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Wang Y, Xiao B, Wang W, Saéz-Sandino T, Delgado-Baquerizo M. Cyanobacterial and moss biocrusts shape soil nematode community in dryland mountain ecosystems with increasing aridity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172750. [PMID: 38677426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Soil nematodes are the most abundant animals on Earth and play critical roles in regulating numerous ecosystem processes, from enhancing primary productivity to mineralizing multiple nutrients. In dryland soils, a rich community of microphyte organisms (biocrusts) provide critical habitats for soil nematodes, but their presence is being threatened by increasing aridity induced by global climate change. Despite its importance, how types of biocrusts and aridity index influence soil nematode community in dryland mountain ecosystems remains largely unknown. To fill these knowledge gaps, we conducted a field survey with contrasting aridity indexes (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6) and three types of biocrusts (cyanobacterial, cyanobacterial-moss mixed, and moss crusts) in the topsoil (0-5 cm) from the northern Chinese Loess Plateau. We found that the abundance (number of individuals per gram of soil), richness (number of Operational Taxonomic Units; OTUs), and diversity (number of different species) of soil nematodes were remarkably higher under biocrusts than in bare soils, regardless of aridity index and types of biocrusts. Our results also showed that the same variables had the highest values in moss crusts compared to cyanobacterial and cyanobacterial-moss mixed crusts. Structural equation modelling further revealed that biocrust types and traits (i.e., biocrust thickness, chlorophyll content, shear force, and penetration resistance) are the most important factors associated with both nematode abundance and richness. Together, our findings indicate that biocrusts, especially moss cover, and less stressful aridity conditions favor soil nematodes community in dryland mountain regions. Such knowledge is critical for anticipating the distribution of these animals under climate change scenarios and, ultimately, the numerous ecosystem services supported by soil nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation in North China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/College of Land Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Water Resources, Yangling 712100, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wanfu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Desert and Desertification, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tadeo Saéz-Sandino
- Departamento de Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y Naturales, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla 41013, Spain
| | - Manuel Delgado-Baquerizo
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Seville E-41012, Spain
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2
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Touré GPT, Koné AW, Nandjui J, Ebou AET, Otinga AN, Maïga AA, Kouadjo CGZ, Tiho S, Zézé A. Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities, mycorrhizal soil infectivity, and phosphorus availability under Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae) invasions in a West-African forest-savanna ecotone. MYCORRHIZA 2023; 33:257-275. [PMID: 37289330 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-023-01113-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Substantial areas of agricultural lands in Sub-Saharan Africa have been invaded by Chromolaena odorata (Asteraceae), but the consequences for arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF) remains poorly understood. This study explores changes in diverse AMF community attributes and soil available phosphorus following C. odorata invasion in forest and savanna fragments in Côte d'Ivoire (West Africa). Invaded-forest (COF) and savanna (COS) sites were compared to adjacent natural forest (FOR) and savanna (SAV) fragments, respectively. Physico-chemical variables and AMF spore density parameters were determined for soil samples from 0-20 cm depth. An 18S ribosomal RNA metabarcoding analysis of AMF communities was conducted. In addition, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) was grown on soils collected from these sites under greenhouse conditions for determination of soil mycorrhizal infectivity. Noticeable changes in the composition of AMF communities in C. odorata relative to nearby forest and savanna non-invaded sites were observed. AMF-specific richness in COS (47 species) was lower than that in SAV (57 species) while it was higher in COF (68 species) than in FOR (63 species). COF and COS differed in AMF specific composition (Dissimilarity index = 50.6%). Chromolaena odorata invasions resulted in increased relative abundances of the genera Claroideoglomus and Glomus in COF, a decreased relative abundance of Paraglomus in COS and decreased relative abundances of Ambispora in both COF and COS. Total and healthy spore densities, cowpea root colonization intensity and soil available P were all higher in invaded sites than in natural ecosystems. Remarkably, although these values were different in FOR and SAV, they turned out to be similar in COF and COS (4.6 and 4.2 total spores g-1 soil, 2.3 and 2.0 healthy spores g-1 soil, and 52.6 and 51.6% root colonization, respectively) suggesting a C. odorata-specific effect. These findings indicate that soil mycorrhizal potential and phosphorus availability have improved following C. odorata invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy-Pacome T Touré
- UR Gestion Durable des Sols, Laboratoire Géosciences, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire.
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne, UMRI 28 Sciences Agronomique et Génie Rural, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, BP 1093, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Armand W Koné
- UR Gestion Durable des Sols, Laboratoire Géosciences, UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacob Nandjui
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne, UMRI 28 Sciences Agronomique et Génie Rural, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, BP 1093, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Anicet E T Ebou
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne, UMRI 28 Sciences Agronomique et Génie Rural, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, BP 1093, Côte d'Ivoire
- Laboratoire de Bioinformatique et de Biostatistique, UMRI 28 Sciences Agronomique et Génie Rural, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, BP 1093, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Abigael N Otinga
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Assoumane A Maïga
- DER Sciences Sociales & Economiques, Institut Polytechnique Rural de Formation et de Recherche Appliquée (IPR/IFRA), Katibougou, Bamako, Mali
| | - Claude G Z Kouadjo
- Laboratoire Central de Biotechnologies (LCB), Centre National de Recherche Agronomique (CNRA), Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Seydou Tiho
- Laboratoire d'Ecologie et de Développement Durable (LEDD), UFR Sciences de la Nature, Université Nangui Abrogoua, 02 BP 801, Abidjan 02, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Adolphe Zézé
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale et Microbienne, UMRI 28 Sciences Agronomique et Génie Rural, Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Yamoussoukro, BP 1093, Côte d'Ivoire
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3
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Topalović O, Geisen S. Nematodes as suppressors and facilitators of plant performance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:2305-2312. [PMID: 37010088 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant-nematode interactions are mainly considered from the negative aspect with a focus on plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs), which is justified considering the agronomic losses caused by PPNs. Despite the fact that PPNs are outnumbered by nonparasitic free-living nematodes (FLNs), the functional importance of FLNs, especially with regard to plant performance, remains largely unknown. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview and most recent insights into soil nematodes by showing direct and indirect links of both PPNs and FLNs with plant performance. We especially emphasize the knowledge gaps and potential of FLNs as important indirect players in driving plant performance such as stimulating the resistance to pests via improving the disease suppressive activity of the rhizobiome. Together, we present a holistic view of soil nematodes as positive and negative contributors to plant performance, accentuating the positive but underexplored role of FLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivera Topalović
- Section of Terrestrial Ecology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-2100, Denmark
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Department of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6708PB, the Netherlands
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4
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Qi Y, Sun X, Peng S, Tan X, Zhou S. Effects of fertilization on soil nematode communities in an alpine meadow of Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Front Ecol Evol 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2023.1122505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus are important nutrient elements for plants and underground organisms. The nematode is an important part of the soil food web. Although many studies have explored the effects of fertilization on soil nematode community structure, little is known about the response mechanism of the nematode community to fertilization. In this study, we investigated the diversity and functional diversity of soil nematode communities, as well as soil physicochemical properties, root functional traits, and plant richness. We explored the response mechanism of soil nematode communities to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Nitrogen fertilizer increased the abundance and richness of bacterivorous nematodes, while phosphorus fertilizer decreased the total abundance of bacterivorous nematodes. Meanwhile, the diversity of the nematode community was significantly affected by soil physicochemical properties and plant root functional traits. Therefore, our study revealed the effects of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer on soil nematode community diversity and functional diversity. Exploring the response mechanism of soil nematode communities to fertilization interference provides further evidence for the role of nematodes in maintaining the function of subsurface ecosystems.
