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Dakroub A, Nasser SA, Kobeissy F, Yassine HM, Orekhov A, Sharifi-Rad J, Iratni R, El-Yazbi AF, Eid AH. Visfatin: An emerging adipocytokine bridging the gap in the evolution of cardiovascular diseases. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6282-6296. [PMID: 33634486 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Visfatin/nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is an adipokine expressed predominately in visceral fat tissues. High circulating levels of visfatin/NAMPT have been implicated in vascular remodeling, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis, all of which pose increased risks of cardiovascular events. In this context, increased levels of visfatin have been correlated with several upregulated pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-1, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Furthermore, visfatin is associated with leukocyte recruitment by endothelial cells and the production of adhesion molecules such as vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, and E-selectin, which are well known to mediate the progression of atherosclerosis. Moreover, diverse angiogenic factors have been found to mediate visfatin-induced angiogenesis. These include matrix metalloproteinases, vascular endothelial growth factor, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and fibroblast growth factor 2. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pro-inflammatory and angiogenic actions of visfatin, with a focus on the pertinent signaling pathways whose dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Most importantly, some hypotheses regarding the integration of the aforementioned factors with the plausible atherogenic effect of visfatin are put forth for consideration in future studies. The pharmacotherapeutic potential of modulating visfatin's roles could be important in the management of cardiovascular disease, which continues to be the leading cause of death worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dakroub
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Suzanne A Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hadi M Yassine
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Alexander Orekhov
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow, Russia
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Facultad de Medicina, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Rabah Iratni
- Department of Biology, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed F El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alamein International University, Alamein, Egypt
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.,Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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2
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Ren X, Feng Y, Guo J, Wang H, Li Q, Yang J, Hao X, Lv J, Ma N, Li W. Surface modification and endothelialization of biomaterials as potential scaffolds for vascular tissue engineering applications. Chem Soc Rev 2015; 44:5680-742. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cs00483c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent developments of surface modification and endothelialization of biomaterials in vascular tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkui Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Yakai Feng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Jintang Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Haixia Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Jing Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Xuefang Hao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Juan Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Free University of Berlin
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Wenzhong Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery
- University of Rostock
- D-18057 Rostock
- Germany
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3
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Candan F, Yildiz G, Kayataş M. Role of the VEGF 936 gene polymorphism and VEGF-A levels in the late-term arteriovenous fistula thrombosis in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2014; 46:1815-23. [PMID: 24748065 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-014-0711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular access is vital for hemodialysis patients. A major factor that facilitates arteriovenous (AV) fistula failure is stenosis and thrombosis due to intimal hyperplasia developing in the venous segment of AV fistula. It has been reported that VEGF accelerated re-endothelialization, reduction in intimal thickening, and/or mural thrombus formed in the injured vascular structures. In this study, we aimed to identify the effect of the VEGF 936 gene polymorphism and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) levels in the late period of AV fistula loss in hemodialysis patients. METHODS The study was carried out with a patient group of 42 individuals who experienced two or more fistula thrombosis in the late period after the AV fistula operation and also a control group of 38 patients who have not had any AV fistula thrombosis history for 3 years or more. All participants were assessed for VEGF-936C/T gene polymorphism and VEGF-A levels. RESULTS VEGF-936C/T genotypes were determined in the large proportion in the control group (31.6 %), while VEGF-936C/C genotypes were determined in a large proportion in the patient group (90.5 %). Individuals carrying the VEGF-936C/C genotype had an increased risk of 5.54 for getting AV fistula thrombosis. The VEGF-A levels of patient group (27.3 ± 43.5 pg/ml) were significantly lower than those of the control group (70.7 ± 53.1 pg/ml). CONCLUSION There is an increased risk of AV fistula thrombosis in individuals carrying the VEGF-936C/C genotype. The other renal replacement modalities should be considered in patients with this genotype. As a result, it will be possible to prevent the morbidity and mortality due to fistula failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhan Candan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
