented here suggest that SSGMNets could indeed be used to identify MCI ApoE4 Carriers with a high risk for AD progression.
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Kornblith E, Peltz CB, Xia F, Plassman B, Novakovic-Apopain T, Yaffe K. Sex, race, and risk of dementia diagnosis after traumatic brain injury among older veterans. Neurology 2020; 95:e1768-e1775. [PMID: 32887780 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000010617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether sex and race differences exist in dementia diagnosis risk associated with traumatic brain injury (TBI) among older veterans. METHODS Using Fine-Gray regression models, we investigated incident dementia diagnosis risk with TBI exposure by sex and race. RESULTS After the exclusion of baseline prevalent dementia, the final sample (all veterans ≥55 years of age diagnosed with TBI during the 2001-2015 study period and a random sample of all veterans receiving Veterans Health Administration care) included nearly 1 million veterans (4.3% female; 81.8% White, 11.5% Black, and 1.25% Hispanic), 96,178 with TBI and 903,462 without TBI. Compared to those without TBI, Hispanic veterans with TBI were almost 2 times more likely (17.0% vs 10.3%; hazard ratio [HR] 1.74, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.51-2.01), Black veterans with TBI were >2 times more likely (11.2% vs 6.4%; HR 2.15, 95% CI 2.02-2.30), and White veterans with TBI were nearly 3 times more likely to receive a dementia diagnosis (12.0% vs 5.9%; HR 2.71, 95% CI 2.64-2.77). A significant interaction between TBI and race for dementia diagnosis was observed (p < 0.001). Both male and female veterans with TBI were more than twice as likely (men 11.8% vs 5.9%, HR 2.60, 95% CI 2.54-2.66; women 6.3% vs 3.1%, HR 2.36, 95% CI 2.08-2.69) to receive a diagnosis of dementia compared to those without. There was a significant interaction effect between sex and TBI (p = 0.02), but the magnitude of differences was small. CONCLUSIONS In this large, nationwide cohort of older veterans, all race groups with TBI had increased risk of dementia diagnosis, but there was an interaction effect such that White veterans were at greatest risk for dementia after TBI. Further research is needed to understand the mechanisms for this discrepancy. Differences in dementia diagnosis risk for men and women after TBI were significant but small, and male and female veterans had similarly high risks of dementia diagnosis after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Kornblith
- From the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (E.K., C.B.P., F.X., T.N.-A., K.Y.); Department of Neurology (B.P.), Duke University, Durham, NC; and Departments of Psychiatry (E.K., T.N.-A., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco.
| | - Carrie B Peltz
- From the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (E.K., C.B.P., F.X., T.N.-A., K.Y.); Department of Neurology (B.P.), Duke University, Durham, NC; and Departments of Psychiatry (E.K., T.N.-A., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Feng Xia
- From the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (E.K., C.B.P., F.X., T.N.-A., K.Y.); Department of Neurology (B.P.), Duke University, Durham, NC; and Departments of Psychiatry (E.K., T.N.-A., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Brenda Plassman
- From the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (E.K., C.B.P., F.X., T.N.-A., K.Y.); Department of Neurology (B.P.), Duke University, Durham, NC; and Departments of Psychiatry (E.K., T.N.-A., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Tatjana Novakovic-Apopain
- From the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (E.K., C.B.P., F.X., T.N.-A., K.Y.); Department of Neurology (B.P.), Duke University, Durham, NC; and Departments of Psychiatry (E.K., T.N.-A., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- From the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System (E.K., C.B.P., F.X., T.N.-A., K.Y.); Department of Neurology (B.P.), Duke University, Durham, NC; and Departments of Psychiatry (E.K., T.N.-A., K.Y.), Neurology (K.Y.), and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California San Francisco
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12
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Rajji TK, Bowie CR, Herrmann N, Pollock BG, Bikson M, Blumberger DM, Butters MA, Daskalakis ZJ, Fischer CE, Flint AJ, Golas AC, Graff-Guerrero A, Kumar S, Lourenco L, Mah L, Ovaysikia S, Thorpe KE, Voineskos AN, Mulsant BH. Design and Rationale of the PACt-MD Randomized Clinical Trial: Prevention of Alzheimer’s dementia with Cognitive remediation plus transcranial direct current stimulation in Mild cognitive impairment and Depression. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 76:733-751. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-200141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K. Rajji
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher R. Bowie
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce G. Pollock
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marom Bikson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel M. Blumberger
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Meryl A. Butters
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zafiris J. Daskalakis
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Corinne E. Fischer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Research, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alastair J. Flint
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela C. Golas
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lillian Lourenco
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Linda Mah
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shima Ovaysikia
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin E. Thorpe
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto
- Applied Health Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aristotle N. Voineskos
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benoit H. Mulsant
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Zhang Q, Wu L, Du C, Xu K, Sun J, Zhang J, Li H, Li X. Effects of an APOE Promoter Polymorphism on Fronto-Parietal Functional Connectivity During Nondemented Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:183. [PMID: 32694990 PMCID: PMC7338603 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The rs405509 polymorphism ofthe apolipoprotein E (APOE) promoter is related to Alzheimer'sdisease (AD). The T/T allele of rs405509 is known to decrease the transcription of the APOE gene and lead to impairments in specific brain structural networks with aging; thus, it is an important risk factor for AD. However, it remains unknown whether rs405509 affects brain functional connectivity (FC) in aging. Methods: We investigated the effect of the rs405509 genotype (T/T vs. G-allele) on age-related brain FC using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Forty-five elderly TT carriers and 45 elderly G-allele carriers were scanned during a working memory (WM) task. Results: We found that TT carriers showed an accelerated age-related increase in functional activation in the left postcentral gyrus compared with G-allele carriers. Furthermore, the FC between the left postcentral gyrus and some key regions during WM performance, including the right caudal and superior frontal sulcus (SFS), was differentially modulated by age across rs405509 genotype groups. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the rs405509 T/T allele of APOE causes an age-related brain functional decline in nondemented elderly people, which may be beneficial for understanding the neural mechanisms of rs405509-related cognitive aging and AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Zhang
- Institute of Criminology, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Lingli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Shandong, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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14
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APOE ε4 allele accelerates age-related multi-cognitive decline and white matter damage in non-demented elderly. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12019-12031. [PMID: 32572010 PMCID: PMC7343443 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Advanced age and apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele are both associated with increased risk of the Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the extent of the joint contribution of APOE ε4 allele and age on the brain white matter integrity, cognition and their relationship are unclear. We assessed the age-related variation differences of major cognitions in 846 non-demented elderly, and brain major white matter tracts in an MRI sub-cohort of 111 individuals between ε4 carriers and noncarriers. We found that: (i) carriers showed a steeper age-related decline after age 50 in general mental status, attention, language, and executive function and performed worse than noncarriers at almost all ages; (ii) main effect of age on anterior fibers, but main effect of APOE ε4 on posterior fibers, and the interactive effect of them existed on anterior and posterior fibers; (iii) carriers showed an accelerated age-related integrity reduction of these fibers compared to noncarriers who had a slight decrease but not significant; and (iv) significant associations of the higher white matter integrity with better multi-cognitive performance in old ε4 carriers. Overall, combining APOE status with age may be useful in assessing possible mechanisms of disease development in AD.