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Contrasting Responses of Soil Nematode Trophic Groups to Long-Term Nitrogen Addition. Ecosystems 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-022-00803-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Effects of Grass-Based Crop Rotation, Nematicide, and Irrigation on the Nematode Community in Cotton. J Nematol 2022; 54:20220046. [DOI: 10.2478/jofnem-2022-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Plant-parasitic and free-living nematodes – bacterivores, fungivores, omnivores, predators – comprise the nematode community. Nematicide application and crop rotation are important tools to manage plant-parasitic nematodes, but effects on free-living nematodes and nematode ecological indices need further study. The nematicide fluopyram was recently introduced in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production and its effects on the nematode community need assessment. This research was conducted in 2017 and 2018 at a long-term field site in Quincy, FL where perennial grass/sod-based (bahiagrass, Paspalum notatum) and conventional cotton rotations were established in 2000. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of fluopyram nematicide, crop rotation phase, and irrigation on free-living nematodes and nematode ecological indices based on three soil sampling dates each season. We did not observe consistent effects of crop rotation phase on free-living nematodes or nematode ecological indices. Only omnivores were consistently negatively impacted by fluopyram. Nematode ecological indices reflected this negative effect by exhibiting a degraded/ stressed environmental condition relative to untreated plots. Free-living nematodes were not negatively impacted by nematicide when sod-based rotation was used.
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7
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White HJ. The global impact of management on soil nematode abundances. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1736-1739. [PMID: 36065143 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlight: Li, X., Liu, T., Li, H., Geisen, S., Hu, F., & Liu, M. (2022). Management effects on soil nematode abundance differ among functional groups and land-use types at a global scale. Journal of Animal Ecology, https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2656.13744. Despite the well-documented decline of aboveground species abundances as a result of land-use intensification, there has been little attention on the effects of human activities on belowground species abundances. Li et al. analyse nematode data, the most abundant animal on the planet, from across the globe to determine whether their abundances vary between managed and unmanaged habitats. The authors show that, unlike aboveground biodiversity, nematode abundance is higher in managed than unmanaged primary and secondary habitats. Furthermore, responses to land management vary between trophic groups and they do not appear to follow the general hypothesis that higher trophic levels are more vulnerable to human activity than those further down the food chain, except in urban habitats. Finally, Li et al. show that the relationships between environmental predictors and species abundance were weakened (and sometimes reversed) in managed habitats. Together, their results reveal how land-use management is impacting the trophic composition of soil nematode communities and their relationships with the environment, which has implications for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J White
- School of Life Sciences, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
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Birkhofer K, Baulechner D, Diekötter T, Zaitsev A, Wolters V. Fertilization Rapidly Alters the Feeding Activity of Grassland Soil Mesofauna Independent of Management History. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.864470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen fertilization of permanent grasslands affects soil fauna communities by modifying their taxonomic composition, population dynamics and feeding activity. However, it is not well understood if the edaphic fauna adapts to these external inputs so that the immediate response to fertilizer application depends on the long-term nutrient management strategy. We performed a field experiment in permanent grasslands under agricultural management in three regions across Germany. We used experimental fertilization with an organic plant-sourced fertilizer along a long-term nutrient management gradient to study the immediate and long-term effects of fertilization and their interdependence on the taxonomic composition and feeding activity of the soil mesofauna (Nematoda, Oribatida, and Collembola). Sampling season, soil properties, vegetation structure, and geographic location were considered as additional predictor variables to reflect heterogeneity in environmental conditions. The taxonomic composition, richness and total abundance of soil mesofauna communities were significantly affected by long-term nutrient management, but not by experimental fertilization. However, N pulses rapidly (within days) reduced the feeding activity estimated with bait-lamina strips independent of long-term nutrient management strategies. Experimental addition of organic plant-sourced fertilizer may have led to a rapid build-up of microbial biomass, providing alternative food sources for the soil mesofauna and causing a shift away from the bait-lamina substrate. Our study indicates that community changes associated with the long-term nutrient management regime in permanent grasslands do not alter the strong functional response of the soil mesofauna to N pulses. There is an urgent need to develop nutrient management strategies for permanent grasslands that take into account both the conservation of the edaphic faunal community and changes of ecosystem functions caused by rapid responses of the soil mesofauna to fertilizer inputs.
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Li X, Liu T, Li H, Geisen S, Hu F, Liu M. Management effects on soil nematode abundance differ among functional groups and land-use types at a global scale. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:1770-1780. [PMID: 35579946 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anthropogenic land use is threatening global biodiversity. As one of the most abundant animals on Earth, nematodes occupy several key positions in belowground food webs and contribute to many ecosystem functions and services. However, the effects of land use on nematode abundance and its determinants remain poorly understood at a global scale. To characterize nematodes' responses to land use across trophic groups, we used a dataset of 6,825 soil samples globally to assess how nematode abundance varies among regional land-use types (i.e., primary vegetation, secondary vegetation, pasture, cropland, and urban) and local land-use intensities (i.e., human-managed or not). We also quantified the interactive effects of land use and environmental predictors (i.e., mean annual temperature, annual precipitation, soil organic carbon, soil pH, global vegetation biomass, and global vegetation productivity) on nematode abundance. We found that total nematode abundance and the abundance of bacterivores, fungivores, herbivores, omnivores, and predators generally increased or were not affected under management across land-use types. Specifically, the most numerically abundant bacterivores were higher in managed than in unmanaged secondary vegetation habitats and urban areas, and herbivores were more abundant in managed than in unmanaged primary and secondary vegetation habitats. Furthermore, the numbers of significant environmental predictors of nematode abundance were reduced and the magnitude and the direction of the predictors were changed under management. We also found that nematode abundance was more variable and less determined by environmental factors in urban than in other land-use types. These findings challenge the view that human land use decreases animal abundance across trophic groups, but highlight that land use is altering the trophic composition of soil nematodes and its relationships with the environment at the global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Biological Interaction and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huixin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Feng Hu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manqiang Liu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Jagdale GB, Brenneman TB, Severns PM, Shapiro-Ilan D. Differences in distribution and community structure of plant-parasitic nematodes in pecan orchards between two ecoregions of Georgia. J Nematol 2021; 53:e2021-75. [PMID: 34541547 PMCID: PMC8425310 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2021-075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Georgia, pecans are commercially grown in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain ecoregions which are characterized by sandy-loam, sandy, and/or clay soils. If well-drained, these soils are suitable for pecan production, but the soil characteristics differ enough between ecoregions in which the plant-parasitic nematode (PPN) communities could differ substantially. We studied PPN communities in pecan orchards to evaluate the potential for ecoregion differences. In total, 11 genera (Helicotylenchus, Hemicycliophora, Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Mesocriconema, Pratylenchus, Paratylenchus, Paratrichodorus, Tylenchorhynchs, Xiphenema) were recovered from pecan orchards in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain ecoregions. However, Non-Metric Multi-Dimensional Scaling ordination, Multi-Rank Permutation Procedure, and Indicator Species Analyses indicated that the pecan PPN communities strongly differed between ecoregions and that different genera were strongly associated with different ecoregions. For 9 of the 11 PPN genera, the maximum counts occurred in Coastal Plain locations, suggesting that the well-drained sandy soils of the Coastal Plain and comparatively ill-drained red clay soils of the Piedmont may be conducive and unfavorable for movement/reproduction of PPNs, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganpati B Jagdale
