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Rosales IA, Zhou IY, Ay I, Sojoodi M, Sise ME, Gale EM. Imaging kidney inflammation using an oxidatively activated MRI probe. Kidney Int 2024; 106:671-678. [PMID: 38901603 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2024.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Imaging tools for kidney inflammation could improve care for patients suffering inflammatory kidney diseases by lessening reliance on percutaneous biopsy or biochemical tests alone. During kidney inflammation, infiltration of myeloid immune cells generates a kidney microenvironment that is oxidizing relative to normal kidney. Here, we evaluated whether magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using the redox-active iron (Fe) complex Fe-PyC3A as an oxidatively activated probe could serve as a marker of kidney inflammation using mouse models of unilateral ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) and lupus nephritis (MRL-lpr mice). We imaged unilateral IRI in gp91phox knockout mice, which are deficient in the nicotinamide oxidase II (NOX2) enzyme required for myeloid oxidative burst, as loss of function control, and imaged MRL/MpJ mice as non-kidney involved lupus control. Gadoterate meglumine was used as a non-oxidatively activated control MRI probe. Fe-PyC3A safety was preliminarily examined following a single acute dose. Fe-PyC3A generated significantly greater MRI signal enhancement in the IRI kidney compared to the contralateral kidney in wild-type mice, but the effect was not observed in the NOX2-deficient control. Fe-PyC3A also generated significantly greater kidney enhancement in MRL-lpr mice compared to MRL/MpJ control. Gadoterate meglumine did not differentially enhance the IRI kidney over the contralateral kidney and did not differentially enhance the kidneys of MRL-lpr over MRL/MpJ mice. Fe-PyC3A was well tolerated at the highest dose evaluated, which was a 40-fold greater than required for imaging. Thus, our data indicate that MRI using Fe-PyC3A is specific to an oxidizing kidney environment shaped by activity of myeloid immune cells and support further evaluation of Fe-PyC3A for imaging kidney inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy A Rosales
- Department of Pathology, Immunopathology Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Iris Yuwen Zhou
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ilknur Ay
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Oncologic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meghan E Sise
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric M Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
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2
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Lapusan R, Borlan R, Focsan M. Advancing MRI with magnetic nanoparticles: a comprehensive review of translational research and clinical trials. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2024; 6:2234-2259. [PMID: 38694462 PMCID: PMC11059564 DOI: 10.1039/d3na01064c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
The nexus of advanced technology and medical therapeutics has ushered in a transformative epoch in contemporary medicine. Within this arena, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) emerges as a paramount tool, intertwining the advancements of technology with the art of healing. MRI's pivotal role is evident in its broad applicability, spanning from neurological diseases, soft-tissue and tumour characterization, to many more applications. Though already foundational, aspirations remain to further enhance MRI's capabilities. A significant avenue under exploration is the incorporation of innovative nanotechnological contrast agents. Forefront among these are Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs), recognized for their adaptability and safety profile. SPION's intrinsic malleability allows them to be tailored for improved biocompatibility, while their functionality is further broadened when equipped with specific targeting molecules. Yet, the path to optimization is not devoid of challenges, from renal clearance concerns to potential side effects stemming from iron overload. This review endeavors to map the intricate journey of SPIONs as MRI contrast agents, offering a chronological perspective of their evolution and deployment. We provide an in-depth current outline of the most representative and impactful pre-clinical and clinical studies centered on the integration of SPIONs in MRI, tracing their trajectory from foundational research to contemporary applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Lapusan
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Raluca Borlan
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
| | - Monica Focsan
- Biomolecular Physics Department, Faculty of Physics, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
- Nanobiophotonics and Laser Microspectroscopy Centre, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University Cluj-Napoca Romania
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3
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Lin P, Wu W, Chen C, Chen Y, Ouyang S, Song Z, Xia Y, An Y, Zhang N, Zhao P, Lin B, Tao J. Walking Dead Macrophage-Based Positive Enhancement MRI for Ultrahighly Efficient Diagnosis of Nephritis. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4933-4941. [PMID: 38483253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Nephritis is an inflammatory condition of the glomerulus, and the clinical gold standard for its diagnosis is a kidney biopsy. However, obtaining biopsy results can take several days, which does not meet the requirement of rapid diagnosis, especially for rapidly progressive types. To achieve an effective and noninvasive diagnosis, we propose a nephritis-specific, positive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent based on Gd3+ anchored walking dead macrophage Gd-RAW. Gd-RAW exhibits high selectivity for inflammatory renal parenchyma and provides comparable results to histopathology methods. The Gd-RAW-based MRI contrast agent reduces the diagnostic time of nephritis from 14 days of biopsy to 1 h. Furthermore, in a unilateral nephritis model constructed by increasing the glycerol concentration, the T1WI of renal parenchyma exhibits an increased signal-to-noise ratio, which is crucial for evaluating nephritic severity. This work promotes rapid diagnosis of nephritis and potentially provides sufficient evidence for clinicians to offer timely treatment to patients. The methodology of paramagnetic ion-anchored macrophage corpse also opens up new prospects for designing more specific and biosafe MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Lin
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanjia Wu
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Chuyao Chen
