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Amarasiri ID, Nizanantha K, Mumbi NNM, Kothalawala IS, Madusanka S, Perera WPPSI, Kothalawala H, Sivakumar T, Yokoyama N. Development of a Specific PCR Assay for Theileria sp. Yokoyama and Assessment of Its Potential to Cause Anemia in Cattle. Pathogens 2024; 13:735. [PMID: 39338926 PMCID: PMC11435402 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The clinical implications of Theileria sp. Yokoyama, a recently identified Theileria species in cattle, remain uncertain. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the anemia status in cattle infected with Theileria sp. Yokoyama. Blood samples were collected from 206 cattle across seven Veterinary Ranges in Sri Lanka and analyzed for red blood cell (RBC) indices, including hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and RBC counts. Additionally, DNA was extracted from the samples and screened with a newly developed Theileria sp. Yokoyama-specific PCR assay targeting the cytochrome b gene. The PCR results revealed that 60 (29.1%) of the surveyed cattle tested positive for Theileria sp. Yokoyama, with 47 (78.3%) of them being co-infected with other hemopathogen species. Our findings revealed that the cattle breeds, management systems, and tick infestations are potential risk factors for the Theileria sp. Yokoyama infection. Next, we evaluated the anemia status among the surveyed cattle based on the RBC indices. We found that all non-infected cattle were non-anemic. By contrast, anemia was observed in 15 Theileria sp. Yokoyama-infected cattle, including 3 singly infected (anemia rate 3/13, 23.1%) and 12 co-infected cattle (12/47, 25.5%). Our findings suggest that Theileria sp. Yokoyama causes anemia in infected cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kalaichelvan Nizanantha
- Department of Farm Animal Production and Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Ngigi Noel Muthoni Mumbi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (N.Y.)
| | | | - Sampath Madusanka
- National Livestock Development Board, No. 40, Nawala Road, Narahenpita, Colombo 00500, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Thillaiampalam Sivakumar
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (N.Y.)
| | - Naoaki Yokoyama
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-Cho, Obihiro 080-8555, Hokkaido, Japan (N.Y.)
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2
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Ndawula C, Emudong P, Muwereza N, Currà C. Insights into Theileria transmission-blocking vaccines for East Coast fever control: A disease with an "outdated vaccination approach". Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2024; 15:102386. [PMID: 39128161 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2024.102386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Instead of using the Infection and Treatment Method (ITM)-based vaccine, is it possible to control East Coast Fever (ECF) through blocking Theileria parva transmission in ticks and cattle? This review pursues this question. It's over 100 years since Arnold Theiler (1912) first illustrated the natural ITM as a vaccination approach against ECF-cattle disease. The approach entails infecting cattle with live Theileria sporozoites and co-treatment with long-acting tetracycline. Building on the ITM principle, the "Muguga"-cocktail ECF vaccine was developed in the 1970s and it remains the only commercially available-one. Although the vaccine induces cattle-protection, the vaccination approach still raises several drawbacks. Of those, the most outstanding is the vaccine-safety. This is implied because after ITM vaccination, cattle revert to T. parva pathogen reservoirs, therefore, during blood meal-acquisition, the ticks co-ingest T. parva pathogens. Ultimately, the pathogens are further transmitted transstadial; from larvae to nymph and nymph-adults and later re-transmitted to cattle during blood-meal acquisition. Consequently, the vaccine-constituting T. parva strains are introduced and (re) spread in non-endemic/ endemic areas. Precisely, rather than eradicating the disease, the ITM vaccination-approach promotes ECF endemicity. With advent of novel vaccination approaches toward vector and vector-borne disease control, ECF-control based on ITM of vaccination is considered outdated. The review highlights the need for embracing a holistic integrative vaccination approach entailing blocking Theileria pathogen-development and transmission both in the ticks and cattle, and/or the tick-population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ndawula
- National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O Box 295, Entebbe, Uganda; National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P.O Box 5704, Wakiso, Uganda.
| | - P Emudong
- National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O Box 295, Entebbe, Uganda; National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P.O Box 5704, Wakiso, Uganda
| | - N Muwereza
- National Agricultural Research Organization, P.O Box 295, Entebbe, Uganda; National Livestock Resources Research Institute, P.O Box 5704, Wakiso, Uganda
| | - C Currà
- Unit of Foodborne and Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, ISTITUTO SUPERIORE di SANITÀ, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
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3
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Maurizio M, Masid M, Woods K, Caldelari R, Doench JG, Naguleswaran A, Joly D, González-Fernández M, Zemp J, Borteele M, Hatzimanikatis V, Heussler V, Rottenberg S, Olias P. Host cell CRISPR genomics and modelling reveal shared metabolic vulnerabilities in the intracellular development of Plasmodium falciparum and related hemoparasites. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6145. [PMID: 39034325 PMCID: PMC11271486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases, particularly malaria (caused by Plasmodium falciparum) and theileriosis (caused by Theileria spp.), profoundly impact global health and the socioeconomic well-being of lower-income countries. Despite recent advances, identifying host metabolic proteins essential for these auxotrophic pathogens remains challenging. Here, we generate a novel metabolic model of human hepatocytes infected with P. falciparum and integrate it with a genome-wide CRISPR knockout screen targeting Theileria-infected cells to pinpoint shared vulnerabilities. We identify key host metabolic enzymes critical for the intracellular survival of both of these lethal hemoparasites. Remarkably, among the metabolic proteins identified by our synergistic approach, we find that host purine and heme biosynthetic enzymes are essential for the intracellular survival of P. falciparum and Theileria, while other host enzymes are only essential under certain metabolic conditions, highlighting P. falciparum's adaptability and ability to scavenge nutrients selectively. Unexpectedly, host porphyrins emerge as being essential for both parasites. The shared vulnerabilities open new avenues for developing more effective therapies against these debilitating diseases, with the potential for broader applicability in combating apicomplexan infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Maurizio
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria Masid
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne and Lausanne University Teaching Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kerry Woods
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reto Caldelari
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - John G Doench
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Denis Joly
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Jonas Zemp
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Borteele
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vassily Hatzimanikatis
- Laboratory of Computational Systems Biotechnology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Volker Heussler
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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4
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van der Heijden EMDL, Lefevre L, Gossner A, Tzelos T, Connelley TK, Hassan MA. Comparative transcriptional analysis identifies genes associated with the attenuation of Theileria parva infected cells after long-term in vitro culture. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8976. [PMID: 38637584 PMCID: PMC11026401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59197-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Autologous administration of attenuated Theileria parva-infected cells induces immunity to T. parva in cattle. The mechanism of attenuation, however, is largely unknown. Here, we used RNA sequencing of pathogenic and attenuated T. parva-infected T-cells to elucidate the transcriptional changes underpinning attenuation. We observed differential expression of several host genes, including TRAIL, PD-1, TGF-β and granzymes that are known to regulate inflammation and proliferation of infected cells. Importantly, many genes linked with the attenuation of the related T. annulata-infected cells were not dysregulated in this study. Furthermore, known T. parva antigens were not dysregulated in attenuated relative to pathogenic cells, indicating that attenuation is not due to enhanced immunogenicity. Overall this study suggests that attenuation is driven by a decrease in proliferation and restoration of the inflammatory profile of T. parva-infected cells. Additionally, it provides a foundation for future mechanistic studies of the attenuation phenotype in Theileria-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth M D L van der Heijden
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anton Gossner
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Thomas Tzelos
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Penicuik, EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Timothy K Connelley
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Musa A Hassan
- Division of Immunology, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, UK.
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5
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Ma Q, Han Y, Fu Y, Teng G, Wang X, Liu J, Li Z. Theileria annulata subtelomere-encoded variable secreted protein-TA05560 interacts with bovine RNA binding motif protein 39 (RBM39). Acta Trop 2024; 252:107133. [PMID: 38280638 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is the only eukaryotic pathogen able to transform bovine leukocytes, including B cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. T. annulata-transformed cells exhibit several cancer-like phenotypes, such as hyperproliferation, immortalization and dissemination. Although several parasite factors involved in bovine cell transformation have been explored, the roles of subtelomere-encoded variable secreted proteins (SVSPs) of the parasite in host-cell interactions are largely unknown. In the present study, the target molecule TA05560, a member of the SVSP multigene family of T. annulata, was identified at the mRNA level during different life cycles through a quantitative real-time PCR assay, and the subcellular distribution of TA05560 was examined via confocal microscopy. The results showed that the parasite molecule TA05560 was transcribed mainly in the schizont stage of T. annulata infection, and the protein was distributed in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the parasitized cells. The potential host cell proteins that interact with TA05560 were screened using the yeast two-hybrid system, and the direct interaction between TA05560 and its prey protein, Bos taurus RNA binding motif protein 39 (RBM39) was further identified in HEK293T cells by using confocal microscopy, coimmunoprecipitation and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays. Moreover, the interaction between TA05560 and its host protein was observed in T. annulata-infected cells via confocal microscopy. Therefore, our study is the first to show that the T. annulata-secreted TA05560 protein directly binds to both the exogenous and endogenous host cell molecule RBM39, laying the foundation for exploring host-parasite interactions and understanding the transformation mechanisms induced by T. annulata and other transforming parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanying Ma
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China.
| | - Yuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogen Diagnosis and Green Prevention and Control Technology of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Yong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogen Diagnosis and Green Prevention and Control Technology of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China
| | - Guixiang Teng
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Wang
- School of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu 730046, China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Pathogen Diagnosis and Green Prevention and Control Technology of Qinghai Province, Qinghai Academy of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Qinghai University, Xining, Qinghai 810016, China.