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4
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Weintraub AY, Amash A, Eshkoli T, Piltcher Haber E, Bronfenmacher B, Sheiner E, Holcberg G, Huleihel M. The effects of magnesium sulfate on placental vascular endothelial growth factor expression in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2013; 32:178-88. [DOI: 10.3109/10641955.2013.784787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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5
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Rizvi AA. Hypertension, obesity, and inflammation: the complex designs of a deadly trio. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010; 8:287-94. [PMID: 20367224 DOI: 10.1089/met.2009.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is a powerful risk factor for cardiovascular disease and frequently occurs in conjunction with obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Recent research into the underlying pathophysiologic processes common to these entities has uncovered the role of a heightened inflammatory state signified by a host of circulating biocytokines. Systemic and local hormonal effectors, such as angiotensin II and aldosterone, interact with inflammatory and oxidative stress to augment endothelial damage in a complex manner. The kidneys play a prominent role in the renin-angiotensin cascade and the abnormal pressor response that ensues. Insulin resistance underlies the pathogenesis of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. The interplay of hypertension, insulin resistance, and obesity vastly enhances the noxious influence of inflammation on the vasculature, promoting deleterious immune adaptations and ultimately increasing atherosclerotic risk. Although certain classes of available pharmacologic agents already address the altered endovascular and humoral dynamics in hypertension, a better understanding of the proinflammatory picture holds promise of targeted treatment modalities in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A Rizvi
- Department of Medicine, University Diabetes and Endocrinology Center, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
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6
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Diabetic muscle infarction in a patient with acute embolic stroke. Neurol Sci 2009; 31:345-7. [PMID: 19924502 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-009-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic mellitus (DM) has many well-known complications. However, there is one rare complication, diabetic muscle infarction (DMI), which is usually under diagnosed. Hereby, we present a 53-year-old Chinese man with a history of DM, hypertension and atrial fibrillation. He had acute onset of severe left lower leg pain and swelling with difficulty in walking 4 days before admission. Physical examination revealed non-pitting and non-erythematous swelling with cold sensation of the left medial calf muscles. Magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed homogenous high signal changes in the calf muscles on T2 images, which indicated DMI. After anticoagulation treatment, the patient had a fair recovery within 4 weeks and he could walk by himself thereafter. DMI is a rare complication of poorly controlled DM. It does have a characteristic clinical presentation and MRI findings. Increased clinical awareness is important for early recognition and correct treatment.
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Stumpf C, Jukic J, Yilmaz A, Raaz D, Schmieder RE, Daniel WG, Garlichs CD. Elevated VEGF-plasma levels in young patients with mild essential hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 2009; 39:31-6. [PMID: 19067736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.02056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing evidence shows that inflammation plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of essential hypertension (EH). Vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) is currently discussed as a possible mediator of inflammation. To investigate the hypothesis that VEGF plays a role as an inflammatory mediator in EH we performed the present pilot study of young patients in a very early stage of EH. MATERIALS AND METHODS 15 young patients with mild EH [33.8 +/- 7.3 years, systolic blood pressure (SBP): 143.8 +/- 10.5 mmHg, diastolic blood pressure (DBP): 88.2 +/- 11.1 mmHg, mean arterial pressure (MAP) 106.6 +/- 10.4 mmHg] and 15 healthy controls (31.7 +/- 10.6 years) were examined. Blood was drawn from a peripheral vein and serum levels of VEGF, monocyte-chemoattractant-protein (MCP)-1, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumour-necrosis-factor (TNF)-alpha were measured via commercially available enzyme-linked immunoassays. RESULTS Hypertensives showed increased plasma levels of VEGF (P < 0.05) and MCP-1 (P < 0.05). VEGF positively correlated with MAP (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) and MCP-1 (r = 0.63, P < 0.01). Multivariate analysis demonstrated VEGF to be an independent predictor of MCP-1 levels. Furthermore, hypertensives had higher levels of hsCRP (P < 0.01), IL-6 (P < 0.001) and TNF-alpha (P < 0.05). IL-6 levels correlated with SBP (r = 0.59, P < 0.001), DBP (r = 0.67, P < 0.001) and MAP (r = 0.46, P < 0.001). A significant positive correlation was also found between hsCRP levels and SBP (r = 0.39, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This pilot study demonstrates that in an early state of EH, inflammatory pathways have already been activated. Besides classical pro-inflammatory cytokines, VEGF serum levels are significantly elevated. The positive correlation of VEGF with MCP-1 is suggestive for the already described induction of MCP-1 via VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Stumpf
- Department of Cardiology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Asano T, Kaneko E, Shinozaki S, Imai Y, Shibayama M, Chiba T, Ai M, Kawakami A, Asaoka H, Nakayama T, Mano Y, Shimokado K. Hyperbaric oxygen induces basic fibroblast growth factor and hepatocyte growth factor expression, and enhances blood perfusion and muscle regeneration in mouse ischemic hind limbs. Circ J 2007; 71:405-11. [PMID: 17322643 DOI: 10.1253/circj.71.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not clear how hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) affects ischemia-induced pathophysiological responses such as angiogenesis and skeletal muscle regeneration. In the present study the effects of HBO on the functional and morphological recovery of ischemic hind limbs, blood perfusion and the local production of angiogenic growth factors were studied in a mouse model. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were placed in pure oxygen under 3 atm for 1 h/day for 14 days after the removal of a segment of the left femoral artery. HBO-treated mice showed better functional recovery and greater blood flow in the ischemic hind limb than untreated mice. Histological examination revealed unatrophied muscle fibers with islands of small regenerating muscle cells only in HBO-treated mice. Regeneration of muscle was confirmed by the increase in myf5 mRNA. The amount of mRNA for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was slightly increased in the ischemic hind limbs. HBO eliminated the increase in VEGF mRNA. In contrast, the amount of mRNA for bFGF and HGF was further increased by HBO treatment. HBO transiently increased early growth response protein 1 (Egr-1) in the ischemic hind limbs. CONCLUSIONS HBO accelerates the recovery of ischemic hind limbs by increasing the production of bFGF and HGF and by promoting muscle regeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuichi Asano
- Geriatrics and Vascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Ismail M, Henklein P, Huang X, Braumann C, Rückert RI, Dubiel W. Identification of HIV-1 Tat peptides for future therapeutic angiogenesis. Eur J Haematol 2006; 77:157-65. [PMID: 16800839 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0609.2006.00682.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic angiogenesis represents a novel approach to treat critical limb ischemia when revascularization is no more an option. The clinical use of the vascular endothelial growth factor is questioned, because of its side effects. This study was designed to identify and characterize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Tat-derived peptides based on their pro-angiogenic properties. A series of Tat-derived peptides were synthesized containing mutations in the basic domain. To minimize side effects Tat peptides were selected exerting no effects on the proteasome and on the viability of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Tatpep5, 15, and 16 increased the endogenous levels of the pro-angiogenic transcription factors c-Jun and SP-1 as well as the production of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) by HUVEC. A significant induction of endothelial cell invasion was observed upon treatment of HUVEC with Tat peptides. In addition, selected Tat peptides induced tube formation by HUVEC as visualized and quantified in a Matrigel matrix. Our data demonstrate that the selected Tat peptides fulfill essential criteria for pro-angiogenic substances. They represent the basis for the development of novel pro-angiogenic drugs for future therapeutic angiogenesis, which might be applied for treatment of unreconstructible critical limb ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Ismail
- Department of Surgery, Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Costa
- Division of Cardiology & Cardiovascular Imaging Core Laboratories, University of Florida, Shands-Jacksonville, Jacksonville, Fla, USA
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11