- Extension Nematology Lab, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2350 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - Timothy B Brenneman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 2360 Rainwater Rd., Tifton, GA, 31793-5766
| | - Paul M Severns
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, 120 Carlton St, Athens, GA, 30602
| | - David Shapiro-Ilan
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, SE Fruit and Tree Nut Research Laboratory, 21 Dunbar Rd, Byron, GA, 31008
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11
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Wang YM, Guan PT, Chen JW, Li ZX, Yang YR, Wang P. A comparison of soil nematode community structure and environmental factors along fen-bush-forest succession in a peatland, northeastern China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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12
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Renčo M, Čerevková A, Homolová Z. Nematode communities indicate the negative impact of Reynoutria japonica invasion on soil fauna in ruderal habitats of tatra national park in Slovakia. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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13
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Yan J, Zhang Y, Crawford KM, Chen X, Yu S, Wu J. Plant genotypic diversity effects on soil nematodes vary with trophic level. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:575-584. [PMID: 32813893 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
At local spatial scales, loss of genetic diversity within species can lead to species loss. Few studies, however, have examined plant genotypic diversity effects across trophic levels. We investigated genotypic diversity effects of Phragmites australis on belowground biomass and soil nematode communities. Our results revealed that belowground plant biomass and nematode abundance responses to plant genotypic diversity were uncoupled. Decreasing plant genotypic diversity decreased the abundance of lower, but not higher trophic level nematodes. Low plant genotypic diversity also decreased the structural footprint and functional indices of nematodes, indicating lowered metabolic functioning of higher trophic level nematodes and decreased soil food web stability. Our study suggests that plant genotypic diversity effects differ across trophic levels, taxonomic groups and ecosystem functions and that decreasing plant genotypic diversity could destabilise belowground food webs. This highlights the importance of conserving intraspecific plant diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Youzheng Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Kerri M Crawford
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, 77204, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Shuo Yu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Fourth Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beihai, 536000, China
| | - Jihua Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Coastal Ecosystems Research Station of Yangtze River Estuary, Institute of Biodiversity Science and Institute of Eco-Chongming, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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14
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Vink SN, Bienkowski D, Roberts DM, Daniell TJ, Neilson R. Impact of land use and management practices on soil nematode communities of Machair, a low-input calcareous ecosystem of conservation importance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 738:140164. [PMID: 32806343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Machair is a vulnerable low-lying coastal ecosystem with internationally recognised conservation importance. It is characterised by wind-blown calcareous shell-sand soils that support a patchwork of low-input land-use types including species rich grasslands and small-scale arable production. In contrast to numerous above-ground studies, few below-ground studies have been made on the Machair. Thus, a knowledge gap exists, and no baseline data is available to determine the impact, if any, of fundamental changes in Machair land management practices such as a move from traditional rotational to permanent grazing, and increased use of inorganic fertiliser. To address this knowledge deficit, we assessed the impact of different agronomic management practices (cropped, fallow and grasslands) on the structure of soil nematode communities over a two-year period along a geographically limited north-south gradient of coastal Machair of the Outer Hebrides archipelago. Land use followed by season were the main drivers of nematode communities from Machair soils. Functionally, nematode communities from grassland were typically distinct from cropped or fallow communities driven primarily by differential contributions to the overall nematode community by the dominant bacterial-feeding nematodes. Temporally, nematode communities sampled in spring and autumn were distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie N Vink
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Damian Bienkowski
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - David M Roberts
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK
| | - Tim J Daniell
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Roy Neilson
- Ecological Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK.
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Liu X, Zhang D, Li H, Qi X, Gao Y, Zhang Y, Han Y, Jiang Y, Li H. Soil nematode community and crop productivity in response to 5-year biochar and manure addition to yellow cinnamon soil. BMC Ecol 2020; 20:39. [PMID: 32677934 PMCID: PMC7364657 DOI: 10.1186/s12898-020-00304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Manure and biochar soil amendments have shown many benefits to soil quality and crop productivity. This study aimed to reveal the effects of biochar and manure applications on soil fertility improvement and crop productivity in yellow cinnamon soil. Results This study based on a 5-year field experiment. Four treatments were designed, included the control (CK), biochar amendment, manure amendment, and both biochar and manure amendment (BM). The results showed that: after five years, both biochar and manure treatment improved soil structure by increasing soil mean weight diameter (MWD), and soil water and nutrient supply was also increased by increasing the contents of water content, available potassium and available phosphorus. The productivity was also enhanced as wheat yield under the biochar, manure, and BM treatments increased by 3.59–11.32% compared with CK. In addition, biochar and manure treatment increased soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) by > 15%, and soil total nematode abundance was significantly increased. Furthermore, the nematode community structure was significantly affected by biochar and manure treatment, dominant trophic group in CK was herbivores, but bacterivores were dominant in the biochar and manure treatments. The distribution of nematode genera was closely related to soil chemical properties and microbial biomass. Increases in the Shannon's diversity index, and decreases in the dominance index and summed maturity index after the 5-year treatment indicated a sustainable soil ecosystem after the biochar and manure applications. Conclusions These findings indicate that biochar and manure result in better soil quality and increased productivity in yellow cinnamon soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Dengxiao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Huixin Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiuxiu Qi
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ya Gao
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yibo Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yanlai Han
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Hui Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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Decreased Root-Knot Nematode Gall Formation in Roots of the Morning Glory Ipomoea tricolor Symbiotic with Ergot Alkaloid-Producing Fungal Periglandula Sp. J Chem Ecol 2019; 45:879-887. [PMID: 31686336 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-019-01109-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Many species of morning glories (Convolvulaceae) form symbioses with seed-transmitted Periglandula fungal endosymbionts, which produce ergot alkaloids and may contribute to defensive mutualism. Allocation of seed-borne ergot alkaloids to various tissues of several Ipomoea species has been demonstrated, including roots of I. tricolor. The goal of this study was to determine if infection of I. tricolor by the Periglandula sp. endosymbiont affects Southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) gall formation and host plant biomass. We hypothesized that I. tricolor plants infected by Periglandula (E+) would develop fewer nematode-induced galls compared to non-symbiotic plants (E-). E+ or E- status of plant lines was confirmed by testing methanol extracts from individual seeds for endosymbiont-produced ergot alkaloids. To test the effects of Periglandula on nematode colonization, E+ and E- I. tricolor seedlings were grown in soil infested with high densities of M. incognita nematodes (N+) or no nematodes (N-) for four weeks in the greenhouse before harvesting. After harvest, nematode colonization of roots was visualized microscopically, and total gall number and plant biomass were quantified. Four ergot alkaloids were detected in roots of E+ plants, but no alkaloids were found in E- plants. Gall formation was reduced by 50% in E+ plants compared to E- plants, independent of root biomass. Both N+ plants and E+ plants had significantly reduced biomass compared to N- and E- plants, respectively. These results demonstrate Periglandula's defensive role against biotic enemies, albeit with a potential trade-off with host plant growth.