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6
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Chamuah JK, Jacob SS, Ezung L, Awomi L, Aier I, Kumar H, Goswami P, Lalzampuia H, Khate K, Vupru K, Singh M, Hanah SS, Shivanagowda GP. First report of Ikeda genotype of Theileria orientalis in Mithun (Bos frontalis) from northeastern hilly region of India. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:36. [PMID: 38086995 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Oriental theileriosis caused by Theileria orientalis, previously considered a benign disease, is posing a significant threat to the livestock industry across the globe. To elucidate the prevalence of Theileria orientalis in ticks and their host, the Mithun, a comprehensive study was undertaken in the two northeastern states of India, viz. Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh. A total of 340 of Rhipicephalus microplus ticks and 25 Ambylomma sp. ticks were screened for the presence of Theileria orientalis through PCR. Among the R. microplus ticks examined, 25 of them tested positive for T. orientalis infection whereas none of the Amblyomma ticks was positive. Additionally, a total of 275 blood samples were collected from Mithun from Arunachal and Nagaland and 31 animals were found to be positive for T. orientalis infection. Notably, six positive cases were identified in Porba (Phek district), six in Tening, and one in Bamsiakilwa village (Peren district) of Nagaland. Moreover, out of the 41 animals examined at Medziphema farms, Nagaland, 18 were found to be positive for T. orientalis infection. Moreover, the phylogenetic investigation has unveiled the presence of the highly pathogenic Type 2 (Ikeda) T. orientalis genotype in Mithun, supported by a strong bootstrap value of 100%. This study marks the initial documentation of oriental theileriosis in mithun. It underscores the need for vigilant monitoring and active surveillance of mithun populations in the northeastern states of India. Timely treatment of infected animals is imperative to avert economic losses for the farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siju Susan Jacob
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Investigation, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Livika Awomi
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | - Harshit Kumar
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | | | - Kobu Khate
- ICAR-NRC On Mithun, Medziphema, Nagaland, 797106, India
| | | | - Mahak Singh
- ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Dipamur, India
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7
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Aktas MS, Eren E, Kucukler S, Eroglu MS, Ilgun M, Yanar KE, Aydin O. Investigation of haematological, inflammatory and immunological response in naturally infected cattle with Theileria annulata. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e13002. [PMID: 37461131 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to investigate haematological, pro-inflammatory, inflammatory, anti-inflammatory and immunological responses in naturally Theileria annulata-infected cattle. The study material consisted of 25 Simmental cattle, 2-4 years of age, one of which was a control group consisting of healthy animals (Control group, n = 10), and the other was a Theileria group that include animals positive for Theileria annulata (Theileria group, n = 15). Haematological analysis (red blood cell [RBC], haemoglobin [HGB], haematocrit [HCT]), pro-inflammatory (tumour necrosis factor-α [TNF-α], nuclear factor kappa B [NF-ĸB] and interleukin-1 beta, [IL-1β]), inflammatory (neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio [NLR]), anti-inflammatory (interleukin-10 [IL-10]) and antimicrobial peptide (CAMP) analyses were performed by using ELISA kit from blood samples. It was found that the rectal temperature of the Theileria group was found to be significantly higher (p < .001) than that of the control group. Haematological and biochemical analysis revealed that the RBC and HGB count and HCT percentage decreased (p < .001), while NF-ĸB (p < .001), TNF-α (p = .002), IL-1β (p < .001), IL-10 (p = .012), NLR (p < .001) and CAMP (p = .037) levels increased in Theileria group compared to the control group. There was a strong correlation between NF-ĸB and TNF-α, NF-ĸB and IL-10, NLR and IL-1β, NF-ĸB and CAMP, TNF-α and CAMP and IL-10 and CAMP. As a result of this study, it was revealed that a pro-inflammatory and immunological response also occurs along with the anti-inflammatory response in the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Sinan Aktas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emre Eren
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Sefa Kucukler
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Sertac Eroglu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Murat Ilgun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Kerim Emre Yanar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Omer Aydin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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8
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Fonti N, Parisi F, Mancianti F, Freer G, Poli A. Cancerogenic parasites in veterinary medicine: a narrative literature review. Infect Agent Cancer 2023; 18:45. [PMID: 37496079 PMCID: PMC10373346 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-023-00522-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasite infection is one of the many environmental factors that can significantly contribute to carcinogenesis and is already known to be associated with a variety of malignancies in both human and veterinary medicine. However, the actual number of cancerogenic parasites and their relationship to tumor development is far from being fully understood, especially in veterinary medicine. Thus, the aim of this review is to investigate parasite-related cancers in domestic and wild animals and their burden in veterinary oncology. Spontaneous neoplasia with ascertained or putative parasite etiology in domestic and wild animals will be reviewed, and the multifarious mechanisms of protozoan and metazoan cancer induction will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niccolò Fonti
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Parisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Francesca Mancianti
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giulia Freer
- Dipartimento di Ricerca Traslazionale e delle Nuove Tecnologie in Medicina e Chirurgia, Università di Pisa, Via Savi, 10, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Poli
- Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Viale delle Piagge, 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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9
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Azimi-Resketi M, Akbari M, Heydaryan S, Eftekhari A, Balali J, Shams M, Sargazi D. In silico analysis of sporozoite surface antigen 1 of Theileria annulata (TaSPAG1) for multi-epitope vaccine design against theileriosis. In Silico Pharmacol 2023; 11:16. [PMID: 37484780 PMCID: PMC10356686 DOI: 10.1007/s40203-023-00153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tropical theileriosis is a protozoan infection caused by Theileria annulata, which significantly affects cattle worldwide. This study was aimed to analyze the TaSPAG1 protein and design a novel multi-epitope vaccine candidate. Online tools were employed for the prediction of Physico-chemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity, solubility, transmembrane domains and signal peptide, posttranslational modification (PTM) sites, secondary and tertiary structures as well as intrinsically disordered regions, followed by identification and screening of potential linear and conformational B-cell epitopes and those peptides having affinity to bind bovine major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules. Next, a multi-epitope vaccine construct was designed and analyzed. This 907-residue protein was hydrophilic (GRAVY: -0.399) and acidic (pI: 5.04) in nature, with high thermotolerance (aliphatic: 71.27). Also, 5 linear and 12 conformational B-cell epitopes along with 8 CTL epitopes were predicted for TaSPAG1. The 355-residue vaccine candidate had a MW of about 35 kDa and it was antigenic, non-allergenic, soluble and stable, which was successfully interacted with cattle MHC-I molecule and finally cloned into the pET28a(+) vector. Further wet studies are required to assess the vaccine efficacy in cattle. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40203-023-00153-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Azimi-Resketi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Akbari
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saeed Heydaryan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Eftekhari
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran
| | - Javad Balali
- Doctor of Veterinary Medicine student, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Morteza Shams
- Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Dariush Sargazi
- Doctorate in Veterinary Medicine, Head of Zabol Veterinary Network, Zabol, Baluchistan, Sistan Iran
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10
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Durrani Z, Kinnaird J, Cheng CW, Brühlmann F, Capewell P, Jackson A, Larcombe S, Olias P, Weir W, Shiels B. A parasite DNA binding protein with potential to influence disease susceptibility acts as an analogue of mammalian HMGA transcription factors. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286526. [PMID: 37276213 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens construct their environmental niche, and influence disease susceptibility, by deploying factors that manipulate infected host cell gene expression. Theileria annulata is an important tick-borne parasite of cattle that causes tropical theileriosis. Excellent candidates for modulating host cell gene expression are DNA binding proteins bearing AT-hook motifs encoded within the TashAT gene cluster of the parasite genome. In this study, TashAT2 was transfected into bovine BoMac cells to generate three expressing and three non-expressing (opposite orientation) cell lines. RNA-Seq was conducted and differentially expressed (DE) genes identified. The resulting dataset was compared with genes differentially expressed between infected cells and non-infected cells, and DE genes between infected cell lines from susceptible Holstein vs tolerant Sahiwal cattle. Over 800 bovine genes displayed differential expression associated with TashAT2, 209 of which were also modulated by parasite infection. Network analysis showed enrichment of DE genes in pathways associated with cellular adhesion, oncogenesis and developmental regulation by mammalian AT-hook bearing high mobility group A (HMGA) proteins. Overlap of TashAT2 DE genes with Sahiwal vs Holstein DE genes revealed that a significant number of shared genes were associated with disease susceptibility. Altered protein levels encoded by one of these genes (GULP1) was strongly linked to expression of TashAT2 in BoMac cells and was demonstrated to be higher in infected Holstein leucocytes compared to Sahiwal. We conclude that TashAT2 operates as an HMGA analogue to differentially mould the epigenome of the infected cell and influence disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeeshan Durrani
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Kinnaird
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chew Weng Cheng
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Brühlmann
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Capewell
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Jackson
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Larcombe
- School of Biological Sciences, Ashworth Laboratories, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Philipp Olias
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - William Weir
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Shiels
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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11
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Araveti PB, Kar PP, Kuriakose A, Sanju A, Kumar KA, Srivastava A. Identification of a Novel Interaction between Theileria Prohibitin ( TaPHB-1) and Bovine RuvB-Like AAA ATPase 1. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0250222. [PMID: 36651733 PMCID: PMC9927103 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02502-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is a tick-borne disease caused by Theileria annulata, an intracellular parasite that belongs to the phylum Apicomplexa. The infective forms of the parasite to cattle are sporozoites that are introduced into the host when the infected ticks take a blood meal. The sporozoites selectively invade bovine B cells, macrophages, or monocytes, leading to their cellular transformation. The parasite factors involved in the host cell transformation are not well explored. In pursuit of this, we revisited the probable secretome of the parasite and, following a stringent downscaling criterion, have identified Theileria prohibitin (TaPHB-1) as one of factors secreted into the host cells. Interestingly, in infected cells, TaPHB-1 localized both on the parasite surface and in the host cytoplasm, and independent approaches such as coimmunoprecipitation, yeast two-hybrid screening (Y2H), and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) confirmed RuvB-like AAA ATPase 1 (RUVBL-1) as one of its interacting partners. Further, the T. annulata infection does not affect the localization of bovine prohibitin. Mitigating the expression of bovine RUVBL-1 precluded the translocation of TaPHB-1 in the host cell cytoplasm without affecting the host cell viability. Taken together, we report for the first time a unique interaction of TaPHB-1 with bovine RUVBL-1 that is likely needed to cause cancer-like hallmarks during theileriosis. IMPORTANCE Theileria annulata is an apicomplexan parasite that causes tropical theileriosis in cattle. It is the only eukaryotic pathogen able to cause cellular transformation of host cells yielding a cancer-like phenotype. The parasite factors responsible for the transformation of the host cell are largely unknown. This study demonstrates for the first time the partial role of Theileria prohibitin (TaPHB-1) in maintaining the transformed state of the host cell and its interaction with RuvB-like AAA ATPase 1 (RUVBL-1) in a T. annulata-infected bovine cell line. Interestingly, the knockdown of bovine RUVBL-1 rendered the parasites metabolically inactive, implying that the identified interaction is critical for parasite survival. This study contributes to our understanding the Theileria-host interactions and offers scope for novel therapeutic interventions to control theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanna Babu Araveti
