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Freitas CDT, Demarco D, Oliveira JS, Ramos MV. Review: Laticifer as a plant defense mechanism. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 346:112136. [PMID: 38810884 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2024.112136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Laticifers have been utilized as paradigms to enhance comprehension of specific facets of plant ecology and evolution. From the beginning of seedling growth, autonomous laticifer networks are formed throughout the plant structure, extending across all tissues and organs. The vast majority of identified products resulting from laticifer chemistry and metabolism are linked to plant defense. The latex, which is the fluid contained within laticifers, is maintained under pressure and has evolved to serve as a defense mechanism against both aggressors and invaders, irrespective of their capabilities or tactics. Remarkably, the latex composition varies among different species. The current goal is to understand the specific functions of various latex components in combating plant enemies. Therefore, the study of latex's chemical composition and proteome plays a critical role in advancing our understanding about plant defense mechanisms. Here, we will discuss some of these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleverson D T Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara. Campus do Pici, Bloco 907, Fortaleza, Ceará CEP 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Diego Demarco
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jefferson S Oliveira
- Federal University of Delta of Parnaíba, Campus Ministro Reis Velloso, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Márcio V Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara. Campus do Pici, Bloco 907, Fortaleza, Ceará CEP 60451-970, Brazil.
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Kim J, Rahman MM, Han C, Shin J, Ahn SJ. Chromosome-level genome assembly and comparative genomics shed light on Helicoverpa assulta ecology and pest management. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38942610 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta, a specialist herbivorous insect that exclusively feeds on plants of the Solanaceae family, causes considerable damage to crops, such as tobacco and hot pepper. The absence of a genome sequence for this species hinders further research on its pest management and ecological adaptation. RESULTS Here, we present a high-quality chromosome-level genome of a Korean strain of H. assulta (Pyeongchang strain, K18). The total assembly spans 424.4 Mb with an N50 length of 14.54 Mb and 37% GC content. The assembled genome (ASM2961881v1) comprises 31 chromosomes, similar to other congeneric generalist species including H. armigera and H. zea. In terms of genomic assembly quality, the complete BUSCOs and repeat content accounted for 98.3% and 33.01% of the genome, respectively. Based on this assembly, 19 485 protein-coding genes were predicted in the genome annotation. A comparative analysis was conducted using the identified number of protein-coding genes in H. armigera (24154) and H. zea (23696). Out of the 19 485 predicted genes, 137 genes in 15 orthogroups were found to have expanded significantly in H. assulta, while 149 genes in 95 orthogroups contracted rapidly. CONCLUSION This study revealed specific gene expansions and contractions in H. assulta compared to those in its close relatives, indicating potential adaptations related to its specialized feeding habits. Also, the comparative genome analysis provides valuable insights for the integrated pest management of H. assulta and other globally significant pests in the Heliothinae subfamily. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juil Kim
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National Unversity, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Md-Mafizur Rahman
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Science, Islamic University, Kushtia, Bangladesh
| | - Changhee Han
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Smart Agriculture, Kangwon National Unversity, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeong Shin
- Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Joon Ahn
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology & Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
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Huber M. Latex - a potential plant defense against microbes. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:224-227. [PMID: 38220579 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Laticifers - among the most common defensive reservoirs in plants - are hypothesized to benefit plant fitness by preventing microbes from entering wounds. I argue that while latex seals wounds, and can suppress microbial growth, direct evidence that these processes benefit plant fitness is scarce. I outline a roadmap for filling this knowledge gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meret Huber
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becher-Weg 7, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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Liu S, Chen Y, Han D, Tian X, Ma D, Jie X, Zhang J. Extraction process and characterization of Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) latex. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25351. [PMID: 38379982 PMCID: PMC10877186 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) latex is a natural latex produced from its root, and its extraction optimization process is mainly studied in the present paper. The composition of fresh roots of TKS was quantitatively analyzed, and the results showed that the moisture content of the fresh root was approximately 70 %, and the rubber content averaged to 6 % (dry weight ratio). An optimal process route for extracting the TKS latex was finally determined, making the extraction efficiency reach about 80 %, and a new latex extraction process was established and optimized and named "the process of Buffer Extraction TKS Latex (BETL)". Hevea latex, extracted TKS latex and TKS latex collected directly from the broken roots were compared for study. The results showed that, like Hevea latex, the appearance of TKS latex was milky white; and after centrifugation, both showed four layers from top to bottom: rubber particles, Frey-Wyssling particles, C-serum and lutoids. The results of the composition analysis showed that the concentration of TKS latex ranged from 54.54 % to 68.25 %, which is close to that of concentrated Hevea latex; the moisture content of TKS latex was between 31.75 % and 45.46 %. The protein content of TKS latex was 13.51 mg/mL, which was lower than that of Hevea latex at the same rubber hydrocarbon concentration. The molecular structures and properties of Hevea latex, the extracted TKS latex, and the collected TKS latex were characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, GPC, TG, SEM and LPSA, and the results showed that the main components and structure of the three latexes were similar, which are all cis-1,4-polyisoprene, and include the proteins and lipids. The distributions molecular weights of the three latexes all showed a bimodal distribution, but the molecular weight of the latex collected from TKS was lower, which indicates the larger molecules were difficult to flow outside the root automatically. The Hevea latex and TKS latex rubber particles were both core-shell structure and the size distribution were bimodal, which was consistent with the GPC analysis results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yunhan Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongren Han
- Hangzhou Guoren Electrical Engineering Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311222, China
| | - Xuefa Tian
- Beijing Huateng Rubber and Plastic Latex Products Co., Ltd, Beijing 101116, China
| | - Dongli Ma
- Beijing Huateng Rubber and Plastic Latex Products Co., Ltd, Beijing 101116, China
| | - Xiang Jie
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jichuan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Elastomer Materials Energy Conservation and Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical and Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Center of Advanced Elastomer Materials, College of Material Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Hoogshagen M, Hastings AP, Chavez J, Duckett M, Pettit R, Pahnke AP, Agrawal AA, de Roode JC. Mixtures of Milkweed Cardenolides Protect Monarch Butterflies against Parasites. J Chem Ecol 2024; 50:52-62. [PMID: 37932621 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved a diverse arsenal of defensive secondary metabolites in their evolutionary arms race with insect herbivores. In addition to the bottom-up forces created by plant chemicals, herbivores face top-down pressure from natural enemies, such as predators, parasitoids and parasites. This has led to the evolution of specialist herbivores that do not only tolerate plant secondary metabolites but even use them to fight natural enemies. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are known for their use of milkweed chemicals (cardenolides) as protection against vertebrate predators. Recent studies have shown that milkweeds with high cardenolide concentrations can also provide protection against a virulent protozoan parasite. However, whether cardenolides are directly responsible for these effects, and whether individual cardenolides or mixtures of these chemicals are needed to reduce infection, remains unknown. We fed monarch larvae the four most abundant cardenolides found in the anti-parasitic-milkweed Asclepias curassavica at varying concentrations and compositions to determine which provided the highest resistance to parasite infection. Measuring infection rates and infection intensities, we found that resistance is dependent on both concentration and composition of cardenolides, with mixtures of cardenolides performing significantly better than individual compounds, even when mixtures included lower concentrations of individual compounds. These results suggest that cardenolides function synergistically to provide resistance against parasite infection and help explain why only milkweed species that produce diverse cardenolide compounds provide measurable parasite resistance. More broadly, our results suggest that herbivores can benefit from consuming plants with diverse defensive chemical compounds through release from parasitism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy P Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Rajan V. Reply to Berry, C. Factors Related to Bacillus thuringiensis and Gut Physiology. Comment on "Rajan, V. An Alkaline Foregut Protects Herbivores from Latex in Forage, but Increases Their Susceptibility to Bt Endotoxin. Life 2023, 13, 2195". Life (Basel) 2024; 14:207. [PMID: 38398715 PMCID: PMC10890157 DOI: 10.3390/life14020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The comment titled "Factors related to Bacillus thuringiensis and gut physiology" disputes some of the inferences in the paper "An Alkaline Foregut Protects Herbivores from Latex in Forage, but Increases Their Susceptibility to Bt Endotoxin" published in this journal. The key points in the dissent are the following: 1. Bt is generally safe to non-target species. 2. Transgenic Bt crops provide additional ecological benefits due to reductions in conventional pesticide use. 3. Susceptibility to Bt does not indicate alkalinity, nor vice versa. My response is summarized as follows: 1. Bt can form non-specific pores at concentrations of 100 ng/mL in culture, and so is potentially unsafe for animals with gut environments in which Bt persists at or above this level. 2. Initial reductions in insecticide applications have not been sustained and are even increasing in areas planted with transgenic Bt cotton. 