1
|
Martins ARP, Warren NB, McMillan WO, Barrett RDH. Spatiotemporal dynamics in butterfly hybrid zones. INSECT SCIENCE 2024; 31:328-353. [PMID: 37596954 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating whether hybrid zones are stable or mobile can provide novel insights for evolution and conservation biology. Butterflies exhibit high sensitivity to environmental changes and represent an important model system for the study of hybrid zone origins and maintenance. Here, we review the literature exploring butterfly hybrid zones, with a special focus on their spatiotemporal dynamics and the potential mechanisms that could lead to their movement or stability. We then compare different lines of evidence used to investigate hybrid zone dynamics and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Our goal with this review is to reveal general conditions associated with the stability or mobility of butterfly hybrid zones by synthesizing evidence obtained using different types of data sampled across multiple regions and spatial scales. Finally, we discuss spatiotemporal dynamics in the context of a speciation/divergence continuum, the relevance of hybrid zones for conservation biology, and recommend key topics for future investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ananda R Pereira Martins
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama City, Panama
| | - Natalie B Warren
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Gamboa, Panama City, Panama
| | - Rowan D H Barrett
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, 859 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clarke HE. A checklist of European butterfly larval foodplants. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10834. [PMID: 38192903 PMCID: PMC10771928 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Butterflies are charismatic insects and have been well studied, particularly in Europe. They are disproportionately used in generating and testing hypotheses; on everything from general evolutionary processes, such as speciation or host association dynamics; to conservation-related studies, such as climate change or habitat loss. Accurate lists of the larval foodplants for European butterflies are not readily available. Mistakes are propagated and information cannot be checked for accuracy. The level of evidence is unknown, and how usage varies between countries is poorly understood. The study consulted 1119 references to produce 19,488 records of larval foodplants for European butterflies. This resulted in 5589 larval host plant records for 464 European butterfly species, with multiple references, enabling information to be checked. Information was unavailable for 59 species. The level of evidence for each relationship shows the current state of knowledge. Significant issues were identified for 3.9% of records extracted from references due to mistakes, ambiguous or unknown plant names, distribution issues, resulting in information being lost. Plants with questionable distributions suggest either mis-identification or species that have been split. Little is known about plant usage in Eastern Europe. The larval foodplants of many monophagous and Satyrinae butterflies are poorly studied. Only 63% of threatened 2010 Red Listed butterflies have reliable host plant records. The study has provided ecologists with a valuable resource, of a more accurate checklist of the larval foodplants for each European country. Why plant usage varies over a butterfly's distribution opens up some interesting research questions.
Collapse
|
3
|
Vislobokov NA, Nuraliev MS. Chasmogamy and entomophily in Burmannia disticha (Burmanniaceae). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1237665. [PMID: 37680363 PMCID: PMC10481340 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1237665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Burmannia shows a set of floral traits that suggest elaborate mechanisms of animal-mediated pollen transfer. These include flower coloration, septal nectaries and a long and narrow floral chamber. The stamens are synorganized with the common style restricting the entrance to the floral chamber, sometimes forming a gynostegium. Contrary to this apparent zoophilous floral syndrome, several species of Burmannia were reported to perform self-pollination via cleistogamy. Understanding of reproductive systems in Burmannia is complicated by scarcity of available results of direct observations on pollination process. Here we present data on pollination biology of B. disticha obtained during field investigations in Vietnam followed by laboratory analyses of ecologically important floral traits and the captured flower visitors. We found that the anthetic perianth is open, i.e. the flower is chasmogamous. The flowers are visited by various Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera and Orthoptera. Of them, the bumblebees (Bombus burmensis), a bee (Coelioxys sp.) and some lepidopterans were revealed to carry pollen of B. disticha. Based on the amount of carried pollen, insect behavior during the visits and general knowledge on biology of these insect taxa, we concluded that the bumblebees act as the principal pollinators of B. disticha, whereas the lepidopterans are considered as its possible pollinators. We compared the lengths of proboscises of the captured insects to the depth of the floral chamber, and found that only the bumblebees and lepidopterans should be able to reach the nectar. Finally, we estimated the pollen-ovule ratio of B. disticha as 6.84, which is comparable to the ratio known in autogamous angiosperms. Based on its flower organization and pollination mechanism, we consider B. disticha an entomophilous and predominantly xenogamous species. Its gynostegium is likely an adaptation for pollen transfer by insects with long proboscises. At the same time, earlier investigations together with pollen-ovule ratio indicate that B. disticha possesses a labile pollination strategy, and autogamy sometimes occurs. Since Burmannia is one of the few angiosperm genera that comprise both mycoheterotrophic (achlorophyllous) and autotrophic (green) species, our study provides important evidence for reconstructions of ecological and morphological evolutionary pathways in relation to the mode of organic nutrition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay A. Vislobokov
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Maxim S. Nuraliev
- Department of Higher Plants, Faculty of Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Scientific and Technological Center, Hanoi, Vietnam
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rivest SA, Wolkovich EM, Kharouba HM. Flowering phenology influences butterfly nectar foraging on non-native plants in an oak savanna. Ecology 2023; 104:e4004. [PMID: 36799691 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The negative impacts of non-native species have been well documented, but some non-natives can play a positive role in native ecosystems. One way that non-native plants can positively interact with native butterflies is by provisioning nectar. Relatively little is known about the role of phenology in determining native butterfly visitation to non-native plants for nectar, yet flowering time directly controls nectar availability. Here we investigate the phenological patterns of flowering by native and non-native plants and nectar foraging by native butterflies in an oak savanna on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. We also test whether native butterflies select nectar sources in proportion to their availability. We found that non-native plants were well integrated into butterfly nectar diets (83% of foraging observations) and that visitation to non-natives increased later in the season when native plants were no longer flowering. We also found that butterflies selected non-native flowers more often than expected based on their availability, suggesting that these plants represent a potentially valuable resource. Our study shows that non-native species have the potential to drive key species interactions in seasonal ecosystems. Management regimes focused on eradicating non-native species may need to reconsider their aims and evaluate resources that non-natives provide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - E M Wolkovich