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Sixue Ouyang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
| | - Zibin Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Nanfang Hospital, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yubin Xia
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, 515100 Shantou, China
| | - Yida An
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, 510005 Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Drug Metabolism, Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Bingquan Lin
- Department of Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515 Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia Tao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, 510640 Guangzhou, China
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Martinez P, Song JJ, Garay FG, Song KH, Mufford T, Steiner J, DeSisto J, Ellens N, Serkova NJ, Green AL, Borden M. Comprehensive Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Opening and Sterile Inflammatory Response: Unraveling the Therapeutic Window. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.23.563613. [PMID: 37961395 PMCID: PMC10634745 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.23.563613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Microbubbles (MBs) combined with focused ultrasound (FUS) have emerged as a promising noninvasive technique to permeabilize the blood-brain barrier (BBB) for drug delivery to the brain. However, the safety and biological consequences of BBB opening remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the effects of varying microbubble volume doses (MVD) and ultrasound mechanical indices (MI) on BBB opening and the sterile inflammatory response (SIR) using high-resolution ultra-high field MRI-guided FUS in mouse brains. The results demonstrate that both MVD and MI significantly influence the extent of BBB opening, with higher doses and mechanical indices leading to increased permeability. Moreover, RNA sequencing reveals upregulated inflammatory pathways and immune cell infiltration after BBB opening, suggesting the presence and extent of SIR. Gene set enrichment analysis identifies 12 gene sets associated with inflammatory responses that are upregulated at higher doses of MVD or MI. A therapeutic window is established between significant BBB opening and the onset of SIR, providing operating regimes for avoiding each three classes of increasing damage from stimulation of the NFκB pathway via TNFL signaling to apoptosis. This study contributes to the optimization and standardization of BBB opening parameters for safe and effective drug delivery to the brain and sheds light on the underlying molecular mechanisms of the sterile inflammatory response. Significance Statement The significance of this study lies in its comprehensive investigation of microbubble-facilitated focused ultrasound for blood-brain barrier (BBB) opening. By systematically exploring various combinations of microbubble volume doses and ultrasound mechanical indices, the study reveals their direct impact on the extent of BBB permeability and the induction of sterile inflammatory response (SIR). The establishment of a therapeutic window between significant BBB opening and the onset of SIR provides critical insights for safe and targeted drug delivery to the brain. These findings advance our understanding of the biological consequences of BBB opening and contribute to optimizing parameters for clinical applications, thus minimizing potential health risks, and maximizing the therapeutic potential of this technique.
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Koza LA, Pena C, Russell M, Smith AC, Molnar J, Devine M, Serkova NJ, Linseman DA. Immunocal® limits gliosis in mouse models of repetitive mild-moderate traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2023; 1808:148338. [PMID: 36966959 PMCID: PMC10258892 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Successive traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) exacerbate neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. No therapeutics exist for populations at high risk of repetitive mild TBIs (rmTBIs). We explored the preventative therapeutic effects of Immunocal®, a cysteine-rich whey protein supplement and glutathione (GSH) precursor, following rmTBI and repetitive mild-moderate TBI (rmmTBI). Populations that suffer rmTBIs largely go undiagnosed and untreated; therefore, we first examined the potential therapeutic effect of Immunocal® long-term following rmTBI. Mice were treated with Immunocal® prior to, during, and following rmTBI induced by controlled cortical impact until analysis at 2 weeks, 2 months, and 6 months following the last rmTBI. Astrogliosis and microgliosis were measured in cortex at each time point and edema and macrophage infiltration by MRI were analyzed at 2 months post-rmTBI. Immunocal® significantly reduced astrogliosis at 2 weeks and 2 months post-rmTBI. Macrophage activation was observed at 2 months post-rmTBI but Immunocal® had no significant effect on this endpoint. We did not observe significant microgliosis or edema after rmTBI. The dosing regimen was repeated in mice subjected to rmmTBI; however, using this experimental paradigm, we examined the preventative therapeutic effects of Immunocal® at a much earlier timepoint because populations that suffer more severe rmmTBIs are more likely to receive acute diagnosis and treatment. Increases in astrogliosis, microgliosis, and serum neurofilament light (NfL), as well as reductions in the GSH:GSSG ratio, were observed 72 h post-rmmTBI. Immunocal® only significantly reduced microgliosis after rmmTBI. In summary, we report that astrogliosis persists for 2 months post-rmTBI and that inflammation, neuronal damage, and altered redox homeostasis present acutely following rmmTBI. Immunocal® significantly limited gliosis in these models; however, its neuroprotection was partially overwhelmed by repetitive injury. Treatments that modulate distinct aspects of TBI pathophysiology, used in combination with GSH precursors like Immunocal®, may show more protection in these repetitive TBI models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilia A Koza
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Claudia Pena
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Madison Russell
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Alec C Smith
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Jacob Molnar
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Maeve Devine
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- University of Colorado Cancer Center, Department of Radiology, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Daniel A Linseman
- University of Denver, Department of Biological Sciences, Denver, CO 80208, United States; University of Denver, Knoebel Institute for Healthy Aging, Denver, CO 80208, United States.