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Cesarz S, Eva Schulz A, Beugnon R, Eisenhauer N. Testing soil nematode extraction efficiency using different variations of the Baermann-funnel method. SOIL ORGANISMS 2019; 91:61-72. [PMID: 32607134 PMCID: PMC7326606 DOI: 10.25674/so91201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nematodes are increasingly used as powerful bioindicators of soil food web composition and functioning in ecological studies. Todays' ecological research aims to investigate not only local relationships but global patterns, which requires consistent methodology across locations. Thus, a common and easy extraction protocol of soil nematodes is needed. In this study, we present a detailed protocol of the Baermann-funnel method and highlight how different soil pre-treatments and equipment (soil type, soil height, sieving, and filter type) can affect extraction efficiency and community composition by using natural nematode communities. We found that highest nematode extraction efficiency was achieved using lowest soil height as indicated by the thickness of the soil sample in the extractor (1, 2, or 4 cm soil height) in combination with soil sieving (instead of no sieving), and by using milk filters (instead of paper towels). PCA at the family level revealed that different pre-treatments significantly affected nematode community composition. Increasing the height of the soil sample by adding more soil increased the proportion of larger-sized nematodes likely because those are able to overcome long distances but selected against small nematodes. Sieving is suggested to break up soil aggregates and, therefore, facilitate moving in general. Interestingly, sieving did not negatively affect larger nematodes that are supposed to have a higher probability of getting bruised during sieving but, even if not significant, tended to yield more extracted nematodes than no sieving. We therefore recommend to use small heights of sieved soil with milk filter to extract free-living soil nematodes with the Baermann-funnel method. The present study shows that variations in the extraction protocol can alter the total density and community composition of extracted nematodes and provides recommendations for an efficient and standardized approach in future studies. Having a simple, cheap, and standardized extraction protocol can facilitate the assessment of soil biodiversity in global contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Annika Eva Schulz
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University of Jena, Dornburger Str. 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Impact of the invasive plant Solidago gigantea on soil nematodes in a semi-natural grassland and a temperate broadleaved mixed forest. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e51. [PMID: 31084632 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Relationships between alien plant species and their aboveground effects have been relatively well studied, but little is known about the effects of invasive plants on belowground faunal communities. Nematodes are abundant, ubiquitous and diverse soil biota, and alterations of their community compositions can illustrate changes in belowground ecosystems. In 2016 and 2017, we determined the response of species diversity, community composition and trophic composition of the soil nematode communities to invasion by the alien plant Solidago gigantea in two ecosystems, forest and grassland, where invasion takes place. Nematode abundance was higher and number of identified nematode species was lower at invaded than uninvaded sites, indicated by lower species diversity, regardless of ecosystem. Herbivorous nematodes were the most affected trophic group. Herbivore abundance was higher at invaded than uninvaded sites and in grassland than forest. The herbivorous species Boleodorus thylactus, Geocenamus sp., Helicotylenchus spp., Paratylenchus bukowinensis, Pratylenchoides crenicauda and Rotylenchus robustus were more abundant at the invaded sites. Abundances of nematodes in the other tropic groups were limited or not affected. The invasion did not significantly affect the ecological and functional indices, except for the Channel Index in 2016. Differences were observed in values of Enrichment Index (indicator of resource availability), Channel Index (indicator of ascendant bacterial/fungal decomposition channel) and Basal Index (indicator of depleted-perturbed soil food webs) between grassland and forests. We can thus conclude that invasion by S. gigantea significantly alters nematode community indicators (abundance, species diversity and specific trophic groups); however, this effect seems to be significantly influenced by the type of ecosystem where invasion takes place.
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Shao Y, Zhang W, Eisenhauer N, Liu T, Ferlian O, Wang X, Xiong Y, Liang C, Fu S. Exotic earthworms maintain soil biodiversity by altering bottom-up effects of plants on the composition of soil microbial groups and nematode communities. BIOLOGY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS 2019; 55:213-227. [PMID: 33911324 PMCID: PMC7610695 DOI: 10.1007/s00374-019-01343-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up effects of plants on soil communities can be modified by the activity of exotic earthworms, by altering resource availability for soil food webs through feeding, burrowing, and casting activities. The present study explored effects of plants (planting of shrubs) on soil micro-food webs (composition of soil microbial and nematode communities), and whether these effects were altered by the activity of exotic earthworms (exotic earthworms addition). Planted shrubs resulted in a non-significant increase of bacterial biomass and significantly increased the abundance of different nematode trophic groups and total nematode biomass, indicating that planted shrubs had significant bottom-up effects on soil bacteria and nematodes. Planted shrubs decreased nematode diversity, evenness, and richness, but increased nematode dominance in the plots where the abundance of exotic earthworms was not amended. By contrast, these effects of shrub presence on soil biodiversity were not found in the plots that received exotic earthworms. In addition, planted shrubs increased the total energy flux to the nematode community. By contrast, the elevated activity of exotic earthworms mitigated the increase in total energy flux to nematodes in the presence of shrubs, and increased the ratio of fungal to bacterial PLFAs. Both of these changes indicate reduced energy flux in the plots with added exotic earthworms. Nematode diversity decreased, while nematode dominance increased with increasing total energy flux to nematodes, probably because few species benefited from high energy flux. Our study indicates that exotic earthworms can maintain soil biodiversity by reducing the energy flux through soil food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded, Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded, Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded, Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of, Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | - Chenfei Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and, Carbon Sequestration, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin’an 311300, China
| | - Shenglei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University), Ministry of Education, College of Environment and Planning, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded, Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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20
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Čerevková A, Bobuľská L, Miklisová D, Renčo M. A case study of soil food web components affected by Fallopia japonica (Polygonaceae) in three natural habitats in Central Europe. J Nematol 2019; 51:1-16. [PMID: 31339251 PMCID: PMC6909030 DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2019-042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study determined the effect of the invasive plant Fallopia japonica on soil physical properties, microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon content, enzymatic activities, and soil nematode communities. We established in total 30 plots in three natural habitats (forest, grassland, wetland) that were either uninvaded or mostly monospecifically invaded by F. japonica. The soil physical and microbial properties differed among the investigated plots, but the differences were observed to be non-significant between the invaded and the uninvaded plots. Non-metric multidimensional scaling based on nematode species diversity indicated that the total number of identified nematode species and their abundance were higher in the uninvaded compare to the invaded plots. Negative effect of F. japonica on omnivores, plant parasites, and root-fungal feeder nematodes was confirmed by their lower abundance in the invaded compared to the uninvaded plots. In the invaded plots, we also confirmed lower Maturity and Channel index, but higher Enrichment index. Our results thus indicated that the invasive plant F. japonica could affect nematode communities, more than physical or microbial properties, regardless of habitat. This study determined the effect of the invasive plant Fallopia japonica on soil physical properties, microbial respiration, microbial biomass carbon content, enzymatic activities, and soil nematode communities. We established in total 30 plots in three natural habitats (forest, grassland, wetland) that were either uninvaded or mostly monospecifically invaded by F. japonica. The soil physical and microbial properties differed among the investigated plots, but the differences were observed to be non-significant between the invaded and the uninvaded plots. Non-metric multidimensional scaling based on nematode species diversity indicated that the total number of identified nematode species and their abundance were higher in the uninvaded compare to the invaded plots. Negative effect of F. japonica on omnivores, plant parasites, and root-fungal feeder nematodes was confirmed by their lower abundance in the invaded compared to the uninvaded plots. In the invaded plots, we also confirmed lower Maturity and Channel index, but higher Enrichment index. Our results thus indicated that the invasive plant F. japonica could affect nematode communities, more than physical or microbial properties, regardless of habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Čerevková