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Mennesson E, Erbacher P, Piller V, Kieda C, Midoux P, Pichon C. Transfection efficiency and uptake process of polyplexes in human lung endothelial cells: a comparative study in non-polarized and polarized cells. J Gene Med 2005; 7:729-38. [PMID: 15759254 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following systemic administration, polyplexes must cross the endothelium barrier to deliver genes to the target cells underneath. To design an efficient gene delivery system into lung epithelium, we evaluated capture and transfection efficiencies of DNA complexed with either Jet-PEI (PEI-polyplexes) or histidylated polylysine (His-polyplexes) in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMEC) and tracheal epithelial cells. METHODS After optimizing growth conditions to obtain a tight HLMEC monolayer, we characterized uptake of polyplexes by flow cytometry and evaluated their transfection efficiency. Polyplexes were formulated as small particles. YOYO-labelled plasmid fluorescence intensity and luciferase activity were used as readouts for uptake and gene expression, respectively. RESULTS PEI-polyplexes were more efficiently taken up than His-polyplexes by both non-polarized (2-fold) and polarized HLMEC (10-fold). They were mainly internalized by a clathrin-dependent pathway whatever the cell state. In non-polarized cells, His-polyplexes entered also mainly via a clathrin-dependent pathway but with an involvement of cholesterol. The cell polarization decreased this way and a clathrin-independent pathway became predominant. PEI-polyplexes transfected more efficiently HLMEC than His-polyplexes (10(7) vs. 10(5) relative light units (RLU)/mg of proteins) with a more pronounced difference in polarized cells. In contrast, no negative effect of the cell polarization was observed with tracheal epithelial cells in which both polyplexes had comparable efficiency. CONCLUSIONS We show that the efficiency of polyplex uptake by HLMEC and their internalization mechanism are polymer-dependent. By contrast with His-polyplexes, the HLMEC polarization has little influence on the uptake process and on the transfection efficiency of PEI-polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mennesson
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire UPR4301 CNRS affiliated to the University of Orléans and INSERM, rue Charles Sadron, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
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12
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Abstract
The management of patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease (PAD) has to be planned in the context of natural history, epidemiology, and apparent risk factors that predict deterioration. The ankle-brachial index to date has proved to be the most effective, accurate, and practical method of PAD detection. Given that PAD is a powerful indicator of systemic atherosclerosis and (independent of symptoms) is associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction and stroke, as well as a six times greater likelihood of death, the prevalence and demographic distribution of measurable PAD becomes particularly relevant. Reliable information on interventions to confer symptom relief is much weaker and reflects discrepancies between published reports from centers of excellence and the experience of patients routinely treated in communities around the world. The impact of newer treatment modalities, such as complex endovascular procedures and therapeutic angiogenesis, has been a subject of recent controversy.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Baumgartner
- Swiss Cardiovascular Center, Division Angiology, University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
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Zhao Q, Egashira K, Hiasa KI, Ishibashi M, Inoue S, Ohtani K, Tan C, Shibuya M, Takeshita A, Sunagawa K. Essential Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Flt-1 Signals in Neointimal Formation After Periadventitial Injury. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004; 24:2284-9. [PMID: 15472126 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000147161.42956.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is upregulated after arterial injury. Its role in the pathogenesis of neointimal formation after periadventitial injury, however, has not been addressed.
Methods and Results—
Expression of VEGF and its receptors but not that of placental growth factor markedly increased with the development of neointimal formation in hypercholesterolemic mice after cuff-induced periarterial injury. Transfection with the murine soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1) gene to block VEGF in vivo in mice inhibited early inflammation and later neointimal formation. The sFlt-1 gene transfer did not affect plasma lipid levels but attenuated increased expression of VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and other inflammation-promoting factors. Mice with Flt-1 kinase deficiency also displayed reduced neointimal formation.
Conclusions—
Inflammatory changes mediated by VEGF and Flt-1 signals play an important role in the pathogenesis of neointimal formation after cuff-induced periadventitial injury. VEGF might promote neointimal formation by acting as a proinflammatory cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Ohtani K, Egashira K, Hiasa KI, Zhao Q, Kitamoto S, Ishibashi M, Usui M, Inoue S, Yonemitsu Y, Sueishi K, Sata M, Shibuya M, Sunagawa K. Blockade of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Suppresses Experimental Restenosis After Intraluminal Injury by Inhibiting Recruitment of Monocyte Lineage Cells. Circulation 2004; 110:2444-52. [PMID: 15477409 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000145123.85083.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Therapeutic angiogenesis by delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has attracted attention. However, the role and function of VEGF in experimental restenosis (neointimal formation) after vascular intraluminal injury have not been addressed.