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6
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Abstract
Uncontrolled alternative pathway activation is the primary driver of several diseases, and it contributes to the pathogenesis of many others. Consequently, diagnostic tests to monitor this arm of the complement system are increasingly important. Defects in alternative pathway regulation are strong risk factors for disease, and drugs that specifically block the alternative pathway are entering clinical use. A range of diagnostic tests have been developed to evaluate and monitor the alternative pathway, including assays to measure its function, expression of alternative pathway constituents, and activation fragments. Genetic studies have also revealed many disease-associated variants in alternative pathway genes that predict the risk of disease and prognosis. Newer imaging modalities offer the promise of non-invasively detecting and localizing pathologic complement activation. Together, these various tests help in the diagnosis of disease, provide important prognostic information, and can help guide therapy with complement inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, European Hospital Georges Pompidou, Department of Immunology Biology and INSERM UMRS1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Team "Inflammation, Complement and Cancer", Paris, France
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7
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Magnetic Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Surface Enhancements, and Biological Challenges. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), their physicochemical properties, their potential applications, and their association with the consequent toxicological effects in complex biologic systems. These MNPs have generated an accelerated development and research movement in the last two decades. They are solving a large portion of problems in several industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, water remediation, photoelectronics, and information storage, to name a few. As a result, more MNPs are put into contact with biological organisms, including humans, via interacting with their cellular structures. This situation will require a deeper understanding of these particles’ full impact in interacting with complex biological systems, and even though extensive studies have been carried out on different biological systems discussing toxicology aspects of MNP systems used in biomedical applications, they give mixed and inconclusive results. Chemical agencies, such as the Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemical substances (REACH) legislation for registration, evaluation, and authorization of substances and materials from the European Chemical Agency (ECHA), have held meetings to discuss the issue. However, nanomaterials (NMs) are being categorized by composition alone, ignoring the physicochemical properties and possible risks that their size, stability, crystallinity, and morphology could bring to health. Although several initiatives are being discussed around the world for the correct management and disposal of these materials, thanks to the extensive work of researchers everywhere addressing the issue of related biological impacts and concerns, and a new nanoethics and nanosafety branch to help clarify and bring together information about the impact of nanoparticles, more questions than answers have arisen regarding the behavior of MNPs with a wide range of effects in the same tissue. The generation of a consolidative framework of these biological behaviors is necessary to allow future applications to be manageable.
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8
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Zhong J, Zheng C, Gao H, Tong W, Hui H, Tian J. Noninvasive imaging of the lung NETosis by anti-Ly6G iron oxide nanoparticles. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10043. [PMID: 35991979 PMCID: PMC9382280 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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9
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Advancements in nanomedicines for the detection and treatment of diabetic kidney disease. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 6:100047. [PMID: 36824160 PMCID: PMC9934479 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the diabetic kidneys, morbidities such as accelerated ageing, hypertension and hyperglycaemia create a pro-inflammatory microenvironment characterised by extensive fibrogenesis. Radiological techniques are not yet optimised generating inconsistent and non-reproducible data. The gold standard procedure to assess renal fibrosis is kidney biopsy, followed by histopathological assessment. However, this method is risky, invasive, subjective and examines less than 0.01% of kidney tissue resulting in diagnostic errors. As such, less than 10% of patients undergo kidney biopsy, limiting the accuracy of the current diabetic kidney disease (DKD) staging method. Standard treatments suppress the renin-angiotensin system to control hypertension and use of pharmaceuticals aimed at controlling diabetes have shown promise but can cause hypoglycaemia, diuresis and malnutrition as a result of low caloric intake. New approaches to both diagnosis and treatment are required. Nanoparticles (NPs) are an attractive candidate for managing DKD due to their ability to act as theranostic tools that can carry drugs and enhance image contrast. NP-based point-of-care systems can provide physiological information previously considered unattainable and provide control over the rate and location of drug release. Here we discuss the use of nanotechnology in renal disease, its application to both the treatment and diagnosis of DKD. Finally, we propose a new method of NP-based DKD classification that overcomes the current systems limitations.
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Wu Y, Huang Q, Wang J, Dai Y, Xiao M, Li Y, Zhang H, Xiao W. The Feasibility of Targeted Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoagent for Noninvasive IgA Nephropathy Diagnosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:755692. [PMID: 34900958 PMCID: PMC8656216 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.755692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
IgA nephropathy is the most common glomerular disease in the world and has become a serious threat to human health. Accurate and non-invasive molecular imaging to detect and recognize the IgA nephropathy is critical for the subsequent timely treatment; otherwise, it may progress to end-stage renal disease and lead to glomerular dysfunction. In this study, we have developed a sensitive, specific, and biocompatible integrin αvβ3-targeted superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) for the noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of integrin αvβ3, which is overexpressed in glomerular mesangial region of IgA nephropathy. The rat model of IgA nephropathy was successfully established and verified by biochemical tests and histological staining. Meanwhile, the clinical 18F-AlF-NOTA-PRGD2 probe molecule was utilized to visualize and further confirmed the IgA nephropathy in vivo via positron emission computed tomography. Subsequently, the Fe3O4 NPs were conjugated with arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) molecules (Fe3O4-RGD), and their integrin αvβ3-targeted T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) potential has been carefully evaluated. The Fe3O4-RGD demonstrated great relaxation in vivo. The T2WI signal of renal layers in the targeted group at 3 h after intravenous injection of Fe3O4-RGD was distinctly lower than baseline, indicating MRI signal decreased in the established IgA nephropathy rat model. Moreover, the TEM characterization and Prussian blue staining confirmed that the Fe3O4-RGD was located at the region of glomerulus and tubular interstitium. Moreover, no obvious signal decreased was detected in the untargeted Fe3O4 treated and normal groups. Collectively, our results establish the possibility of Fe3O4-RGD serving as a feasible MRI agent for the noninvasive diagnosis of IgA nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Wu
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Radiology, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Dai
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Gynecological Diseases, Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Laboratory, Åbo Akademi University, Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Wenbo Xiao