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Prajna Parimita Kar
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Graduate Studies, Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Akshay Kuriakose
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Achintya Sanju
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kota Arun Kumar
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Science, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Anand Srivastava
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, Telangana, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology (RCB), Faridabad, Haryana, India
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12
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Terletsky A, Akhmerova LG. Malignant human thyroid neoplasms associated with blood parasitic (haemosporidian) infection. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND IMMUNITY 2023. [DOI: 10.15789/2220-7619-mht-1948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of archival cytological material obtained by cytologists during fine-needle aspiration biopsy in follicular, papillary, and medullary human thyroid cancers revealed haemosporidian (blood parasitic) infection. Haemosporidian infection was detected as exo- and intraerythrocytic stages of development in thyrocytes schizogony. The exoerythrocytic stage of development is represented as microschizonts in a thyroid needle biopsy specimen. Probably, blood parasitic infection is the common etiology for these pathologies. All biopsy material in medical laboratories was stained with RomanowskyGiemsa stain. To clarify the localization of nuclei (DNA) of thyrocytes and nuclei (DNA) of haemosporidian infection in cytological material following investigation of the entire set of smears, a selective series of original archival smears was stained (restained) with a Feulgen/Schiff reagent. Staining of smears with RomanowskyGiemsa stain is an adsorption method that enables re-use of the same smears for staining with a Feulgen/Schiff reagent where the fuchsin dye, after DNA hydrolysis by hydrochloric acid, is incorporated into DNA and stains it in redviolet (crimsonlilac) color. An intentionally unstained protoplasm of blood parasitic infection was present as a light band around erythrocyte nuclei. In follicular thyroid cancer, Feulgen staining of thyrocytes revealed nuclear DNA and parasitic DNA (haemosporidium nuclei) as point inclusions and rings and diffusely distributed in the thyrocyte cytoplasm. The thyrocyte cytoplasm and nuclei were vacuolated, with thyrocyte nuclei being deformed, flattened, and displaced to the cell periphery. The erythrocytes, which were initially stained with eosin (orange color), contained haemosporidian nuclei (DNA). In some cases, endoglobular inclusions in thyrocytes and erythrocytes were of the same size. In papillary thyroid cancer, we were able to localize the nuclear DNA of thyrocytes and the parasitic DNA as point inclusions and diffusely distributed in the thyrocyte cytoplasm. Two or more polymorphic nuclei may eccentrically occur in the hyperplastic cytoplasm. Haemosporidian microschizonts occurred circumnuclearly in thyrocytes and as an exoerythrocytic stage in the blood. The erythrocyte cytoplasm contained redviolet polymorphic haemosporidian nuclei (DNA). In medullary thyroid cancer, the hyperplastic cytoplasm of thyrocytes contained eccentrically located nuclei (DNA) of thyrocytes and small haemosporidian nuclei (DNA), which may occupy the whole thyrocyte. There were thyrocytes with vacuolated cytoplasm and pronounced nuclear polymorphism. The size of hyperplastic nuclei was several times larger than that of normal thyrocyte nuclei. The color of stained cytoplasmic and nuclear vacuoles of thyrocytes was less redviolet compared with that of surrounding tissues, which probably indicates the presence of parasitic DNA in them. The haemosporidian nuclear material in erythrocytes is represented by polymorphic nuclei, which may indicate the simultaneous presence of different pathogen species and/or generations in the blood. Intracellular parasitism of haemosporidian infection in thyrocytes (schizogony) associated with three thyroid cancers leads to pronounced cytoplasmic hyperplasia, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and nuclear vacuolization of the thyrocyte, followed by impaired secretory function. Multinucleated thyrocytes with incomplete cytokinesis appear. The absence of lytic death of the affected thyrocytes indicates that the contagium is able to control apoptosis and influence physiological functions of the cell. There is deformation of the nuclei, which leads to a decrease in their size, their flattening and displacement to the cell periphery, with high risk of DNA mutations and deletions in affected cells, reaching a neoplastic level.
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13
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Role of Host Small GTPases in Apicomplexan Parasite Infection. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071370. [PMID: 35889089 PMCID: PMC9319929 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The Apicomplexa are obligate intracellular parasites responsible for several important human diseases. These protozoan organisms have evolved several strategies to modify the host cell environment to create a favorable niche for their survival. The host cytoskeleton is widely manipulated during all phases of apicomplexan intracellular infection. Moreover, the localization and organization of host organelles are altered in order to scavenge nutrients from the host. Small GTPases are a class of proteins widely involved in intracellular pathways governing different processes, from cytoskeletal and organelle organization to gene transcription and intracellular trafficking. These proteins are already known to be involved in infection by several intracellular pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoan parasites. In this review, we recapitulate the mechanisms by which apicomplexan parasites manipulate the host cell during infection, focusing on the role of host small GTPases. We also discuss the possibility of considering small GTPases as potential targets for the development of novel host-targeted therapies against apicomplexan infections.
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14
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Cao T, Liu J, Li Z, Shi K, Shi M, Li Y, Guan G, Yin H, Luo J. Establishment and application of a qPCR diagnostic method for Theileria annulata. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:973-980. [PMID: 35080659 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07434-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine theileriosis caused by several Theileria species including Theileria annulata, Theileria parva, Theileria orientalis, Theileria mutans, and Theileria sinensis is a significant hemoprotozoan tick-borne disease. Among these, Theileria species, T. annulata, which causes tropical theileriosis (TT), is regarded as one of the most pathogenic and is responsible for high mortality. At present, most conventional diagnostic methods for tropical theileriosis are time-consuming and laborious and cannot distinguish newfound T. sinensis in China. Therefore, a high sensitivity and specificity real-time quantitative PCR method based on the TA19140 target molecule was developed, and the method was found to be specific for T. annulata. No cross-reaction was observed with T. sinensis, T. orientalis, Babesia bovis, Babesia bigemina, or Hyalomma anatolicum which is negative for T. annulata. A total of 809 field samples from different regions of China were analyzed by using the developed qPCR and conventional PCR. The positive samples for T. annulata detected by real-time qPCR and conventional PCR were 66/809 (8.16%) and 20/809 (2.47%), respectively, and all positive amplicons by qPCR were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. The results showed that the developed qPCR for the T. annulata 19,140 gene was more sensitive than conventional PCR. In addition, we first discovered that TA19140 was mainly expressed at the schizont and merozoite stages of T. annulata by relative quantification. The protein encoded by the TA19140 gene may be used as a potential diagnostic antigen for tropical theileriosis. In conclusion, a real-time quantitative PCR diagnostic method targeting the TA19140 gene was successfully established and could be used for both the quantitative and qualitative analysis of T. annulata infection from cattle and vector ticks, which will greatly help to control and diagnosis of tropical theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangyan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Ribeiro RCB, Ferreira PG, Borges ADA, Forezi LDSM, da Silva FDC, Ferreira VF. 1,2-Naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts in organic synthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:53-69. [PMID: 35047082 PMCID: PMC8744465 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Several low molecular weight naphthoquinones are very useful in organic synthesis. These compounds have given rise to thousands of other naphthoquinones that have been tested against various microorganisms and pharmacological targets, including being used in the preparation of several drugs that are on the pharmaceutical market. Among these naphthoquinones, the series of compounds prepared from 1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid salts (β-NQS) stands out. In addition to being used in organic synthesis, they are excellent analytical derivatization reagents to spectrophotometrically determine drugs containing primary and secondary amino groups. This review summarizes the literature involving β-NQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruan Carlos B Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Patricia G Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, 24241-000, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Amanda de A Borges
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Luana da S M Forezi
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Fernando de Carvalho da Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Campus do Valonguinho, 24020-150, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
| | - Vitor F Ferreira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Faculdade de Farmácia, Departamento de Tecnologia Farmacêutica, 24241-000, Niterói-RJ, Brazil
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16
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Molecular Epidemiology of Theileria annulata in Cattle from Two Districts in Punjab (Pakistan). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123443. [PMID: 34944220 PMCID: PMC8697919 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pakistan is a tropical country where climate is favourable for tick growth and hence its incidence of tick-borne diseases is high, affecting the output of the livestock sector. In the present study the infection rate of Theileria annulata, the causative agent of bovine theileriosis, was compared in apparently healthy cattle enrolled from two different regions in Pakistan. Parasite prevalence was found to be higher in Dera Ghazi Khan District than in Lodhran. The infection rate was higher in cattle that were infested with ticks and in those animals that were housed indoors at dairy farms with other animals. This prophylactic detection of parasite will help to design strategies to control tick and tick-borne diseases in study areas. Abstract The present study was designed to report the molecular prevalence of T. annulata in cattle blood samples collected from Punjab in Pakistan. A total of 428 cattle blood samples were collected from Districts Lodhran (n = 218) and Dera Ghazi Khan (n = 210). The prevalence of T. annulata was determined by the amplification of a fragment from its cytochrome b gene and parasite prevalence was significantly higher (p = 0.03) in the blood samples of cattle collected from Dera Ghazi Khan (70/210; 33%) as compared to Lodhran (52/218; 24%). Presence of T. annulata was also confirmed by the amplification of a fragment from their 30 kDa gene. The amplified PCR products of both genes were confirmed by DNA sequencing and these partial DNA sequences were submitted to GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that amplified partial gene sequences resembled previously reported T. annulata sequences in cattle from India, China, Iran, Tunisia, Turkey and Egypt. The incidence of T. annulata infection was higher in Sahiwal cattle (p = 0.04) than the other enrolled cattle breed from Dera Ghazi Khan. Female cattle from Lodhran (p = 0.02), while males (p = 0.02), animals housed in close compounds (p = 0.04), animals with a tick burden (p = 0.005) and farms with only cattle (p = 0.01) in Dear Ghazi Khan were found to be more susceptible to T. annulata infection. We recommend that large-scale tick and tick-borne disease control strategies be implemented in both districts under investigation, especially in Dera Ghazi Khan.
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17
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Kundave V, Nehra AK, Ram H, Kumari A, Shahzad M, Vinay T, Garg R, Banerjee PS, Singh G, Tiwari AK. Genetic diversity in the Tams1 gene of Theileria annulata (Duschunkowsky and Luhs, 1904) infecting cattle. Acta Trop 2021; 224:106121. [PMID: 34481790 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the genetic diversity in the Tams1 gene (733 bp) of Theileria annulata along with the sequence, phylogenetic and haplotype analyses of the Indian isolates. The phylogenetic analyses displayed distinct clustering of the Indian isolates into three groups suggesting the presence of three genotypes, hitherto designated as T. annulata genotypes 1-3 (G1-G3). Genotype 3 seems to be novel containing only two newly generated sequences. Indian isolates displayed 88.4-100% and 82.2-100% similarity with each other at nucleotide (nt) and amino acid (aa) levels, respectively. However, the newly generated sequences (n = 36) showed 90.5-100% and 84.3-100% identity between them at nt and aa levels, respectively. The most diverse and heterogeneous genotype, G1, exhibited the highest number of polymorphic sites (S = 148), haplotypes (h = 16) and nucleotide differences (k = 43.23) besides haplotype (Hd = 0.903 ± 0.031) and nucleotide (π = 0.059 ± 0.005) diversities. Neutrality indices suggested a respective decrease and increase in population sizes of G1 and G2 genotypes in India. The nucleotide sequence analyses indicated the presence of extensive sequence variations between nucleotide positions 1-124, 194-257 and 396-494. The N-terminus of Tams1 protein displayed a considerable sequence variability with extensive variations in two regions, between amino acid positions 1-39 and 127-172, as compared to the conserved carboxyl terminus.