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15
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Mathews PM, Levy E. Exosome Production Is Key to Neuronal Endosomal Pathway Integrity in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1347. [PMID: 31911768 PMCID: PMC6920185 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of the endosomal–lysosomal system is a prominent pathogenic factor in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and other neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. We and others have extensively characterized the neuronal endosomal pathway pathology that results from either triplication of the amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) gene in Down syndrome (DS) or from expression of the apolipoprotein E ε4 allele (APOE4), the greatest genetic risk factor for late-onset AD. More recently brain exosomes, extracellular vesicles that are generated within and released from endosomal compartments, have been shown to be altered in DS and by APOE4 expression. In this review, we discuss the emerging data arguing for an interdependence between exosome production and endosomal pathway integrity in the brain. In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that altered trafficking through the endosomal pathway or compromised cargo turnover within lysosomes can affect the production, secretion, and content of exosomes. Conversely, exosome biogenesis can affect the endosomal–lysosomal system. Indeed, we propose that efficient exosome release helps to modulate flux through the neuronal endosomal pathway by decompressing potential “traffic jams.” Exosome secretion may have the added benefit of unburdening the neuron’s lysosomal system by delivering endosomal–lysosomal material into the extracellular space, where other cell types may contribute to the degradation of neuronal debris. Thus, maintaining robust neuronal exosome production may prevent or mitigate endosomal and lysosomal abnormalities linked to aging and neurodegenerative diseases. While the current evidence suggests that the exosomal system in the brain can be modulated both by membrane lipid composition and the expression of key proteins that contribute to the formation and secretion of exosomes, how exosomal pathway-regulatory elements sense and respond to perturbations in the endosomal pathway is not well understood. Based upon findings from the extensively studied DS and APOE4 models, we propose that enhanced neuronal exosome secretion can be a protective response, reducing pathological disruption of the endosomal–lysosomal system in disease-vulnerable neurons. Developing therapeutic approaches that help to maintain or enhance neuronal exosome biogenesis and release may be beneficial in a range of disorders of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, United States
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16
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The Role of Physical Fitness in Cognitive-Related Biomarkers in Persons at Genetic Risk of Familial Alzheimer's Disease. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8101639. [PMID: 31591322 PMCID: PMC6832576 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Nondemented people with a family history of Alzheimer’s disease (ADFH) and the ApoE-4 allele have been demonstrated to show a trend for a higher probability of cognitive decline and aberrant levels of cognitive-related biomarkers. However, the potential interactive effects on physical fitness have not been investigated. Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to determine whether ADFH individuals with the ApoE-4 genotype show deviant brain event-related neural oscillatory performance and cognitively-related molecular indices. A secondary purpose was to examine the interactive effects on physical fitness. Methods: Blood samples were provided from 110 individuals with ADFH to assess molecular biomarkers and the ApoE genotype for the purpose of dividing them into an ApoE-4 group (n = 16) and a non-ApoE-4 group (n = 16) in order for them to complete a visuospatial working memory task while simultaneously recording electroencephalographic signals. They also performed a senior functional physical fitness (SFPF) test. Results: While performing the cognitive task, the ApoE-4 relative to non-ApoE-4 group showed worse accuracy rates (ARs) and brain neural oscillatory performance. There were no significant between-group differences with regard to any molecular biomarkers (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, BDNF, Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42). VO2max was significantly correlated with the neuropsychological performance (i.e., ARs and RTs) in the 2-item and 4-item conditions in the ApoE-4 group and across the two groups. However, the electroencephalogram (EEG) oscillations during visuospatial working memory processing in the two conditions were not correlated with any SFPF scores or cardiorespiratory tests in the two groups. Conclusions: ADFH individuals with the ApoE-4 genotype only showed deviant neuropsychological (e.g., ARs) and neural oscillatory performance when performing the cognitive task with a higher visuospatial working memory load. Cardiorespiratory fitness potentially played an important role in neuropsychological impairment in this group.
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17
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Peng KY, Pérez-González R, Alldred MJ, Goulbourne CN, Morales-Corraliza J, Saito M, Saito M, Ginsberg SD, Mathews PM, Levy E. Apolipoprotein E4 genotype compromises brain exosome production. Brain 2019; 142:163-175. [PMID: 30496349 PMCID: PMC6308312 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being the greatest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, expression of the ɛ4 allele of apolipoprotein E can lead to cognitive decline during ageing that is independent of Alzheimer's amyloid-β and tau pathology. In human post-mortem tissue and mouse models humanized for apolipoprotein E, we examined the impact of apolipoprotein E4 expression on brain exosomes, vesicles that are produced within and secreted from late-endocytic multivesicular bodies. Compared to humans or mice homozygous for the risk-neutral ɛ3 allele we show that the ɛ4 allele, whether homozygous or heterozygous with an ɛ3 allele, drives lower exosome levels in the brain extracellular space. In mice, we show that the apolipoprotein E4-driven change in brain exosome levels is age-dependent: while not present at age 6 months, it is detectable at 12 months of age. Expression levels of the exosome pathway regulators tumor susceptibility gene 101 (TSG101) and Ras-related protein Rab35 (RAB35) were found to be reduced in the brain at the protein and mRNA levels, arguing that apolipoprotein E4 genotype leads to a downregulation of exosome biosynthesis and release. Compromised exosome production is likely to have adverse effects, including diminishing a cell's ability to eliminate materials from the endosomal-lysosomal system. This reduction in brain exosome levels in 12-month-old apolipoprotein E4 mice occurs earlier than our previously reported brain endosomal pathway changes, arguing that an apolipoprotein E4-driven failure in exosome production plays a primary role in endosomal and lysosomal deficits that occur in apolipoprotein E4 mouse and human brains. Disruption of these interdependent endosomal-exosomal-lysosomal systems in apolipoprotein E4-expressing individuals may contribute to amyloidogenic amyloid-β precursor protein processing, compromise trophic signalling and synaptic function, and interfere with a neuron's ability to degrade material, all of which are events that lead to neuronal vulnerability and higher risk of Alzheimer's disease development. Together, these data suggest that exosome pathway dysfunction is a previously unappreciated component of the brain pathologies that occur as a result of apolipoprotein E4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y Peng
- Department of Neurology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Rocío Pérez-González
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Melissa J Alldred
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Jose Morales-Corraliza
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Mitsuo Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA
| | - Stephen D Ginsberg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Efrat Levy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
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18
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Erickson CM, Schultz SA, Oh JM, Darst BF, Ma Y, Norton D, Betthauser T, Gallagher CL, Carlsson CM, Bendlin BB, Asthana S, Hermann BP, Sager MA, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Engelman CD, Christian BT, Johnson SC, Dubal DB, Okonkwo OC. KLOTHO heterozygosity attenuates APOE4-related amyloid burden in preclinical AD. Neurology 2019; 92:e1878-e1889. [PMID: 30867273 PMCID: PMC6550504 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether the KLOTHO gene variant KL-VS attenuates APOE4-associated β-amyloid (Aβ) accumulation in a late-middle-aged cohort enriched with Alzheimer disease (AD) risk factors. METHODS Three hundred nine late-middle-aged adults from the Wisconsin Registry for Alzheimer's Prevention and the Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center were genotyped to determine KL-VS and APOE4 status and underwent CSF sampling (n = 238) and/or 11C-Pittsburgh compound B (PiB)-PET imaging (n = 183). Covariate-adjusted regression analyses were used to investigate whether APOE4 exerted expected effects on Aβ burden. Follow-up regression analyses stratified by KL-VS genotype (i.e., noncarrier vs heterozygous; there were no homozygous individuals) evaluated whether the influence of APOE4 on Aβ was different among KL-VS heterozygotes compared to noncarriers. RESULTS APOE4 carriers exhibited greater Aβ burden than APOE4-negative participants. This effect was stronger in CSF (t = -5.12, p < 0.001) compared with PiB-PET (t = 3.93, p < 0.001). In the stratified analyses, this APOE4 effect on Aβ load was recapitulated among KL-VS noncarriers (CSF: t = -5.09, p < 0.001; PiB-PET: t = 3.77, p < 0 .001). In contrast, among KL-VS heterozygotes, APOE4-positive individuals did not exhibit higher Aβ burden than APOE4-negative individuals (CSF: t = -1.03, p = 0.308; PiB-PET: t = 0.92, p = 0.363). These differential APOE4 effects remained after KL-VS heterozygotes and noncarriers were matched on age and sex. CONCLUSION In a cohort of at-risk late-middle-aged adults, KL-VS heterozygosity was associated with an abatement of APOE4-associated Aβ aggregation, suggesting KL-VS heterozygosity confers protections against APOE4-linked pathways to disease onset in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Erickson