Methods and Results—
We report herein that blockade of VEGF by soluble VEGF receptor 1 (
sFlt-1
) gene transfer attenuated neointimal formation after intraluminal injury in rabbits, rats, and mice.
sFlt-1
gene transfer markedly attenuated the early vascular inflammation and proliferation and later neointimal formation.
sFlt-1
gene transfer also inhibited increased expression of inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and VEGF. Intravascular VEGF gene transfer enhanced angiogenesis in the adventitia but did not reduce neointimal formation.
Conclusions—
Increased expression and activity of VEGF are essential in the development of experimental restenosis after intraluminal injury by recruiting monocyte-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kisho Ohtani
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Zhao Q, Ishibashi M, Hiasa KI, Tan C, Takeshita A, Egashira K. Essential Role of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Angiotensin II–Induced Vascular Inflammation and Remodeling. Hypertension 2004; 44:264-70. [PMID: 15262905 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000138688.78906.6b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) upregulates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and activates vascular inflammation. However, the decisive role of VEGF in Ang II-induced vascular inflammation and remodeling has not been addressed. Ang II infusion to wild-type mice increased local expression of VEGF and its receptors in cells of aortic wall and plasma VEGF, and caused aortic inflammation (monocyte infiltration) and remodeling (wall thickening and fibrosis). Hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha colocalized with VEGF-positive cell types. Blockade of VEGF by the soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt-1) gene transfer attenuated the Ang II-induced inflammation and remodeling. The sFlt-1 gene transfer also inhibited the increased expression of VEGF and inflammatory factors such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. In contrast, sFlt-1 gene transfer did not affect Ang II-induced arterial hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy. VEGF is an essential mediator in Ang II-induced vascular inflammation and structural changes through its proinflammatory actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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Morishita R. Is vascular endothelial growth factor a missing link between hypertension and inflammation? Hypertension 2004; 44:253-4. [PMID: 15262906 DOI: 10.1161/01.hyp.0000138689.29876.b3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Coles LS, Bartley MA, Bert A, Hunter J, Polyak S, Diamond P, Vadas MA, Goodall GJ. A multi-protein complex containing cold shock domain (Y-box) and polypyrimidine tract binding proteins forms on the vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA. Potential role in mRNA stabilization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 271:648-60. [PMID: 14728692 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.2003.03968.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis and post-transcriptional regulation plays a major role in VEGF expression. Both the 5'- and 3'-UTR are required for VEGF post-transcriptional regulation but factors binding to functional sequences within the 5'-UTR have not been fully characterized. We report here the identification of complexes, binding to the VEGFmRNA 5'- and 3'-UTR, that contain cold shock domain (CSD) and polypyrimidine tract binding (PTB) RNA binding proteins. Analysis of the CSD/PTB binding sites revealed a potential role in VEGF mRNA stability, in both noninduced and induced conditions, demonstrating a general stabilizing function. Such a stabilizing mechanism had not been reported previously for the VEGF gene. We further found that the CSD/PTB-containing complexes are large multiprotein complexes that are most likely preformed in solution and we demonstrate that PTB is associated with the VEGF mRNA in vivo. Complex formation between CSD proteins and PTB has not been reported previously. Analysis of the CSD/PTB RNA binding sites revealed a novel CSD protein RNA recognition site and also demonstrated that CSD proteins may direct the binding of CSD/PTB complexes. We found the same complexes binding to an RNA-stabilizing element of another growth factor gene, suggesting a broader functional role for the CSD/PTB complexes. Finally, as the VEGF gene is also regulated at the transcriptional level by CSD proteins, we propose a combined transcriptional/post-transcriptional role for these proteins in VEGF and other growth factor gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leeanne S Coles
- Division of Human Immunology, The Hanson Institute, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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18