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula MacGregor
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - R. Ellen R. Nisbet
- School of Bioscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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19
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Cheeseman K, Jannot G, Lourenço N, Villares M, Berthelet J, Calegari-Silva T, Hamroune J, Letourneur F, Rodrigues-Lima F, Weitzman JB. Dynamic methylation of histone H3K18 in differentiating Theileria parasites. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3221. [PMID: 34050145 PMCID: PMC8163883 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine methylation on histone tails impacts genome regulation and cell fate determination in many developmental processes. Apicomplexa intracellular parasites cause major diseases and they have developed complex life cycles with fine-tuned differentiation events. Yet, apicomplexa genomes have few transcription factors and little is known about their epigenetic control systems. Tick-borne Theileria apicomplexa species have relatively small, compact genomes and a remarkable ability to transform leucocytes in their bovine hosts. Here we report enriched H3 lysine 18 monomethylation (H3K18me1) on the gene bodies of repressed genes in Theileria macroschizonts. Differentiation to merozoites (merogony) leads to decreased H3K18me1 in parasite nuclei. Pharmacological manipulation of H3K18 acetylation or methylation impacted parasite differentiation and expression of stage-specific genes. Finally, we identify a parasite SET-domain methyltransferase (TaSETup1) that can methylate H3K18 and represses gene expression. Thus, H3K18me1 emerges as an important epigenetic mark which controls gene expression and stage differentiation in Theileria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Cheeseman
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Jannot
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Nelly Lourenço
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Marie Villares
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Jérémy Berthelet
- Université de Paris, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, CNRS, Paris, France.,Université de Paris, Functional and Adaptive Biology, CNRS, Paris, France
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20
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Velásquez ZD, López-Osorio S, Waiger D, Manosalva C, Pervizaj-Oruqaj L, Herold S, Hermosilla C, Taubert A. Eimeria bovis infections induce G 1 cell cycle arrest and a senescence-like phenotype in endothelial host cells. Parasitology 2021; 148:341-353. [PMID: 33100232 PMCID: PMC7890351 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020002097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are well-known to modulate their host cells at diverse functional levels. As such, apicomplexan-induced alteration of host cellular cell cycle was described and appeared dependent on both, parasite species and host cell type. As a striking evidence of species-specific reactions, we here show that Eimeria bovis drives primary bovine umbilical vein endothelial cells (BUVECs) into a senescence-like phenotype during merogony I. In line with senescence characteristics, E. bovis induces a phenotypic change in host cell nuclei being characterized by nucleolar fusion and heterochromatin-enriched peripheries. By fibrillarin staining we confirm nucleoli sizes to be increased and their number per nucleus to be reduced in E. bovis-infected BUVECs. Additionally, nuclei of E. bovis-infected BUVECs showed enhanced signals for HH3K9me2 as heterochromatin marker thereby indicating an infection-induced change in heterochromatin transition. Furthermore, E. bovis-infected BUVECs show an enhanced β-galactosidase activity, which is a well-known marker of senescence. Referring to cell cycle progression, protein abundance profiles in E. bovis-infected endothelial cells revealed an up-regulation of cyclin E1 thereby indicating a cell cycle arrest at G1/S transition, signifying a senescence key feature. Similarly, abundance of G2 phase-specific cyclin B1 was found to be downregulated at the late phase of macromeront formation. Overall, these data indicate that the slow proliferative intracellular parasite E. bovis drives its host endothelial cells in a senescence-like status. So far, it remains to be elucidated whether this phenomenon indeed reflects an intentionally induced mechanism to profit from host cell-derived energy and metabolites present in a non-dividing cellular status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahady D Velásquez
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sara López-Osorio
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Research Group CIVAB, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Agrarian Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Daniel Waiger
- Center for Scientific Imaging, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Rehovot, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Institute of Pharmacology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Learta Pervizaj-Oruqaj
- Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Susanne Herold
- Cardio Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Giessen, Germany
- Universities Giessen & Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Giessen, Germany
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Biomedical Research Center Seltersberg, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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21
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Tajeri S, Haidar M, Sakura T, Langsley G. Interaction between transforming Theileria parasites and their host bovine leukocytes. Mol Microbiol 2021; 115:860-869. [PMID: 33565178 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Theileria are tick-transmitted parasites that cause often fatal leuko-proliferative diseases in cattle called tropical theileriosis (T. annulata) and East Coast fever (T. parva). However, upon treatment with anti-theilerial drug-transformed leukocytes die of apoptosis indicating that Theileria-induced transformation is reversible making infected leukocytes a powerful example of how intracellular parasites interact with their hosts. Theileria-transformed leukocytes disseminate throughout infected cattle causing a cancer-like disease and here, we discuss how cytokines, noncoding RNAs and oncometabolites can contribute to the transformed phenotype and disease pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahin Tajeri
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, CIMI, Paris, France
| | - Malak Haidar
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Takaya Sakura
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France.,Department of Molecular Infection Dynamics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan.,School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, INSERM, CNRS, Paris, France
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Torina A, Blanda V, Villari S, Piazza A, La Russa F, Grippi F, La Manna MP, Di Liberto D, de la Fuente J, Sireci G. Immune Response to Tick-Borne Hemoparasites: Host Adaptive Immune Response Mechanisms as Potential Targets for Therapies and Vaccines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228813. [PMID: 33233869 PMCID: PMC7699928 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tick-transmitted pathogens cause infectious diseases in both humans and animals. Different types of adaptive immune mechanisms could be induced in hosts by these microorganisms, triggered either directly by pathogen antigens or indirectly through soluble factors, such as cytokines and/or chemokines, secreted by host cells as response. Adaptive immunity effectors, such as antibody secretion and cytotoxic and/or T helper cell responses, are mainly involved in the late and long-lasting protective immune response. Proteins and/or epitopes derived from pathogens and tick vectors have been isolated and characterized for the immune response induced in different hosts. This review was focused on the interactions between tick-borne pathogenic hemoparasites and different host effector mechanisms of T- and/or B cell-mediated adaptive immunity, describing the efforts to define immunodominant proteins or epitopes for vaccine development and/or immunotherapeutic purposes. A better understanding of these mechanisms of host immunity could lead to the assessment of possible new immunotherapies for these pathogens as well as to the prediction of possible new candidate vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Torina
- Area Diagnostica Sierologica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (F.G.)
- Laboratorio di Riferimento OIE Theileriosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
| | - Valeria Blanda
- Laboratorio di Riferimento OIE Theileriosi, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy
- Laboratorio di Entomologia e Controllo Vettori Ambientali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.V.); (A.P.); (F.L.R.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Villari
- Laboratorio di Entomologia e Controllo Vettori Ambientali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.V.); (A.P.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Antonio Piazza
- Laboratorio di Entomologia e Controllo Vettori Ambientali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.V.); (A.P.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Francesco La Russa
- Laboratorio di Entomologia e Controllo Vettori Ambientali, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.V.); (A.P.); (F.L.R.)
| | - Francesca Grippi
- Area Diagnostica Sierologica, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, via Gino Marinuzzi 3, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (A.T.); (F.G.)
| | - Marco Pio La Manna
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), BIND, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, Università degli studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.L.M.); (D.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Diana Di Liberto
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), BIND, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, Università degli studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.L.M.); (D.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio, Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC-CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain;
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Guido Sireci
- Central Laboratory of Advanced Diagnostic and Biological Research (CLADIBIOR), BIND, University Hospital “Paolo Giaccone”, Università degli studi di Palermo, Via del Vespro 129, 90100 Palermo, Italy; (M.P.L.M.); (D.D.L.); (G.S.)
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Feng L, Pomel S, Latre de Late P, Taravaud A, Loiseau PM, Maes L, Cho-Ngwa F, Bulman CA, Fischer C, Sakanari JA, Ziniel PD, Williams DL, Davioud-Charvet E. Repurposing Auranofin and Evaluation of a New Gold(I) Compound for the Search of Treatment of Human and Cattle Parasitic Diseases: From Protozoa to Helminth Infections. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215075. [PMID: 33139647 PMCID: PMC7663263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected parasitic diseases remain a major public health issue worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Human parasite diversity is very large, ranging from protozoa to worms. In most cases, more effective and new drugs are urgently needed. Previous studies indicated that the gold(I) drug auranofin (Ridaura®) is effective against several parasites. Among new gold(I) complexes, the phosphole-containing gold(I) complex {1-phenyl-2,5-di(2-pyridyl)phosphole}AuCl (abbreviated as GoPI) is an irreversible inhibitor of both purified human glutathione and thioredoxin reductases. GoPI-sugar is a novel 1-thio-β-d-glucopyranose 2,3,4,6-tetraacetato-S-derivative that is a chimera of the structures of GoPI and auranofin, designed to improve stability and bioavailability of GoPI. These metal-ligand complexes are of particular interest because of their combined abilities to irreversibly target the essential dithiol/selenol catalytic pair of selenium-dependent thioredoxin reductase activity, and to kill cells from breast and brain tumors. In this work, screening of various parasites—protozoans, trematodes, and nematodes—was undertaken to determine the in vitro killing activity of GoPI-sugar compared to auranofin. GoPI-sugar was found to efficiently kill intramacrophagic Leishmania donovani amastigotes and adult filarial and trematode worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwen Feng
- UMR 7042 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg-Université Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France;
| | - Sébastien Pomel
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Perle Latre de Late
- INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR 8104, Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Cochin Institute, Faculté de Medecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France;
| | - Alexandre Taravaud
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Philippe M. Loiseau
- BioCIS, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.P.); (A.T.); (P.M.L.)
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerp, Belgium;
| | - Fidelis Cho-Ngwa
- Biotechnology Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, Buea P.O. Box 63, Cameroon;
| | - Christina A. Bulman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Chelsea Fischer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Judy A. Sakanari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; (C.A.B.); (C.F.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Peter D. Ziniel
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
- Correspondence: (D.L.W.); (E.D.-C.)
| | - Elisabeth Davioud-Charvet
- UMR 7042 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg-Université Haute-Alsace, Laboratoire d’Innovation Moléculaire et Applications (LIMA), Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Team, European School of Chemistry, Polymers and Materials (ECPM), 25, rue Becquerel, F-67087 Strasbourg, France;
- Correspondence: (D.L.W.); (E.D.-C.)