3. Acidic guts degrade Bt more efficiently, but I concede that gut alkalinity does not imply susceptibility to Bt due to many factors including resistance in target species, toxin heterogeneity and variable modes of action. However, the susceptibility of foregut-fermenting herbivores with alkaline guts to Bt intoxication cannot be invalidated without further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Rajan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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Li J, Hu H, Fu H, Li J, Zeng T, Li J, Wang M, Jongsma MA, Wang C. Exploring the co-operativity of secretory structures for defense and pollination in flowering plants. PLANTA 2024; 259:41. [PMID: 38270671 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04322-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION In flowers multiple secretory systems cooperate to deliver specialized metabolites to support specific roles in defence and pollination. The collective roles of cell types, enzymes, and transporters are discussed. The interplay between reproductive strategies and defense mechanisms in flowering plants has long been recognized, with trade-offs between investment in defense and reproduction predicted. Glandular trichomes and secretory cavities or ducts, which are epidermal and internal structures, play a pivotal role in the secretion, accumulation, and transport of specialized secondary metabolites, and contribute significantly to defense and pollination. Recent investigations have revealed an intricate connection between these two structures, whereby specialized volatile and non-volatile metabolites are exchanged, collectively shaping their respective ecological functions. However, a comprehensive understanding of this profound integration remains largely elusive. In this review, we explore the secretory systems and associated secondary metabolism primarily in Asteraceous species to propose potential shared mechanisms facilitating the directional translocation of these metabolites to diverse destinations. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of the cooperativity between epidermal and internal secretory structures in the biosynthesis, secretion, accumulation, and emission of terpenes, providing specific well-documented examples from pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium). Pyrethrum is renowned for its natural pyrethrin insecticides, which accumulate in the flower head, and more recently, for emitting an aphid alarm pheromone. These examples highlight the diverse specializations of secondary metabolism in pyrethrum and raise intriguing questions regarding the regulation of production and translocation of these compounds within and between its various epidermal and internal secretory systems, spanning multiple tissues, to serve distinct ecological purposes. By discussing the cooperative nature of secretory structures in flowering plants, this review sheds light on the intricate mechanisms underlying the ecological roles of terpenes in defense and pollination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hao Hu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hansen Fu
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jie Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ornamental Plant Germplasm Innovation and Utilization, Environmental Horticulture Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Tuo Zeng
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Jiawen Li
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Manqun Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen Plant Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Caiyun Wang
- National Key Laboratory for Germplasm Innovation, Unifilization of Horticultural Crops Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Hao J, Ge G, Jia Y, Han F, Zhao M, Wang Z. Metabolic profiling provides insights into the accumulation patterns of flavonoids and phenolic acids in different parts of Lactuca indica L. Food Chem X 2023; 20:101012. [PMID: 38144821 PMCID: PMC10739775 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.101012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactuca indica L. contains high amounts of flavonoids and phenolic acids. However, there is limited information on the composition of these compounds in different parts of the plant. The present study analyzed the secondary metabolite profiles of the stem, leaf, flower, and seed of Lactuca indicaL.cv. Mengzao (LIM) using a widely targeted metabolomic approach. A total of 576 secondary metabolites were identified, including 218, 267, 232, 286, 302, and 308 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the stem_vs_leaf, stem_vs_flower, stem_vs_seed, leaf_vs_flower, leaf_vs_seed, and flower_vs_seed comparisons. In particular, considerable differences were detected in the flavonoids and phenolic acids, five flavonoids, five phenolic acids, one triterpenoid and one alkaloid being differentially accumulated in the four parts. Compared to the stem and flower, the leaf and seed had higher total flavonoid content and total phenolic content. Thses findings provide comprehensive insights into utilizing different parts of LIM in developing functional food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Hao
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Feng Han
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Muqier Zhao
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Grassland Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010019, China
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An T, Cao D, Zhang Y, Han X, Yu Z, Liu Z. Norsesquiterpenes from the Latex of Euphorbia dentata and Their Chemical Defense Mechanisms against Helicoverpa armigera. Molecules 2023; 28:7681. [PMID: 38067412 PMCID: PMC10707868 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28237681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Euphorbia dentata (Euphorbiaceae), an invasive weed, is rarely eaten by herbivorous insects and could secrete a large amount of white latex, causing a serious threat to local natural vegetation, agricultural production and human health. In order to prevent this plant from causing more negative effects on humans, it is necessary to understand and utilize the chemical relationships between the latex of E. dentata and herbivorous insects. In this study, three new norsesquiterpenes (1-3), together with seven known analogues (4-10), were isolated and identified from the latex of E. dentata. All norsesquiterpenes (1-10) showed antifeedant and growth-inhibitory effects on H. armigera with varying levels, especially compounds 1 and 2. In addition, the action mechanisms of active compounds (1-3) were revealed by detoxifying enzyme (AchE, CarE, GST and MFO) activities and corresponding molecular docking analyses. Our findings provide a new idea for the development and utilization of the latex of E. dentata, as well as a potential application of norsesquiterpenes in botanical insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong An
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Dongxu Cao
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Xiamei Han
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China;
| | - Zhixiang Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (D.C.); (Y.Z.); (X.H.)
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Rajan V. An Alkaline Foregut Protects Herbivores from Latex in Forage, but Increases Their Susceptibility to Bt Endotoxin. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:2195. [PMID: 38004335 PMCID: PMC10672702 DOI: 10.3390/life13112195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
About 10% of angiosperms, an estimated 20,000 species, produce latex from ubiquitous isoprene precursors. Latex, an aqueous suspension of rubber particles and other compounds, functions as an antifeedant and herbivory deterrent. It is soluble in neutral to alkaline pH, and coagulates in acidic environments. Here, I propose that foregut-fermenting herbivores such as ruminants, kangaroos, sloths, insect larvae, and tadpoles have adapted to latex in forage with the evolution of alkaline anterior digestive chamber(s). However, they consequently become susceptible to the action of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) δ-endotoxin and related bioinsecticides which are activated in alkaline environments. By contrast, hindgut-fermenting herbivores, such as horses and rabbits, have acidic anterior digestive chambers, in which latex coagulates and may cause gut blockage, but in which Bt is not activated. The latex-adapted foregut herbivore vs. latex-maladapted hindgut herbivore hypothesis developed in this paper has implications for hindgut-fermenting livestock and zoo animals which may be provided with latex-containing forage that is detrimental to their gut health. Further, ruminants and herbivorous tadpoles with alkaline anterior chambers are at risk of damage by the supposedly "environmentally friendly" Bt bioinsecticide, which is widely disseminated or engineered into crops which may enter animal feed streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Rajan
- Department of Medical and Molecular Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA
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11
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Abd-dada H, Bouda S, Aitbella Y, Haddioui A. Phenotypic diversity of natural populations of an endemic Moroccan plant ( Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg). HACQUETIA 2023; 22:81-90. [DOI: 10.2478/hacq-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The Euphorbia resinifera is melliferous and medicinal plant and one of the endemic species of Moroccan Atlas Mountains. It is very well known for its honey of high nutritional and therapeutic quality. The objective of our study is to characterize and evaluate the phenotypic variation of this spontaneous species. Seventeen qualitative and quantitative morphological characters related to the bush, stem, spine, flower, and fruit of the plant were used to assess the morphological variability of twelve natural populations collected from its geographical range in Morocco. The results of the analysis of variance showed significant differences between the studied populations for the most examined traits reflecting the existence of a high phenotypic variability within this species. The principal component analysis showed that E. resinifera populations were clustered in three distinct groups not related to mountain range type. The results highlight a high phenotypic diversity within studied populations of this species in Morocco. This work aims to study the phenotypic variability of E. resinifera to delineate conservation strategies and also to establish forms of rational economic exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassane Abd-dada
- Laboratory of agro-industrial and medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques , Sultan Moulay Slimane University , B.P. 523, Beni Mellal , Morocco
| | - Said Bouda
- Laboratory of agro-industrial and medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques , Sultan Moulay Slimane University , B.P. 523, Beni Mellal , Morocco
| | - Youssef Aitbella
- Laboratory of agro-industrial and medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques , Sultan Moulay Slimane University , B.P. 523, Beni Mellal , Morocco
| | - Abdelmajid Haddioui
- Laboratory of agro-industrial and medical Biotechnologies, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques , Sultan Moulay Slimane University , B.P. 523, Beni Mellal , Morocco
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Salomé BMC, Santos AF, Ribeiro LM, de Azevedo IFP, Mercadante-Simões MO. Anastomosing laticifer in the primary and secondary structures of Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T.Aiton (Apocynaceae) stems. PROTOPLASMA 2023; 260:497-508. [PMID: 35804192 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-022-01792-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An in-depth understanding of the development and distribution of laticifer (latex secretory structure) will be important for the production of both rubber and medicines and will support studies on plant adaptations to their environments. We characterize here and describe the ontogenesis of the laticifer sytem in Calotropis procera (Apocynaceae), an invasive subshrub species in arid landscapes. Anatomical and histochemical evaluations of the primary and secondary structures of the stem were carried out on a monthly basis during a full year, with ultrastructural evaluations of laticifer on the stem apex during the rainy season. In the primary structure, laticifer differentiate early from procambium and ground meristem cells of the cortex and medulla and become concentrated adjacent to the external and internal phloem of the bicollateral bundles. In the secondary structure, laticifer differentiates from fusiform derivative cells of the phloem close to the sieve-tube elements. The laticifer is of the articulated, anastomosing, branched type, and it originates from precursor cells that loose the transversal and longitudinal walls by dissolution. Latex is a mixture of terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids, mucilage, and proteins. The apical meristem and vascular cambium where the laticifer system begins its development are active throughout the year, including during the dry season. The vascular cambium produces phloem with laticifer precursor cells during the rainy season, with high temperatures and long days. The ability of C. procera to grow under water deficit conditions and produce laticifer throughout the year contribute to its wide distribution in arid environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ariadna Freitas Santos
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, 39401-089, Brasil
| | - Leonardo Monteiro Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, 39401-089, Brasil