- Department of Forest & Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lourenço GM, Dáttilo W, Ribeiro SP, Freitas AVL. Biological Aspects and Movements of Neotropical Fruit-Feeding Butterflies. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:43-53. [PMID: 34590292 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-021-00913-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The patterns of insect movement are the cumulate product of many individual decisions and can be shaped by the way morphology and behaviour interacts with landscape structure and composition. Hence, the ongoing process of habitat fragmentation increases the distance among suitable habitats and changes those in such a way that it may favour some movement behaviour. Our study described some biological traits (sex ratio, age structure and individual permanence in a population), as well as the movements of fruit-feeding butterflies along the horizontal dimension (among habitats: forest interior, natural forest transition - ecotone and anthropogenic forest transition - edge) and the vertical dimension (between canopy and understory). We sampled butterflies monthly over 1 year in the Atlantic rainforest, South-eastern Brazil, following a standardized design using bait traps. We found that sex ratio was male biased for five out of the six more abundant species and the age structure showed an increase in recruitment of new individuals in the dry season followed by a noticeable aging of the populations in the wet season. In general, our results revealed an aggregated spatial distribution, in which few individuals travelled long distances while most individuals were recaptured in the same trap, suggesting that all studied habitats currently provide the necessary conditions for the maintenance of butterfly populations, favouring fewer movements and narrow home ranges for both sexes and species. Conservation of a set of heterogeneous habitats it is especially important for the maintenance of sedentary butterflies and of those that move large distances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giselle M Lourenço
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Conservação e Manejo da Vida Silvestre, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Wesley Dáttilo
- Red de Ecoetología, Instituto de Ecología A.C., Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Sérvio P Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratório de Ecologia do Adoecimento & Florestas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas/NUPEB, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André V L Freitas
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh AP. Associations of butterflies across different forest types in Uttarakhand, western Himalaya, India: implications for conservation planning. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2022. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.7711.14.1.20346-20370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Champion & Seth classified Indian forests into different ‘forest types and sub-types’, based on similarity of dominant vegetation and structural arrangement of species in each. However, it is not known if the species composition and community structure of butterflies is also different in each forest sub-type. If this is the case then each forest sub-type harbouring unique species can be taken as units of conservation on a sub-regional scale. The present study assesses for the first time the species composition and community structure of butterflies across 20 different and prominent ‘forest sub-types’ found across the state of Uttarakhand, western Himalaya. Data collected over eight years (2006–2009; June 2012; 2017–2020) using random seasonal sampling covering 307 transects revealed 370 butterfly taxa. Hierarchical clustering of butterfly abundances revealed seven different butterfly communities spread over 19 forest subtypes. Of these four forest sub-types (3C/C2a moist Shiwalik sal forest; 12/C2c moist temperate deciduous forest; 12/C1a ban oak forest; & 3C/C2c moist Terai sal forest) were identified as most important as they hold most of the butterfly diversity of the state including 58 rare taxa identified according to ‘rarity’ out of the total. GIS based mapping of these 58 priority species over laid on the protected area network and forest cover distribution in the state revealed many forested sites outside the PA network supporting these rare taxa. These sites along a physio-geographical gradient with important forest sub-types and rare taxa can be recommended and listed as new sites for conservation in the state.
Collapse
|
7
|
Fisher KE, Bradbury SP. Influence of habitat quality and resource density on breeding‐season female monarch butterfly
Danaus plexippus
movement and space use in north‐central USA agroecosystem landscapes. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P. Bradbury
- Department of Entomology Iowa State University Ames IA USA
- Department of Natural Resource Ecology and Management Iowa State University Ames IA USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Horák J, Rada P, Lettenmaier L, Andreas M, Bogusch P, Jaworski T. Importance of meteorological and land use parameters for insect diversity in agricultural landscapes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148159. [PMID: 34119779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human-induced climate and land-use changes are important factors influencing global insect diversity. Nevertheless, the influence of weather on biodiversity is still relatively rarely studied. Grassland insects may be the taxon that is most affected by changing weather. We focused on the influence of weather and land-use management on butterflies in hayed meadows in the Czech Republic. During two consecutive years (2019-2020), we studied nearly 300 independent meadows. The abundance of butterflies was more influenced by the weather than their species richness. We observed positive and mainly linear effects of increasing vegetation temperatures. One very influential variable was the light intensity, which had a nonlinear effect that promoted butterflies under direct sunlight. The humidity had mainly moderate, nonlinear effects. Surprisingly, the wind had only a small effect. We observed important effects of the flowering intensity and vegetation height on the butterfly species richness and abundance regarding land use. Marginal woody vegetation cover had a positive effect on the butterfly abundance, and management had little effect. We concluded that weather and land use had important effects on butterflies. Based on our research, we recommended the reconsideration of scientific studies and monitoring programs for insects concerning the temperature threshold (≥ 25 °C) and the consideration of light intensity as an important factor. Applying a detailed approach to measuring the flowering intensity is likely unnecessary, while meadow land-use parameters appear to be necessary for insect populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Horák
- University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic; Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Praha, Czech Republic.