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Krecek RC, Rabinowitz PM, Conrad PA. Demystifying and Demonstrating the Value of a One Health Approach to Parasitological Challenges. Vet Parasitol 2020; 287:109202. [PMID: 33045550 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The One Health approach recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and ecosystem health and encourages collaboration between diverse disciplines to address complex health problems. In this paper, 3 academics, with diverse training, experience and backgrounds who each work on different pathogenic parasites, will share their stories of tackling parasitic challenges by applying a One Health approach. The pathogenic parasites to be discussed include the helminth Taenia solium and protozoans Giardia, Theileria, Babesia, Neospora and Toxoplasma species. The 3 narratives focus on research and clinical case-based challenges and illustrate where collaboration between human, animal, and environmental health scientists either has or could lead to improved control of human and animal health as well as important research discoveries. The need for better evaluation of interventions and scientific evidence to support changes in clinical practice and encourage enhanced collaboration between human and veterinary clinicians, as well as new governmental policies to improve public and wildlife health, are described. The need for a range of evidence-based metrics to monitor the success and impact of the One Health approach to veterinary parasitology is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosina C Krecek
- 4302 Berwick Place, College Station, Texas 77845, United States; Department of Zoology, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, South Africa
| | - Peter M Rabinowitz
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, Global Health, Family Medicine, University of Washington Center for One Health Research, 1959 NE Pacific Street HSB F551, Box 357234, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Patricia A Conrad
- One Health Institute and Department of Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1 Shields Avenue, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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25
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Agina OA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Hamzah H. Clinical Pathology, Immunopathology and Advanced Vaccine Technology in Bovine Theileriosis: A Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:E697. [PMID: 32854179 PMCID: PMC7558346 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9090697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileriosis is a blood piroplasmic disease that adversely affects the livestock industry, especially in tropical and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by haemoprotozoan of the Theileria genus, transmitted by hard ticks and which possesses a complex life cycle. The clinical course of the disease ranges from benign to lethal, but subclinical infections can occur depending on the infecting Theileria species. The main clinical and clinicopathological manifestations of acute disease include fever, lymphadenopathy, anorexia and severe loss of condition, conjunctivitis, and pale mucous membranes that are associated with Theileria-induced immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and/or non-regenerative anaemia. Additionally, jaundice, increases in hepatic enzymes, and variable leukocyte count changes are seen. Theileria annulata and Theileria parva induce an incomplete transformation of lymphoid and myeloid cell lineages, and these cells possess certain phenotypes of cancer cells. Pathogenic genotypes of Theileria orientalis have been recently associated with severe production losses in Southeast Asia and some parts of Europe. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently used in the control and prevention of T. parva infection, and recombinant vaccines are still under evaluation. The use of gene gun immunization against T. parva infection has been recently evaluated. This review, therefore, provides an overview of the clinicopathological and immunopathological profiles of Theileria-infected cattle and focus on DNA vaccines consisting of plasmid DNA with genes of interest, molecular adjuvants, and chitosan as the most promising next-generation vaccine against bovine theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
| | - Mohd Rosly Shaari
- Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Headquarters, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Mahiza Md Isa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Veterinary Pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Research Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
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26
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Atchou K, Ongus J, Machuka E, Juma J, Tiambo C, Djikeng A, Silva JC, Pelle R. Comparative Transcriptomics of the Bovine Apicomplexan Parasite Theileria parva Developmental Stages Reveals Massive Gene Expression Variation and Potential Vaccine Antigens. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:287. [PMID: 32582776 PMCID: PMC7296165 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is a protozoan parasite that causes East Coast fever (ECF), an economically important disease of cattle in Africa. It is transmitted mainly by the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Research efforts to develop a subunit vaccine based on parasite neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have met with limited success. The molecular mechanisms underlying T. parva life cycle stages in the tick vector and bovine host are poorly understood, thus limiting progress toward an effective and efficient control of ECF. Transcriptomics has been used to identify candidate vaccine antigens or markers associated with virulence and disease pathology. Therefore, characterization of gene expression throughout the parasite's life cycle should shed light on host-pathogen interactions in ECF and identify genes underlying differences in parasite stages as well as potential, novel therapeutic targets. Recently, the first gene expression profiling of T. parva was conducted for the sporoblast, sporozoite, and schizont stages. The sporozoite is infective to cattle, whereas the schizont is the major pathogenic form of the parasite. The schizont can differentiate into piroplasm, which is infective to the tick vector. The present study was designed to extend the T. parva gene expression profiling to the piroplasm stage with reference to the schizont. Pairwise comparison revealed that 3,279 of a possible 4,084 protein coding genes were differentially expressed, with 1,623 (49%) genes upregulated and 1,656 (51%) downregulated in the piroplasm relative to the schizont. In addition, over 200 genes were stage-specific. In general, there were more molecular functions, biological processes, subcellular localizations, and pathways significantly enriched in the piroplasm than in the schizont. Using known antigens as benchmarks, we identified several new potential vaccine antigens, including TP04_0076 and TP04_0640, which were highly immunogenic in naturally T. parva-infected cattle. All the candidate vaccine antigens identified have yet to be investigated for their capacity to induce protective immune response against ECF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodzo Atchou
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Pan African University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Juliette Ongus
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Pan African University, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Eunice Machuka
- Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovation, Pan African University, Nairobi, Kenya.,Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - John Juma
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Christian Tiambo
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Appolinaire Djikeng
- Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa-International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Genetic Diversity and Sequence Polymorphism of Two Genes Encoding Theileria parva Antigens Recognized by CD8 + T Cells among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Cattle in Malawi. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050334. [PMID: 32365795 PMCID: PMC7281522 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
East Coast fever (ECF) is an acute fatal tick-borne disease of cattle caused by Theileria parva. It causes major losses in exotic and crossbreed cattle, but this could be prevented by a vaccine of T. parva if the vaccine is selected properly based on information from molecular epidemiology studies. The Muguga cocktail (MC) vaccine (Muguga, Kiambu 5 and Serengeti-transformed strains) has been used on exotic and crossbreed cattle. A total of 254 T. parva samples from vaccinated and unvaccinated cattle were used to understand the genetic diversity of T. parva in Malawi using partial sequences of the Tp1 and Tp2 genes encoding T. parva CD8+ antigens, known to be immunodominant and current candidate antigens for a subunit vaccine. Single nucleotide polymorphisms were observed at 14 positions (3.65%) in Tp1 and 156 positions (33.12%) in Tp2, plus short deletions in Tp1, resulting in 6 and 10 amino acid variants in the Tp1 and Tp2 genes, respectively. Most sequences were either identical or similar to T. parva Muguga and Kiambu 5 strains. This may suggest the possible expansion of vaccine components into unvaccinated cattle, or that a very similar genotype already existed in Malawi. This study provides information that support the use of MC to control ECF in Malawi.
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Tretina K, Haidar M, Madsen-Bouterse SA, Sakura T, Mfarrej S, Fry L, Chaussepied M, Pain A, Knowles DP, Nene VM, Ginsberg D, Daubenberger CA, Bishop RP, Langsley G, Silva JC. Theileria parasites subvert E2F signaling to stimulate leukocyte proliferation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3982. [PMID: 32132598 PMCID: PMC7055300 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60939-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens have evolved intricate mechanisms to subvert host cell signaling pathways and ensure their own propagation. A lineage of the protozoan parasite genus Theileria infects bovine leukocytes and induces their uncontrolled proliferation causing a leukemia-like disease. Given the importance of E2F transcription factors in mammalian cell cycle regulation, we investigated the role of E2F signaling in Theileria-induced host cell proliferation. Using comparative genomics and surface plasmon resonance, we identified parasite-derived peptides that have the sequence-specific ability to increase E2F signaling by binding E2F negative regulator Retinoblastoma-1 (RB). Using these peptides as a tool to probe host E2F signaling, we show that the disruption of RB complexes ex vivo leads to activation of E2F-driven transcription and increased leukocyte proliferation in an infection-dependent manner. This result is consistent with existing models and, together, they support a critical role of E2F signaling for Theileria-induced host cell proliferation, and its potential direct manipulation by one or more parasite proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Tretina
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Program in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Sally A Madsen-Bouterse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - Takaya Sakura
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Sara Mfarrej
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lindsay Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Pullman, WA, 99164-7030, USA
| | - Marie Chaussepied
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Molecular Cell Biology Department, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | | | - Doron Ginsberg
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Molecular Cell Biology Department, PO Box 26, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, 52900, Israel
| | - Claudia A Daubenberger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, 99164-7040, USA
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médicine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, 75014, France
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Theileria schizonts are the only known eukaryotic organisms capable of transforming another eukaryotic cell; as such, probing of the interactions that occur at the host-parasite interface is likely to lead to novel insights into the cell biology underlying leukocyte proliferation and transformation. Little is known about how the parasite communicates with its host or by what route secreted parasite proteins are translocated into the host, and we propose that nuclear trafficking machinery at the parasite surface might play a role in this. The function of AL remains completely unknown, and our work provides a basis for further investigation into the contribution that these porous, cytomembranous structures might make to the survival of fast-growing transformed cells. Parasitic protozoans of the genus Theileria are intracellular pathogens that induce the cellular transformation of leukocytes, causing uncontrolled proliferation of the infected host cell. The transforming stage of the parasite has a strictly intracellular lifestyle and ensures its distribution to both daughter cells during host cell cytokinesis by aligning itself across the metaphase plate and by binding tightly to central spindle and astral microtubules. Given the importance of the parasite surface in maintaining interactions with host microtubules, we analyzed the ultrastructure of the host-parasite interface using transmission electron microscopy combined with high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and live-cell imaging. We show that porous membranes, termed annulate lamellae (AL), closely associate with the Theileria surface in infected T cells, B cells, and macrophages and are not detectable in noninfected bovine cell lines such as BL20 or BoMACs. AL are membranous structures found in the cytoplasm of fast-proliferating cells such as cancer cells, oocytes, and embryonic cells. Although AL were first observed more than 60 years ago, the function of these organelles is still not known. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis with a pan-nuclear pore complex antibody, combined with overexpression of a panel of nuclear pore proteins, revealed that the parasite recruits nuclear pore complex components close to its surface. Importantly, we show that, in addition to structural components of the nuclear pore complex, nuclear trafficking machinery, including importin beta 1, RanGAP1, and the small GTPase Ran, also accumulated close to the parasite surface. IMPORTANCETheileria schizonts are the only known eukaryotic organisms capable of transforming another eukaryotic cell; as such, probing of the interactions that occur at the host-parasite interface is likely to lead to novel insights into the cell biology underlying leukocyte proliferation and transformation. Little is known about how the parasite communicates with its host or by what route secreted parasite proteins are translocated into the host, and we propose that nuclear trafficking machinery at the parasite surface might play a role in this. The function of AL remains completely unknown, and our work provides a basis for further investigation into the contribution that these porous, cytomembranous structures might make to the survival of fast-growing transformed cells.