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Science, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Bobuľská
- Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, Slovakia
| | - Dana Miklisová
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Science, Košice, Slovakia
| | - Marek Renčo
- Institute of Parasitology, Slovak Academy of Science, Košice, Slovakia
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21
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Yang B, Pang X, Bao W, Zhou K. Thinning-induced canopy opening exerted a specific effect on soil nematode community. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3851-3861. [PMID: 29721262 PMCID: PMC5916288 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in microclimate, soil physicochemical properties, understory vegetation cover, diversity, and composition as well as soil microbial community resulting from silvicultural practices are expected to alter soil food webs. Here, we investigated whether and how contrasting‐sized canopy openings affect soil nematode community within a 30 year‐aged spruce plantation. The results indicated that the responses of soil nematodes to canopy opening size were dependant on their feeding habit. The abundance of total nematodes and that of free‐living nematodes was negatively correlated with soil bulk density, whereas the abundance of omnivore–predators was negatively correlated with soil bulk density and shrubs cover, respectively. The ratio of the sum abundance of predators and omnivores to the plant parasites’ abundance, Simpson's dominance index, Pielou's evenness index, and sigma maturity index, maturity index (MI), MI2‐5, basal index, enrichment index, and structure index was sensitive to alteration in canopy opening size. Multivariate analysis indicated that thinning‐induced gap size resulted in contrasting nematode assemblages. In conclusion, soil nematodes should be integrated as an indicator to monitor soil multifunctionality change due to thinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resource Utilization of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Xueyong Pang
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resource Utilization of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Weikai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bio-resource Utilization of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Ecological Restoration and Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Chengdu Institute of Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
| | - Kexin Zhou
- Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences Ministry of Environmental Protection Nanjing China
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De Long JR. Nematodes, exotic earthworms and nitrogen addition: interactions between global change factors lead to cancellation effects. J Anim Ecol 2018; 86:705-707. [PMID: 28597603 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Photos from the experiment described in Shao et al. (): (a) the endogeic (i.e. earthworms that typically live in the soil, burrowing horizontally to acquire nutrients) earthworm Pontoscolex corethrurus that was added to the plots; (b) P. corethrurus in a quiescence state in response to drought; (c) set-up of the control plots (i.e. no earthworms, ambient nitrogen) used in this experiment. [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com] In Focus: Shao, Y., Zhang, W., Eisenhauer, N., Liu, T., Xiong, Y., Liang, C. & Fu, S. (2017) Nitrogen deposition cancels out exotic earthworm effects on plant-feeding nematode communities. Journal of Animal Ecology, 86, 708-717. In this issue of Journal of Animal Ecology, Shao et al. () explored how N addition and exotic earthworms interacted to impact on the plant-feeding nematode community. They demonstrate that exotic earthworm presence alone increased the abundance of less harmful plant-feeding nematodes and decreased the abundance of the more harmful plant-feeding nematodes. However, in plots receiving both exotic earthworms and N addition, such earthworm effects on the nematode community were negated. These findings pull focus on the need to simultaneously consider multiple global change factors (e.g. exotic species invasions and N deposition) when making predictions about how such factors might affect above- and below-ground interactions and thereby alter ecosystem function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R De Long
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Shao Y, Zhang W, Eisenhauer N, Liu T, Xiong Y, Liang C, Fu S. Nitrogen deposition cancels out exotic earthworm effects on plant-feeding nematode communities. J Anim Ecol 2017; 86:708-717. [PMID: 28224627 PMCID: PMC5484995 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The activity and spread of exotic earthworms often are spatially correlated with N deposition because both arise from human activities. Exotic earthworms, in turn, can also greatly affect soil abiotic and biotic properties, as well as related ecological processes. Previous studies showed, for example, that earthworms can counteract the detrimental effects of plant-feeding nematodes on plant growth. However, potential interactive effects of N deposition and exotic earthworms on ecosystems are poorly understood. We explored the changes in density of plant-feeding nematodes in response to the presence of exotic earthworms, and whether these changes are altered by elevated N deposition in a two-factorial field mesocosm experiment at the Heshan National Field Research Station of Forest Ecosystem, in southern China. Our results show that earthworm addition marginally significantly increased the density of exotic earthworms and significantly increased the mass of earthworm casts. The total density of plant-feeding nematodes was not significantly affected by exotic earthworms or N deposition. However, exotic earthworms tended to increase the density of plant-feeding nematode taxa that are less detrimental to plant growth (r-strategists), while they significantly reduced the density of more harmful plant-feeding nematodes (K-strategists). Importantly, these earthworm effects were restricted to the ambient N deposition treatment, and elevated N deposition cancelled out the earthworm effect. Although exotic earthworms and N deposition interactively altered foliar N : P ratio in the target tree species, this did not result in significant changes in shoot and root biomass in the short term. Overall, our study indicates that N deposition can cancel out exotic earthworm-induced reductions in the density of harmful plant-feeding nematodes. These results suggest that anthropogenic N deposition can alter biotic interactions between exotic and native soil organisms with potential implications for ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhu Shao
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University)Ministry of EducationCollege of Environment and PlanningHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded EcosystemsSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University)Ministry of EducationCollege of Environment and PlanningHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded EcosystemsSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650China
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigDeutscher Platz 5e04103LeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityJohannisallee 2104103LeipzigGermany
| | - Tao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded EcosystemsSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650China
- University of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Yanmei Xiong
- Research Institute of Tropical ForestryChinese Academy of ForestryGuangzhou510520China
| | - Chenfei Liang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Cycling in Forest Ecosystems and Carbon SequestrationZhejiang A & F UniversityLin'an311300China
| | - Shenglei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Geospatial Technology for the Middle and Lower Yellow River Regions (Henan University)Ministry of EducationCollege of Environment and PlanningHenan UniversityKaifeng475004China
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded EcosystemsSouth China Botanical GardenChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou510650China
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The Impacts of Above- and Belowground Plant Input on Soil Microbiota: Invasive Spartina alterniflora Versus Native Phragmites australis. Ecosystems 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-017-0162-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Kerfahi D, Park J, Tripathi BM, Singh D, Porazinska DL, Moroenyane I, Adams JM. Molecular methods reveal controls on nematode community structure and unexpectedly high nematode diversity, in Svalbard high Arctic tundra. Polar Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-016-1999-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Hu N, Li H, Tang Z, Li Z, Tian J, Lou Y, Li J, Li G, Hu X. Community diversity, structure and carbon footprint of nematode food web following reforestation on degraded Karst soil. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28138. [PMID: 27311984 PMCID: PMC4911591 DOI: 10.1038/srep28138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined community diversity, structure and carbon footprint of nematode food web along a chronosequence of T. Sinensis reforestation on degraded Karst. In general, after the reforestation: a serious of diversity parameters and community indices (Shannon-Weinier index (H′), structure index (SI), etc.) were elevated; biomass ratio of fungivores to bacterivores (FFC/BFC), and fungi to bacteria (F/B) were increased, and nematode channel ratio (NCR) were decreased; carbon footprints of all nematode trophic groups, and biomass of bacteria and fungi were increased. Our results indicate that the Karst aboveground vegetation restoration was accompanied with belowground nematode food web development: increasing community complexity, function and fungal dominance in decomposition pathway, and the driving forces included the bottom-up effect (resource control), connectedness of functional groups, as well as soil environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Hu