| | - Patrik Rada
- University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ludwig Lettenmaier
- University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Andreas
- University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bogusch
- University of Hradec Králové, Faculty of Science, Rokitanského 62, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomasz Jaworski
- Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090 Sękocin Nowy, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sargent AJ, Groom DJE, Rico-Guevara A. Locomotion and Energetics of Divergent Foraging Strategies in Hummingbirds: A Review. Integr Comp Biol 2021; 61:736-748. [PMID: 34113992 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hummingbirds have two main foraging strategies: territoriality (defending a patch of flowers) and traplining (foraging over routine circuits of isolated patches). Species are often classified as employing one or the other. Not only have these strategies been inconsistently defined within the behavioral literature, but this simple framework also neglects the substantial evidence for flexible foraging behavior displayed by hummingbirds. Despite these limitations, research on hummingbird foraging has explored the distinct avenues of selection that proponents of either strategy presumably face: trapliners maximizing foraging efficiency, and territorialists favoring speed and maneuverability for resource defense. In earlier studies, these functions were primarily examined through wing disc loading (ratio of body weight to the circular area swept out by the wings, WDL) and predicted hovering costs, with trapliners expected to exhibit lower WDL than territorialists and thus lower hovering costs. While these pioneering models continue to play a role in current research, early studies were constrained by modest technology, and the original expectations regarding WDL have not held up when applied across complex hummingbird assemblages. Current technological advances have allowed for innovative research on the biomechanics/energetics of hummingbird flight, such as allometric scaling relationships (e.g., wing area-flight performance) and the link between high burst lifting performance and territoriality. Providing a predictive framework based on these relationships will allow us to reexamine previous hypotheses, and explore the biomechanical trade-offs to different foraging strategies, which may yield divergent routes of selection for quintessential territoriality and traplining. With a biomechanical and morphofunctional lens, here we examine the locomotor and energetic facets that dictate hummingbird foraging, and provide (a) predictions regarding the behavioral, biomechanical, and morphofunctional associations with territoriality and traplining; and (b) proposed methods of testing them. By pursuing these knowledge gaps, future research could use a variety of traits to help clarify the operational definitions of territoriality and traplining, to better apply them in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Sargent
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 4300 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - D J E Groom
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 4300 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - A Rico-Guevara
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, 24 Kincaid Hall, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.,Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture, 4300 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Pomerantz AF, Siddique RH, Cash EI, Kishi Y, Pinna C, Hammar K, Gomez D, Elias M, Patel NH. Developmental, cellular and biochemical basis of transparency in clearwing butterflies. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:268372. [PMID: 34047337 PMCID: PMC8340268 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.237917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The wings of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera) are typically covered with thousands of flat, overlapping scales that endow the wings with colorful patterns. Yet, numerous species of Lepidoptera have evolved highly transparent wings, which often possess scales of altered morphology and reduced size, and the presence of membrane surface nanostructures that dramatically reduce reflection. Optical properties and anti-reflective nanostructures have been characterized for several ‘clearwing’ Lepidoptera, but the developmental processes underlying wing transparency are unknown. Here, we applied confocal and electron microscopy to create a developmental time series in the glasswing butterfly, Greta oto, comparing transparent and non-transparent wing regions. We found that during early wing development, scale precursor cell density was reduced in transparent regions, and cytoskeletal organization during scale growth differed between thin, bristle-like scale morphologies within transparent regions and flat, round scale morphologies within opaque regions. We also show that nanostructures on the wing membrane surface are composed of two layers: a lower layer of regularly arranged nipple-like nanostructures, and an upper layer of irregularly arranged wax-based nanopillars composed predominantly of long-chain n-alkanes. By chemically removing wax-based nanopillars, along with optical spectroscopy and analytical simulations, we demonstrate their role in generating anti-reflective properties. These findings provide insight into morphogenesis and composition of naturally organized microstructures and nanostructures, and may provide bioinspiration for new anti-reflective materials. Summary: Transparency is a fascinating, yet poorly studied, optical property in living organisms. We elucidated the developmental processes underlying scale and nanostructure formation in glasswing butterflies, and their roles in generating anti-reflective properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron F Pomerantz
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Radwanul H Siddique
- Image Sensor Lab, Samsung Semiconductor, Inc., 2 N Lake Ave. Ste. 240, Pasadena, CA 91101, USA.,Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Elizabeth I Cash
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, & Management, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Yuriko Kishi
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Charline Pinna
- ISYEB, 45 rue Buffon, CP50, 75005, Paris, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, France
| | - Kasia Hammar
- Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Doris Gomez
- CEFE, 1919 route de Mende, 34090, Montpellier, CNRS, Université Montpellier, Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, France
| | - Marianne Elias
- ISYEB, 45 rue Buffon, CP50, 75005, Paris, CNRS, MNHN, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, France
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.,Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gates D, Jackson B, Schoville SD. Impacts of Fire on Butterfly Genetic Diversity and Connectivity. J Hered 2021; 112:367-376. [PMID: 34009382 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