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30
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Theileria annulata transformation altered cell surface molecules expression and endocytic function of monocyte-derived dendritic cells. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2019; 11:101365. [PMID: 31899129 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2019.101365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is a protozoan parasite transmitted by ticks to cattle. The most important processes of T. annulata are the infection and transformation of host monocytes, which promote cell division and generate a neoplastic phenotype. Dendritic cells play an important role in the development of adaptive immune responses against parasites and are traditionally classified into four types. One type of dendritic cell derived from afferent lymph was successfully transformed by T. annulata in vitro in a previous report. However, whether the monocyte-derived dendritic cells could be transformed and how the endocytic function is affected by T. annulata infection were not yet known. Bovine dendritic cells (DCs) derived from blood CD14+ monocytes were cocultured with T. annulata sporozoites in vitro. On day 15 post infection, rounded and continuously proliferating cells were observed. The effect of this transformation on cell phenotype was studied using immunostaining and flow cytometry. After transformation, the cells maintained the expression of the DC-specific marker CD11c, but it was downregulated as were the expression of CD11b, CD14 and CD86. In contrast, CD205, CD45 and MHC class Ⅱ molecules were upregulated in transformed cells. The levels of CD172a, CD21, CD40 and CD80 expression were very low in the transformed cells (<1 %). However, the transformed cells maintained high expression levels of MHC Ⅰ (>99 %). In addition, the normal and transformed DCs were cocultured with OVA-FITC antigen to compare the differences of the endocytic functions between these two types of cells. The results revealed that the endocytic functions of MoDCs were significantly inhibited after transformation by T. annulata.
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Clift SJ, Collins NE, Oosthuizen MC, Steyl JCA, Lawrence JA, Mitchell EP. The Pathology of Pathogenic Theileriosis in African Wild Artiodactyls. Vet Pathol 2019; 57:24-48. [PMID: 31854265 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819879443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The published literature on schizont-"transforming," or pathogenic theileriosis, in African wild artiodactyls is dated and based on limited information. Here the authors review the taxonomy, diagnosis, epidemiology, hematology, pathology, and aspects of control in various species. Molecular studies based on 18S and 16S rRNA gene sequences have shown that African wild artiodactyls are commonly infected with diverse Theileria spp., as well as nontheilerial hemoprotozoa and rickettsia-like bacteria, and coinfections with pathogenic and nonpathogenic Theileria species are often recorded. Although theileriosis is still confusingly referred to as cytauxzoonosis in many species, the validity of a separate Cytauxzoon genus in artiodactyls is debated. The epidemiology of theileriosis is complex; the likelihood of fatal disease depends on the interplay of parasite, vertebrate host, tick vector, and environmental factors. Roan calves (Hippotragus equinus) and stressed animals of all host species are more susceptible to fatal theileriosis. Even though regenerative anemia is common, peripheral blood piroplasm parasitemia does not correlate with disease severity. Other than anemia, common macroscopic lesions include icterus, hemorrhages (mucosal, serosal, and tissue), fluid effusions into body cavities, lung edema, and variably sized raised cream-colored foci of leukocyte infiltration in multiple organs. Histopathologic findings include vasocentric hyperproliferation and lysis of atypical leukocytes with associated intracellular schizonts, parenchymal necrosis, hemorrhage, thromboembolism, and edema. Immunophenotyping is required to establish the identity of the schizont-transformed leukocytes in wild ungulates. Throughout the review, we propose avenues for future research by comparing existing knowledge on selected aspects of theileriosis in domestic livestock with that in African wild artiodactyls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Clift
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Nicola E Collins
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Marinda C Oosthuizen
- Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Research Program, Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Johan C A Steyl
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - John A Lawrence
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - Emily P Mitchell
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa
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Araveti PB, Srivastava A. Curcumin induced oxidative stress causes autophagy and apoptosis in bovine leucocytes transformed by Theileria annulata. Cell Death Discov 2019; 5:100. [PMID: 31231548 PMCID: PMC6547749 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-019-0180-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tropical theileriosis is a tick-borne disease, caused by Theileria annulata which is a protozoan parasite that resides within the B-cells and macrophages. T. annulata is a unique parasite that can transform bovine leucocytes which leads to the cancer hallmarks in the infected cells. Previously, curcumin has been shown to possess multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities. In this study, we demonstrated that curcumin inhibits the proliferation of Theileria-transformed bovine leucocytes by promoting apoptosis and autophagy. The transcriptome analysis of curcumin treated cells showed that the genes involved in cell death and autophagy are also differentially regulated. We further elucidated the mechanism of action of curcumin on Theileria infected bovine cells. We found that curcumin induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which activated caspase 8 and destabilized the mitochondrial membrane potential leading to the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. This subsequently led to the activation of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage, finally leading to apoptosis in the infected cells. Furthermore, curcumin induced the process of autophagy which was characterized by the formation of acidic vesicular organelles, LC3B accumulation with lysosome inhibitor, E64d, and the presence of autophagosomes as visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Curcumin treatment suppressed the mTOR and increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins. We also found that N- acetylcysteine, an inhibitor of ROS, could rescue the infected cells from curcumin induced apoptosis and autophagy mediated cell death. Intriguingly, curcumin had no effect on uninfected bovine PBMCs. Altogether, these data suggest the therapeutic potential of curcumin against bovine tropical theileriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anand Srivastava
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB), Hyderabad, India
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Marsolier J, Perichon M, Weitzman JB, Medjkane S. Secreted parasite Pin1 isomerase stabilizes host PKM2 to reprogram host cell metabolism. Commun Biol 2019; 2:152. [PMID: 31044177 PMCID: PMC6491484 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0386-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is an important feature of host-pathogen interactions and a hallmark of tumorigenesis. The intracellular apicomplexa parasite Theileria induces a Warburg-like effect in host leukocytes by hijacking signaling machineries, epigenetic regulators and transcriptional programs to create a transformed cell state. The molecular mechanisms underlying host cell transformation are unclear. Here we show that a parasite-encoded prolyl-isomerase, TaPin1, stabilizes host pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) leading to HIF-1α-dependent regulation of metabolic enzymes, glucose uptake and transformed phenotypes in parasite-infected cells. Our results provide a direct molecular link between the secreted parasite TaPin1 protein and host gene expression programs. This study demonstrates the importance of prolyl isomerization in the parasite manipulation of host metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine Marsolier
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7216 Paris, France
- Present Address: Institut Curie, 26 rue d′Ulm, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Martine Perichon
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7216 Paris, France
| | - Jonathan B. Weitzman
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7216 Paris, France
| | - Souhila Medjkane
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Epigenetics and Cell Fate, Université Paris Diderot, CNRS, UMR 7216 Paris, France
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Bastos RG, Franceschi V, Tebaldi G, Connelley T, Morrison WI, Knowles DP, Donofrio G, Fry LM. Molecular and Antigenic Properties of Mammalian Cell-Expressed Theileria parva Antigen Tp9. Front Immunol 2019; 10:897. [PMID: 31110506 PMCID: PMC6501543 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
East Coast Fever (ECF), caused by the tick-borne apicomplexan parasite Theileria parva, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle of sub-Saharan Africa. The infection and treatment method (ITM) is currently the only vaccine available to control T. parva. Although ITM elicits levels of protection, its widespread adoption is limited by costs, laborious production process, and antibiotic co-treatment requirement, necessitating the development of a more sustainable vaccine. To this end, efforts have been concentrated in the identification of new T. parva vaccine antigens and in the development of suitable platforms for antigen expression. In this study, we investigated the molecular and antigenic properties of T. parva antigen Tp9 expressed by mammalian cells. Data indicate that Tp9 contains a signal peptide that is weakly functional in mammalian cells. Thus, Tp9 secretion from mammalian cells increased 10-fold after the native signal peptide was replaced with the human tissue plasminogen activator signal peptide (tPA). Sera from all T. parva-immune cattle recognized this recombinant, secreted Tp9. Additionally, PBMC from ITM-immunized cattle produced significant (p < 0.05) amounts of IFNγ following ex vivo exposure to Tp9, but this response varied between cattle of different MHC class I and class II genotypes. In addition, depletion experiments demonstrated that IFNγ to Tp9 was primarily produced by CD4+ T cells. Molecular analysis demonstrated that Tp9 presents a signal peptide that is weakly functional in mammalian cells, suggesting that it remains within lymphocytes during infection. Tp9 secretion from mammalian cells was substantially increased when the tPA secretion signal sequence was substituted for the native secretion signal sequence. Using full-length, recombinant Tp9 secreted from mammalian cells, we demonstrated that T. parva-immune cattle develop both humoral and cellular immune responses to this antigen. Collectively, these results provide rationale for further evaluation of Tp9 as a component of a T. parva subunit vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reginaldo G Bastos
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | | | - Giulia Tebaldi
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Timothy Connelley
- Royal School of Veterinary Sciences, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Royal School of Veterinary Sciences, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Donald P Knowles
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Gaetano Donofrio
- Department of Medical-Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lindsay M Fry
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States.,Animal Disease Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Pullman, WA, United States
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Latré De Laté P, Haidar M, Ansari H, Tajeri S, Szarka E, Alexa A, Woods K, Reményi A, Pain A, Langsley G. Theileria highjacks JNK2 into a complex with the macroschizont GPI (GlycosylPhosphatidylInositol)-anchored surface protein p104. Cell Microbiol 2018; 21:e12973. [PMID: 30412643 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Constitutive c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity characterizes bovine T and B cells infected with Theileria parva, and B cells and macrophages infected with Theileria annulata. Here, we show that T. annulata infection of macrophages manipulates JNK activation by recruiting JNK2 and not JNK1 to the parasite surface, whereas JNK1 is found predominantly in the host cell nucleus. At the parasite's surface, JNK2 forms a complex with p104, a GPI-(GlycosylPhosphatidylInositol)-anchor T. annulata plasma membrane protein. Sequestration of JNK2 depended on Protein Kinase-A (PKA)-mediated phosphorylation of a JNK-binding motif common to T. parva and a cell penetrating peptide harbouring the conserved p104 JNK-binding motif competitively ablated binding, whereupon liberated JNK2 became ubiquitinated and degraded. Cytosolic sequestration of JNK2 suppressed small mitochondrial ARF-mediated autophagy, whereas it sustained nuclear JNK1 levels, c-Jun phosphorylation, and matrigel traversal. Therefore, T. annulata sequestration of JNK2 contributes to both survival and dissemination of Theileria-transformed macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latré De Laté
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Malak Haidar
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France.,Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hifzur Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
| | - Eszter Szarka
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Alexa
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kerry Woods
- Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Attila Reményi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Jeddah, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.,Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, 75014, France.,Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
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36
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Transcriptomics reveal potential vaccine antigens and a drastic increase of upregulated genes during Theileria parva development from arthropod to bovine infective stages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204047. [PMID: 30303978 PMCID: PMC6179218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Theileria parva is a protozoan parasite transmitted by the brown ear tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus that causes East Coast fever (ECF) in cattle, resulting in substantial economic losses in the regions of southern, eastern and central Africa. The schizont form of the parasite transforms the bovine host lymphocytes into actively proliferating cancer-like cells. However, how T. parva causes bovine host cells to proliferate and maintain a cancerous phenotype following infection is still poorly understood. On the other hand, current efforts to develop improved vaccines have identified only a few candidate antigens. In the present paper, we report the first comparative transcriptomic analysis throughout the course of T. parva infection. We observed that the development of sporoblast into sporozoite and then the establishment in the host cells as schizont is accompanied by a drastic increase of upregulated genes in the schizont stage of the parasite. In contrast, the ten highest gene expression values occurred in the arthropod vector stages. A comparative analysis showed that 2845 genes were upregulated in both sporozoite and schizont stages compared to the sporoblast. In addition, 647 were upregulated only in the sporozoite whereas 310 were only upregulated in the schizont. We detected low p67 expression in the schizont stage, an unexpected finding considering that p67 has been reported as a sporozoite stage-specific gene. In contrast, we found that transcription of p67 was 20 times higher in the sporoblast than in the sporozoite. Using the expression profiles of recently identified candidate vaccine antigens as a benchmark for selection for novel potential vaccine candidates, we identified three genes with expression similar to p67 and several other genes similar to Tp1-Tp10 schizont vaccine antigens. We propose that the antigenicity or chemotherapeutic potential of this panel of new candidate antigens be further investigated. Structural comparisons of the transcripts generated here with the existing gene models for the respective loci revealed indels. Our findings can be used to improve the structural annotation of the T. parva genome, and the identification of alternatively spliced transcripts.