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13
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Duarte MA, Woo S, Hultine K, Blonder B, Aparecido LMT. Vein network redundancy and mechanical resistance mitigate gas exchange losses under simulated herbivory in desert plants. AOB PLANTS 2023; 15:plad002. [PMID: 36959913 PMCID: PMC10029807 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plad002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Herbivory can impact gas exchange, but the causes of interspecific variation in response remain poorly understood. We aimed to determine (1) what effects does experimental herbivory damage to leaf midveins have on leaf gas exchange and, (2) whether changes in leaf gas exchange after damage was predicted by leaf mechanical or venation traits. We hypothesized that herbivory-driven impacts on leaf gas exchange would be mediated by (1a/1b) venation networks, either by more vein resistance, or possibly trading off with other structural defenses; (2a/2b) or more reticulation (resilience, providing more alternate flow pathways after damage) or less reticulation (sectoriality, preventing spread of reduced functionality after damage). We simulated herbivory by damaging the midveins of four leaves from each of nine Sonoran Desert species. We then measured the percent change in photosynthesis (ΔAn%), transpiration (ΔEt%) and stomatal conductance (Δgsw%) between treated and control leaves. We assessed the relationship of each with leaf venation traits and other mechanical traits. ΔAn% varied between +10 % and -55%, similar to ΔEt% (+27%, -54%) and Δgsw% (+36%, -53%). There was no tradeoff between venation and other structural defenses. Increased damage resilience (reduced ΔAn%, ΔEt%, Δgsw%) was marginally associated with lower force-to-tear (P < 0.05), and higher minor vein density (P < 0.10) but not major vein density or reticulation. Leaf venation networks may thus partially mitigate the response of gas exchange to herbivory and other types of vein damage through either resistance or resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Duarte
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Sabrina Woo
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Kevin Hultine
- Department of Research, Conservation and Collections, Desert Botanical Garden, 1201 N. Galvin Parkway, Phoenix, AZ 85008, USA
| | - Benjamin Blonder
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, 427 E Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California Berkeley, 120 Mulford Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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14
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Edwards CB, Ellner SP, Agrawal AA. Plant defense synergies and antagonisms affect performance of specialist herbivores of common milkweed. Ecology 2023; 104:e3915. [PMID: 36336890 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As a general rule, plants defend against herbivores with multiple traits. The defense synergy hypothesis posits that some traits are more effective when co-expressed with others compared to their independent efficacy. However, this hypothesis has rarely been tested outside of phytochemical mixtures, and seldom under field conditions. We tested for synergies between multiple defense traits of common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) by assaying the performance of two specialist chewing herbivores on plants in natural populations. We employed regression and a novel application of random forests to identify synergies and antagonisms between defense traits. We found the first direct empirical evidence for two previously hypothesized defense synergies in milkweed (latex by secondary metabolites, latex by trichomes) and identified numerous other potential synergies and antagonisms. Our strongest evidence for a defense synergy was between leaf mass per area and low nitrogen content; given that these "leaf economic" traits typically covary in milkweed, a defense synergy could reinforce their co-expression. We report that each of the plant defense traits showed context-dependent effects on herbivores, and increased trait expression could well be beneficial to herbivores for some ranges of observed expression. The novel methods and findings presented here complement more mechanistic approaches to the study of plant defense diversity and provide some of the best evidence to date that multiple classes of plant defense synergize in their impact on insects. Plant defense synergies against highly specialized herbivores, as shown here, are consistent with ongoing reciprocal evolution between these antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Collin B Edwards
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.,Department of Biology, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephen P Ellner
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Anurag A Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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15
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Böttner L, Malacrinò A, Schulze Gronover C, van Deenen N, Müller B, Xu S, Gershenzon J, Prüfer D, Huber M. Natural rubber reduces herbivory and alters the microbiome below ground. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023. [PMID: 36597727 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Laticifers are hypothesized to mediate both plant-herbivore and plant-microbe interactions. However, there is little evidence for this dual function. We investigated whether the major constituent of natural rubber, cis-1,4-polyisoprene, a phylogenetically widespread and economically important latex polymer, alters plant resistance and the root microbiome of the Russian dandelion (Taraxacum koksaghyz) under attack of a root herbivore, the larva of the May cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha). Rubber-depleted transgenic plants lost more shoot and root biomass upon herbivory than normal rubber content near-isogenic lines. Melolontha melolontha preferred to feed on artificial diet supplemented with rubber-depleted rather than normal rubber content latex. Likewise, adding purified cis-1,4-polyisoprene in ecologically relevant concentrations to diet deterred larval feeding and reduced larval weight gain. Metagenomics and metabarcoding revealed that abolishing biosynthesis of natural rubber alters the structure but not the diversity of the rhizosphere and root microbiota (ecto- and endophytes) and that these changes depended on M. melolontha damage. However, the assumption that rubber reduces microbial colonization or pathogen load is contradicted by four lines of evidence. Taken together, our data demonstrate that natural rubber biosynthesis reduces herbivory and alters the plant microbiota, which highlights the role of plant-specialized metabolites and secretory structures in shaping multitrophic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Böttner
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Antonino Malacrinò
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Agriculture, Università degli Studi Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, I-89122, Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Christian Schulze Gronover
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole van Deenen
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Boje Müller
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Shuqing Xu
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, D-48149, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Meret Huber
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, D-48143, Münster, Germany
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, D-55128, Mainz, Germany
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16
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Marques HKO, Figueiredo MGF, de Souza Pio WS, Ribeiro LM, de Azevedo IFP, Duarte LP, de Sousa GF, de Aguilar MG, Mercadante-Simões MO. Laticifer ontogenesis and the chemical constituents of Marsdenia zehntneri (Apocynaceae) latex in a semiarid environment. PLANTA 2022; 257:19. [PMID: 36538159 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04050-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Anastomosed laticifers with intrusive growth produce latex containing methyl comate and betulin with economic and ecological value in arid environments. Climatic factors influence laticifer development in the apical meristem and vascular cambium. Latex is a complex emulsion with high medicinal as well as ecological value related to plant survival. Marsdenia zehntneri is a shrubby plant that grows on limestone outcrops in the semiarid regions of Brazil. We sought to characterize the ontogenesis of the laticifers of this species and to relate that process to climatic seasonality and phenology through anatomical, ultrastructural, and micro-morphometric evaluations of the apical meristem and vascular cambium. The histochemistry of the secretory structure was investigated and the chemical composition of the latex was analyzed. Phenological assessments were performed by monitoring phenological events for 1 year. The laticifers network of M. zehntneri permeates the entire primary and secondary body of the plant, providing a wide distribution system of defensive compounds. Its laticifers, of a distinct mixed type (anastomosed, with intrusive growth), are numerous and voluminous in the apical meristem but scarce and minute in the secondary phloem. Latex secretion involves the participation of oleoplasts, polysomes, and dictyosomes. Methyl 2,3-dihydroxy-ursan-23-oate, methyl 3-hydroxy-ursan-23-oate, and betulin are encountered in high proportions in the latex and have ecological and medicinal functions. The development of primary laticifers is related to the resumption of apical meristem activity with increasing day length at the end of the austral winter. The development of secondary laticifers is related to high summer temperatures and rainfall that favor vascular cambium activity. The wide distribution of laticifers, their seasonal pattern of secretion, and their latex composition contribute to the adaptation of M. zehntneri to its natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hellen Karla Oliveira Marques
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Maria Gabriela Ferreira Figueiredo
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Willian Samuel de Souza Pio
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Monteiro Ribeiro
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Islaine Franciely Pinheiro de Azevedo
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Lucienir Pains Duarte
- Chemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Grasiely Faria de Sousa
- Chemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Mariana Guerra de Aguilar
- Chemistry Department, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, CEP 31270-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Olívia Mercadante-Simões
- General Biology Department, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil.
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17
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Defensive functions and potential ecological conflicts of floral stickiness. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19848. [PMID: 36400941 PMCID: PMC9674602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23261-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stickiness of vegetative tissues has evolved multiple times in different plant families but is rare and understudied in flowers. While stickiness in general is thought to function primarily as a defense against herbivores, it may compromise mutualistic interactions (such as those with pollinators) in reproductive tissues. Here, we test the hypothesis that stickiness on flower petals of the High-Andean plant, Bejaria resinosa (Ericaceae), functions as a defense against florivores. We address ecological consequences and discuss potential trade-offs associated with a repellant trait expressed in flowers that mediate mutualistic interactions. In surveys and manipulative experiments, we assess florivory and resulting fitness effects on plants with sticky and non-sticky flowers in different native populations of B. resinosa in Colombia. In addition, we analyze the volatile and non-volatile components in sticky and non-sticky flower morphs to understand the chemical information context within which stickiness is expressed. We demonstrate that fruit set is strongly affected by floral stickiness but also varies with population. While identifying floral stickiness as a major defensive function, our data also suggest that the context-dependency of chemical defense functionality likely arises from differential availability of primary pollinators and potential trade-offs between chemical defense with different modes of action.