- College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China.,Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, 450002 Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hezhou University, 542899 Hezhou, China
| | - Zhongfang Li
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hezhou University, 542899 Hezhou, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101 Beijing, China
| | - Yilai Lou
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jianwei Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Improving Quality of Arable Land, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Guichun Li
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- College of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, 110819 Shenyang, China
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Gómez‐Hernández M, Williams‐Linera G, Lodge DJ, Guevara R, Ruiz‐Sanchez E, Gándara E. Phylogenetic diversity of macromycetes and woody plants along an elevational gradient in Eastern Mexico. Biotropica 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Gómez‐Hernández
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351 Xalapa Veracruz 91070 México
- Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigación para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Oaxaca, Hornos No. 1003 Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán Oaxaca 71230 México
| | | | - Deborah J. Lodge
- Forest Products Laboratory USDA‐Forest Service Luquillo Puerto Rico 00773‐1377 U.S.A
| | - Roger Guevara
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Carretera antigua a Coatepec No. 351 Xalapa Veracruz 91070 México
| | - Eduardo Ruiz‐Sanchez
- Instituto de Ecología, A.C. Centro Regional del Bajío Av. Lázaro Cárdenas 253 Pátzcuaro Michoacán 61600 México
| | - Etelvina Gándara
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology The University and Jepson Herbaria University of California Berkeley California 94270 U.S.A
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Caixeta LB, Pereira TJ, Castañeda NE, Cares JE. Nematode communities as indicators of the status of a soil ecosystem influenced by mining practices in Brazil. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of mining practices using soil nematodes as bioindicators. Soil samples represented four different subsystems found in the CeBio Research Center, including natural/undisturbed (rainforest (RF) and savannah (SA)) and disturbed (Eucalyptus spp. (EU) and grassland (GR)) subsystems. Ecological descriptors S (3.5-9.5), d (1.22-4.23) and MI (1.9-3.23) significantly differentiated the subsystem GR (high impact) from the other subsystems. Additionally, poorly covered soil (i.e., subsystem GR) negatively influenced the composition of nematode assemblages, and primarily so for nematodes with high c-p values. Among soil variables, pH strongly influenced the distribution of soil nematodes, negatively affecting the abundance of all c-p groups and diversity of nematodes. On the other hand, pH also positively affected FF and PP trophic groups in the subsystem GR. The similarity of subsystem EU and natural subsystems (RF and SA) suggests that soil restoration with Eucalyptus spp. appears to be an adequate management practice to promote the recovery of areas subjected to mining practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa B. Caixeta
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago J. Pereira
- Department of Nematology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasília, DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Nancy E.N. Castañeda
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Juvenil E. Cares
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF 70910-900, Brazil
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Shaver BR, Marchant S, Martin SB, Agudelo P. 18S rRNA and COI haplotype diversity of Trichodorus obtusus from turfgrass in South Carolina. NEMATOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/15685411-00002944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The stubby-root nematode, Trichodorus obtusus, was recently identified on zoysiagrass in South Carolina, USA. In Florida, T. obtusus causes more damage than other stubby-root nematodes encountered in turfgrass. The objective of this study was to use morphological analysis, mitochondrial DNA (COI: cytochrome oxidase 1) and nuclear (18S rRNA) sequence data to study the genetic structure and haplotype diversity of populations recovered from turfgrasses in South Carolina. Numerous morphological differences were observed among populations. Three 18S haplotypes were shared among South Carolina and Florida populations, and six mitochondrial haplotypes were identified in South Carolina samples. Of the six COI haplotypes, four haplotypes were restricted to one population from St Augustinegrass. The lowest haplotype diversity was found in samples from zoysiagrass. Sequences of the COI mtDNA gene of T. obtusus were published in GenBank and represent the first mtDNA sequences for the genus Trichodorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradly R. Shaver
- Plant Nematology Laboratory, 210 BRC, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29364, USA
| | - Sergio Marchant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - S. Bruce Martin
- Pee Dee Research and Education Center, Clemson University, 2200 Pocket Road, Florence, SC 29506, USA
| | - Paula Agudelo
- Plant Nematology Laboratory, 210 BRC, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29364, USA
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30
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An analysis of soil free-living and plant-parasitic nematode communities in three habitats invaded by Heracleum sosnowskyi in central Lithuania. Biol Invasions 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-014-0773-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Nematode community shifts in response to experimental warming and canopy conditions are associated with plant community changes in the temperate-boreal forest ecotone. Oecologia 2014; 175:713-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-2927-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Wei C, Zheng H, Li Q, Lü X, Yu Q, Zhang H, Chen Q, He N, Kardol P, Liang W, Han X. Nitrogen addition regulates soil nematode community composition through ammonium suppression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43384. [PMID: 22952671 PMCID: PMC3432042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) enrichment resulting from anthropogenic activities has greatly changed the composition and functioning of soil communities. Nematodes are one of the most abundant and diverse groups of soil organisms, and they occupy key trophic positions in the soil detritus food web. Nematodes have therefore been proposed as useful indicators for shifts in soil ecosystem functioning under N enrichment. Here, we monitored temporal dynamics of the soil nematode community using a multi-level N addition experiment in an Inner Mongolia grassland. Measurements were made three years after the start of the experiment. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) to explore the mechanisms regulating nematode responses to N enrichment. Across the N enrichment gradient, significant reductions in total nematode abundance, diversity (H' and taxonomic richness), maturity index (MI), and the abundance of root herbivores, fungivores and omnivores-predators were found in August. Root herbivores recovered in September, contributing to the temporal variation of total nematode abundance across the N gradient. Bacterivores showed a hump-shaped relationship with N addition rate, both in August and September. Ammonium concentration was negatively correlated with the abundance of total and herbivorous nematodes in August, but not in September. Ammonium suppression explained 61% of the variation in nematode richness and 43% of the variation in nematode trophic group composition. Ammonium toxicity may occur when herbivorous nematodes feed on root fluid, providing a possible explanation for the negative relationship between herbivorous nematodes and ammonium concentration in August. We found a significantly positive relationship between fungivores and fungal phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA), suggesting bottom-up control of fungivores. No such relationship was found between bacterivorous nematodes and bacterial PLFA. Our findings contribute to the understanding of effects of N enrichment in semiarid grassland on soil nematode trophic groups, and the cascading effects in the detrital soil food web.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunzheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (CZW); (XGH)
| | - Huifen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaotao Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Quansheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wenju Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xingguo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail: (CZW); (XGH)