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stephanie A Schultz
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jennifer M Oh
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Burcu F Darst
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Yue Ma
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Derek Norton
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Tobey Betthauser
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Catherine L Gallagher
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Cynthia M Carlsson
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Barbara B Bendlin
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bruce P Hermann
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Mark A Sager
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kaj Blennow
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Corinne D Engelman
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bradley T Christian
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Sterling C Johnson
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Dena B Dubal
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Ozioma C Okonkwo
- From the Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center (C.L.G., C.M.C., S.A., S.C.J., O.C.O.), William S. Middleton Memorial VA Hospital; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center (C.M.E., J.M.O., Y.M., C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., B.T.C., S.C.J., O.C.O.); Departments of Population Health Sciences (B.F.D., C.D.E.), Neurology (C.L.G., B.P.H.), Radiology (M.A.S.), Medical Physics (T.B., B.T.C.), and Biostatistics & Medical Informatics (D.N.), University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison; Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (S.A.S.), Washington University in St. Louis, MO; Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry (K.B., H.Z.), Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory (K.B., H.Z.), Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden; Institute of Neurology (C.L.G., H.Z.), University College London, Queen Square; UK Dementia Research Institute (H.Z.), London; Wisconsin Alzheimer's Institute (C.M.C., B.B.B., S.A., B.P.H., M.A.S., C.D.E., S.C.J., O.C.O.), Madison; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (D.B.D.), University of California, San Francisco.
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Kaup AR, Toomey R, Bangen KJ, Delano-Wood L, Yaffe K, Panizzon MS, Lyons MJ, Franz CE, Kremen WS. Interactive Effect of Traumatic Brain Injury and Psychiatric Symptoms on Cognition among Late Middle-Aged Men: Findings from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:338-347. [PMID: 29978738 PMCID: PMC6338572 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and depressive symptoms each increase the risk for cognitive impairment in older adults. We investigated whether TBI has long-term associations with cognition in late middle-aged men, and examined the role of current PTSD/depressive symptoms. Participants were 953 men (ages 56-66) from the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA), who were classified by presence or absence of (1) history of TBI and (2) current elevated psychiatric symptoms (defined as PTSD or depressive symptoms above cutoffs). TBIs had occurred an average of 35 years prior to assessment. Participants completed cognitive testing examining nine domains. In mixed-effects models, we tested the effect of TBI on cognition including for interactions between TBI and elevated psychiatric symptoms. Models adjusted for age, pre-morbid cognitive ability assessed at average age 20 years, apolipoprotein E genotype, and substance abuse; 33% (n = 310) of participants had TBI, mostly mild and remote; and 23% (n = 72) of those with TBI and 18% (n = 117) without TBI had current elevated psychiatric symptoms. TBI and psychiatric symptoms had interactive effects on cognition, particularly executive functioning. Group comparison analyses showed that men with both TBI and psychiatric symptoms demonstrated deficits primarily in executive functioning. Cognition was largely unaffected in men with either risk factor in isolation. Among late middle-aged men, the combination of even mild and very remote TBI with current elevated psychiatric symptoms is associated with deficits in executive function and related abilities. Future longitudinal studies should investigate how TBI and psychiatric factors interact to impact brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison R. Kaup
- Research Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,Address correspondence to: Allison R. Kaup, PhD, Research Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System and Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, 4150 Clement Street (116B), San Francisco, CA, 94121
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine J. Bangen
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Lisa Delano-Wood
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, La Jolla, California
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco and San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - William S. Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Center for Behavior Genetics of Aging, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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20
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O'Donoghue MC, Murphy SE, Zamboni G, Nobre AC, Mackay CE. APOE genotype and cognition in healthy individuals at risk of Alzheimer's disease: A review. Cortex 2018; 104:103-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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21
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Chen JJ. Cerebrovascular-Reactivity Mapping Using MRI: Considerations for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:170. [PMID: 29922153 PMCID: PMC5996106 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is associated with well-established macrostructural and cellular markers, including localized brain atrophy and deposition of amyloid. However, there is growing recognition of the link between cerebrovascular dysfunction and AD, supported by continuous experimental evidence in the animal and human literature. As a result, neuroimaging studies of AD are increasingly aiming to incorporate vascular measures, exemplified by measures of cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). CVR is a measure that is rooted in clinical practice, and as non-invasive CVR-mapping techniques become more widely available, routine CVR mapping may open up new avenues of investigation into the development of AD. This review focuses on the use of MRI to map CVR, paying specific attention to recent developments in MRI methodology and on the emerging stimulus-free approaches to CVR mapping. It also summarizes the biological basis for the vascular contribution to AD, and provides critical perspective on the choice of CVR-mapping techniques amongst frail populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Chen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Chen JJ. Functional MRI of brain physiology in aging and neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroimage 2018; 187:209-225. [PMID: 29793062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain aging and associated neurodegeneration constitute a major societal challenge as well as one for the neuroimaging community. A full understanding of the physiological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration still eludes medical researchers, fuelling the development of in vivo neuroimaging markers. Hence it is increasingly recognized that our understanding of neurodegenerative processes likely will depend upon the available information provided by imaging techniques. At the same time, the imaging techniques are often developed in response to the desire to observe certain physiological processes. In this context, functional MRI (fMRI), which has for decades provided information on neuronal activity, has evolved into a large family of techniques well suited for in vivo observations of brain physiology. Given the rapid technical advances in fMRI in recent years, this review aims to summarize the physiological basis of fMRI observations in healthy aging as well as in age-related neurodegeneration. This review focuses on in-vivo human brain imaging studies in this review and on disease features that can be imaged using fMRI methods. In addition to providing detailed literature summaries, this review also discusses future directions in the study of brain physiology using fMRI in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jean Chen
- Rotman Research Institute at Baycrest Centre, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada.