- Department of Radiology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Klinkhammer BM, Lammers T, Mottaghy FM, Kiessling F, Floege J, Boor P. Non-invasive molecular imaging of kidney diseases. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:688-703. [PMID: 34188207 PMCID: PMC7612034 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In nephrology, differential diagnosis or assessment of disease activity largely relies on the analysis of glomerular filtration rate, urinary sediment, proteinuria and tissue obtained through invasive kidney biopsies. However, currently available non-invasive functional parameters, and most serum and urine biomarkers, cannot capture intrarenal molecular disease processes specifically. Moreover, although histopathological analyses of kidney biopsy samples enable the visualization of pathological morphological and molecular alterations, they only provide information about a small part of the kidney and do not allow longitudinal monitoring. These limitations not only hinder understanding of the dynamics of specific disease processes in the kidney, but also limit the targeting of treatments to active phases of disease and the development of novel targeted therapies. Molecular imaging enables non-invasive and quantitative assessment of physiological or pathological processes by combining imaging technologies with specific molecular probes. Here, we discuss current preclinical and clinical molecular imaging approaches in nephrology. Non-invasive visualization of the kidneys through molecular imaging can be used to detect and longitudinally monitor disease activity and can therefore provide companion diagnostics to guide clinical trials, as well as the safe and effective use of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital RWTH, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Medicine MEVIS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Floege
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Peter Boor
- Institute of Pathology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
- Department of Nephrology and Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
- Electron Microscopy Facility, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.
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12
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Serkova NJ, Glunde K, Haney CR, Farhoud M, De Lille A, Redente EF, Simberg D, Westerly DC, Griffin L, Mason RP. Preclinical Applications of Multi-Platform Imaging in Animal Models of Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:1189-1200. [PMID: 33262127 PMCID: PMC8026542 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In animal models of cancer, oncologic imaging has evolved from a simple assessment of tumor location and size to sophisticated multimodality exploration of molecular, physiologic, genetic, immunologic, and biochemical events at microscopic to macroscopic levels, performed noninvasively and sometimes in real time. Here, we briefly review animal imaging technology and molecular imaging probes together with selected applications from recent literature. Fast and sensitive optical imaging is primarily used to track luciferase-expressing tumor cells, image molecular targets with fluorescence probes, and to report on metabolic and physiologic phenotypes using smart switchable luminescent probes. MicroPET/single-photon emission CT have proven to be two of the most translational modalities for molecular and metabolic imaging of cancers: immuno-PET is a promising and rapidly evolving area of imaging research. Sophisticated MRI techniques provide high-resolution images of small metastases, tumor inflammation, perfusion, oxygenation, and acidity. Disseminated tumors to the bone and lung are easily detected by microCT, while ultrasound provides real-time visualization of tumor vasculature and perfusion. Recently available photoacoustic imaging provides real-time evaluation of vascular patency, oxygenation, and nanoparticle distributions. New hybrid instruments, such as PET-MRI, promise more convenient combination of the capabilities of each modality, enabling enhanced research efficacy and throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Radiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
- Animal Imaging Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kristine Glunde
- Division of Cancer Imaging Research, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology, and the Sydney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chad R Haney
- Center for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | | | | | | | - Dmitri Simberg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David C Westerly
- Animal Imaging Shared Resource, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Lynn Griffin
- Department of Radiology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Ralph P Mason
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
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13
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Zhou IY, Montesi SB, Akam EA, Caravan P. Molecular Imaging of Fibrosis. Mol Imaging 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816386-3.00077-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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14
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Liu Y, Cao F, Sun B, Bellanti JA, Zheng SG. Magnetic nanoparticles: A new diagnostic and treatment platform for rheumatoid arthritis. J Leukoc Biol 2020; 109:415-424. [PMID: 32967052 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.5mr0420-008rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory condition characterized by articular synovitis that eventually leads to the destruction of cartilage and bone in the joints with resulting pain and disability. The current therapies for RA are divided into 4 categories: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, nonbiological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), and biological DMARDs. Each drug grouping is beset with significant setbacks that not only include limited drug bioavailability and high clearance, but also varying degrees of drug toxicity to normal tissues. Recently, nanotechnology has provided a promising tool for the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic systems in the area of malignant and inflammatory diseases. Among these, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have provided an attractive carrier option for delivery of therapeutic agents. Armed with an extra magnetic probe, MNPs are capable of more accurately targeting the local lesion with avoidance of unpleasant systemic side effects. This review aims to provide an introduction to the applications of magnetic nanoparticles in RA, focusing on the latest advances, challenges, and opportunities for future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Institute of Clinical Immunology Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenglin Cao
- Department of Internal Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baoqing Sun
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Medical University, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph A Bellanti
- Department of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine and Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, United States
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15
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Zhang J, Chen C, Fu H, Yu J, Sun Y, Huang H, Tang Y, Shen N, Duan Y. MicroRNA-125a-Loaded Polymeric Nanoparticles Alleviate Systemic Lupus Erythematosus by Restoring Effector/Regulatory T Cells Balance. ACS NANO 2020; 14:4414-4429. [PMID: 32203665 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b09998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a common lethal autoimmune disease, is characterized by effector/regulatory T cells imbalance. Current therapies are either inefficient or have severe side effects. MicroRNA-125a (miR-125a) can stabilize Treg-mediated self-tolerance by targeting effector programs, but it is significantly downregulated in peripheral T cells of patients with SLE. Therefore, overexpression of miR-125a may have therapeutic potential to treat SLE. Considering the stability and targeted delivery of miRNA remains a major challenge in vivo, we constructed a monomethoxy (polyethylene glycol)-poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide)-poly(l-lysine) (mPEG-PLGA-PLL) nanodelivery system to deliver miR-125a into splenic T cells. Results demonstrate that miR-125a-loaded mPEG-PLGA-PLL (PEALmiR-125a) nanoparticles (NPs) exhibit good biocompatibility and protect miR-125a from degradation, thereby prolonging the circulatory time of miRNA in vivo. In addition, PEALmiR-125a NPs are preferentially enriched in a pathological spleen and efficiently deliver miR-125a into the splenic T cells in SLE mice models. The PEALmiR-125a NPs treatment significantly alleviates SLE disease progression by reversing the imbalance of effector/regulatory T cells. Collectively, the PEALmiR-125a NPs show excellent therapeutic efficacy and safety, which may provide an effective treatment for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chuanrong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hao Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuanjia Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Nan Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200127, China