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de Oliveira Cardoso M, Pedrosa EMR, Rolim MM, Silva EFFE, de Barros PA. Effects of soil mechanical resistance on nematode community structure under conventional sugarcane and remaining of Atlantic Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:3529-3544. [PMID: 21769561 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2206-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes present high potential as a biological indicator of soil quality. In this work, it was evaluated relations between soil physical properties and nematode community under sugarcane cropping and remaining of Atlantic Forest areas in Northeastern Pernambuco, Brazil. Soil samples were collected from September to November 2009 along two 200-m transects in both remaining of Atlantic Forest and sugarcane field at deeps of 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50 cm. For soil characterization, it was carried out analysis of soil size, water content, total porosity, bulk density, and particle density. The level of soil mechanical resistance was evaluated through a digital penetrometer. Nematodes were extracted per 300 cm(3) of soil through centrifugal flotation in sucrose being quantified, classified according trophic habit, and identified in level of genus or family. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation at 5% of probability. Geostatistical analysis showed that the penetration resistance, water content, total porosity, and bulk density on both forest and cultivated area exhibited spatial dependence at the sampled scale, and their experimental semivariograms were fitted to spherical and exponential models. In forest area, the ectoparasites and free-living nematodes exhibited spherical model. In sugarcane field, the soil nematodes exhibited pure nugget effect. Pratylenchus sp. and Helicotylenchus sp. were prevalent in sugarcane field, but in forest, there was prevalence of Dorylaimidae and Rhabditidae. Total amount of nematode did not differ between environments; however, community trophic structure in forest presented prevalence of free-living nematodes: omnivores followed by bacterial-feeding soil nematodes, while plant-feeding nematodes were prevalent in sugarcane field. The nematode diversity was higher in the remaining of Atlantic Forest. However, the soil mechanical resistance was higher under sugarcane cropping, affecting more directly the free-living nematodes; especially Dorylaimidae which was the most sensible to changes in soil physical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mércia de Oliveira Cardoso
- Departamento de Tecnologia Rural, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, CEP 52171-900, Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, Brasil
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34
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Ecology and evolution of soil nematode chemotaxis. J Chem Ecol 2012; 38:615-28. [PMID: 22527058 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-012-0118-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants influence the behavior of and modify community composition of soil-dwelling organisms through the exudation of organic molecules. Given the chemical complexity of the soil matrix, soil-dwelling organisms have evolved the ability to detect and respond to these cues for successful foraging. A key question is how specific these responses are and how they may evolve. Here, we review and discuss the ecology and evolution of chemotaxis of soil nematodes. Soil nematodes are a group of diverse functional and taxonomic types, which may reveal a variety of responses. We predicted that nematodes of different feeding guilds use host-specific cues for chemotaxis. However, the examination of a comprehensive nematode phylogeny revealed that distantly related nematodes, and nematodes from different feeding guilds, can exploit the same signals for positive orientation. Carbon dioxide (CO(2)), which is ubiquitous in soil and indicates biological activity, is widely used as such a cue. The use of the same signals by a variety of species and species groups suggests that parts of the chemo-sensory machinery have remained highly conserved during the radiation of nematodes. However, besides CO(2), many other chemical compounds, belonging to different chemical classes, have been shown to induce chemotaxis in nematodes. Plants surrounded by a complex nematode community, including beneficial entomopathogenic nematodes, plant-parasitic nematodes, as well as microbial feeders, are thus under diffuse selection for producing specific molecules in the rhizosphere that maximize their fitness. However, it is largely unknown how selection may operate and how belowground signaling may evolve. Given the paucity of data for certain groups of nematodes, future work is needed to better understand the evolutionary mechanisms of communication between plant roots and soil biota.
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35
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Wu YT, Gutknecht J, Nadrowski K, Geißler C, Kühn P, Scholten T, Both S, Erfmeier A, Böhnke M, Bruelheide H, Wubet T, Buscot F. Relationships Between Soil Microorganisms, Plant Communities, and Soil Characteristics in Chinese Subtropical Forests. Ecosystems 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-012-9533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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36
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Zoppolo RJ, Stefanelli D, Bird GW, Perry RL. Soil properties under different orchard floor management systems for organic apple production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13165-011-0018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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37
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Morriën E, Duyts H, Van der Putten WH. Effects of native and exotic range-expanding plant species on taxonomic and functional composition of nematodes in the soil food web. OIKOS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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38
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Veen GF(C, Olff H, Duyts H, van der Putten WH. Vertebrate herbivores influence soil nematodes by modifying plant communities. Ecology 2010; 91:828-35. [DOI: 10.1890/09-0134.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Neher DA. Ecology of plant and free-living nematodes in natural and agricultural soil. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2010; 48:371-394. [PMID: 20455699 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are aquatic organisms that depend on thin water films to live and move within existing pathways of soil pores of 25-100 mum diameter. Soil nematodes can be a tool for testing ecological hypotheses and understanding biological mechanisms in soil because of their central role in the soil food web and linkage to ecological processes. Ecological succession is one of the most tested community ecology concepts, and a variety of nematode community indices have been proposed for purposes of environmental monitoring. In contrast, theories of biogeography, colonization, optimal foraging, and niche partitioning by nematodes are poorly understood. Ecological hypotheses related to strategies of coexistence of nematode species sharing the same resource have potential uses for more effective biological control and use of organic amendments to foster disease suppression. Essential research is needed on nematodes in natural and agricultural soils to synchronize nutrient release and availability relative to plant needs, to test ecological hypotheses, to apply optimal foraging and niche partitioning strategies for more effective biological control, to blend organic amendments to foster disease suppression, to monitor environmental and restoration status, and to develop better predictive models for land-use decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Neher
- Department of Plant & Soil Science, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont 05405, USA.
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40
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Mulder C, Den Hollander HA, Vonk JA, Rossberg AG, op Akkerhuis GAJMJ, Yeates GW. Soil resource supply influences faunal size-specific distributions in natural food webs. THE SCIENCE OF NATURE - NATURWISSENSCHAFTEN 2009; 96:813-26. [PMID: 19440684 PMCID: PMC2705724 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-009-0539-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The large range of body-mass values of soil organisms provides a tool to assess the ecological organization of soil communities. The goal of this paper is to identify graphical and quantitative indicators of soil community composition and ecosystem functioning, and to illustrate their application to real soil food webs. The relationships between log-transformed mass and abundance of soil organisms in 20 Dutch meadows and heathlands were investigated. Using principles of allometry, maximal use can be made of ecological theory to build and explain food webs. The aggregate contribution of small invertebrates such as nematodes to the entire community is high under low soil phosphorus content and causes shifts in the mass-abundance relationships and in the trophic structures. We show for the first time that the average of the trophic link lengths is a reliable predictor for assessing soil fertility responses. Ordered trophic link pairs suggest a self-organizing structure of food webs according to resource availability and can predict environmental shifts in ecologically meaningful ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mulder
- Department of Ecology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Box 1, Bilthoven, 3720 BA, The Netherlands.