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23
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Tang X, Wu D, Gu LH, Nie BB, Qi XY, Wang YJ, Wu FF, Li XL, Bai F, Chen XC, Xu L, Ren QG, Zhang ZJ. Spatial learning and memory impairments are associated with increased neuronal activity in 5XFAD mouse as measured by manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Oncotarget 2018; 7:57556-57570. [PMID: 27542275 PMCID: PMC5295372 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of neuronal activity is a major and early contributor to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate neuronal activity alterations at early stage of AD, we encompassed behavioral testing and in vivo manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MEMRI) in 5XFAD mice at early ages (1-, 2-, 3- and 5-month). The 5XFAD model over-express human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1) harboring five familial AD mutations, which have a high APP expression correlating with a high burden and an accelerated accumulation of the 42 amino acid species of amyloid-β. In the Morris water maze, 5XFAD mice showed longer escape latency and poorer memory retention. In the MEMRI, 5XFAD mice showed increased signal intensity in the brain regions involved in spatial cognition, including the entorhinal cortex, the hippocampus, the retrosplenial cortex and the caudate putamen. Of note, the observed alterations in spatial cognition were associated with increased MEMRI signal intensity. These findings indicate that aberrant increased basal neuronal activity may contribute to the spatial cognitive function impairment at early stage of AD, and may further suggest the potential use of MEMRI to predict cognitive impairments. Early intervention that targets aberrant neuronal activity may be crucial to prevent cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Tang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Li-Hua Gu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bin-Bin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Yang Qi
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Juan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang-Fang Wu
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Li Li
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Chen
- Department of Neurology and Geriatrics, Fujian Institute of Geriatrics, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.,Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Guo Ren
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital, Neuropsychiatric Institute, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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24
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Schuck NW, Petok JR, Meeter M, Schjeide BMM, Schröder J, Bertram L, Gluck MA, Li SC. Aging and a genetic KIBRA polymorphism interactively affect feedback- and observation-based probabilistic classification learning. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 61:36-43. [PMID: 29032191 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Probabilistic category learning involves complex interactions between the hippocampus and striatum that may depend on whether acquisition occurs via feedback or observation. Little is known about how healthy aging affects these processes. We tested whether age-related behavioral differences in probabilistic category learning from feedback or observation depend on a genetic factor known to influence individual differences in hippocampal function, the KIBRA gene (single nucleotide polymorphism rs17070145). Results showed comparable age-related performance impairments in observational as well as feedback-based learning. Moreover, genetic analyses indicated an age-related interactive effect of KIBRA on learning: among older adults, the beneficial T-allele was positively associated with learning from feedback, but negatively with learning from observation. In younger adults, no effects of KIBRA were found. Our results add behavioral genetic evidence to emerging data showing age-related differences in how neural resources relate to memory functions, namely that hippocampal and striatal contributions to probabilistic category learning may vary with age. Our findings highlight the effects genetic factors can have on differential age-related decline of different memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas W Schuck
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode and Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Jessica R Petok
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Psychology, Saint Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA.
| | - Martijn Meeter
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Brit-Maren M Schjeide
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Schröder
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode and Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Bertram
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group, Berlin, Germany; Platform for Genome Analytics, Institutes of Neurogenetics and Integrative & Experimental Genomics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany; Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London, UK
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Max Planck Research Group NeuroCode and Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Technische Universität Dresden, Department of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Dresden, Germany
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25
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APOE moderates compensatory recruitment of neuronal resources during working memory processing in healthy older adults. Neurobiol Aging 2017; 56:127-137. [PMID: 28528773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The APOE ε4 allele increases the risk for sporadic Alzheimer's disease and modifies brain activation patterns of numerous cognitive domains. We assessed cognitively intact older adults with a letter n-back task to determine if previously observed increases in ε4 carriers' working-memory-related brain activation are compensatory such that they serve to maintain working memory function. Using multiple regression models, we identified interactions of APOE variant and age in bilateral hippocampus independently from task performance: ε4 carriers only showed a decrease in activation with increasing age, suggesting high sensitivity of fMRI data for detecting changes in Alzheimer's disease-relevant brain areas before cognitive decline. Moreover, we identified ε4 carriers to show higher activations in task-negative medial and task-positive inferior frontal areas along with better performance under high working memory load relative to non-ε4 carriers. The increased frontal recruitment is compatible with models of neuronal compensation, extends on existing evidence, and suggests that ε4 carriers require additional neuronal resources to successfully perform a demanding working memory task.
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26
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Peng KY, Mathews PM, Levy E, Wilson DA. Apolipoprotein E4 causes early olfactory network abnormalities and short-term olfactory memory impairments. Neuroscience 2016; 343:364-371. [PMID: 28003161 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
While apolipoprotein (Apo) E4 is linked to increased incidence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), there is growing evidence that it plays a role in functional brain irregularities that are independent of AD pathology. However, ApoE4-driven functional differences within olfactory processing regions have yet to be examined. Utilizing knock-in mice humanized to ApoE4 versus the more common ApoE3, we examined a simple olfactory perceptual memory that relies on the transfer of information from the olfactory bulb (OB) to the piriform cortex (PCX), the primary cortical region involved in higher order olfaction. In addition, we have recorded in vivo resting and odor-evoked local field potentials (LPF) from both brain regions and measured corresponding odor response magnitudes in anesthetized young (6-month-old) and middle-aged (12-month-old) ApoE mice. Young ApoE4 compared to ApoE3 mice exhibited a behavioral olfactory deficit coinciding with hyperactive odor-evoked response magnitudes within the OB that were not observed in older ApoE4 mice. Meanwhile, middle-aged ApoE4 compared to ApoE3 mice exhibited heightened response magnitudes in the PCX without a corresponding olfactory deficit, suggesting a shift with aging in ApoE4-driven effects from OB to PCX. Interestingly, the increased ApoE4-specific response in the PCX at middle-age was primarily due to a dampening of baseline spontaneous activity rather than an increase in evoked response power. Our findings indicate that early ApoE4-driven olfactory memory impairments and OB network abnormalities may be a precursor to later network dysfunction in the PCX, a region that not only is targeted early in AD, but may be selectively vulnerable to ApoE4 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Y Peng
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA.
| | - Paul M Mathews
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, 10962 New York, USA.
| | - Efrat Levy
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, 10962 New York, USA.
| | - Donald A Wilson
- Department of Neuroscience & Physiology, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, 560 1st Avenue, 10016 New York, NY, USA; Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan S. Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, 10962 New York, USA.
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27
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Podhorna J, Krahnke T, Shear M, Harrison JE. Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale variants in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease: change over time and the effect of enrichment strategies. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2016; 8:8. [PMID: 26868820 PMCID: PMC4751673 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-016-0170-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Development of new treatments for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has broadened into early interventions in individuals with modest cognitive impairment and a slow decline. The 11-item version of the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) was originally developed to measure cognition in patients with mild to moderate AD. Attempts to improve its properties for early AD by removing items prone to ceiling and/or by adding cognitive measures known to be impaired early have yielded a number of ADAS-Cog variants. Using Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative data, we compared the performance of the 3-, 5-, 11- and 13-item ADAS-Cog variants in subjects with early AD. Given the interest in enrichment strategies, we also examined this aspect with a focus on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers. Methods Subjects with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and mild AD with available ADAS-Cog 13 and CSF data were analysed. The decline over time was defined by change from baseline. Direct cross-comparison of the ADAS-Cog variants was performed using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), with higher values reflecting increased sensitivity to detect change over time. Results The decline over time on any of the ADAS-Cog variants was minimal in subjects with MCI. Approximately half of subjects with MCI fulfilled enrichment criteria for positive AD pathology. The impact of enrichment was detectable but subtle in MCI. The annual decline in mild AD was more pronounced but still modest. More than 90 % of subjects with mild AD had positive AD pathology. SNRs were low in MCI but greater in mild AD. The numerically largest SNRs were seen for the ADAS-Cog 5 in MCI and for both the 5- and 13-item ADAS-Cog variants in mild AD, although associated confidence intervals were large. Conclusions The possible value of ADAS-Cog expansion or reduction is less than compelling, particularly in MCI. In mild AD, adding items known to be impaired at early stages seems to provide more benefit than removing items on which subjects score close to ceiling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0170-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Podhorna
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Binger Strasse 173, Ingelheim/Rhein, 55218, Germany.
| | | | - Michael Shear
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany.