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18
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Mazur O, Bałdysz S, Warowicka A, Nawrot R. Tap the sap - investigation of latex-bearing plants in the search of potential anticancer biopharmaceuticals. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:979678. [PMID: 36388598 PMCID: PMC9664067 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.979678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Latex-bearing plants have been in the research spotlight for the past couple of decades. Since ancient times their extracts have been used in folk medicine to treat various illnesses. Currently they serve as promising candidates for cancer treatment. Up to date there have been several in vitro and in vivo studies related to the topic of cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of extracts from latex-bearing plants towards various cell types. The number of clinical studies still remains scarce, however, over the years the number is systematically increasing. To the best of our knowledge, the scientific community is still lacking in a recent review summarizing the research on the topic of cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of latex-bearing plant extracts. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge on in vitro and in vivo studies, which focus on the cytotoxicity and anticancer activities of latex-bearing plants. The vast majority of the studies are in vitro, however, the interest in this topic has resulted in the substantial growth of the number of in vivo studies, leading to a promising number of plant species whose latex can potentially be tested in clinical trials. The paper is divided into sections, each of them focuses on specific latex-bearing plant family representatives and their potential anticancer activity, which in some instances is comparable to that induced by commonly used therapeutics currently available on the market. The cytotoxic effect of the plant's crude latex, its fractions or isolated compounds, is analyzed, along with a study of cell apoptosis, chromatin condensation, DNA damage, changes in gene regulation and morphology changes, which can be observed in cell post plant extract addition. The in vivo studies go beyond the molecular level by showing significant reduction of the tumor growth and volume in animal models. Additionally, we present data regarding plant-mediated biosynthesis of nanoparticles, which is regarded as a new branch in plant latex research. It is solely based on the green-synthesis approach, which presents an interesting alternative to chemical-based nanoparticle synthesis. We have analyzed the cytotoxic effect of these particles on cells. Data regarding the cytotoxicity of such particles raises their potential to be involved in the design of novel cancer therapies, which further underlines the significance of latex-bearing plants in biotechnology. Throughout the course of this review, we concluded that plant latex is a rich source of many compounds, which can be further investigated and applied in the design of anticancer pharmaceuticals. The molecules, to which this cytotoxic effect can be attributed, include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, proteases, nucleases and many novel compounds, which still remain to be characterized. They have been studied extensively in both in vitro and in vivo studies, which provide an excellent starting point for their rapid transfer to clinical studies in the near future. The comprehensive study of molecules from latex-bearing plants can result in finding a promising alternative to several pharmaceuticals on the market and help unravel the molecular mode of action of latex-based preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliwia Mazur
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Sophia Bałdysz
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Alicja Warowicka
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
- NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Robert Nawrot
- Department of Molecular Virology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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19
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Medina MC, Sousa-Baena MS, Van Sluys MA, Demarco D. Laticifer growth pattern is guided by cytoskeleton organization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:971235. [PMID: 36262651 PMCID: PMC9574190 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.971235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Laticifers are secretory structures that produce latex, forming a specialized defense system against herbivory. Studies using anatomical approaches to investigate laticifer growth patterns have described their origin; however, their mode of growth, i.e., whether growth is intrusive or diffuse, remains unclear. Studies investigating how cytoskeleton filaments may influence laticifer shape establishment and growth patterns are lacking. In this study, we combined microtubule immunostaining and developmental anatomy to investigate the growth patterns in different types of laticifers. Standard anatomical methods were used to study laticifer development. Microtubules were labelled through immunolocalization of α-tubulin in three types of laticifers from three different plant species: nonanastomosing (Urvillea ulmacea), anastomosing unbranched with partial degradation of terminal cell walls (Ipomoea nil), and anastomosing branched laticifers with early and complete degradation of terminal cell walls (Asclepias curassavica). In both nonanastomosing and anastomosing laticifers, as well as in differentiating meristematic cells, parenchyma cells and idioblasts, microtubules were perpendicularly aligned to the cell growth axis. The analyses of laticifer microtubule orientation revealed an arrangement that corresponds to those cells that grow diffusely within the plant body. Nonanastomosing and anastomosing laticifers, branched or not, have a pattern which indicates diffuse growth. This innovative study on secretory structures represents a major advance in the knowledge of laticifers and their growth mode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diego Demarco
- *Correspondence: Maria Camila Medina, ; Diego Demarco,
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20
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Miles LS, Murray‐Stoker D, Nhan VJ, Johnson MTJ. Effects of urbanization on specialist insect communities of milkweed are mediated by spatial and temporal variation. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.4222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay S. Miles
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - David Murray‐Stoker
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Vanessa J. Nhan
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
| | - Marc T. J. Johnson
- Department of Biology University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga Mississauga Ontario Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
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21
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Gilmour SM, Kharouba HM. Eastern monarch larval performance may not be affected by shifts in phenological synchrony with milkweed. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9131. [PMID: 35949530 PMCID: PMC9351326 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interacting species are experiencing disruptions in the relative timing of their key life‐history events due to climate change. These shifts can sometimes be detrimental to the fitness of the consumer in trophic interactions but not always. The potential consequences of phenological asynchrony for the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) and its host plant (Asclepias spp.) have not been well‐studied. Given that plants generally undergo seasonal declines in quality, if climate change delays the timing of the larval stage relative to the availability of younger milkweed plants, monarch performance could be negatively affected. Here, we explore the potential consequences for the eastern monarch population due to probable asynchrony with milkweed. We used field surveys around Ottawa, Canada, to determine monarch oviposition preference on common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca) plants and the seasonal availability of these plants. To determine the potential fitness consequences when females oviposit on nonpreferred plants, we conducted a field experiment to assess the effect of milkweed size on monarch larval performance (e.g., development time and final size). Preferred oviposition plants (earlier stages of development and better condition) were consistently available in large proportion over the summer season. We also found that declines in leaf quality (more latex and thicker leaves) with plant size did not translate into decreases in larval performance. Our results suggest that even if asynchrony of the monarch–milkweed interaction occurs due to climate change, the larval stage of the eastern monarch may not face negative consequences. Future studies should determine how the relative timing of the interaction will change in the region.
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22
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Al-Rajhi AMH, Yahya R, Abdelghany TM, Fareid MA, Mohamed AM, Amin BH, Masrahi AS. Anticancer, Anticoagulant, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Thevetia peruviana Latex with Molecular Docking of Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27103165. [PMID: 35630642 PMCID: PMC9145871 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27103165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural origin molecules represent reliable and excellent sources to overcome some medicinal problems. The study of anticancer, anticoagulant, and antimicrobial activities of Thevetia peruviana latex were the aim of the current research. An investigation using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) revealed that the major content of the flavonoids are rutin (11.45 µg/mL), quersestin (7.15 µg/mL), naringin (5.25 µg/mL), and hisperdin (6.07 µg/mL), while phenolic had chlorogenic (12.39 µg/mL), syringenic (7.45 µg/mL), and ferulic (5.07 µg/mL) acids in latex of T. peruviana. Via 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, the experiment demonstrated that latex had a potent antioxidant activity with the IC50 43.9 µg/mL for scavenging DPPH. Hemolysis inhibition was 58.5% at 1000 µg/mL of latex compared with 91.0% at 200 µg/mL of indomethacin as positive control. Negligible anticoagulant properties of latex were reported where the recorded time was 11.9 s of prothrombin time (PT) and 29.2 s of the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) at 25 µg/mL, compared with the same concentration of heparin (PT 94.6 s and APPT 117.7 s). The anticancer potential of latex was recorded against PC-3 (97.11% toxicity) and MCF-7 (96.23% toxicity) at 1000 μg/mL with IC50 48.26 μg/mL and 40.31 µg/mL, respectively. Disc diffusion assessment for antimicrobial activity recorded that the most sensitive tested microorganisms to latex were Bacillus subtilis followed by Escherichia coli, with an inhibition zone (IZ) of 31 mm with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (10.2 μg/mL) and 30 mm (MIC, 12.51 μg/mL), respectively. Moreover, Candida albicans was sensitive (IZ, 28 mm) to latex, unlike black fungus (Mucor circinelloides). TEM examination exhibited ultrastructure changes in cell walls and cell membranes of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with latex. Energy scores of the molecular docking of chlorogenic acid with E. coli DNA (7C7N), and Rutin with human prostate-specific antigen (3QUM) and breast cancer-associated protein (1JNX), result in excellent harmony with the experimental results. The outcome of research recommended that the latex is rich in constituents and considered a promising source that contributes to fighting cancer and pathogenic microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha M. H. Al-Rajhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Reham Yahya
- Medical Microbiology, College of Science and Health Professions, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia;
- King Abduallah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek M. Abdelghany
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamed A. Fareid
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
- Basic Science Department, Prep Year Deanship, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alawlaqi M. Mohamed
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.S.M.)
| | - Basma H. Amin
- The Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology (RCMB), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11751, Egypt;
| | - Abdurrahman S. Masrahi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.M.); (A.S.M.)
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23
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López-Goldar X, Hastings A, Züst T, Agrawal A. Evidence for tissue-specific defense-offense interactions between milkweed and its community of specialized herbivores. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:3254-3265. [PMID: 35363921 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Coevolution between plants and herbivores often involves escalation of defense-offense strategies, but attack by multiple herbivores may obscure the match of plant defense to any one attacker. As herbivores often specialize on distinct plant parts, we hypothesized that defense-offense interactions in coevolved systems may become physiologically and evolutionarily compartmentalized between plant tissues. We report that roots, leaves, flower buds and seeds of the tropical milkweed (Asclepias curassavica) show increasing concentrations of cardenolide toxins acropetally, with latex showing the highest concentration. In vitro assays of the physiological target of cardenolides, the Na+ /K+ -ATPase (hereafter 'sodium pump'), of three specialized milkweed herbivores (root-feeding Tetraopes tetrophthalmus, leaf-feeding Danaus plexippus, and seed-feeding Oncopeltus fasciatus) show that they are proportionally tolerant to the cardenolide concentrations of the tissues they eat. Indeed, molecular substitutions in the insects' sodium pumps predicted their tolerance to toxins from their target tissues. Nonetheless, the relative inhibition of the sodium pumps of these specialists by the concentration vs. composition (inhibition controlled for concentration, what we term 'potency') of cardenolides from their target vs. non-target plant tissues revealed different degrees of insect adaptation to tissue-specific toxins. In addition, a trade-off between toxin concentration and potency emerged across plant tissues, potentially reflecting coevolutionary history or plant physiological constraints. Our findings suggest that tissue-specific coevolutionary dynamics may be proceeding between the plant and its specialized community of herbivores. This novel finding may be common in nature, contributing to ways in which coevolution proceeds in multi-species communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xosé López-Goldar
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Amy Hastings
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tobias Züst
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anurag Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.,Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Al-Namazi AA, Algarni SM, Wan JS, Al Mosallam MS, Alotaibi F. Floristic composition of Jandaf Mountain as biodiversity hotspot area in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022; 29:3654-3660. [PMID: 35844416 PMCID: PMC9280213 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arid environments around the world are characterized by lower plant diversity. However, some specific locations have relatively high species richness and have significant importance in terms of vegetation structure and plant diversity. Jabal Al-Jandaf is located in an arid area within the eastern side of mountainous region in the southwest of Saudi Arabia. It consists of valleys, lower plain and upper plain habitats with unique and diverse vegetation. These habitats range from 1000 m above sea level near the Tarj valley to 1910 m at the summit. In this study, we conducted a first survey of the floristic diversity at Jandaf Mountain. Furthermore, we applied the criteria of the Important Plant Area (IPA) and the High Conservation Value (HCV) approaches to assess whether the plant community at Jandaf Mountain qualifies as a significant conservation area. We found that the study area has great plant diversity with plant composition varying among the different habitats (e.g., valleys, upper and lower elevations) within the study area. We recorded 118 species from 97 genera belonging to 42 families, including endemic (e.g. Aloe pseudorubroviolacea), near-endemic (e.g. Monolluma quadrangular), and endangered species (e.g. Dracaena serrulata, Combretum molle, and Moringa peregrine). The plant diversity at Jandaf Mountain achieves the criteria outlined in the IPA and HCV approaches. Therefore, we conclude that Jandaf Mountain has a unique vegetation structure, and the area qualifies for conservation as a high value area for biodiversity and conservation of global significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Al-Namazi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O.BOX 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed M. Algarni
- Department of Geography & GIS Science, College of Sharia, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Saudi Arabia
- King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Justin S.H. Wan
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Mobarak S. Al Mosallam
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O.BOX 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
- Corresponding author.