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine and Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai 200031, China
- Center for Autoimmune Genomics and Etiology (CAGE), Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229, United States
| | - Yourong Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200032, China
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16
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Molecular imaging of inflammation - Current and emerging technologies for diagnosis and treatment. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 211:107550. [PMID: 32325067 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a key factor in multiple diseases including primary immune-mediated inflammatory diseases e.g. rheumatoid arthritis but also, less obviously, in many other common conditions, e.g. cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Together, chronic inflammatory diseases contribute to the majority of global morbidity and mortality. However, our understanding of the underlying processes by which the immune response is activated and sustained is limited by a lack of cellular and molecular information obtained in situ. Molecular imaging is the visualization, detection and quantification of molecules in the body. The ability to reveal information on inflammatory biomarkers, pathways and cells can improve disease diagnosis, guide and monitor therapeutic intervention and identify new targets for research. The optimum molecular imaging modality will possess high sensitivity and high resolution and be capable of non-invasive quantitative imaging of multiple disease biomarkers while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. The mainstays of current clinical imaging are computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound (US) and nuclear imaging such as positron emission tomography (PET). However, none of these have yet progressed to routine clinical use in the molecular imaging of inflammation, therefore new approaches are required to meet this goal. This review sets out the respective merits and limitations of both established and emerging imaging modalities as clinically useful molecular imaging tools in addition to potential theranostic applications.
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17
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Colgan TJ, Knobloch G, Reeder SB, Hernando D. Sensitivity of quantitative relaxometry and susceptibility mapping to microscopic iron distribution. Magn Reson Med 2020; 83:673-680. [PMID: 31423637 PMCID: PMC7041893 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the impact of the microscopic spatial distribution of iron on relaxometry and susceptibility-based estimates of iron concentration. METHODS Monte Carlo simulations and in vitro experiments of erythrocytes were used to create different microscopic distributions of iron. Measuring iron with intact erythrocyte cells created a heterogeneous distribution of iron, whereas lysing erythrocytes was used to create a homogeneous distribution of iron. Multi-echo spin echo and spoiled gradient echo acquisitions were then used to estimate relaxation parameters ( R 2 and R 2 * ) and susceptibility. RESULTS Simulations demonstrate that R 2 and R 2 * measurements depend on the spatial distribution of iron even for the same iron concentration and volume susceptibility. Similarly, in vitro experiments demonstrate that R 2 and R 2 * measurements depend on the microscopic spatial distribution of iron whereas the quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) susceptibility estimates reflect iron concentration without sensitivity to spatial distribution. CONCLUSIONS R 2 and R 2 * for iron quantification depend on the spatial distribution or iron. QSM-based estimation of iron concentration is insensitive to the microscopic spatial distribution of iron, potentially providing a distribution independent measure of iron concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Colgan
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Gesine Knobloch
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott B. Reeder
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Diego Hernando
- Department of Radiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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18
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Bhatia S, Oweida A, Lennon S, Darragh LB, Milner D, Phan AV, Mueller AC, Van Court B, Raben D, Serkova NJ, Wang XJ, Jimeno A, Clambey ET, Pasquale EB, Karam SD. Inhibition of EphB4-Ephrin-B2 Signaling Reprograms the Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Head and Neck Cancers. Cancer Res 2019; 79:2722-2735. [PMID: 30894369 PMCID: PMC6522285 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Identifying targets present in the tumor microenvironment that contribute to immune evasion has become an important area of research. In this study, we identified EphB4-ephrin-B2 signaling as a regulator of both innate and adaptive components of the immune system. EphB4 belongs to receptor tyrosine kinase family that interacts with ephrin-B2 ligand at sites of cell-cell contact, resulting in bidirectional signaling. We found that EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition alone or in combination with radiation (RT) reduced intratumoral regulatory T cells (Tregs) and increased activation of both CD8+ and CD4+Foxp3- T cells compared with the control group in an orthotopic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) model. We also compared the effect of EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition combined with RT with combined anti-PDL1 and RT and observed similar tumor growth suppression, particularly at early time-points. A patient-derived xenograft model showed reduction of tumor-associated M2 macrophages and favored polarization towards an antitumoral M1 phenotype following EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition with RT. In vitro, EphB4 signaling inhibition decreased Ki67-expressing Tregs and Treg activation compared with the control group. Overall, our study is the first to implicate the role of EphB4-ephrin-B2 in tumor immune response. Moreover, our findings suggest that EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition combined with RT represents a potential alternative for patients with HNSCC and could be particularly beneficial for patients who are ineligible to receive or cannot tolerate anti-PDL1 therapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings present EphB4-ephrin-B2 inhibition as an alternative to anti-PDL1 therapeutics that can be used in combination with radiation to induce an effective antitumor immune response in patients with HNSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Bhatia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ayman Oweida
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Shelby Lennon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Laurel B Darragh
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dallin Milner
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Andy V Phan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Adam C Mueller
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Benjamin Van Court
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David Raben
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VA Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Antonio Jimeno
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric T Clambey
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Elena B Pasquale
- Cancer Center, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Sana D Karam
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.