| | - John E Harrison
- VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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28
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Harrison TM, Bookheimer SY. Neuroimaging genetic risk for Alzheimer's disease in preclinical individuals: From candidate genes to polygenic approaches. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 1:14-23. [PMID: 26858991 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Better characterization of the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is needed in order to develop effective interventions. Neuropathological changes in AD, including neuronal loss and the formation of proteinaceous deposits, begin up to 20 years before the onset of clinical symptoms. As such, the emergence of cognitive impairment should not be the sole basis used to diagnose AD nor to evaluate individuals for enrollment in clinical trials for preventative AD treatments. Instead, early preclinical biomarkers of disease and genetic risk should be used to determine most likely prognosis and enroll individuals in appropriate clinical trials. Neuroimaging-based biomarkers and genetic analysis together present a powerful system for classifying preclinical pathology in patients. Disease modifying interventions are more likely to produce positive outcomes when administered early in the course of AD. In this review, we examine the utility of the neuroimaging genetics field as it applies to AD and early detection during the preclinical phase. Neuroimaging studies focused on single genetic risk factors are summarized. However, we particularly focus on the recent increased interest in polygenic methods and discuss the benefits and disadvantages of these approaches. We discuss challenges in the neuroimaging genetics field, including limitations of statistical power arising from small effect sizes and the over-use of cross-sectional designs. Despite the limitations, neuroimaging genetics has already begun to influence clinical trial design and will play a major role in the prevention of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Harrison
- Neuroscience Interdepartmental Graduate Program, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Susan Y Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
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29
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Gispert JD, Rami L, Sánchez-Benavides G, Falcon C, Tucholka A, Rojas S, Molinuevo JL. Nonlinear cerebral atrophy patterns across the Alzheimer's disease continuum: impact of APOE4 genotype. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2687-701. [PMID: 26239178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by complex trajectories of cerebral atrophy that are affected by interactions with age and apolipoprotein E allele ε4 (APOE4) status. In this article, we report the nonlinear volumetric changes in gray matter across the full biological spectrum of the disease, represented by the AD-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) index. This index reflects the subject's level of pathology and position along the AD continuum. We also evaluated the associated impact of the APOE4 genotype. The atrophy pattern associated with the AD-CSF index was highly symmetrical and corresponded with the typical AD signature. Medial temporal structures showed different atrophy dynamics along the progression of the disease. The bilateral parahippocampal cortices and a parietotemporal region extending from the middle temporal to the supramarginal gyrus presented an initial increase in volume which later reverted. Similarly, a portion of the precuneus presented a rather linear inverse association with the AD-CSF index whereas some other clusters did not show significant atrophy until index values corresponded to positive CSF tau values. APOE4 carriers showed steeper hippocampal volume reductions with AD progression. Overall, the reported atrophy patterns are in close agreement with those mentioned in previous findings. However, the detected nonlinearities suggest that there may be different pathological processes taking place at specific moments during AD progression and reveal the impact of the APOE4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Gispert
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Rami
- Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - C Falcon
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Tucholka
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Rojas
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Morphological Sciences, Anatomy and Embriology Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona
| | - J L Molinuevo
- Clinical and Neuroimaging Departments, Barcelonabeta Brain Research Center, Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain; Alzheimer's Disease and Other Cognitive Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Yong SM, Ong QR, Siew BE, Wong BS. The effect of chicken extract on ERK/CREB signaling is ApoE isoform-dependent. Food Funct 2015; 5:2043-51. [PMID: 25080220 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00428k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
It is unclear how the nutritional supplement chicken extract (CE) enhances cognition. Human apolipoprotein E (ApoE) can regulate cognition and this isoform-dependent effect is associated with the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). To understand if CE utilizes this pathway, we compared the NMDAR signaling in neuronal cells expressing ApoE3 and ApoE4. We observed that CE increased S896 phosphorylation on NR1 in ApoE3 cells and this was linked to higher protein kinase C (PKC) activation. However, ApoE4 cells treated with CE have lowered S897 phosphorylation on NR1 and this was associated with reduced protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation. In ApoE3 cells, CE increased calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) activation and AMPA GluR1 phosphorylation on S831. In contrast, CE reduced CaMKII phosphorylation and led to higher de-phosphorylation of S831 and S845 on GluR1 in ApoE4 cells. While CE enhanced ERK/CREB phosphorylation in ApoE3 cells, this pathway was down-regulated in both ApoE4 and mock cells after CE treatment. These results show that CE triggers ApoE isoform-specific changes on ERK/CREB signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-May Yong
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 2 Medical Drive MD9, Singapore 117597.
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31
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The effects of an APOE promoter polymorphism on human cortical morphology during nondemented aging. J Neurosci 2015; 35:1423-31. [PMID: 25632120 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1946-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the best-known susceptibility gene for AD. It has been well demonstrated that the ε4 allele of the APOE gene can affect brain structure/function in nondemented individuals; however, other polymorphisms in the APOE gene have been largely overlooked when assessing the effects of APOE on the neural system. Rs405509 is a newly recognized AD-related polymorphism located in the APOE promoter region that can regulate the transcriptional activity of the APOE gene. To date, it remains unknown whether and how this APOE promoter polymorphism affects the human brain in aging. Here, for the first time, we investigate the effects of the rs405509 genotype (T/T vs G-allele) on human cortical morphology using a large cohort of nondemented elderly subjects (120 subjects in total; aged 52- 81 years). High-resolution structural MRI was performed; cortical thickness and surface area were analyzed separately. Intriguingly, nondemented carriers of the rs405509 T/T genotype showed an accelerated age-related reduction of thickness in the left parahippocampal gyrus compared with the G-allele carriers. Furthermore, the cortical thickness covariance between the left parahippocampal gyrus and left medial cortex, including the left medial superior frontal gyrus, supplementary motor area, and paracentral lobule, was modulated by the interaction of the rs405509 genotype and age. These novel findings suggest an important role for the APOE promoter polymorphism in the human brain and also provide valuable insights into how the rs405509 genotype shapes the neural system to modulate the risk of developing AD.