How do novel fire regimes and a long history of fire suppression influence species genetic diversity? Genetic diversity provides the raw materials for sustaining viable populations and for allowing adaptation to novel environmental challenges, and at present, few studies address the genetic responses of animals to fire management. Here we study the genetic responses of 2 butterfly species to a landscape gradient of fire timing and severity in Yosemite National Park using a large set of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Butterflies are important bio-indicators of invertebrate diversity and play important roles in both bottom-up and top-down ecosystem processes, and typically increase in abundance following wildfires, due to an increase in abundance of flowering plants. However, it is not clear how genetic diversity and genetic connectivity of butterflies respond to landscape change following fire, and whether fire management has positive or negative effects. We found evidence to suggest that fire increases genetic diversity and reduces isolation in 2 butterfly species, but that aspects of the fire regime (severity, extent, timing, and frequency) differ in importance depending on the ecology of the specific species. This research is the first study to address fire management impacts on genetic diversity in invertebrates, and the results will allow fire managers to predict that fire reintroduction in protected areas will generally benefit butterfly populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Gates
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Breeanne Jackson
- Division of Resources Management and Science, Yosemite National Park, El Portal, CA, USA
| | - Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chowdhury S, Fuller RA, Dingle H, Chapman JW, Zalucki MP. Migration in butterflies: a global overview. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1462-1483. [PMID: 33783119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect populations including butterflies are declining worldwide, and they are becoming an urgent conservation priority in many regions. Understanding which butterfly species migrate is critical to planning for their conservation, because management actions for migrants need to be coordinated across time and space. Yet, while migration appears to be widespread among butterflies, its prevalence, as well as its taxonomic and geographic distribution are poorly understood. The study of insect migration is hampered by their small size and the difficulty of tracking individuals over long distances. Here we review the literature on migration in butterflies, one of the best-known insect groups. We find that nearly 600 butterfly species show evidence of migratory movements. Indeed, the rate of 'discovery' of migratory movements in butterflies suggests that many more species might in fact be migratory. Butterfly migration occurs across all families, in tropical as well as temperate taxa; Nymphalidae has more migratory species than any other family (275 species), and Pieridae has the highest proportion of migrants (13%; 133 species). Some 13 lines of evidence have been used to ascribe migration status in the literature, but only a single line of evidence is available for 92% of the migratory species identified, with four or more lines of evidence available for only 10 species - all from the Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Migratory butterflies occur worldwide, although the geographic distribution of migration in butterflies is poorly resolved, with most data so far coming from Europe, USA, and Australia. Migration is much more widespread in butterflies than previously realised - extending far beyond the well-known examples of the monarch Danaus plexippus and the painted lady Vanessa cardui - and actions to conserve butterflies and insects in general must account for the spatial dependencies introduced by migratory movements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Biosciences, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Murmu MS, Hanoune J, Choi A, Bureau V, Renou M, Dacher M, Deisig N. Modulatory effects of pheromone on olfactory learning and memory in moths. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 127:104159. [PMID: 33127358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2020.104159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pheromones are chemical communication signals known to elicit stereotyped behaviours and/or physiological processes in individuals of the same species, generally in relation to a specific function (e.g. mate finding in moths). However, recent research suggests that pheromones can modulate behaviours, which are not directly related to their usual function and thus potentially affect behavioural plasticity. To test this hypothesis, we studied the possible modulatory effects of pheromones on olfactory learning and memory in Agrotis ipsilon moths, which are well-established models to study sex-pheromones. To achieve this, sexually mature male moths were trained to associate an odour with either a reward (appetitive learning) or punishment (aversive learning) and olfactory memory was tested at medium- and long-term (1 h or 1.5 h, and 24 h). Our results show that male moths can learn to associate an odour with a sucrose reward, as well as a mild electric shock, and that olfactory memory persists over medium- and long-term range. Pheromones facilitated both appetitive and aversive olfactory learning: exposure to the conspecific sex-pheromone before conditioning enhanced appetitive but not aversive learning, while exposure to a sex-pheromone component of a heterospecific species (repellent) facilitated aversive but not appetitive learning. However, this effect was short-term, as medium- and long-term memory were not improved. Thus, in moths, pheromones can modulate olfactory learning and memory, indicating that they contribute to behavioural plasticity allowing optimization of the animal's behaviour under natural conditions. This might occur through an alteration of sensitization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Sriti Murmu
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, INRAE, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 75252 Paris, France; Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux énergies Alternatives (CEA), Institut des Sciences du Vivant Frédéric Joliot, Service d'Ingénierie Moléculaire des Protéines (SIMOPRO), CEA de Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Jeremy Hanoune
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, INRAE, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Abraham Choi
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, INRAE, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Valentin Bureau
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, INRAE, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Michel Renou
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, INRAE, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Dacher
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, INRAE, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 75252 Paris, France.