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19
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Abstract
Kidney diseases can be caused by a wide range of genetic, hemodynamic, toxic, infectious, and autoimmune factors. The diagnosis of kidney disease usually involves the biochemical analysis of serum and blood, but these tests are often insufficiently sensitive or specific to make a definitive diagnosis. Although radiologic imaging currently has a limited role in the evaluation of most kidney diseases, several new imaging methods hold great promise for improving our ability to non-invasively detect structural, functional, and molecular changes within the kidney. New methods, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) and blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) MRI, allow functional imaging of the kidney. The use of novel contrast agents, such as microbubbles and nanoparticles, allows the detection of specific molecules in the kidney. These methods could greatly advance our ability to diagnose disease and also to safely monitor patients over time. This could improve the care of individual patients, and it could also facilitate the evaluation of new treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Faikah Gueler
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Pan W, Peng W, Ning F, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xie W, Zhang J, Xin H, Li C, Zhang X. Non-invasive detection of the early phase of kidney injury by photoacoustic/computed tomography imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:265101. [PMID: 29718825 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aabcee] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The early diagnosis of kidney diseases, which can remarkably impair the quality of life and are costly, has encountered great difficulties. Therefore, the development of methods for early diagnosis has great clinical significance. In this study, we used an emerging technique of photoacoustic (PA) imaging, which has relatively high spatial resolution and good imaging depth. Two kinds of PA gold nanoparticle (GNP)-based bioprobes were developed based on their superior photo detectability, size controllability and biocompatibility. The kidney injury mouse model was developed by unilateral ureteral obstruction for 96 h and the release of obstruction model). Giving 3.5 and 5.5 nm bioprobes by tail vein injection, we found that the 5.5 nm probe could be detected in the bladder in the model group, but not in the control group. These results were confirmed by computed tomography imaging. Furthermore, the model group did not show changes in the blood biochemical indices (BUN and Scr) and histologic examination. The 5.5 nm GNPs were found to be the critical point for early diagnosis of kidney injury. This new method was faster and more sensitive and accurate for the detection of renal injury, compared with conventional methods, and can be used for the development of a PA GNP-based bioprobe for diagnosing renal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanma Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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21
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Wang J, Masehi-Lano JJ, Chung EJ. Peptide and antibody ligands for renal targeting: nanomedicine strategies for kidney disease. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:1450-1459. [PMID: 28516997 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00271h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The kidney is one of the body's main filtration organs, and hence, opportunity exists for designing nanomedicine that can naturally accumulate in the kidneys for renal diseases. In addition to traditional physiochemical properties for kidney accumulation, such as size and charge, synthesized nanoparticles can be conjugated with targeting ligands which further home the nanocarriers to cell types of interest. In this review, we highlight key studies that have shown success in utilizing peptide- or antibody-based ligands in nanoparticles to target the glomerulus, podocytes, or renal tubule cells in the kidney. In addition, other ligand candidates which have shown renal affinity, but have not yet been integrated into a nanoparticle are also presented. These studies can provide insight into the design of novel clinical solutions for improved detection, prevention, and treatment of renal diseases using nanomedicine efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jacqueline J Masehi-Lano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Eun Ji Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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22
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Activatable interpolymer complex-superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as magnetic resonance contrast agents sensitive to oxidative stress. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 158:578-588. [PMID: 28750340 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance contrast agents that can be activated in response to specific triggers hold potential as molecular biosensors that may be of great utility in non-invasive disease diagnosis. We developed an activatable agent based on superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) that is sensitive to oxidative stress, a factor in the pathophysiology of numerous diseases. SPIOs were coated with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and complexed with poly(gallol), a synthetic tannin. Hydrogen bonding between PEG and poly(gallol) creates a complexed layer around the SPIO that decreases the interaction of solute water with the SPIO, attenuating its magnetic resonance relaxivity. The complexed interpolymer nanoparticle is in an OFF state (decreased T2 contrast), where the contrast agent has a low T2 relaxivity of 7±2mM-1s-1. In the presence of superoxides, the poly(gallol) is oxidized and the polymers decomplex, allowing solute water to again interact with the SPIO, representing an ON state (increased T2 contrast) with a T2 relaxivity of 70±10mM-1s-1. These contrast agents show promise as effective sensors for diseases characterized in part by oxidative stress such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and cancer.