| | - Fahad Alotaibi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), P.O.BOX 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
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Patteson AE, Asp ME, Janmey PA. Materials science and mechanosensitivity of living matter. APPLIED PHYSICS REVIEWS 2022; 9:011320. [PMID: 35392267 PMCID: PMC8969880 DOI: 10.1063/5.0071648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Living systems are composed of molecules that are synthesized by cells that use energy sources within their surroundings to create fascinating materials that have mechanical properties optimized for their biological function. Their functionality is a ubiquitous aspect of our lives. We use wood to construct furniture, bacterial colonies to modify the texture of dairy products and other foods, intestines as violin strings, bladders in bagpipes, and so on. The mechanical properties of these biological materials differ from those of other simpler synthetic elastomers, glasses, and crystals. Reproducing their mechanical properties synthetically or from first principles is still often unattainable. The challenge is that biomaterials often exist far from equilibrium, either in a kinetically arrested state or in an energy consuming active state that is not yet possible to reproduce de novo. Also, the design principles that form biological materials often result in nonlinear responses of stress to strain, or force to displacement, and theoretical models to explain these nonlinear effects are in relatively early stages of development compared to the predictive models for rubberlike elastomers or metals. In this Review, we summarize some of the most common and striking mechanical features of biological materials and make comparisons among animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial systems. We also summarize some of the mechanisms by which living systems develop forces that shape biological matter and examine newly discovered mechanisms by which cells sense and respond to the forces they generate themselves, which are resisted by their environment, or that are exerted upon them by their environment. Within this framework, we discuss examples of how physical methods are being applied to cell biology and bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E. Patteson
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, 13244, USA
| | - Merrill E. Asp
- Physics Department and BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, 13244, USA
| | - Paul A. Janmey
- Institute for Medicine and Engineering and Departments of Physiology and Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA, 19104, USA
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Alasbahi RH, Groot MJ. Ethnoveterinary Uses of Certain Yemeni Plants: A Review of the Scientific Evidence. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:237-253. [PMID: 34598289 DOI: 10.1055/a-1612-4556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Livestock is an important and integral component of agriculture production in Yemen and contributes 28% of the total agricultural production income. Research in the field of Yemeni ethnoveterinary medicine is limited to a few studies. Therefore, our work aims to substantiate scientifically the ethnoveterinary use of some documented plant species based on a literature review of their bioactivities and toxicological properties. Searching the scientific literature has revealed various pharmacological activities that may support the claimed healing activities of 11 out of 14 plant species for some of their ethnoveterinary utilization. This comprises the use of Aloe spp. latex for constipation, worms, boils, and wounds; Boswellia sacra underbark for wounds and its oleo-gum resin for mastitis; Soqotraen Boswellia species as an insect repellent; Cissus rotundifolia for stomach pain; Cyphostemma digitatum as an appetite stimulant; Psiadia punctulate for bone fracture; Pulicaria undulata as an insect repellent; combinations of Aristolochia bracteolate with Sorghum bicolor grains for bloating; Rumex nervosus and salt for eye pimples; and Trigonella foenum-graecum seeds with Hordeum vulgare grains for constipation. Some plants were found to demonstrate various toxic effects in in vivo and in vitro experimental studies. The local administration of Calotropis procera latex was also reported to induce an intense inflammatory response. It can be concluded that our work has provided valuable scientific information on the biological and toxic activities of some Yemeni ethnoveterinary remedies that could be utilized for the benefit of farmers to ration the use of these remedies and avoiding their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawiya H Alasbahi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aden University, Khormaksar, Aden, Yemen
| | - Maria J Groot
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Santagata G, Cimmino A, Poggetto GD, Zannini D, Masi M, Emendato A, Surico G, Evidente A. Polysaccharide Based Polymers Produced by Scabby Cankered Cactus Pear ( Opuntia ficus-indica L.) Infected by Neofusicoccum batangarum: Composition, Structure, and Chemico-Physical Properties. Biomolecules 2022; 12:89. [PMID: 35053237 PMCID: PMC8773635 DOI: 10.3390/biom12010089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neofusiccocum batangarum is the causal agent of scabby canker of cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica L.). The symptoms of this disease are characterized by crusty, perennial cankers, with a leathery, brown halo. Characteristically, a viscous polysaccharide exudate, caking on contact with air, leaks from cankers and forms strips or cerebriform masses on the surface of cactus pear cladodes. When this polysaccharide mass was partial purified, surprisingly, generated a gel. The TLC analysis and the HPLC profile of methyl 2-(polyhydroxyalkyl)-3-(o-tolylthiocarbomoyl)-thiazolidine-4R-carboxylates obtained from the mixture of monosaccharides produced by acid hydrolysis of the three EPSs examined in this research work [the polysaccharide component of the exudate (EPSC) and the EPSs extracted from asymptomatic (EPSH) and symptomatic (EPSD) cladodes] showed the presence of d-galactose, l-rhamnose, and d-glucose in a 1:1:0.5 ratio in EPSC while d-galactose, l-rhamnose, d-glucose, and d-xylose at the same ratio were observed in EPSH and EPSD. The presence of uronic acid residues in EPSC was also showed by solid state NMR and IR investigation. Furthermore, this manuscript reports the chemical-physical characterization of the gel produced by the infected cactus pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Santagata
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio “A. Olivetti”, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (G.D.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Alessio Cimmino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Giovanni Dal Poggetto
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio “A. Olivetti”, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (G.D.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Domenico Zannini
- Istituto per i Polimeri Compositi e Biomateriali, CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, Comprensorio “A. Olivetti”, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (G.D.P.); (D.Z.)
| | - Marco Masi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Alessandro Emendato
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Surico
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agrarie, Alimentari, Ambientali e Forestali, Università di Firenze, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Firenze, Italy;
| | - Antonio Evidente
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte Sant’Angelo, 80126 Napoli, Italy; (M.M.); (A.E.)
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Benjamaa R, Moujanni A, Kaushik N, Choi EH, Essamadi AK, Kaushik NK. Euphorbia species latex: A comprehensive review on phytochemistry and biological activities. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1008881. [PMID: 36275519 PMCID: PMC9583255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1008881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The genus Euphorbia includes about 2,000 species commonly widespread in both temperate and tropical zones that contain poisonous milky juice fluid or latex. Many species have been used in traditional and complementary medicine for the treatment of various health issues such as dropsy, paralysis, deafness, wounds, warts on the skin, and amaurosis. The medicinal applications of these species have been attributed to the presence of various compounds, and most studies on Euphorbia species have focused on their latex. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge on chemical composition and biological activities of the latex from various species of the genus Euphorbia. Our aim was to explore the applications of latex extracts in the medical field and to evaluate their ethnopharmacological potential. The databases employed for data collection, are obtained through Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct and Scopus, from 1983 to 2022. The bibliographic data indicate that terpenoids are the most common secondary metabolites in the latex. Furthermore, the latex has interesting biological properties and pharmacological functions, including antibacterial, antioxidant, free radical scavenger, cytotoxic, tumor, anti-inflammatory, healing, hemostatic, anti-angiogenic, insecticidal, genotoxic, and mutagenic activities. However, the role of other components in the latex, such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids, remains unknown, which limits the application of the latex. Future studies are required to optimize the therapeutic use of latex extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Benjamaa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Abdelkarim Moujanni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
| | - Neha Kaushik
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, The University of Suwon, Hwaseong-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Neha Kaushik,
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Abdel Khalid Essamadi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Neurosciences, Natural Resources and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Hassan First University of Settat, Settat, Morocco
- Abdel Khalid Essamadi,
| | - Nagendra Kumar Kaushik
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, South Korea
- Nagendra Kumar Kaushik,
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Samrot AV, Saigeetha S, Mun CY, Abirami S, Purohit K, Cypriyana PJJ, Dhas TS, Inbathamizh L, Kumar SS. Utilization of Carica papaya latex on coating of SPIONs for dye removal and drug delivery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24511. [PMID: 34972829 PMCID: PMC8720089 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03328-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Latex, a milky substance found in a variety of plants which is a natural source of biologically active compounds. In this study, Latex was collected from raw Carica papaya and was characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR and GC-MS analyses. Super Paramagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesized, coated with C. papaya latex (PL-Sp) and characterized using UV-Vis, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, XRD, VSM and Zeta potential analyses. SPIONs and latex coated SPIONs (PL-Sp) were used in batch adsorption study for effective removal of Methylene blue (MB) dye, where (PL-Sp) removed MB dye effectively. Further the PL-Sp was used to produce a nanoconjugate loaded with curcumin and it was characterized using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR, SEM-EDX, XRD, VSM and Zeta potential. It showed a sustained drug release pattern and also found to have good antibacterial and anticancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony V Samrot
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, 42610, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600073, India.
| | - S Saigeetha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - Chua Yeok Mun
- School of Bioscience, Faculty of Medicine, Bioscience and Nursing, MAHSA University, 42610, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - S Abirami
- Department of Microbiology, Kamaraj college, Tiruchendur Road, Thoothukudi, 628003, India
| | - Kajal Purohit
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - P J Jane Cypriyana
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - T Stalin Dhas
- Centre for Ocean Research, Earth Science and Technology Cell (ESTC), Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - L Inbathamizh
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600119, India
| | - S Suresh Kumar
- Centre for Materials Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600073, India.