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Jalovecka M, Hajdusek O, Sojka D, Kopacek P, Malandrin L. The Complexity of Piroplasms Life Cycles. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:248. [PMID: 30083518 PMCID: PMC6065256 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although apicomplexan parasites of the group Piroplasmida represent commonly identified global risks to both animals and humans, detailed knowledge of their life cycles is surprisingly limited. Such a discrepancy results from incomplete literature reports, nomenclature disunity and recently, from large numbers of newly described species. This review intends to collate and summarize current knowledge with respect to piroplasm phylogeny. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive view of developmental events of Babesia, Theileria, and Cytauxzoon representative species, focusing on uniform consensus of three consecutive phases: (i) schizogony and merogony, asexual multiplication in blood cells of the vertebrate host; (ii) gamogony, sexual reproduction inside the tick midgut, later followed by invasion of kinetes into the tick internal tissues; and (iii) sporogony, asexual proliferation in tick salivary glands resulting in the formation of sporozoites. However, many fundamental differences in this general consensus occur and this review identifies variables that should be analyzed prior to further development of specific anti-piroplasm strategies, including the attractive targeting of life cycle stages of Babesia or Theileria tick vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Jalovecka
- BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, Université Bretagne Loire, Nantes, France.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Ondrej Hajdusek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Daniel Sojka
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
| | - Petr Kopacek
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czechia
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Huber S, Karagenc T, Ritler D, Rottenberg S, Woods K. Identification and characterisation of a Theileria annulata proline-rich microtubule and SH3 domain-interacting protein (TaMISHIP) that forms a complex with CLASP1, EB1, and CD2AP at the schizont surface. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12838. [PMID: 29520916 PMCID: PMC6033098 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theileria annulata is an apicomplexan parasite that modifies the phenotype of its host cell completely, inducing uncontrolled proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and increased invasiveness. The infected cell thus resembles a cancer cell, and changes to various host cell signalling pathways accompany transformation. Most of the molecular mechanisms leading to Theileria-induced immortalization of leukocytes remain unknown. The parasite dissolves the surrounding host cell membrane soon after invasion and starts interacting with host proteins, ensuring its propagation by stably associating with the host cell microtubule network. By using BioID technology together with fluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation, we identified a CLASP1/CD2AP/EB1-containing protein complex that surrounds the schizont throughout the host cell cycle and integrates bovine adaptor proteins (CIN85, 14-3-3 epsilon, and ASAP1). This complex also includes the schizont membrane protein Ta-p104 together with a novel secreted T. annulata protein (encoded by TA20980), which we term microtubule and SH3 domain-interacting protein (TaMISHIP). TaMISHIP localises to the schizont surface and contains a functional EB1-binding SxIP motif, as well as functional SH3 domain-binding Px(P/A)xPR motifs that mediate its interaction with CD2AP. Upon overexpression in non-infected bovine macrophages, TaMISHIP causes binucleation, potentially indicative of a role in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Huber
- Institute for Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Tulin Karagenc
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineAdnan Menderes UniversityAydinTurkey
| | - Dominic Ritler
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Institute for Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - Kerry Woods
- Institute for Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse FacultyUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
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Shibata S, Sivakumar T, Igarashi I, Umemiya-Shirafuji R, Inokuma H, Fukumoto S, Yokoyama N. Epidemiological survey of a cervine Theileria in wild deer, questing ticks, and cattle in Hokkaido, Japan. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2018; 9:1235-1240. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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How does the social environment during life course embody in and influence the development of cancer? Int J Public Health 2018; 63:811-821. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-018-1131-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Haidar M, Latré de Laté P, Kennedy EJ, Langsley G. Cell penetrating peptides to dissect host-pathogen protein-protein interactions in Theileria-transformed leukocytes. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:1127-1134. [PMID: 28917447 PMCID: PMC5842112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
One powerful application of cell penetrating peptides is the delivery into cells of molecules that function as specific competitors or inhibitors of protein-protein interactions. Ablating defined protein-protein interactions is a refined way to explore their contribution to a particular cellular phenotype in a given disease context. Cell-penetrating peptides can be synthetically constrained through various chemical modifications that stabilize a given structural fold with the potential to improve competitive binding to specific targets. Theileria-transformed leukocytes display high PKA activity, but PKA is an enzyme that plays key roles in multiple cellular processes; consequently genetic ablation of kinase activity gives rise to a myriad of confounding phenotypes. By contrast, ablation of a specific kinase-substrate interaction has the potential to give more refined information and we illustrate this here by describing how surgically ablating PKA interactions with BAD gives precise information on the type of glycolysis performed by Theileria-transformed leukocytes. In addition, we provide two other examples of how ablating specific protein-protein interactions in Theileria-infected leukocytes leads to precise phenotypes and argue that constrained penetrating peptides have great therapeutic potential to combat infectious diseases in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France; Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris 75014, France; Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014, France.
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Haidar M, Rchiad Z, Ansari HR, Ben-Rached F, Tajeri S, Latre De Late P, Langsley G, Pain A. miR-126-5p by direct targeting of JNK-interacting protein-2 (JIP-2) plays a key role in Theileria-infected macrophage virulence. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006942. [PMID: 29570727 PMCID: PMC5892942 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata is an apicomplexan parasite that infects and transforms bovine macrophages that disseminate throughout the animal causing a leukaemia-like disease called tropical theileriosis. Using deep RNAseq of T. annulata-infected B cells and macrophages we identify a set of microRNAs induced by infection, whose expression diminishes upon loss of the hyper-disseminating phenotype of virulent transformed macrophages. We describe how infection-induced upregulation of miR-126-5p ablates JIP-2 expression to release cytosolic JNK to translocate to the nucleus and trans-activate AP-1-driven transcription of mmp9 to promote tumour dissemination. In non-disseminating attenuated macrophages miR-126-5p levels drop, JIP-2 levels increase, JNK1 is retained in the cytosol leading to decreased c-Jun phosphorylation and dampened AP-1-driven mmp9 transcription. We show that variation in miR-126-5p levels depends on the tyrosine phosphorylation status of AGO2 that is regulated by Grb2-recruitment of PTP1B. In attenuated macrophages Grb2 levels drop resulting in less PTP1B recruitment, greater AGO2 phosphorylation, less miR-126-5p associated with AGO2 and a consequent rise in JIP-2 levels. Changes in miR-126-5p levels therefore, underpin both the virulent hyper-dissemination and the attenuated dissemination of T. annulata-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Haidar
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zineb Rchiad
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hifzur Rahman Ansari
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Fathia Ben-Rached
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahin Tajeri
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Perle Latre De Late
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Arnab Pain
- Pathogen Genomics Laboratory, Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering (BESE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, N20 W10 Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Yin F, Liu Z, Liu J, Liu A, Salih DA, Li Y, Liu G, Luo J, Guan G, Yin H. Population Genetic Analysis of Theileria annulata from Six Geographical Regions in China, Determined on the Basis of Micro- and Mini-satellite Markers. Front Genet 2018. [PMID: 29515624 PMCID: PMC5826064 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Theileria annulata, a tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan, causes a lymphoproliferative disease of cattle with high prevalence in tropical and sub-tropical regions. Understanding the genetic diversity and structure of local populations will provide more fundamental knowledge for the population genetics and epidemics of protozoa. In this study, 78 samples of T. annulata collected from cattle/yaks representing 6 different geographic populations in China were genotyped using eight micro- and mini-satellite markers. High genetic variation within population, moderate genetic differentiation, and high level of diversity co-occurring with significant linkage disequilibrium were observed, which indicates there is gene flow between these populations in spite of the existence of reproductive and geographical barriers among populations. Furthermore, some degree of genetic differentiation was also found between samples from China and Oman. These findings provide a first glimpse of the genetic diversity of the T. annulata populations in China, and might contribute to the knowledge of distribution, dynamics, and epidemiology of T. annulata populations and optimize the management strategies for control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junlong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Aihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | | | - Youquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guangyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
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Nyagwange J, Tijhaar E, Ternette N, Mobegi F, Tretina K, Silva JC, Pelle R, Nene V. Characterization of the Theileria parva sporozoite proteome. Int J Parasitol 2017; 48:265-273. [PMID: 29258832 PMCID: PMC5854367 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
2007 Theileria parva proteins expressed in the sporozoite were identified. Proteins include known T. parva antigens targeted by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells. Proteins predicted to be orthologs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface molecules were identified. Proteins predicted to be orthologs of P. falciparum invasion organelle proteins were identified. Proteins that may contribute to the phenomenon of bovine lymphocyte transformation were identified.