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Chen Y, Chen K, Zhang J, Li X, Shu N, Wang J, Zhang Z, Reiman EM. Disrupted functional and structural networks in cognitively normal elderly subjects with the APOE ɛ4 allele. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:1181-91. [PMID: 25403724 PMCID: PMC4367462 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
As the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ɛ4 allele is a major genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been suggested as a disconnection syndrome manifested by the disruption of white matter (WM) integrity and functional connectivity (FC), elucidating the subtle brain structural and functional network changes in cognitively normal ɛ4 carriers is essential for identifying sensitive neuroimaging based biomarkers and understanding the preclinical AD-related abnormality development. We first constructed functional network on the basis of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and a structural network on the basis of diffusion tensor image. Using global, local and nodal efficiencies of these two networks, we then examined (i) the differences of functional and WM structural network between cognitively normal ɛ4 carriers and non-carriers simultaneously, (ii) the sensitivity of these indices as biomarkers, and (iii) their relationship to behavior measurements, as well as to cholesterol level. For ɛ4 carriers, we found reduced global efficiency significantly in WM and marginally in FC, regional FC dysfunctions mainly in medial temporal areas, and more widespread for WM network. Importantly, the right parahippocampal gyrus (PHG.R) was the only region with simultaneous functional and structural damage, and the nodal efficiency of PHG.R in WM network mediates the APOE ɛ4 effect on memory function. Finally, the cholesterol level correlated with WM network differently than with the functional network in ɛ4 carriers. Our results demonstrated ɛ4-specific abnormal structural and functional patterns, which may potentially serve as biomarkers for early detection before the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Junying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ni Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China, Tel: +86 105 880 2005, Fax: +86 105 880 2005, E-mail:
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Stargardt A, Swaab DF, Bossers K. The storm before the quiet: neuronal hyperactivity and Aβ in the presymptomatic stages of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Genetic variations underlying self-reported physical functioning: a review. Qual Life Res 2014; 24:1163-77. [PMID: 25387867 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-014-0844-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Genetic associations with self-reported physical functioning (SPF) are less well-studied than genetic associations with performance-measured physical functioning (PPF). We review the literature on the associations of genetic variations on SPF. We provide an overview of SPF assessment, genetic contributions to SPF including heritability, effects of genetic variations and mutations, and effects of interventions on the gene-SPF relationship. We also aim to provide directions for future research. METHODS A computerized literature search using PubMed, Web of Science, and PsychInfo was conducted to select relevant literature published up to November 2013. Inclusion criteria were the use of an SPF questionnaire, original articles in English on human subjects, published in peer-reviewed journals and reporting significant associations between SPF and the genome. RESULTS Nineteen articles were included. SPF was commonly assessed with the Short Form-36 questionnaire involving mainly convenience samples of either older persons or chronically ill. Heritability estimates were 10-30 %. Candidate genes associated with SPF could be ascribed to biological pathways associated with neurodegeneration, physiological systems regulation, or cell regulation. The APOE gene associated with neurodegeneration was most studied (n = 3). Three papers included both SPF and PPF assessments. No genome-wide association study on SPF has been conducted. CONCLUSIONS Associations between SPF and the genome have been investigated in selected populations in a limited number of publications. Future research should consider increasing sample variation and incorporate both SPF and PPF assessments. Also, longitudinal studies should be conducted in order to elicit stronger conclusions regarding the genetic associations with SPF.
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Nombela C, Rowe JB, Winder-Rhodes SE, Hampshire A, Owen AM, Breen DP, Duncan GW, Khoo TK, Yarnall AJ, Firbank MJ, Chinnery PF, Robbins TW, O’Brien JT, Brooks DJ, Burn DJ, Barker RA. Genetic impact on cognition and brain function in newly diagnosed Parkinson's disease: ICICLE-PD study. Brain 2014; 137:2743-58. [PMID: 25080285 PMCID: PMC4163033 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is associated with multiple cognitive impairments and increased risk of dementia, but the extent of these deficits varies widely among patients. The ICICLE-PD study was established to define the characteristics and prevalence of cognitive change soon after diagnosis, in a representative cohort of patients, using a multimodal approach. Specifically, we tested the 'Dual Syndrome' hypothesis for cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease, which distinguishes an executive syndrome (affecting the frontostriatal regions due to dopaminergic deficits) from a posterior cortical syndrome (affecting visuospatial, mnemonic and semantic functions related to Lewy body pathology and secondary cholinergic loss). An incident Parkinson's disease cohort (n = 168, median 8 months from diagnosis to participation) and matched control group (n = 85) were recruited to a neuroimaging study at two sites in the UK. All participants underwent clinical, neuropsychological and functional magnetic resonance imaging assessments. The three neuroimaging tasks (Tower of London, Spatial Rotations and Memory Encoding Tasks) were designed to probe executive, visuospatial and memory encoding domains, respectively. Patients were also genotyped for three polymorphisms associated with cognitive change in Parkinson's disease and related disorders: (i) rs4680 for COMT Val158Met polymorphism; (ii) rs9468 for MAPT H1 versus H2 haplotype; and (iii) rs429358 for APOE-ε2, 3, 4. We identified performance deficits in all three cognitive domains, which were associated with regionally specific changes in cortical activation. Task-specific regional activations in Parkinson's disease were linked with genetic variation: the rs4680 polymorphism modulated the effect of levodopa therapy on planning-related activations in the frontoparietal network; the MAPT haplotype modulated parietal activations associated with spatial rotations; and APOE allelic variation influenced the magnitude of activation associated with memory encoding. This study demonstrates that neurocognitive deficits are common even in recently diagnosed patients with Parkinson's disease, and that the associated regional brain activations are influenced by genotype. These data further support the dual syndrome hypothesis of cognitive change in Parkinson's disease. Longitudinal data will confirm the extent to which these early neurocognitive changes, and their genetic factors, influence the long-term risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease. The combination of genetics and functional neuroimaging provides a potentially useful method for stratification and identification of candidate markers, in future clinical trials against cognitive decline in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Nombela
- 1 John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James B. Rowe
- 2 Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK,3 Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK,4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Adam Hampshire
- 5 Computational, Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian M. Owen
- 6 Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada,7 Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - David P. Breen
- 1 John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gordon W. Duncan
- 8 Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Tien K. Khoo
- 9 Griffith Health Institute and School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Alison J. Yarnall
- 8 Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | | | - Trevor W. Robbins
- 4 Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - John T. O’Brien
- 11 Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David J. Brooks
- 12 Imperial College London, London, UK,13 Department of Clinical Medicine, Positron Emission Tomography Centre, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - David J. Burn
- 8 Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - Roger A. Barker
- 1 John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Li R, Singh M. Sex differences in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:385-403. [PMID: 24434111 PMCID: PMC4087048 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown differences in specific cognitive ability domains and risk of Alzheimer's disease between the men and women at later age. However it is important to know that sex differences in cognitive function during adulthood may have their basis in both organizational effects, i.e., occurring as early as during the neuronal development period, as well as in activational effects, where the influence of the sex steroids influence brain function in adulthood. Further, the rate of cognitive decline with aging is also different between the sexes. Understanding the biology of sex differences in cognitive function will not only provide insight into Alzheimer's disease prevention, but also is integral to the development of personalized, gender-specific medicine. This review draws on epidemiological, translational, clinical, and basic science studies to assess the impact of sex differences in cognitive function from young to old, and examines the effects of sex hormone treatments on Alzheimer's disease in men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Li
- Center for Hormone Advanced Science and Education (CHASE), Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL 34243, United States.