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Takahashi K, Ito Y, Morikawa M, Kobune M, Huang J, Tsukamoto M, Sasaki K, Nakamura K, Dehari H, Ikeda K, Uchida H, Hirai S, Abe T, Hamada H. Adenoviral-delivered angiopoietin-1 reduces the infarction and attenuates the progression of cardiac dysfunction in the rat model of acute myocardial infarction. Mol Ther 2003; 8:584-92. [PMID: 14529831 DOI: 10.1016/s1525-0016(03)00230-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In acute myocardial infarction (AMI), prognosis and mortality rate are closely related to the infarct size and the progression of postinfarction cardiac failure. Angiogenic gene therapy has presented a new approach for the treatment of AMI. Angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) is a critical angiogenic factor for vascular maturation and enhances vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in a complementary manner. We hypothesized that gene therapy using Ang1 for AMI might promote angiogenesis cooperatively with intrinsic VEGF, since high concentrations of circulating VEGF have been reported in AMI. To evaluate our hypothesis, we employed a rat AMI model and adenoviral Ang1 (HGMW-approved gene symbol ANGPT1) gene transfer to the heart. A significant increase in capillary density and reduction in infarct sizes were noted in the infarcted hearts with adenoviral Ang1 gene treatment compared with control infarcted hearts treated with saline or adenoviral vector containing the beta-galactosidase gene. Furthermore, the Ang1 group showed significantly higher cardiac performance in echocardiography (55.0% of ejection fraction, P < 0.05 vs control) than the saline or adenoviral controls (36.0 or 40.5%, respectively) 4 weeks after myocardial infarction. The adenoviral delivery of Ang1 during the acute phase of myocardial infarction would be feasible to attenuate the progression of cardiac dysfunction in the rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo 060-8556, Japan
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Abstract
The accessibility, distribution, and mass of endothelial cells make this cell type an ideal target for in vivo gene transfer. Genetic modification of endothelial cells has been contemplated for a variety of therapeutic purposes, including induction of angiogenesis, prevention of restenosis following angioplasty, suppression of vessel growth in tumors, and as a source of therapeutic proteins for treatment of hereditary or acquired disorders. In targeting endothelial cells for gene transfer, the complex physiology of these cells must be taken into account. Optimizing gene transfer to endothelial cells by working in concert with endothelial cell physiology may lead to a significant decrease in dose of vector required to achieve a therapeutic result, thus increasing the safety and utility of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Leopold
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W401, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Issbrücker K, Marti HH, Hippenstiel S, Springmann G, Voswinckel R, Gaumann A, Breier G, Drexler HCA, Suttorp N, Clauss M. p38 MAP kinase--a molecular switch between VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability. FASEB J 2003; 17:262-4. [PMID: 12490545 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0329fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is not only essential for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis but also is a potent inducer of vascular permeability. Although a dissection of the molecular pathways between angiogenesis- and vascular permeability-inducing properties would be desirable for the development of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic therapies, such mechanisms have not been identified yet. Here we provide evidence for a role of the p38 MAPK as the signaling molecule that separates these two processes. Inhibition of p38 MAPK activity enhances VEGF-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, a finding that was accompanied by prolonged Erk1/2 MAPK activation, increased endothelial survival, and plasminogen activation. Conversely, the same inhibitors abrogate VEGF-induced vascular permeability in vitro and in vivo. These dualistic properties of p38 MAPK are relevant not only for therapeutic angiogenesis but also for reducing edema formation and enhancing tissue repair in ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Issbrücker
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Max-Planck-Institute for Physiological and Clinical Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Monga M, Rajasekaran M. Erectile dysfunction: current concepts and future directions. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 2003; 49:7-17. [PMID: 12647774 DOI: 10.1080/302-01485010290099408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Major advances in science and medicine have led to improved understanding of the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction. The development of reliable pharmacological therapy for erectile dysfunction has led to heightened awareness in the public and medical communities. This article reviews recent clinical advances and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Monga