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Leme FM, Bento JPSP, Fabiano VS, González JDV, Pott VJ, Arruda RDCDO. New Aspects of Secretory Structures in Five Alismataceae Species: Laticifers or Ducts? PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10122694. [PMID: 34961164 PMCID: PMC8709293 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The secretory structures of Alismataceae have been described as secretory ducts, laticifer ducts, laticifer canals or schizogenous ducts. However, these terms are not found in the specialized literature, and ontogenetic analyses for the exact classification of these structures are missing. Accordingly, more studies regarding the secretory structures of Alismataceae are necessary to establish homology in the family or in the order. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the anatomy, ontogeny, distribution in the organs and exudate composition of the secretory structures present in five Alismataceae species in order to determine whether the family has laticifers or secretory ducts. Samples of leaves, flowers and floral apices were processed for anatomical and histochemical analyses by light microscopy. The analysis indicated the presence of anastomosing secretory ducts in all species, occurring in both leaves and flowers. The exudate contains lipids, alkaloids, proteins and polysaccharides, including mucilage. The secretory duct structure, distribution and exudate composition suggest a defense role against herbivory and in wound sealing. The presence of secretory ducts in all species analyzed indicates a probable synapomorphy for the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Maria Leme
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (J.P.S.P.B.); (V.S.F.); (J.D.V.G.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.L.); (R.d.C.d.O.A.)
| | - João Pedro Silvério Pena Bento
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (J.P.S.P.B.); (V.S.F.); (J.D.V.G.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Silva Fabiano
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (J.P.S.P.B.); (V.S.F.); (J.D.V.G.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Jean David Varilla González
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (J.P.S.P.B.); (V.S.F.); (J.D.V.G.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
| | - Vali Joana Pott
- Herbário CGMS, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Rosani do Carmo de Oliveira Arruda
- Laboratório de Anatomia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil; (J.P.S.P.B.); (V.S.F.); (J.D.V.G.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande 79070-900, MS, Brazil
- Correspondence: (F.M.L.); (R.d.C.d.O.A.)
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Johnson AR, Moghe GD, Frank MH. Growing a glue factory: Open questions in laticifer development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102096. [PMID: 34461600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Latex-containing cells called laticifers are present in at least 41 flowering plant families and are thought to have convergently evolved at least 12 times. These cells are known to function in defense, but little is known about the molecular genetic mechanisms of their development. The expansion of laticifers into their distinctive tube shape can occur through two distinct mechanisms, cell fusion and intrusive growth. The mechanism and extent of intrusive laticifer growth are still being investigated. Hormonal regulation by jasmonic acid and ethylene is important for both laticifer differentiation and latex biosynthesis. Current evidence suggests that laticifers can be specified independently of latex production, but extensive latex production requires specified laticifers. Laticifers are an emerging system for studying the intersection of cell identity specification and specialized metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle R Johnson
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gaurav D Moghe
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Margaret H Frank
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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32
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Gracz-Bernaciak J, Mazur O, Nawrot R. Functional Studies of Plant Latex as a Rich Source of Bioactive Compounds: Focus on Proteins and Alkaloids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12427. [PMID: 34830309 PMCID: PMC8620047 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Latex, a sticky emulsion produced by specialized cells called laticifers, is a crucial part of a plant's defense system against herbivory and pathogens. It consists of a broad spectrum of active compounds, which are beneficial not only for plants, but for human health as well, enough to mention the use of morphine or codeine from poppy latex. Here, we reviewed latex's general role in plant physiology and the significance of particular compounds (alkaloids and proteins) to its defense system with the example of Chelidonium majus L. from the poppy family. We further attempt to present latex chemicals used so far in medicine and then focus on functional studies of proteins and other compounds with potential pharmacological activities using modern techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Despite the centuries-old tradition of using latex-bearing plants in therapies, there are still a lot of promising molecules waiting to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Nawrot
- Molecular Virology Research Unit, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, 61-614 Poznań, Poland; (J.G.-B.); (O.M.)
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33
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Carvajal Acosta AN, Mooney K. Effects of geographic variation in host plant resources for a specialist herbivore's contemporary and future distribution. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kailen Mooney
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology University of California Irvine California USA
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Salomé-Abarca LF, van der Toorn T, van Vugt R, Klinkhamer PGL, Choi YH. Chemical Differentiation of Plant Latexes and Their Anti-herbivory Activity against Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:1032-1044. [PMID: 34237788 DOI: 10.1055/a-1529-8370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive studies on latex, some fundamental questions on their chemical specialization and the factors influencing this specialization have yet to be investigated. To address this issue, latexes and their bearing tissues from diverse species were profiled by 1HNMR and GC-MS. Additionally, the antiherbivory activity of these materials was tested against thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande, 1895). The multivariate data analysis showed a clear separation between latexes and leaves from the same species. Conversely, the chemical profiles of latexes from different species were highly similar, that is, they displayed much less metabolic species-specificity. These shared chemical profiles of latexes were reflected in their overall higher mortality index (80.4% ± 7.5) against thrips compared with their bearing tissues (55.5% ± 14.9). The metabolites correlated to the antiherbivory activity of latexes were triterpenoids and steroids. However, the activity could not be attributed to any single terpenoid. This discrepancy and the reduction of the latex activity after fractionation suggested a complementary effect of the compounds when in a mixture as represented by the latex. Additionally, aqueous fractions of several latexes were found to possess simple spectra, even with only 1 metabolite. These metabolites were determined to be organic acids that might be involved in the modulation of the rate of latex coagulation, potentially increasing the sealing and trapping effects of the latex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas van der Toorn
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Vugt
- Hortus Botanicus Leiden, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Carr SC, Torres MA, Morris JS, Facchini PJ, Ng KKS. Structural studies of codeinone reductase reveal novel insights into aldo-keto reductase function in benzylisoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101211. [PMID: 34547292 PMCID: PMC8524200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are a class of specialized metabolites with a diverse range of chemical structures and physiological effects. Codeine and morphine are two closely related BIAs with particularly useful analgesic properties. The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) codeinone reductase (COR) catalyzes the final and penultimate steps in the biosynthesis of codeine and morphine, respectively, in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). However, the structural determinants that mediate substrate recognition and catalysis are not well defined. Here, we describe the crystal structure of apo-COR determined to a resolution of 2.4 Å by molecular replacement using chalcone reductase as a search model. Structural comparisons of COR to closely related plant AKRs and more distantly related homologues reveal a novel conformation in the β1α1 loop adjacent to the BIA-binding pocket. The proximity of this loop to several highly conserved active-site residues and the expected location of the nicotinamide ring of the NADP(H) cofactor suggest a model for BIA recognition that implies roles for several key residues. Using site-directed mutagenesis, we show that substitutions at Met-28 and His-120 of COR lead to changes in AKR activity for the major and minor substrates codeinone and neopinone, respectively. Our findings provide a framework for understanding the molecular basis of substrate recognition in COR and the closely related 1,2-dehydroreticuline reductase responsible for the second half of a stereochemical inversion that initiates the morphine biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel C Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Megan A Torres
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Peter J Facchini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kenneth K S Ng
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada.
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Jędruchniewicz K, Ok YS, Oleszczuk P. COVID-19 discarded disposable gloves as a source and a vector of pollutants in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125938. [PMID: 34010776 PMCID: PMC8076738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The appearance of the virus SARS-CoV-2 at the end of 2019 and its spreading all over the world has caused global panic and increase of personal protection equipment usage to protect people against infection. Increased usage of disposable protective gloves, their discarding to random spots and getting to landfills may result in significant environmental pollution. The knowledge concerning possible influence of gloves and potential of gloves debris on the environment (water, soil, etc.), wildlife and humans is crucial to predict future consequences of disposable gloves usage caused by the pandemic. This review focuses on the possibility of chemical release (heavy metals and organic pollutants) from gloves and gloves materials, their adsorptive properties in terms of contaminants accumulation and effects of gloves degradation under environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Jędruchniewicz
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Patryk Oleszczuk
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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Terletskaya NV, Korbozova NK, Kudrina NO, Kobylina TN, Kurmanbayeva MS, Meduntseva ND, Tolstikova TG. The Influence of Abiotic Stress Factors on the Morphophysiological and Phytochemical Aspects of the Acclimation of the Plant Rhodiola semenowii Boriss. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1196. [PMID: 34208395 PMCID: PMC8231149 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Plants of the Crassulaceae family are natural accumulators of many medicinal secondary metabolites (SM). This article describes the study of morphophysiological, anatomic and phytochemical responses of immature plants of Rhodiolla semenovii under water deficit and (or) cold-stress conditions. Changes in biomass production due to water content in plant tissues such as a decrease in water deficit and an increase in cold stress were revealed. A significant decrease in the efficiency of the photosynthetic apparatus under stress conditions was noted, based on the parameters quantum efficiency of Photosystem II and electron transport rate and energy dissipated in Photosystem II. The greatest decrease in efficiency was pointed out in conditions of water shortage. The anatomical modulations of root and shoot of R. semenovii under stress conditions were found. For the first time, a detailed study of the chemical composition of the ethanol extract of root and shoot of R. semenovii under stress was carried out using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The qualitative and quantitative composition of SM associated with acclimation to the effects of abiotic stresses was determined. Both nonspecific and specific phytochemical changes caused by the action of water deficiency and cold treatment were identified. It has been shown that the antioxidant system in plant tissues is complex, multicomponent, depending on a number of natural and climatic factors. Further research should be focused on the use of abiotic stressors for the targeted synthesis of bioactive SMs valuable for pharmaceutical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina V. Terletskaya
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (M.S.K.); (N.D.M.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Nazym K. Korbozova
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (M.S.K.); (N.D.M.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Nataliya O. Kudrina
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (M.S.K.); (N.D.M.)