| | - Meharvan Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Institute for Aging and Alzheimer's Disease Research (IAADR), Center FOR HER, University of North Texas, Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, United States
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Ahles TA, Li Y, McDonald BC, Schwartz GN, Kaufman PA, Tsongalis GJ, Moore JH, Saykin AJ. Longitudinal assessment of cognitive changes associated with adjuvant treatment for breast cancer: the impact of APOE and smoking. Psychooncology 2014; 23:1382-90. [PMID: 24789331 DOI: 10.1002/pon.3545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the association of post-treatment changes in cognitive performance, apolipoprotein E (APOE), and smoking in breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant therapy. PARTICIPANTS AND METHODS Breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy (N = 55, age = 51.9 ± 7.1, education = 15.7 ± 2.6) were evaluated with a battery of neuropsychological tests prior to chemotherapy and at 1, 6, and 18 months post-chemotherapy. Matched groups of breast cancer patients not exposed to chemotherapy (N = 68, age = 56.8 ± 8.3, education = 14.8 ± 2.2) and healthy controls (N = 43, age = 53.0 ± 10.1, education = 15.2 ± 2.6) were evaluated at similar intervals. APOE epsilon 4 carrier status (APOE4+) and smoking history were also evaluated. RESULTS The detrimental effect of APOE4+ genotype on post-treatment cognitive functioning was moderated by smoking history, that is, patients without a smoking history had significantly lower performance on measures of processing speed and working memory compared with those with a smoking history and healthy controls. Exploratory analyses revealed that APOE4+ patients without a smoking history who were exposed to chemotherapy showed a decline in performance in processing speed, compared with patients with a smoking history. A similar but less pronounced pattern was seen in the no chemotherapy group (primarily endocrine treatment). For working memory, the APOE4+ by smoking interaction was observed in the no chemotherapy group only. CONCLUSIONS The association between APOE status, breast cancer treatment, and cognitive functioning was moderated by smoking history suggesting that both chemotherapy and endocrine therapy interact with APOE status and smoking to influence cognition. A putative mechanism is that smoking corrects a deficit in nicotinic receptor functioning and dopamine levels in APOE4+ individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim A Ahles
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Center for Psycho-Oncology Research, the Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
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Quintas JL, Souza VC, Henriques AD, Machado-Silva W, Toledo JO, Córdova C, Moraes CF, Camargos EF, Nóbrega OT. Lack of association between apolipoprotein E genotypes and cognitive performance in the non-demented elderly. Psychogeriatrics 2014; 14:11-6. [PMID: 24118648 DOI: 10.1111/psyg.12029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM The ε4 alelle of the apolipoprotein E gene is known to be a key genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and possibly for other neurological disorders. Some evidence in the literature indicates that the ε4 allele interferes with human cognition independently of chronological age and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. The present study investigated the correlation of allelic variants of apolipoprotein E with the cognitive performance of elderly individuals without apparent cognitive impairment. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis that included 213 non-demented elderly individuals (age ≥60 years) from the Brazilian Federal District. The analysis assessed the subjects for cognitive domains including short- and long-term episodic memory, processing speed, and attention and executive functions. Sociodemographic and other clinical characteristics were gathered and analyzed as covariates. RESULTS Being sufficiently powered, the present study did not identify differential performance across apolipoprotein E genotypes. There was no influence of age, gender, marital status, schooling, depressive symptoms or use of central nervous system depressants when the analyses were controlled for such factors. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the ε4 allele does not contribute to detectable cognitive decline within the context of non-dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Lima Quintas
- Geriatric Medical Centre, Hospital of the University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil; Graduation Program in Medical Sciences, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Zetzsche T, Rujescu D, Hardy J, Hampel H. Advances and perspectives from genetic research: development of biological markers in Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:667-90. [PMID: 20629514 DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zetzsche
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, Munich, Germany. thomas.zetzsche@ med.uni-muenchen.de
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Green AE, Gray JR, Deyoung CG, Mhyre TR, Padilla R, Dibattista AM, William Rebeck G. A combined effect of two Alzheimer's risk genes on medial temporal activity during executive attention in young adults. Neuropsychologia 2014; 56:1-8. [PMID: 24388797 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A recent history of failed clinical trials suggests that waiting until even the early stages of onset of Alzheimer's disease may be too late for effective treatment, pointing to the importance of early intervention in young people. Early intervention will require markers of Alzheimer's risk that track with genotype but are capable of responding to treatment. Here, we sought to identify a functional MRI signature of combined Alzheimer's risk imparted by two genetic risk factors. We used a task of executive attention during fMRI in participants genotyped for two Alzheimer's risk alleles: APOE-ε4 and CLU-C. Executive attention is a sensitive indicator of the progression of Alzheimer's even in the early stages of mild cognitive impairment, but has not yet been investigated as a marker of Alzheimer's risk in young adults. Functional MRI revealed that APOE-ε4 and CLU-C had an additive effect on brain activity such that increased combined genetic risk was associated with decreased brain activity during executive attention, including in the medial temporal lobe, a brain area affected early in Alzheimer's pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam E Green
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, 302-C White-Gravenor, Washington, DC 20057, United States.
| | - Jeremy R Gray
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Colin G Deyoung
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy R Mhyre
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Robert Padilla
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amanda M Dibattista
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, 302-C White-Gravenor, Washington, DC 20057, United States; Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - G William Rebeck
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Redox proteomics and the dynamic molecular landscape of the aging brain. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 13:75-89. [PMID: 24374232 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that the risk to develop neurodegenerative disorders increases with chronological aging. Accumulating studies contributed to characterize the age-dependent changes either at gene and protein expression level which, taken together, show that aging of the human brain results from the combination of the normal decline of multiple biological functions with environmental factors that contribute to defining disease risk of late-life brain disorders. Finding the "way out" of the labyrinth of such complex molecular interactions may help to fill the gap between "normal" brain aging and development of age-dependent diseases. To this purpose, proteomics studies are a powerful tool to better understand where to set the boundary line of healthy aging and age-related disease by analyzing the variation of protein expression levels and the major post translational modifications that determine "protein" physio/pathological fate. Increasing attention has been focused on oxidative modifications due to the crucial role of oxidative stress in aging, in addition to the fact that this type of modification is irreversible and may alter protein function. Redox proteomics studies contributed to decipher the complexity of brain aging by identifying the proteins that were increasingly oxidized and eventually dysfunctional as a function of age. The purpose of this review is to summarize the most important findings obtained by applying proteomics approaches to murine models of aging with also a brief overview of some human studies, in particular those related to dementia.
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Reinvang I, Espeseth T, Westlye LT. APOE-related biomarker profiles in non-pathological aging and early phases of Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1322-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 05/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Genome-wide pathway analysis of memory impairment in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort implicates gene candidates, canonical pathways, and networks. Brain Imaging Behav 2013; 6:634-48. [PMID: 22865056 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-012-9196-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits are prominent features of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The genetic architecture underlying these memory deficits likely involves the combined effects of multiple genetic variants operative within numerous biological pathways. In order to identify functional pathways associated with memory impairment, we performed a pathway enrichment analysis on genome-wide association data from 742 Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) participants. A composite measure of memory was generated as the phenotype for this analysis by applying modern psychometric theory to item-level data from the ADNI neuropsychological test battery. Using the GSA-SNP software tool, we identified 27 canonical, expertly-curated pathways with enrichment (FDR-corrected p-value < 0.05) against this composite memory score. Processes classically understood to be involved in memory consolidation, such as neurotransmitter receptor-mediated calcium signaling and long-term potentiation, were highly represented among the enriched pathways. In addition, pathways related to cell adhesion, neuronal differentiation and guided outgrowth, and glucose- and inflammation-related signaling were also enriched. Among genes that were highly-represented in these enriched pathways, we found indications of coordinated relationships, including one large gene set that is subject to regulation by the SP1 transcription factor, and another set that displays co-localized expression in normal brain tissue along with known AD risk genes. These results 1) demonstrate that psychometrically-derived composite memory scores are an effective phenotype for genetic investigations of memory impairment and 2) highlight the promise of pathway analysis in elucidating key mechanistic targets for future studies and for therapeutic interventions.