East Coast fever is a lymphoproliferative disease caused by the tick-borne protozoan parasite Theileria parva. The sporozoite stage of this parasite, harboured and released from the salivary glands of the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus during feeding, invades and establishes infection in bovine lymphocytes. Blocking this initial stage of invasion presents a promising vaccine strategy for control of East Coast fever and can in part be achieved by targeting the major sporozoite surface protein p67. To support research on the biology of T. parva and the identification of additional candidate vaccine antigens, we report on the sporozoite proteome as defined by LC–MS/MS analysis. In total, 4780 proteins were identified in an enriched preparation of sporozoites. Of these, 2007 were identified as T. parva proteins, representing close to 50% of the total predicted parasite proteome. The remaining 2773 proteins were derived from the tick vector. The identified sporozoite proteins include a set of known T. parva antigens targeted by antibodies and cytotoxic T cells from cattle that are immune to East Coast fever. We also identified proteins predicted to be orthologs of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoite surface molecules and invasion organelle proteins, and proteins that may contribute to the phenomenon of bovine lymphocyte transformation. Overall, these data establish a protein expression profile of T. parva sporozoites as an important starting point for further study of a parasitic species which has considerable agricultural impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Nyagwange
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya; Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tijhaar
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen University, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Ternette
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Fredrick Mobegi
- Department of Infection and Immunity, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kyle Tretina
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joana C Silva
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Roger Pelle
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vishvanath Nene
- International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Chakraborty S, Roy S, Mistry HU, Murthy S, George N, Bhandari V, Sharma P. Potential Sabotage of Host Cell Physiology by Apicomplexan Parasites for Their Survival Benefits. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1261. [PMID: 29081773 PMCID: PMC5645534 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, Babesia, and Theileria are the major apicomplexan parasites affecting humans or animals worldwide. These pathogens represent an excellent example of host manipulators who can overturn host signaling pathways for their survival. They infect different types of host cells and take charge of the host machinery to gain nutrients and prevent itself from host attack. The mechanisms by which these pathogens modulate the host signaling pathways are well studied for Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium, and Theileria, except for limited studies on Babesia. Theileria is a unique pathogen taking into account the way it modulates host cell transformation, resulting in its clonal expansion. These parasites majorly modulate similar host signaling pathways, however, the disease outcome and effect is different among them. In this review, we discuss the approaches of these apicomplexan to manipulate the host–parasite clearance pathways during infection, invasion, survival, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sonti Roy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Hiral Uday Mistry
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Shweta Murthy
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | - Neena George
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Paresh Sharma
- National Institute of Animal Biotechnology (NIAB-DBT), Hyderabad, India
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47
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Suarez CE, Bishop RP, Alzan HF, Poole WA, Cooke BM. Advances in the application of genetic manipulation methods to apicomplexan parasites. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:701-710. [PMID: 28893636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites such as Babesia, Theileria, Eimeria, Cryptosporidium and Toxoplasma greatly impact animal health globally, and improved, cost-effective measures to control them are urgently required. These parasites have complex multi-stage life cycles including obligate intracellular stages. Major gaps in our understanding of the biology of these relatively poorly characterised parasites and the diseases they cause severely limit options for designing novel control methods. Here we review potentially important shared aspects of the biology of these parasites, such as cell invasion, host cell modification, and asexual and sexual reproduction, and explore the potential of the application of relatively well-established or newly emerging genetic manipulation methods, such as classical transfection or gene editing, respectively, for closing important gaps in our knowledge of the function of specific genes and proteins, and the biology of these parasites. In addition, genetic manipulation methods impact the development of novel methods of control of the diseases caused by these economically important parasites. Transient and stable transfection methods, in conjunction with whole and deep genome sequencing, were initially instrumental in improving our understanding of the molecular biology of apicomplexan parasites and paved the way for the application of the more recently developed gene editing methods. The increasingly efficient and more recently developed gene editing methods, in particular those based on the CRISPR/Cas9 system and previous conceptually similar techniques, are already contributing to additional gene function discovery using reverse genetics and related approaches. However, gene editing methods are only possible due to the increasing availability of in vitro culture, transfection, and genome sequencing and analysis techniques. We envisage that rapid progress in the development of novel gene editing techniques applied to apicomplexan parasites of veterinary interest will ultimately lead to the development of novel and more efficient methods for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Suarez
- Animal Disease Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Washington State University, 3003 ADBF, P.O. Box 646630, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
| | - R P Bishop
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; The Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - H F Alzan
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA; Parasitology and Animal Diseases Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - W A Poole
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - B M Cooke
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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48
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The Microtubule-Stabilizing Protein CLASP1 Associates with the Theileria annulata Schizont Surface via Its Kinetochore-Binding Domain. mSphere 2017; 2:mSphere00215-17. [PMID: 28861517 PMCID: PMC5566832 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00215-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T. annulata, the only eukaryote known to be capable of transforming another eukaryote, is a widespread parasite of veterinary importance that puts 250 million cattle at risk worldwide and limits livestock development for some of the poorest people in the world. Crucial to the pathology of Theileria is its ability to interact with host microtubules and the mitotic spindle of the infected cell. This study builds on our previous work in investigating the host and parasite molecules involved in mediating this interaction. Because it is not possible to genetically manipulate Theileria schizonts, identifying protein interaction partners is critical to understanding the function of parasite proteins. By identifying two Theileria surface proteins that are involved in the interaction between CLASP1 and the parasite, we provide important insights into the molecular basis of Theileria persistence within a dividing cell. Theileria is an apicomplexan parasite whose presence within the cytoplasm of a leukocyte induces cellular transformation and causes uncontrolled proliferation and clonal expansion of the infected cell. The intracellular schizont utilizes the host cell’s own mitotic machinery to ensure its distribution to both daughter cells by associating closely with microtubules (MTs) and incorporating itself within the central spindle. We show that CLASP1, an MT-stabilizing protein that plays important roles in regulating kinetochore-MT attachment and central spindle positioning, is sequestered at the Theileria annulata schizont surface. We used live-cell imaging and immunofluorescence in combination with MT depolymerization assays to demonstrate that CLASP1 binds to the schizont surface in an MT-independent manner throughout the cell cycle and that the recruitment of the related CLASP2 protein to the schizont is MT dependent. By transfecting Theileria-infected cells with a panel of truncation mutants, we found that the kinetochore-binding domain of CLASP1 is necessary and sufficient for parasite localization, revealing that CLASP1 interaction with the parasite occurs independently of EB1. We overexpressed the MT-binding domain of CLASP1 in parasitized cells. This exhibited a dominant negative effect on host MT stability and led to altered parasite size and morphology, emphasizing the importance of proper MT dynamics for Theileria partitioning during host cell division. Using coimmunoprecipitation, we demonstrate that CLASP1 interacts, directly or indirectly, with the schizont membrane protein p104, and we describe for the first time TA03615, a Theileria protein which localizes to the parasite surface, where it has the potential to participate in parasite-host interactions. IMPORTANCET. annulata, the only eukaryote known to be capable of transforming another eukaryote, is a widespread parasite of veterinary importance that puts 250 million cattle at risk worldwide and limits livestock development for some of the poorest people in the world. Crucial to the pathology of Theileria is its ability to interact with host microtubules and the mitotic spindle of the infected cell. This study builds on our previous work in investigating the host and parasite molecules involved in mediating this interaction. Because it is not possible to genetically manipulate Theileria schizonts, identifying protein interaction partners is critical to understanding the function of parasite proteins. By identifying two Theileria surface proteins that are involved in the interaction between CLASP1 and the parasite, we provide important insights into the molecular basis of Theileria persistence within a dividing cell.
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49
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Abstract
The cAMP-dependent protein kinase PKA is a well-characterized member of the serine-threonine protein AGC kinase family and is the effector kinase of cAMP signaling. As such, PKA is involved in the control of a wide variety of cellular processes including metabolism, cell growth, gene expression and apoptosis. cAMP-dependent PKA signaling pathways play important roles during infection and virulence of various pathogens. Since fluxes in cAMP are involved in multiple intracellular functions, a variety of different pathological infectious processes can be affected by PKA signaling pathways. Here, we highlight some features of cAMP-PKA signaling that are relevant to Plasmodium falciparum-infection of erythrocytes and present an update on AKAP targeting of PKA in PGE2 signaling via EP4 in Theileria annulata-infection of leukocytes and discuss cAMP-PKA signling in Toxoplasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Haidar
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - G. Ramdani
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
- Departments of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - E. J. Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - G. Langsley
- Cochin Institute, Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biologie Cellulaire Comparative des Apicomplexes, Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
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50
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Latré de Laté P, Pineda M, Harnett M, Harnett W, Besteiro S, Langsley G. Apicomplexan autophagy and modulation of autophagy in parasite-infected host cells. Biomed J 2017; 40:23-30. [PMID: 28411879 PMCID: PMC6138587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apicomplexan parasites are responsible for a number of important human pathologies. Obviously, as Eukaryotes they share a number of cellular features and pathways with their respective host cells. One of them is autophagy, a process involved in the degradation of the cell's own components. These intracellular parasites nonetheless seem to present a number of original features compared to their very evolutionarily distant host cells. In mammals and other metazoans, autophagy has been identified as an important contributor to the defence against microbial pathogens. Thus, host autophagy also likely plays a key role in the control of apicomplexan parasites, although its potential manipulation and subversion by intracellular parasites creates a complex interplay in the regulation of host and parasite autophagy. In this mini-review, we summarise current knowledge on autophagy in both parasites and their host cells, in the context of infection by three Apicomplexa: Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Theileria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perle Latré de Laté
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; Comparative Cellbiology of Apicomplexan Parasites, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Miguel Pineda
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Margaret Harnett
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Glasgow Biomedical Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - William Harnett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Gordon Langsley
- Inserm U1016, Cnrs UMR8104, Cochin Institute, Paris, France; Comparative Cellbiology of Apicomplexan Parasites, Faculty of Medicine, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France.
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