| | - Nina Deisig
- Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Est Créteil, INRAE, CNRS, IRD - Institute for Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris, iEES Paris, 75252 Paris, France; Computational Systems Neuroscience, Institute of Zoology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Gaget E, Parr CL, Sirami C. Effects of fire frequency on savanna butterfly diversity and composition: A preliminary study. KOEDOE: AFRICAN PROTECTED AREA CONSERVATION AND SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.4102/koedoe.v62i1.1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Fire plays a major role in many biomes, is widely used as a management tool and is likely to be affected by climate change. For effective conservation management, it is essential to understand how fire regimes affect different taxa, yet responses of invertebrates are particularly poorly documented. We tested how different fire frequencies influence savanna butterfly diversity and composition by using a long-term savanna fire experiment initiated in 1954 in the Kruger National Park (South Africa). We compared butterfly abundance, species richness and community composition across three fire frequencies: high (burnt annually), medium (burnt triennially) and low (burnt twice in 60 years). Plots with high fire frequency hosted higher abundance than medium- or low-frequency plots. Fire frequencies did not affect species richness, but they led to distinct communities of butterflies. Our findings suggest that, in view of the three fire frequencies tested, a spatial diversity of fire frequencies may increase butterfly diversity at the landscape level in wet savannas. Managers may need to promote a greater diversity of fire frequencies by increasing fire frequency in some areas to provide habitat for species requiring high fire frequency, and by decreasing fire frequency in a large proportion of the landscape to provide fire refuges. This study provides new insights for butterfly conservation in savannas and highlights several knowledge gaps, which further studies should address for insect responses to be given adequate consideration in fire management strategies.Conservation implications: A spatial diversity of fire frequencies may increase butterfly diversity. Managers may need to promote a greater diversity of fire frequencies by increasing fire frequency in some areas to provide habitat for species requiring high fire frequency, and by decreasing fire frequency in other areas to provide fire refuges.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zaman K, Hubert MK, Schoville SD. Testing the role of ecological selection on colour pattern variation in the butterfly
Parnassius clodius. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:5086-5102. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Khuram Zaman
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Mryia K. Hubert
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| | - Sean D. Schoville
- Department of Entomology University of Wisconsin‐Madison Madison WI USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Göttlinger T, Schwerdtfeger M, Tiedge K, Lohaus G. What Do Nectarivorous Bats Like? Nectar Composition in Bromeliaceae With Special Emphasis on Bat-Pollinated Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:205. [PMID: 30847001 PMCID: PMC6393375 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Floral nectar is the most important reward for pollinators and an integral component of the pollination syndrome. Nectar research has mainly focused on sugars or amino acids, whereas more comprehensive studies on the nectar composition of closely related plant species with different pollination types are rather limited. Nectar composition as well as concentrations of sugars, amino acids, inorganic ions, and organic acids were analyzed for 147 species of Bromeliaceae. This plant family shows a high diversity in terms of floral morphology, flowering time, and predominant pollination types (trochilophilous, trochilophilous/entomophilous, psychophilous, sphingophilous, chiropterophilous). Based on the analyses, we examined the relationship between nectar traits and pollination type in this family. Nectar of all analyzed species contained high amounts of sugars with different proportions of glucose, fructose, and sucrose. The total concentrations of amino acids, inorganic cations, and anions, or organic acids were much lower. The analyses revealed that the sugar composition, the concentrations of inorganic cations and anions as well as the concentration of malate in nectar of bat-pollinated species differed significantly from nectar of species with other pollination types. Flowers of bat-pollinated species contained a higher volume of nectar, which results in a total of about 25-fold higher amounts of sugar in bat-pollinated species than in insect-pollinated species. This difference was even higher for amino acids, inorganic anions and cations, and organic acids (between 50 and 100-fold). In general, bat-pollinated plant species invest large amounts of organic and inorganic compounds for their pollinators. Furthermore, statistical analyses reveal that the characteristics of nectar in Bromeliaceae are more strongly determined by the pollinator type rather than by taxonomic groups or phylogenetic relations. However, a considerable part of the variance cannot be explained by either of the variables, which means that additional factors must be responsible for the differences in the nectar composition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Göttlinger
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Michael Schwerdtfeger
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kira Tiedge
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Gertrud Lohaus
- Molecular Plant Science and Plant Biochemistry, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Rausher MD. HOST ABUNDANCE, JUVENILE SURVIVAL, AND OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE IN BATTUS PHILENOR. Evolution 2017; 34:342-355. [PMID: 28563428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1980.tb04823.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/1979] [Revised: 07/20/1979] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Rausher
- Department of Entomology and Section of Ecology and Systematics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Douglas MM, Grula JW. THERMOREGULATORY ADAPTATIONS ALLOWING ECOLOGICAL RANGE EXPANSION BY THE PIERID BUTTERFLY, NATHALIS IOLE
BOISDUVAL. Evolution 2017; 32:776-783. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1978.tb04632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/1977] [Revised: 12/29/1977] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Douglas
- Department of Entomology and Systematics and Ecology; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| | - John W. Grula
- Department of Entomology and Systematics and Ecology; University of Kansas; Lawrence Kansas 66045
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gould F. RAPID HOST RANGE EVOLUTION IN A POPULATION OF THE PHYTOPHAGOUS MITE TETRANYCHUS URTICAE
KOCH. Evolution 2017; 33:791-802. [PMID: 28568440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1979.tb04735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/1978] [Revised: 01/24/1979] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Gould
- Department of Ecology and Evolution; SUNY at Stony Brook; New York 11794
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Benson WW. RESOURCE PARTITIONING IN PASSION VINE BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 32:493-518. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1978.tb04593.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/1976] [Revised: 06/22/1977] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Woodruff W. Benson
- Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas C.P. 1170, 13.100 Campinas SP Brazil
- Centro de Pesquisas de Produtos Naturais Departamento de Bioquímica, CCM, Bloco H, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Ilha do Fundão ZC‐32, 20.000 Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Thompson JN. VARIATION IN PREFERENCE AND SPECIFICITY IN MONOPHAGOUS AND OLIGOPHAGOUS SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES. Evolution 2017; 42:118-128. [PMID: 28563838 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1988.tb04112.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/1986] [Accepted: 08/21/1987] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although variation in oviposition preference and specificity for host plants has been demonstrated within populations of a variety of oligophagous insect species, it is unknown whether genetic variation in host choice is lost within populations of monophagous species. Analysis of a locally monophagous butterfly species, Papilio oregonius, and a locally oligophagous species, P. zelicaon, showed significant variation in oviposition preference within populations of both species. Females of both species chose primarily their native hosts. Nonetheless, the percentages of eggs laid by individual females among the plant species and the number of plant species on which individual females laid eggs differed significantly among isofemale strains within populations. Moreover, some females within all isofemale strains of both species laid a few eggs on Foeniculum vulgare, an umbelliferous species that does not occur in the native habitats of these populations but is a host for Papilio species in other geographic areas. The results suggest that local monophagy and oligophagy in these species reflect the relative ranking among potential plant species. Both populations harbor variation in oviposition choice that could allow for host shifts if these populations invaded new habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John N Thompson
- Departments of Botany and Zoology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Karowe DN. PREDICTING HOST RANGE EVOLUTION: COLONIZATION OF
CORONILLA VARIA
BY
COLIAS PHILODICE
(LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE). Evolution 2017; 44:1637-1647. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1990.tb03852.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/1989] [Accepted: 12/15/1989] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David N. Karowe
- Department of Biology The University of Michigan Ann Arbor MI 48109 USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Rausher MD. THE EVOLUTION OF HABITAT PREFERENCE IN SUBDIVIDED POPULATIONS. Evolution 2017; 38:596-608. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.1984.tb00325.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/1983] [Revised: 08/18/1983] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D. Rausher
- Department of Zoology Duke University Durham North Carolina 27706
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Joern A. Context-dependent foraging and enemy-free space: Grasshopper sparrows (Ammodramus savannarum) searching for grasshoppers (Acrididae). ECOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/11956860.2002.11682709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
26
|
Swartz MT, Ferster B, Vulinec K, Paulson G. Measuring Regal Fritillary Butterfly (Speyeria idalia) Habitat Requirements in South-Central Pennsylvania: Implications for the Conservation of an Imperiled Butterfly. Northeast Nat (Steuben) 2015. [DOI: 10.1656/045.022.0414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
27
|
Lehnert MS, Beard CE, Gerard PD, Kornev KG, Adler PH. Structure of the lepidopteran proboscis in relation to feeding guild. J Morphol 2015; 277:167-82. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S. Lehnert
- Department of Biological Sciences; Kent State University at Stark; North Canton Ohio 44720
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Charles E. Beard
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Patrick D. Gerard
- Department of Mathematical Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Konstantin G. Kornev
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| | - Peter H. Adler
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Clemson University; Clemson South Carolina 29634
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Ayers CA, Armsworth PR, Brosi BJ. Determinism as a statistical metric for ecologically important recurrent behaviors with trapline foraging as a case study. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-015-1948-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
29
|
Meiners T. Chemical ecology and evolution of plant-insect interactions: a multitrophic perspective. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 8:22-28. [PMID: 32846665 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gaining a better understanding of infochemical-mediated host plant/host location behaviour of herbivores and their natural enemies in complex and heterogeneous chemical environments provides a multitrophic perspective on the chemical ecology and evolution of plant-insect interactions. Here I focus on the sources of chemical complexity formed primarily by both host and non-host plants in their interaction with higher trophic levels and on the effect of this complexity on herbivores and their natural enemies. Future research should define the patterns and processes involved in these interactions, which are often complex, dynamic and intricately unique. Studying multitrophic interactions under more realistic conditions will help to identify mechanisms with evolutionary potential and patterns that can be used in biological control practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Meiners
- Freie Universitaet Berlin, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Institute of Biology, Haderslebener Straße 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
A time-calibrated phylogeny of the butterfly tribe Melitaeini. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2014; 79:69-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2014.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
31
|
Wäschke N, Hardge K, Hancock C, Hilker M, Obermaier E, Meiners T. Habitats as complex odour environments: how does plant diversity affect herbivore and parasitoid orientation? PLoS One 2014; 9:e85152. [PMID: 24416354 PMCID: PMC3887026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant diversity is known to affect success of host location by pest insects, but its effect on olfactory orientation of non-pest insect species has hardly been addressed. First, we tested in laboratory experiments the hypothesis that non-host plants, which increase odour complexity in habitats, affect the host location ability of herbivores and parasitoids. Furthermore, we recorded field data of plant diversity in addition to herbivore and parasitoid abundance at 77 grassland sites in three different regions in Germany in order to elucidate whether our laboratory results reflect the field situation. As a model system we used the herb Plantago lanceolata, the herbivorous weevil Mecinus pascuorum, and its larval parasitoid Mesopolobus incultus. The laboratory bioassays revealed that both the herbivorous weevil and its larval parasitoid can locate their host plant and host via olfactory cues even in the presence of non-host odour. In a newly established two-circle olfactometer, the weeviĺs capability to detect host plant odour was not affected by odours from non-host plants. However, addition of non-host plant odours to host plant odour enhanced the weeviĺs foraging activity. The parasitoid was attracted by a combination of host plant and host volatiles in both the absence and presence of non-host plant volatiles in a Y-tube olfactometer. In dual choice tests the parasitoid preferred the blend of host plant and host volatiles over its combination with non-host plant volatiles. In the field, no indication was found that high plant diversity disturbs host (plant) location by the weevil and its parasitoid. In contrast, plant diversity was positively correlated with weevil abundance, whereas parasitoid abundance was independent of plant diversity. Therefore, we conclude that weevils and parasitoids showed the sensory capacity to successfully cope with complex vegetation odours when searching for hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wäschke