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Tatyana N. Kobylina
- Institute of Genetic and Physiology, Al-Farabi av., 93, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan;
| | - Meruert S. Kurmanbayeva
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (M.S.K.); (N.D.M.)
| | - Nataliya D. Meduntseva
- Department of Biodiversity and Biological Resources, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Al-Farabi av., 71, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan; (N.K.K.); (M.S.K.); (N.D.M.)
| | - Tatyana G. Tolstikova
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Science, 630090 Siberia, Russia;
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Castelblanque L, García-Andrade J, Martínez-Arias C, Rodríguez JJ, Escaray FJ, Aguilar-Fenollosa E, Jaques JA, Vera P. Opposing roles of plant laticifer cells in the resistance to insect herbivores and fungal pathogens. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2021; 2:100112. [PMID: 34027388 PMCID: PMC8132127 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
More than 12,000 plant species (ca. 10% of flowering plants) exude latex when their tissues are injured. Latex is produced and stored in specialized cells named "laticifers". Laticifers form a tubing system composed of rows of elongated cells that branch and create an internal network encompassing the entire plant. Laticifers constitute a recent evolutionary achievement in ecophysiological adaptation to specific natural environments; however, their fitness benefit to the plant still remains to be proven. The identification of Euphorbia lathyris mutants (pil mutants) deficient in laticifer cells or latex metabolism, and therefore compromised in latex production, allowed us to test the importance of laticifers in pest resistance. We provided genetic evidence indicating that laticifers represent a cellular adaptation for an essential defense strategy to fend off arthropod herbivores with different feeding habits, such as Spodoptera exigua and Tetranychus urticae. In marked contrast, we also discovered that a lack of laticifer cells causes complete resistance to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Thereafter, a latex-derived factor required for conidia germination on the leaf surface was identified. This factor promoted disease susceptibility enhancement even in the non-latex-bearing plant Arabidopsis. We speculate on the role of laticifers in the co-evolutionary arms race between plants and their enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Castelblanque
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de València-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier García-Andrade
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de València-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Clara Martínez-Arias
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de València-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan J. Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de València-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Escaray
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de València-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ernestina Aguilar-Fenollosa
- Universitat Jaume I, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Campus del Riu Sec, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Josep A. Jaques
- Universitat Jaume I, Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Campus del Riu Sec, 12003 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pablo Vera
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universitat Politécnica de València-C.S.I.C, Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación, Edificio 8E, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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39
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Salomé-Abarca LF, Gođevac D, Kim MS, Hwang GS, Park SC, Jang YP, Van Den Hondel CAMJJ, Verpoorte R, Klinkhamer PGL, Choi YH. Latex Metabolome of Euphorbia Species: Geographical and Inter-Species Variation and its Proposed Role in Plant Defense against Herbivores and Pathogens. J Chem Ecol 2021; 47:564-576. [PMID: 33881708 PMCID: PMC8217033 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-021-01274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Based on the hypothesis that the variation of the metabolomes of latex is a response to selective pressure and should thus be affected differently from other organs, their variation could provide an insight into the defensive chemical selection of plants. Metabolic profiling was used to compare tissues of three Euphorbia species collected in diverse regions. The metabolic variation of latexes was much more limited than that of other organs. In all the species, the levels of polyisoprenes and terpenes were found to be much higher in latexes than in leaves and roots of the corresponding plants. Polyisoprenes were observed to physically delay the contact of pathogens with plant tissues and their growth. A secondary barrier composed of terpenes in latex and in particular, 24-methylenecycloartanol, exhibited antifungal activity. These results added to the well-known role of enzymes also present in latexes, show that these are part of a cooperative defense system comprising biochemical and physical elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Francisco Salomé-Abarca
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Dejan Gođevac
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, National Institute, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Food Analysis Center, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheol Park
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Pyo Jang
- College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cees A M J J Van Den Hondel
- Department Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Verpoorte
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Peter G L Klinkhamer
- Plant Ecology and Phytochemistry, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Young Hae Choi
- Natural Products Laboratory, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, The Netherlands. .,College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 02447, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Structural and Chemical Adaptations of Artemisia monosperma Delile and Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort. in Response to Arid Coastal Environments along the Mediterranean Coast of Egypt. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10030481. [PMID: 33806408 PMCID: PMC7999453 DOI: 10.3390/plants10030481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arid coastal habitats are stressful regions subjected to the effects of biotic and abiotic factors. Vascular plants in these habitats display different responses to cope with these environmental fluctuations. This work addressed the morpho-anatomical features and chemical responses of two medicinal vascular plant species Artemisia monosperma Delile and Limbarda crithmoides (L.) Dumort., growing naturally along the Mediterranean coast of Egypt. Soil properties (physical and chemical), morpho-anatomical features and chemical constituents (secondary metabolites, antioxidant activity and essential oils) for the two species were performed. Our results displayed that both species are surviving where soils are alkaline, high saline with low moisture and organic carbon. The morphology of both species appeared woody low shrub with fleshy leaves. The most marked anatomical attributes were the thick cuticle of the epidermal layer in leaves and stems, compact palisade cells and abundant idioblasts (secretory ducts, phenolic compounds and calcium oxalate). Also, sclerenchymatous pericycle fibers in stem and glandular trichomes on the leaf had appeared in A. monosperma. Both plants exhibited a considerable content of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and antioxidant activity with a higher level in A. monosperma than L. crithmoides. The leaf extracts of both plants showed higher values than the stem extracts. The sesquiterpenes group were the major identified compounds of the essential oils (EOs) in A. monosperma and L. crithmoides, and the majority were oxygenated sesquiterpenes with percentages of 42.63% and 51.49%, respectively. The second major group of EOs was monoterpenes, which were represented in A. monosperma in concentrations (34.04%) much higher than those recorded in L. crithmoides (4.97%). Exploring the local adaptation mechanism used by the target plants helps us to understand how these plants can acclimatize to harsh conditions, and this provides critical insights into the protection and survival strategy of species under extreme conditions.