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23
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Serkova NJ. Nanoparticle-Based Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:590. [PMID: 28588582 PMCID: PMC5439008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response, mediated by tissue-resident or newly recruited macrophages, is an underlying pathophysiological condition for many diseases, including diabetes, obesity, neurodegeneration, atherosclerosis, and cancer. Paradoxically, inflammation is a double-edged sword in oncology. Macrophages are, generally speaking, the major drivers of inflammatory insult. For many solid tumors, high density of cells expressing macrophage-associated markers have generally been found in association with a poor clinical outcome, characterized by inflamed microenvironment, a high level of dissemination and resistance to conventional chemotherapies. On another hand, radiation treatment also triggers an inflammatory response in tumors (often referred to as pseudoprogression), which can be associated with a positive treatment response. As such, non-invasive imaging of cancer inflammation and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) provides a revolutionary diagnostic tool and monitoring strategy for anti-inflammatory, immuno- and radiotherapies. Recently, quantitative T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (qT2wMRI), using injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), has been reported for the assessment of TAMs non-invasively in animal models and in human trials. The SPIONs are magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents that significantly decrease T2 MR relaxation times in inflamed tissues due to the macrophage-specific uptake and retention. It has been shown that macrophage-populated tumors and metastases will accumulate iron oxide nanoparticles and decrease T2-relaxation time that will result in a negative (dark) contrast in qT2wMRI. Non-invasive imaging of TAMs using SPION holds a great promise for staging the inflammatory microenvironment of primary and metastatic tumors as well monitoring the treatment response of cancer patients treated with radiation and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Radiology, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Animal Imaging Shared Resources, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
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24
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Paulini J, Higuti E, Bastos RMC, Gomes SA, Rangel ÉB. Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Therapeutic Candidates for Halting the Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9521629. [PMID: 28058051 PMCID: PMC5187468 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9521629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess pleiotropic properties that include immunomodulation, inhibition of apoptosis, fibrosis and oxidative stress, secretion of trophic factors, and enhancement of angiogenesis. These properties provide a broad spectrum for their potential in a wide range of injuries and diseases, including diabetic nephropathy (DN). MSCs are characterized by adherence to plastic, expression of the surface molecules CD73, CD90, and CD105 in the absence of CD34, CD45, HLA-DR, and CD14 or CD11b and CD79a or CD19 surface molecules, and multidifferentiation capacity in vitro. MSCs can be derived from many tissue sources, consistent with their broad, possibly ubiquitous distribution. This article reviews the existing literature and knowledge of MSC therapy in DN, as well as the most appropriate rodent models to verify the therapeutic potential of MSCs in DN setting. Some preclinical relevant studies are highlighted and new perspectives of combined therapies for decreasing DN progression are discussed. Hence, improved comprehension and interpretation of experimental data will accelerate the progress towards clinical trials that should assess the feasibility and safety of this therapeutic approach in humans. Therefore, MSC-based therapies may bring substantial benefit for patients suffering from DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaina Paulini
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliza Higuti
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosana M. C. Bastos
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Samirah A. Gomes
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- University of São Paulo, 01246 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Érika B. Rangel
- Sociedade Beneficente Albert Einstein, Albert Einstein Hospital, 05652 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Federal University of São Paulo, 04023 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Xie L, Bennett KM, Liu C, Johnson GA, Zhang JL, Lee VS. MRI tools for assessment of microstructure and nephron function of the kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 311:F1109-F1124. [PMID: 27630064 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00134.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
MRI can provide excellent detail of renal structure and function. Recently, novel MR contrast mechanisms and imaging tools have been developed to evaluate microscopic kidney structures including the tubules and glomeruli. Quantitative MRI can assess local tubular function and is able to determine the concentrating mechanism of the kidney noninvasively in real time. Measuring single nephron function is now a near possibility. In parallel to advancing imaging techniques for kidney microstructure is a need to carefully understand the relationship between the local source of MRI contrast and the underlying physiological change. The development of these imaging markers can impact the accurate diagnosis and treatment of kidney disease. This study reviews the novel tools to examine kidney microstructure and local function and demonstrates the application of these methods in renal pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Xie
- Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah;
| | - Kevin M Bennett
- Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Chunlei Liu
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and.,Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - G Allan Johnson
- Center for In Vivo Microscopy, Department of Radiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Jeff Lei Zhang
- Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Vivian S Lee
- Utah Center for Advanced Imaging Research, Department of Radiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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26
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Stites E, Le Quintrec M, Thurman JM. The Complement System and Antibody-Mediated Transplant Rejection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 195:5525-31. [PMID: 26637661 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Complement activation is an important cause of tissue injury in patients with Ab-mediated rejection (AMR) of transplanted organs. Complement activation triggers a strong inflammatory response, and it also generates tissue-bound and soluble fragments that are clinically useful markers of inflammation. The detection of complement proteins deposited within transplanted tissues has become an indispensible biomarker of AMR, and several assays have recently been developed to measure complement activation by Abs reactive to specific donor HLA expressed within the transplant. Complement inhibitors have entered clinical use and have shown efficacy for the treatment of AMR. New methods of detecting complement activation within transplanted organs will improve our ability to diagnose and monitor AMR, and they will also help guide the use of complement inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Stites