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology / Animal Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristin Hardge
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology / Animal Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Hancock
- University of Würzburg, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology / Animal Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Obermaier
- University of Würzburg, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Meiners
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Biology, Applied Zoology / Animal Ecology, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Cabezas MF, Nava DE, Geissler LO, Melo M, Garcia MS, Krüger R. Development and Leaf Consumption by Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Reared on Leaves of Agroenergy Crops. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 42:588-594. [PMID: 27193276 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-013-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a polyphagous pest that threatens more than 24 species of crop plants including those used for biodiesel production such as Ricinus communis (castor bean), Jatropha curcas (Barbados nut), and Aleurites fordii (tung oil tree). The development and leaf consumption by S. cosmioides reared on leaves of these three species were studied under controlled laboratory conditions. The egg-to-adult development time of S. cosmioides was shortest when reared on castor bean leaves and longest when reared on tung oil tree leaves. Larvae reared on castor bean and Barbados nut leaves had seven instars, whereas those reared on tung oil tree leaves had eight. Females originating from larvae reared on castor bean and Barbados nut leaves showed greater fecundity than did females originating from larvae reared on tung oil tree leaves. Insects fed on castor bean leaves had shorter life spans than those fed on tung oil tree and Barbados nut leaves although the oviposition period did not differ significantly. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase were highest for females reared on castor bean leaves. Total leaf consumption was highest for larvae reared on tung oil tree leaves and lowest for those reared on Barbados nut leaves. We conclude that castor bean is a more appropriate host plant for the development of S. cosmioides than are Barbados nut and tung oil tree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Cabezas
- Fac de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ Técnica Estatal de Quevedo, Av. Quito km 1.5 via Santo Domingo, EC120509, Quevedo, Los Ríos, Ecuador.
| | - D E Nava
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - L O Geissler
- Centro de Ciências da Vida e da Saúde, UCPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M Melo
- Embrapa Clima Temperado, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - M S Garcia
- Depto de Fitossanidade, FAEM/UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - R Krüger
- Depto de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Nectar amino acids enhance reproduction in male butterflies. Oecologia 2012; 171:197-205. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2395-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
34
|
Cahenzli F, Erhardt A. Nectar sugars enhance fitness in male Coenonympha pamphilus butterflies by increasing longevity or realized reproduction. OIKOS 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2012.20190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
35
|
Altermatt F, Pearse IS. Similarity and specialization of the larval versus adult diet of European butterflies and moths. Am Nat 2011; 178:372-82. [PMID: 21828993 DOI: 10.1086/661248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Many herbivorous insects feed on plant tissues as larvae but use other resources as adults. Adult nectar feeding is an important component of the diet of many adult herbivores, but few studies have compared adult and larval feeding for broad groups of insects. We compiled a data set of larval host use and adult nectar sources for 995 butterfly and moth species (Lepidoptera) in central Europe. Using a phylogenetic generalized least squares approach, we found that those Lepidoptera that fed on a wide range of plant species as larvae were also nectar feeding on a wide range of plant species as adults. Lepidoptera that lack functional mouthparts as adults used more plant species as larval hosts, on average, than did Lepidoptera with adult mouthparts. We found that 54% of Lepidoptera include their larval host as a nectar source. By creating null models that described the similarity between larval and adult nectar sources, we furthermore showed that Lepidoptera nectar feed on their larval host more than would be expected if they fed at random on available nectar sources. Despite nutritional differences between plant tissue and nectar, we show that there are similarities between adult and larval feeding in Lepidoptera. This suggests that either behavioral or digestive constraints are retained throughout the life cycle of holometabolous herbivores, which affects host breadth and identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Altermatt
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Elpino-Campos Á. Feeding behavior of Heliconius erato phyllis (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) larvae on passion vines. Acta Ethol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-011-0115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
37
|
Zhang YF, Huang LQ, Ge F, Wang CZ. Tarsal taste neurons of Helicoverpa assulta (Guenée) respond to sugars and amino acids, suggesting a role in feeding and oviposition. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 57:1332-1340. [PMID: 21771596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Helicoverpa assulta and Helicoverpa armigera are sibling species with different host-plant ranges. We have previously reported electrophysiological and behavioral responses of H.armigera to sugars and amino acids. Here we describe a parallel study performed on H. assulta and compare the results obtained with the two species. In females, fourteen gustatory chemosensilla, identified on one ventrolateral side of the fifth tarsomere were stimulated with sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, myo-inositol, and the twenty common amino acids, using the tip-recording technique. The taste receptor neurons in eight chemosensilla were identified sensitive to the sugars, myo-inositol, Lys, Glu, Arg, Trp, and Ser which all induced proboscis extension reflex (PER) when tarsi were stimulated. There was a positive correlation between electrophysiological activities and PER responses triggered by sucrose. No stimulatory effect on oviposition was observed with sugar or amino acid mixtures. In males, three chemosensilla showed responses to the four sugars, but generally weaker than in females. The major difference of the two species was the variety of amino acids triggering electrophysiological responses. The stimulatory effect of sugars and amino acids on H.assulta was also generally weaker than that on H. armigera.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Bar-Yam S, Morse DH. Host-Plant Choice Behavior at Multiple Life-Cycle Stages: The Roles of Mobility and Early Growth in Decision-Making. Ethology 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0310.2011.01901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