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Zhao Q, Egashira K, Inoue S, Usui M, Kitamoto S, Ni W, Ishibashi M, Hiasa Ki KI, Ichiki T, Shibuya M, Takeshita A. Vascular endothelial growth factor is necessary in the development of arteriosclerosis by recruiting/activating monocytes in a rat model of long-term inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Circulation 2002; 105:1110-5. [PMID: 11877364 DOI: 10.1161/hc0902.104718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains unclear whether vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a proarteriosclerotic or an antiarteriosclerotic factor. We recently reported that long-term inhibition of nitric oxide by administering Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induces coronary vascular inflammation and arteriosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS We used this animal model to investigate the role of VEGF in arteriosclerosis. We blocked VEGF activity in vivo by transfecting with plasmid DNA encoding the murine soluble FLT-1 (sFLT-1) gene into thigh muscle. Soluble FLT-1 can suppress VEGF activity both by sequestering VEGF and by functioning as a dominant-negative inhibitor of VEGF receptors. We observed vascular inflammation associated with increased VEGF expression within 3 days of L-NAME administration, which was prevented by pretreatment with ACE inhibitor, angiotensin II receptor antagonist, or neutralizing monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 antibody. The sFLT-1 gene transfer attenuated the early vascular inflammation and prevented late arteriosclerosis. The sFLT-1 gene transfer also inhibited increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and transforming growth factor-beta, indicating creation of a positive feedback loop to cause arteriosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS VEGF is necessary in the development of arteriosclerosis by mediating monocyte recruitment and activation in this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Young JL, Dean DA. Nonviral gene transfer strategies for the vasculature. Microcirculation 2002; 9:35-49. [PMID: 11896558 PMCID: PMC4403639 DOI: 10.1038/sj/mn/7800120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2001] [Accepted: 10/11/2001] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Major attention has been focused on the development of gene therapy approaches for the treatment of vascular diseases. In this review, we focus on an alternative use of gene therapy: the use of genetic means to study vascular cell biology and physiology. Both viral and nonviral gene transfer strategies have limitations, but because of the overwhelming inflammatory responses associated with the use of viral vectors, nonviral gene transfer methods are likely to be used more abundantly for future applications in the vasculature. Researchers have made great strides in the advancement of gene delivery to the vasculature in vivo. However, the efficiency of gene transfer seen with most nonviral approaches has been exceedingly low. We discuss how to circumvent and take advantage of a number of the barriers that limit efficient gene delivery to the vasculature to achieve high-level gene expression in appropriate cell types within the vessel wall. With such levels of expression, gene transfer offers the ability to alter pathways at the molecular level by genetically modulating the activity of a gene product, thus obviating the need to rely on pharmacological agents and their foreseen and unforeseen side effects. This genetic ability to alter distinct gene products within a signaling or biosynthetic pathway or to alter structural interactions within and between cells is extremely useful and technologically possible today. Hopefully, with the availability of these tools, new advances in cardiovascular physiology will emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Young
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Bruick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Cui FD, Kishida T, Ohashi S, Asada H, Yasutomi K, Satoh E, Kubo T, Fushiki S, Imanishi J, Mazda O. Highly efficient gene transfer into murine liver achieved by intravenous administration of naked Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vectors. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1508-13. [PMID: 11593364 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2001] [Accepted: 07/06/2001] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Naked plasmid DNA (pDNA) injection could become an alternative procedure to viral and nonviral gene delivery systems. We have previously shown that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-based plasmid vectors containing the EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) gene and the oriP sequence enable quite high and long-lasting expression in various in vitro and in vivo transfection systems. The EBV-based plasmids were intravenously injected into mice via their tail vein under high pressure. A large amount of the marker gene product was expressed in the liver; as much as 320 microg of luciferase was demonstrated per gram of liver at 8 to 24 h after a single injection with 10 microg of DNA. More than 70% of liver cells stained with X-gal when beta-gal gene was transferred. The expression level was significantly higher than that obtained by conventional pDNA lacking the EBNA1 gene and oriP. On day 35 after the transfection, the expression from the EBV-based plasmid was approximately 100-fold stronger than the conventional pDNA gene expression. Both the EBNA1 gene and oriP are a prerequisite for the augmentation of the transfection efficiency. These results suggest that the intravascular transfection with naked EBV-based plasmid may provide a quite efficient, simple and convenient means to transduce therapeutic genes in vivo into the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- F D Cui
- Department of Microbiology, Research Institute for Neurological Disease and Geriatrics, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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