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41
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Singh MK, Rajagopalan A, Tanimu H, Sukumaran BO. Purification, characterization and fibrino(geno)lytic activity of cysteine protease from Tabernaemontana divaricata latex. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:106. [PMID: 33569263 PMCID: PMC7847834 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease was isolated and purified from Tabernaemontana divaricata latex and its hemostatic potential was analyzed. Crude latex enzyme was purified through ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Purified protease was characterized and its thrombin-like (coagulant assay, fibrinogen polymerizing, and fibrinogenolytic activity) and plasmin-like (blood and plasma clot lysis) activities were assessed accordingly. The homogeneous nature of protease was confirmed with the identification of a single band approximately at 25-kDa molecular weight position. The purified enzyme showed an enhancement of 77.32% in clot inducing ability and 89.86% improvement in blood clot lysis in comparison to that by the crude enzyme. All three subunits (Aα, Bβ and γ chains) of human fibrinogen were hydrolyzed by the purified enzyme. PAGE results of the fibrinolytic activity and blood clot lytic effect by the purified enzyme indicated the plasmin-like activity. The study lays a foundation for the development of enzyme-based approaches for pharmaceutical innovations, in which plant latex proteases can be utilized as a potential natural agent for wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maheshwari Kumari Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
- Present Address: Karnataka State Pollution Control Board, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Anusha Rajagopalan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Habibu Tanimu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
| | - Bindhu Omana Sukumaran
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Sciences-Block 1, Jain (Deemed to be University), 9th Main, 18th Cross, Jayanagar 3rd Block, Bangalore, Karnataka India
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42
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Habib MAH, Ismail MN. Hevea brasiliensis latex proteomics: a review of analytical methods and the way forward. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2021; 134:43-53. [PMID: 33108557 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-020-01231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural rubber or latex from the Hevea brasiliensis is an important commodity in various economic sectors in today's modern society. Proteins have been detected in latex since the early twentieth century, and they are known to regulate various biological pathways within the H. brasiliensis trees such as the natural rubber biosynthesis, defence against pathogens, wound healing, and stress tolerance. However, the exact mechanisms of the pathways are still not clear. Proteomic analyses on latex have found various proteins and revealed how they fit into the mechanisms of the biological pathways. In the past three decades, there has been rapid latex protein identification due to the improvement of latex protein extraction methods, as well as the emergence of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and mass spectrometry (MS). In this manuscript, we reviewed the methods of latex protein extraction that keeps on improving over the past three decades as well as the results of numerous latex protein identification and quantitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Afiq Hazlami Habib
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nazri Ismail
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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43
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Zhao J, Segar ST, McKey D, Chen J. Macroevolution of defense syndromes in
Ficus
(Moraceae). ECOL MONOGR 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303China
| | - Simon T. Segar
- Department of Crop and Environment Sciences Harper Adams University NewportTF10 8NBUnited Kingdom
| | - Doyle McKey
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive UMR 5175 CNRS–University of Montpellier–University Paul–Valéry–EPHE–SupAgro Montpellier–INRA–IRD Montpellier34293France
| | - Jin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Mengla Yunnan666303China
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44
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Blonder B, Both S, Jodra M, Xu H, Fricker M, Matos IS, Majalap N, Burslem DFRP, Teh YA, Malhi Y. Linking functional traits to multiscale statistics of leaf venation networks. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1796-1810. [PMID: 32712991 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Leaf venation networks evolved along several functional axes, including resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and construction cost. Because functions may depend on architectural features at different scales, network architecture may vary across spatial scales to satisfy functional tradeoffs. We develop a framework for quantifying network architecture with multiscale statistics describing elongation ratios, circularity ratios, vein density, and minimum spanning tree ratios. We quantify vein networks for leaves of 260 southeast Asian tree species in samples of up to 2 cm2 , pairing multiscale statistics with traits representing axes of resource transport, damage resistance, mechanical strength, and cost. We show that these multiscale statistics clearly differentiate species' architecture and delineate a phenotype space that shifts at larger scales; functional linkages vary with scale and are weak, with vein density, minimum spanning tree ratio, and circularity ratio linked to mechanical strength (measured by force to punch) and elongation ratio and circularity ratio linked to damage resistance (measured by tannins); and phylogenetic conservatism of network architecture is low but scale-dependent. This work provides tools to quantify the function and evolution of venation networks. Future studies including primary and secondary veins may uncover additional insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Blonder
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Sabine Both
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Miguel Jodra
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ilaíne S Matos
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Noreen Majalap
- Forest Research Centre, Sabah Forestry Department, Sandakan, Sabah, 90175, Malaysia
| | - David F R P Burslem
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Yit Arn Teh
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
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45
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Insights in the biocatalyzed hydrolysis, esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil with a vegetable lipase. Catal Today 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Isnard S, L’Huillier L, Paul ALD, Munzinger J, Fogliani B, Echevarria G, Erskine PD, Gei V, Jaffré T, van der Ent A. Novel Insights Into the Hyperaccumulation Syndrome in Pycnandra (Sapotaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:559059. [PMID: 33013977 PMCID: PMC7509057 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.559059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of nickel hyperaccumulation, in Pycnandra acuminata, was the start of a global quest in this fascinating phenomenon. Despite recent advances in the physiology and molecular genetics of hyperaccumulation, the mechanisms and tolerance of Ni accumulation in the most extreme example reported to date, P. acuminata, remains enigmatic. We conducted a hydroponic experiment to establish Ni tolerance levels and translocation patterns in roots and shoots of P. acuminata, and analyzed elemental partitioning to gain insights into Ni regulation. We combined a phylogeny and foliar Ni concentrations to assess the incidence of hyperaccumulation within the genus Pycnandra. Hydroponic dosing experiments revealed that P. acuminata can resist extreme Ni concentrations in solution (up to 3,000 µM), and dosing at 100 µM Ni was beneficial to growth. All plant parts were highly enriched in Ni, but the latex had extreme Ni concentrations (124,000 µg g-1). Hyperaccumulation evolved independently in only two subgenera and five species of the genus Pycnandra. The extremely high level of Ni tolerance is posited to derive from the unique properties of laticifers. The evolutionary and ecological significance of Ni hyperaccumulation in Pycnandra is discussed in light of these findings. We suggest that Ni-rich laticifers might be more widespread in the plant kingdom and that more investigation is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Isnard
- AMAP, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, IRD, Herbier de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Laurent L’Huillier
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe ARBOREAL (AgricultuRe BiOdiveRsité Et vAlorisation), Paita, New Caledonia
| | - Adrian L. D. Paul
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jérôme Munzinger
- AMAP, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Fogliani
- Institut Agronomique néo-Calédonien (IAC), Equipe ARBOREAL (AgricultuRe BiOdiveRsité Et vAlorisation), Paita, New Caledonia
- Institute of Exact and Applied Sciences (ISEA), Université de la Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Guillaume Echevarria
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Université de Lorraine – INRAE, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Peter D. Erskine
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Vidiro Gei
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Tanguy Jaffré
- AMAP, Université Montpellier, IRD, CIRAD CNRS, INRAE, Montpellier, France
- AMAP, IRD, Herbier de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Nouméa, New Caledonia
| | - Antony van der Ent
- Centre for Mined Land Rehabilitation, Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Université de Lorraine – INRAE, Laboratoire Sols et Environnement, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Jia S, Li Y, Dai X, Li X, Zhou Y, Xu Y, Wang H. Physiological adaptations to sugar-mimic alkaloids: Insights from Bombyx mori for long-term adaption and short-term response. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9682-9695. [PMID: 33005339 PMCID: PMC7520222 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insects evolved adaptive plasticity to minimize the effects of the chemical defenses of their host plants. Nevertheless, the expressional response and adaptation of phytophagous specialists for long-term adaption and short-term response to host phytochemicals remains largely unexplored. The mulberry (Morus alba)-silkworm (Bombyx mori) interaction is an old and well-known model of plant-insect interaction. In this study, we examined the long-term adaption and short-term response of the mulberry-specialist silkworm to two sugar-mimic alkaloids in mulberry: the commonly encountered 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) and occasionally encountered 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-D-arabinitol (D-AB1), respectively. Global transcriptional patterns revealed that the physiological responses induced by the selective expression of genes involved in manifold cellular processes, including detoxification networks, canonical digestion processes, target enzymes, and other fundamental physiological processes, were crucial for regulating metabolic homeostasis. Comparative network analysis of the effects of exposure to D-AB1 and 1-DNJ supported the contention that B. mori produced similar and specific trajectories of changed gene expression in response to different sugar-mimic alkaloids. D-AB1 elicited a substantial proportion of downregulated genes relating to carbohydrate metabolism, catabolic process, lipid metabolism, and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism. This study dramatically expands our knowledge of the physiological adaptations to dietary sugar-mimic alkaloid intake and uncovered both metabolic evolutionarily responses and unique adaptive mechanisms previously unknown in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunze Jia
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yinghui Li
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiangping Dai
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Xiaotong Li
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Yusong Xu
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Huabing Wang
- College of Animal Sciences Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
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Yan D, Qiu L, Meng Z, Shen Y, Xue M, Xu Z, Liu W. Full-color natural rubber latex with a photonic nanostructure composite. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9604-9607. [PMID: 32729596 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc04034g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
As environmental problems increase, there is an urgent demand for new eco-friendly materials. Natural rubber latex (NRL) is a natural material extracted from rubber trees. But its dyeing process with chemical dyes might result in contamination and environmental degradation. Here, NRL is composited with a photonic crystal (PhC) structure by spin coating for the first time. The polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) photonic nanostructure has been embedded into NRL to give it colors and provide it with optical functionalities. Colors of the composite could be designed and controlled by the sizes of the nanocolloids from 180 nm to 295 nm. The colors have strong stability under external stretching. The 3D natural rubber latex photonic crystal (NRLPC) is used as a responsive material to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including formaldehyde, acetone, toluene, xylene and styrene. With its visual color appearance, biocompatibility and flexibility, NRLPC has promising potential in various sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Lili Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Zihui Meng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Yu Shen
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0444, USA
| | - Min Xue
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Zhibin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
| | - Wenfang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Hey MH, DiBiase E, Roach DA, Carr DE, Haynes KJ. Interactions between artificial light at night, soil moisture, and plant density affect the growth of a perennial wildflower. Oecologia 2020; 193:503-510. [PMID: 32533357 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04679-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Artificial light at night (ALAN) has been shown to alter aspects of plant growth, but we are not aware of any studies that have examined whether the effects of ALAN on plants depend upon the backdrop of variation in other abiotic factors that plants encounter in field populations. We conducted a field experiment to investigate whether ALAN affects the growth and anti-herbivore defenses of common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, and whether the effects of ALAN are influenced by plant density or soil moisture content. Artificial light at night, soil moisture, and plant density were manipulated according to a split-plot factorial design. Although increasing soil moisture by watering had no significant effects on latex exudation, attributes of plant growth generally responded positively to watering. The basal stem diameter (BSD) and height of plants were affected by ALAN × soil moisture interactions. For both of these variables, the positive effects of ALAN were greater for plants that were not watered than for plants that were. Basal stem diameter was also affected by an ALAN × plant density interaction, and the positive effect of ALAN on BSD was greater in the low-density treatment than in the high-density treatment. Our results demonstrate that the effects of ALAN on plant growth can be altered by soil moisture and plant density. Consequently, the effects of ALAN on plants in nature may not be consistent with existing frameworks that do not account for critical abiotic variables such as water availability or biotic interactions between plants such as competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa H Hey
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.
| | | | - Deborah A Roach
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - David E Carr
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.,Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, 400 Blandy Farm Lane, Boyce, VA, 22620, USA
| | - Kyle J Haynes
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA.,Blandy Experimental Farm, University of Virginia, 400 Blandy Farm Lane, Boyce, VA, 22620, USA
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Guedes AR, de Souza ARC, Turola Barbi RC, Nottar Escobar EL, Zanoello ÉF, Corazza ML. Extraction of Synadenium grantii Hook f. using conventional solvents and supercritical CO2 + ethanol. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2020.104796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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