39
|
Male mate location behaviour and encounter sites in a community of tropical butterflies: taxonomic and site associations and distinctions. J Biosci 2011; 35:629-46. [PMID: 21289445 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-010-0071-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Male mate location behaviour and encounter sites have been studied in 72 butterfly species at Nagpur, India, and related to taxonomy, morphology, habitat and population parameters. Species can be placed in three broad classes of mate location behaviour: invariant patrolling, invariant perching, and perch-patrol, the latter associated with increasing site fidelity, territorial defence and male assemblages. Significant taxonomic differences occur, closely related species tending to share mate location behaviours. Morphological differences are found with heavier and larger butterflies displaying greater site fidelity and territorial defence, and differences occur between individuals of species which both perch and patrol. Invariant patrolling is particularly associated with tracks through vegetation, host planttrack distributions, and high female to male numbers observed on transects; invariant perching is linked more to edge features than patrolling, and to lower population counts on transects. Species which perch-patrol, defend territories and establish male assemblages are associated with more complex vegetation structures, and have encounter sites at vegetation edges, landforms and predictable resource (host plant) concentrations. Attention is drawn to the importance of distinctive mate encounter sites for the conservation of butterfly species' habitats.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
|
42
|
|
43
|
Zhang YF, van Loon JJA, Wang CZ. Tarsal taste neuron activity and proboscis extension reflex in response to sugars and amino acids in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner). J Exp Biol 2010; 213:2889-95. [PMID: 20675558 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.042705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In adult female Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), the fifth tarsomere of the prothoracic legs bears 14 gustatory trichoid chemosensilla. These chemosensilla were characterized through electrophysiological experiments by stimulating with sucrose, glucose, fructose, maltose, myo-inositol and 20 common amino acids. In electrophysiological recordings from nine sensilla, responses were obtained to certain compounds tested at 100 mmol l−1, and the response spectra differed from broad to narrow. The four sugars excited the same receptor neuron in sensillum a and sensillum b; sucrose and myo-inositol, sucrose and lysine, myo-inositol and lysine excited two different receptor neurons respectively in sensillum a; fructose and lysine excited two different receptor neurons in sensillum n. Furthermore, the four sugars, myo-inositol and lysine all elicited concentration-dependent electrophysiological responses. These six compounds also induced the proboscis extension reflex (PER) followed by ingestion of the solution when they were applied on the tarsi. Lysine and sucrose caused the strongest electrophysiological responses. However, sucrose had the strongest stimulatory effect on the PER whereas lysine had the weakest. Mixtures of sucrose with the other sugars or with lysine had a similar stimulatory effect on the PER as sucrose alone. The electrophysiological and behavioural responses caused by a range of sucrose concentrations were positively correlated. We conclude that the tarsal gustatory sensilla play an essential role in perceiving sugars available in floral nectar and provide chemosensory information determining feeding behaviour. Tarsal taste-receptor-neuron responses to lysine are implicated in oviposition behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Joop J. A. van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8031, 6700 EH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chen-Zhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Ray TS, Andrews CC. Antbutterflies: butterflies that follow army ants to feed on antbird droppings. Science 2010; 210:1147-8. [PMID: 17831470 DOI: 10.1126/science.210.4474.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Females of three species of tropical rain forest ithomiine butterflies orient to swarms of army ants (Eciton burchelli) and feed on bird droppings found there. The antbirds associated with swarm raids of these ants provide a predictable source of droppings, an otherwise sparsely distributed resource.
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Darwin hypothesized that flower constancy in insects that feed on nectar results from the need to learn how to extract nectar from a flower of a given species. In laboratory tests, Pieris rapae, the cabbage butterfly, showed flower constancy by continuing to visit flower species with which it had experience. The time required by individuals to find the source of nectar in flowers decreased with successive attempts, the performance following a learning curve. Learning to extract nectar from a second species interfered with the ability to extract nectar from the first. Insects that switch species thus experience a cost in time to learn. These results support recent suggestions on the importance of learning in animal foraging.
Collapse
|
47
|
Krenn HW. Feeding mechanisms of adult Lepidoptera: structure, function, and evolution of the mouthparts. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2010; 55:307-27. [PMID: 19961330 PMCID: PMC4040413 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The form and function of the mouthparts in adult Lepidoptera and their feeding behavior are reviewed from evolutionary and ecological points of view. The formation of the suctorial proboscis encompasses a fluid-tight food tube, special linking structures, modified sensory equipment, and novel intrinsic musculature. The evolution of these functionally important traits can be reconstructed within the Lepidoptera. The proboscis movements are explained by a hydraulic mechanism for uncoiling, whereas recoiling is governed by the intrinsic proboscis musculature and the cuticular elasticity. Fluid uptake is accomplished by the action of the cranial sucking pump, which enables uptake of a wide range of fluid quantities from different food sources. Nectar-feeding species exhibit stereotypical proboscis movements during flower handling. Behavioral modifications and derived proboscis morphology are often associated with specialized feeding preferences or an obligatory switch to alternative food sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harald W Krenn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pigolotti S, Cencini M. Speciation-rate dependence in species–area relationships. J Theor Biol 2009; 260:83-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2009] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 05/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
49
|
Zalucki MP, Kitching RL. Dynamics of oviposition in Danaus plexippus (Insecta: Lepidoptera) on milkweed, Asclepias spp. J Zool (1987) 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1982.tb02063.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
50
|
|