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41
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Mulder C, Den Hollander HA, Hendriks AJ. Aboveground herbivory shapes the biomass distribution and flux of soil invertebrates. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3573. [PMID: 18974874 PMCID: PMC2570614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Living soil invertebrates provide a universal currency for quality that integrates physical and chemical variables with biogeography as the invertebrates reflect their habitat and most ecological changes occurring therein. The specific goal was the identification of “reference” states for soil sustainability and ecosystem functioning in grazed vs. ungrazed sites. Methodology/Principal Findings Bacterial cells were counted by fluorescent staining and combined direct microscopy and automatic image analysis; invertebrates (nematodes, mites, insects, oligochaetes) were sampled and their body size measured individually to allow allometric scaling. Numerical allometry analyses food webs by a direct comparison of weight averages of components and thus might characterize the detrital soil food webs of our 135 sites regardless of taxonomy. Sharp differences in the frequency distributions are shown. Overall higher biomasses of invertebrates occur in grasslands, and all larger soil organisms differed remarkably. Conclusions/Significance Strong statistical evidence supports a hypothesis explaining from an allometric perspective how the faunal biomass distribution and the energetic flux are affected by livestock, nutrient availability and land use. Our aim is to propose faunal biomass flux and biomass distribution as quantitative descriptors of soil community composition and function, and to illustrate the application of these allometric indicators to soil systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mulder
- Department of Ecology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM-LER, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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42
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Menta C, Leoni A, Bardini M, Gardi C, Gatti F. Nematode and Microarthropod Communities: Comparative Use of Soil Quality Bioindicators in Covered Dump and Natural Soils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/15555270701885762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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43
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Bais HP, Broeckling CD, Vivanco JM. Root Exudates Modulate Plant—Microbe Interactions in the Rhizosphere. SECONDARY METABOLITES IN SOIL ECOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74543-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Poll J, Marhan S, Haase S, Hallmann J, Kandeler E, Ruess L. Low amounts of herbivory by root-knot nematodes affect microbial community dynamics and carbon allocation in the rhizosphere. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2007; 62:268-79. [PMID: 17916076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2007.00383.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased carbon translocation to the rhizosphere via 'leakage' induced by low amounts of plant parasitic nematodes can foster microorganisms. The effects of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita on microbial biomass (C(mic)) and community structure (phospholipid fatty acids) in the rhizosphere of barley were studied. Inoculation densities of 2000, 4000, and 8000 nematodes were well below the threshold level for plant damage. A (13)CO(2) pulse-labelling was performed to assess the distribution of assimilated (13)C in the rhizosphere. Infection with M. incognita increased the carbon concentration in shoots, and enhanced root biomass slightly. The presence of nematodes did not affect microbial biomass, but significantly changed the allocation of the recent photosynthate. Less plant carbon was sequestered by microorganisms with increasing nematode abundance. Microbial community structure was distinctly altered in the early stages of the plant-nematode interactions. Both, bacteria and fungi, showed a positive response with 2000, and a negative one with 4000 and 8000 M. incognita added. The results suggest that low-level root herbivory still imposes a considerable carbon demand, and that proliferation of microorganisms due to increased rhizodeposition may be short-termed. The carbon flow to rhizosphere microbial communities is likely dependent on the specific nematode-plant association and the developmental stage of the nematode in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Poll
- Institute of Soil Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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45
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Abstract
Associations between plants and animals in aboveground communities are often predictable and specific. This has been exploited for the purposes of estimating the diversity of animal species based on the diversity of plant species. The introduction of invasive alien plants into an ecosystem can result in dramatic changes in both the native plant and animal assemblages. Few data exist at the species level to determine whether belowground animal assemblages share the same degree of association to plants. The hypotheses that soil mites (Acari) form assemblages specifically associated with different native grass species in an unmanipulated natural ecosystem and that invasive alien grasses will impact soil mite assemblage composition in this setting were tested. Soil mites sampled beneath five native and two invasive alien species of grasses at the Konza Prairie Biological Station, Kansas, USA, were similarly abundant, species rich, diverse, and taxonomically distinct. No mite species had affinities for a specific grass species. There was no evidence from analysis of similarity, canonical correspondence analysis, or a nonparametric assemblage analysis that the assemblage composition of soil mites was specific to grass species. Results suggest that soil mite assemblages were more related to characteristics of the plant assemblage as a whole or prevailing soil conditions. The most recent invasive alien grass did not support a successionally younger mite fauna, based on the ratio of mesostigmatid to oribatid mites, and neither of the two invasive grasses influenced mite assemblage structure, possibly because they had not yet substantially altered the soil environment. Our results suggest that extrapolations of soil mite diversity based on assumptions of plant specificity would be invalid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark G St John
- Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523-1499, USA.
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46
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Bais HP, Weir TL, Perry LG, Gilroy S, Vivanco JM. The role of root exudates in rhizosphere interactions with plants and other organisms. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2006; 57:233-66. [PMID: 16669762 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.57.032905.105159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1740] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The rhizosphere encompasses the millimeters of soil surrounding a plant root where complex biological and ecological processes occur. This review describes recent advances in elucidating the role of root exudates in interactions between plant roots and other plants, microbes, and nematodes present in the rhizosphere. Evidence indicating that root exudates may take part in the signaling events that initiate the execution of these interactions is also presented. Various positive and negative plant-plant and plant-microbe interactions are highlighted and described from the molecular to the ecosystem scale. Furthermore, methodologies to address these interactions under laboratory conditions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsh P Bais
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, Delaware 19711, USA
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47
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Invasive plants and their escape from root herbivory: a worldwide comparison of the root-feeding nematode communities of the dune grass Ammophila arenaria in natural and introduced ranges. Biol Invasions 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-004-1196-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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De Deyn GB, Raaijmakers CE, van Ruijven J, Berendse F, van der Putten WH. Plant species identity and diversity effects on different trophic levels of nematodes in the soil food web. OIKOS 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2004.13265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 305] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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49
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Wardle DA, Bardgett RD, Klironomos JN, Setälä H, van der Putten WH, Wall DH. Ecological Linkages Between Aboveground and Belowground Biota. Science 2004; 304:1629-33. [PMID: 15192218 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1474] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
All terrestrial ecosystems consist of aboveground and belowground components that interact to influence community- and ecosystem-level processes and properties. Here we show how these components are closely interlinked at the community level, reinforced by a greater degree of specificity between plants and soil organisms than has been previously supposed. As such, aboveground and belowground communities can be powerful mutual drivers, with both positive and negative feedbacks. A combined aboveground-belowground approach to community and ecosystem ecology is enhancing our understanding of the regulation and functional significance of biodiversity and of the environmental impacts of human-induced global change phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Wardle
- Landcare Research, Post Office Box 69, Lincoln, New Zealand.
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Rimé D, Nazaret S, Gourbière F, Cadet P, Moënne-Loccoz Y. Comparison of sandy soils suppressive or conducive to ectoparasitic nematode damage on sugarcane. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2003; 93:1437-44. [PMID: 18944073 DOI: 10.1094/phyto.2003.93.11.1437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Two South African sandy soils, one suppressive and the other conducive to ectoparasitic nematode damage on monoculture sugarcane, were compared. Analysis of field transects indicated that the suppressive soil displayed a comparatively higher population of the weak ectoparasite Helicotylenchus dihystera, whose predominance among ectoparasitic nematodes is known to limit yield loss caused by more virulent phytonematodes. Soil type was identical at both sites (entisols), but the suppressive soil had a higher organic matter content and a lower pH, which correlated with H. dihystera population data. In contrast, microclimatic differences between the two field sites were unlikely to be responsible for the suppressive or conducive status of the soils, as shown in a greenhouse experiment. The two soils exhibited a bacterial community of the same size but with different genetic structures, as indicated by automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (RISA). The number of culturable fluorescent pseudomonads was higher for the conducive soil, probably because extensive root damage caused by ectoparasitic nematodes favored proliferation of these bacteria. This study shows that apparently small differences in soil composition between fields located in the same climatic area and managed similarly can translate into contrasted nematode communities, ectoparasitic nematode damage levels, and sugarcane yields.
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