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McDonald BC, Conroy SK, Smith DJ, West JD, Saykin AJ. Frontal gray matter reduction after breast cancer chemotherapy and association with executive symptoms: a replication and extension study. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 30 Suppl:S117-25. [PMID: 22613170 PMCID: PMC3629547 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive changes related to cancer and its treatment have been intensely studied, and neuroimaging has begun to demonstrate brain correlates. In the first prospective longitudinal neuroimaging study of breast cancer (BC) patients we recently reported decreased gray matter density one month after chemotherapy completion, particularly in frontal regions. These findings helped confirm a neural basis for previously reported cognitive symptoms, which most commonly involve executive and memory processes in which the frontal lobes are a critical component of underlying neural circuitry. Here we present data from an independent, larger, more demographically diverse cohort that is more generalizable to the BC population. BC patients treated with (N=27) and without (N=28) chemotherapy and matched healthy controls (N=24) were scanned at baseline (prior to systemic treatment) and one month following chemotherapy completion (or yoked intervals for non-chemotherapy and control groups) and APOE-genotyped. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) showed decreased frontal gray matter density after chemotherapy, as observed in the prior cohort, which was accompanied by self-reported difficulties in executive functioning. Gray matter and executive symptom changes were not related to APOE ε4 status, though a somewhat greater percentage of BC patients who received chemotherapy were ε4 allele carriers than patients not treated with chemotherapy or healthy controls. These findings provide confirmatory evidence of frontal morphometric changes that may be a pathophysiological basis for cancer and treatment-related cognitive dysfunction. Further research into individual risk factors for such changes will be critical for development of treatment and prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenna C. McDonald
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Susan K. Conroy
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Dori J. Smith
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - John D. West
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Neuroimaging, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences and The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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Thambisetty M, Beason-Held LL, An Y, Kraut M, Nalls M, Hernandez DG, Singleton AB, Zonderman AB, Ferrucci L, Lovestone S, Resnick SM. Alzheimer risk variant CLU and brain function during aging. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:399-405. [PMID: 22795969 PMCID: PMC3488132 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the effect of the novel Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk variant rs11136000 single nucleotide polymorphism in the clusterin gene (CLU) on longitudinal changes in resting state regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during normal aging and investigated its influence on cognitive decline in presymptomatic stages of disease progression. METHODS Subjects were participants in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. A subset of 88 cognitively normal older individuals had longitudinal (15)O-water positron emission tomography measurements of rCBF at baseline and up to eight annual follow-up visits. We also analyzed trajectories of cognitive decline among CLU risk carriers and noncarriers in individuals who remained cognitively normal (n = 599), as well as in those who subsequently converted to mild cognitive impairment or AD (n = 95). RESULTS Cognitively normal carriers of the CLU risk allele showed significant and dose-dependent longitudinal increases in resting state rCBF in brain regions intrinsic to memory processes. There were no differences in trajectories of memory performance between CLU risk carriers and noncarriers who remained cognitively normal. However, in cognitively normal individuals who eventually converted to mild cognitive impairment or AD, CLU risk carriers showed faster rates of decline in memory performance relative to noncarriers in the presymptomatic stages of disease progression. CONCLUSIONS The AD risk variant CLU influences longitudinal changes in brain function in asymptomatic individuals and is associated with faster cognitive decline in presymptomatic stages of disease progression. These results suggest mechanisms underlying the role of CLU in AD and may be important in monitoring disease progression in at-risk elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Thambisetty
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA.
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Meier S, Demirakca T, Brusniak W, Wolf I, Liebsch K, Tunc-Skarka N, Nieratschker V, Witt SH, Matthäus F, Ende G, Flor H, Rietschel M, Diener C, Schulze TG. SCN1A affects brain structure and the neural activity of the aging brain. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:677-83. [PMID: 22534457 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aging of the human brain is accompanied by changes in cortical structure as well as functional activity and variable degrees of cognitive decline. One-third of the observable inter-individual differences in cognitive decline are thought to be heritable. SCN1A encodes the sodium channel α subunit and is considered to be a susceptibility gene for several neurological disorders with prominent cognitive deficits. In a recent genome-wide association study the C allele of the SCN1A variant rs10930201 was observed to be significantly associated with poor short-term memory performance. rs10930201 was further observed to be related to differences in neural activity during a working memory task. METHODS The aim of the present study was to explore whether SCN1A modifies the vulnerability to aging processes of the human brain. Therefore we assessed the interacting effects of the SCN1A vulnerability allele rs10930201 and age in terms of brain activity and brain morphology in 62 healthy volunteers between 21 and 82 years of age. RESULTS In C allele carriers, activity in the right inferior frontal cortex and the posterior cingulate cortex increased with age. Moreover, exploratory analysis revealed regional effects of rs10930201 on brain structure, indicating reduced gray matter densities in the frontal and insular regions in the C allele carriers. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the present results suggest that the SCN1A polymorphism has modulatory effects on brain morphology and vulnerability to age-related alterations in brain activity of cortical regions that subserve working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Meier
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Heidelberg, Germany
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Barger SW. Apolipoprotein E acts at pre-synaptic sites...among others. J Neurochem 2012; 124:1-3. [PMID: 23020739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Carter CL, Resnick EM, Mallampalli M, Kalbarczyk A. Sex and gender differences in Alzheimer's disease: recommendations for future research. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2012; 21:1018-23. [PMID: 22917473 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2012.3789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) disproportionately affects women in both prevalence and severity; however, the biologic mechanisms underlying these sex differences are not fully understood. Sex differences in the brain, such as in brain anatomy, age-related declines in brain volume, and brain glucose metabolism, have been documented and may be important in understanding AD etiology. The full impact of sex as a basic biologic variable on this neurodegenerative disease remains elusive. To address the evidence for sex differences in AD, the Society for Women's Health Research (SWHR) convened an interdisciplinary roundtable of experts from academia, clinical medicine, industry, and the government to discuss the state-of-the-science in sex and gender differences in AD. Roundtable participants were asked to address gaps in our knowledge and identify specific sex-based research questions for future areas of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Carter
- Scientific Affairs, Society for Women's Health Research, Washington, DC 20036, USA.
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Braskie MN, Medina LD, Rodriguez-Agudelo Y, Geschwind DH, Macias-Islas MA, Thompson PM, Cummings JL, Bookheimer SY, Ringman JM. Memory performance and fMRI signal in presymptomatic familial Alzheimer's disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:3308-19. [PMID: 22806961 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare autosomal dominant mutations result in familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD) with a relatively consistent age of onset within families. This provides an estimate of years until disease onset (relative age) in mutation carriers. Increased AD risk has been associated with differences in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity during memory tasks, but most of these studies have focused on possession of apolipoprotein E allele 4 (APOE4), a risk factor, but not causative variant, of late-onset AD. Evaluation of fMRI activity in presymptomatic FAD mutation carriers versus noncarriers provides insight into preclinical changes in those who will certainly develop AD in a prescribed period of time. Adults from FAD mutation-carrying families (nine mutation carriers, eight noncarriers) underwent fMRI scanning while performing a memory task. We examined fMRI signal differences between carriers and noncarriers, and how signal related to fMRI task performance within mutation status group, controlling for relative age and education. Mutation noncarriers had greater retrieval period activity than carriers in several AD-relevant regions, including the left hippocampus. Better performing noncarriers showed greater encoding period activity including in the parahippocampal gyrus. Poorer performing carriers showed greater retrieval period signal, including in the frontal and temporal lobes, suggesting underlying pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith N Braskie
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Disease Research, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California; Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Challenges of High-resolution Diffusion Imaging of the Human Medial Temporal Lobe in Alzheimer Disease. Top Magn Reson Imaging 2012; 21:355-65. [PMID: 22158129 DOI: 10.1097/rmr.0b013e31823f6413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The human medial temporal lobe performs an essential role in memory formation and retrieval. Diseases involving the hippocampus such as Alzheimer disease present a unique opportunity for advanced imaging techniques to detect abnormalities at an early stage. In particular, it is possible that diffusion imaging will measure abnormal microarchitecture beyond the realm of macroscopic imaging. However, this task is formidable because of the detailed anatomy of the medial temporal lobe, the difficulties in obtaining high-quality diffusion images of adequate resolution, and the challenges in diffusion data processing. Moreover, it is unclear if any differences will be significant for an individual patient or simply groups of patients. Successful endeavors will need to address each of these challenges in an integrated fashion. The rewards of such analysis may be detection of microscopic disease in vivo, which could represent a landmark accomplishment for the field of neuroradiology.
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