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
| | - Moglie Le Quintrec
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Lapeyronie Hospital, 34295 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045; and
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27
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Holers VM, Tomlinson S, Kulik L, Atkinson C, Rohrer B, Banda N, Thurman JM. New therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities for injured tissue-specific targeting of complement inhibitors and imaging modalities. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:260-7. [PMID: 27282113 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial opportunity and commercial interest in developing drugs that modulate the complement system in a broad range of non-orphan indications, several obstacles remain to be overcome. Among these issues is the biophysical nature of complement proteins, whose circulating levels are typically very high and whose turnover rates are relatively rapid, especially in the setting of chronic inflammatory conditions. This situation necessitates the use of very high levels of therapeutic compounds in order to achieve both multi-pathway and multiple effector mechanism inhibition. In addition, one must avoid infectious complications or the systemic impairment of the other important physiological functions of complement. Herein we focus on the development of a novel therapeutic strategy based on injured tissue-specific targeting of complement inhibitors using the antigen-combining domains of a small subset of natural IgM antibodies, which as endogenous antibodies specifically recognize sites of local damage across a broad range of tissues and locally activate complement C3, resulting in C3 fragment covalent fixation. Because the use of such recombinant tissue-targeting inhibitors precludes the utility of measuring systemic levels of complement biomarkers or function, since a goal of this targeting strategy is to leave those processes intact and unimpeded, we also briefly describe a new method designed to quantitatively measure using imaging modalities the inhibition of generation of fixed C3 fragments at sites of inflammation/injury. In addition to the ability to determine whether complement activation is locally constrained with the use of inhibitors, there is also a broader application of this imaging approach to inflammatory and autoimmune diseases characterized by local complement activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Michael Holers
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
| | - Stephen Tomlinson
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Liudmila Kulik
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Carl Atkinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Surgery, Transplant Immunobiology Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nirmal Banda
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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Mathur M, Weinreb JC. Imaging patients with renal impairment. Abdom Radiol (NY) 2016; 41:1108-21. [PMID: 27015867 DOI: 10.1007/s00261-016-0709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Imaging with intravascular contrast media is generally considered safe, particularly in patients without renal failure. However, as renal function deteriorates, the potential risk of nonallergic-type adverse events increases. This presents a unique challenge, particularly when the use of intravenous contrast media is deemed essential for diagnostic purposes. Following a discussion regarding the definition and epidemiology of kidney injury, this review focuses on the evolving understanding of both contrast-induced nephropathy and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and discusses preventative strategies aimed at minimizing the risk of developing these entities. Alternative non-contrast imaging techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahan Mathur
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room TE-2, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Jeffrey C Weinreb
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, Room TE-2, PO Box 208042, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
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Abstract
![]()
Electrostatic effects
are ubiquitous in protein interactions and
are found to be pervasive in the complement system as well. The interaction
between complement fragment C3d and complement receptor 2 (CR2) has
evolved to become a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Electrostatic
interactions have been suggested to be the driving factor for the
association of the C3d:CR2 complex. In this study, we investigate
the effects of ionic strength and mutagenesis on the association of
C3d:CR2 through Brownian dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that
the formation of the C3d:CR2 complex is ionic strength-dependent,
suggesting the presence of long-range electrostatic steering that
accelerates the complex formation. Electrostatic steering occurs through
the interaction of an acidic surface patch in C3d and the positively
charged CR2 and is supported by the effects of mutations within the
acidic patch of C3d that slow or diminish association. Our data are
in agreement with previous experimental mutagenesis and binding studies
and computational studies. Although the C3d acidic patch may be locally
destabilizing because of unfavorable Coulombic interactions of like
charges, it contributes to the acceleration of association. Therefore,
acceleration of function through electrostatic steering takes precedence
to stability. The site of interaction between C3d and CR2 has been
the target for delivery of CR2-bound nanoparticle, antibody, and small
molecule biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutics. A detailed
knowledge of the physicochemical basis of C3d:CR2 association may
be necessary to accelerate biomarker and drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohith R Mohan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gary A Huber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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30
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Grenier N, Merville P, Combe C. Radiologic imaging of the renal parenchyma structure and function. Nat Rev Nephrol 2016; 12:348-59. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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31
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Girardi G. MRI-based methods to detect placental and fetal brain abnormalities in utero. J Reprod Immunol 2016; 114:86-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past decade, a variety of MRI methods have been developed and applied to many kidney diseases. These MRI techniques show great promise, enabling the noninvasive assessment of renal structure, function and injury in individuals. This review will highlight the current applications of functional MRI techniques for the assessment of renal disease and discuss future directions. RECENT FINDINGS Many pathological (functional and structural) changes or factors in renal disease can be assessed by advanced MRI techniques. These include renal vascular structure and function (contrast-enhanced MRI, arterial spin labelling), tissue oxygenation (blood oxygen level dependent MRI), renal tissue injury and fibrosis (diffusion or magnetization transfer imaging, magnetic resonance elastography), renal metabolism (chemical exchange saturation transfer, spectroscopic imaging), nephron endowment (cationic-contrast imaging), sodium concentration (23Na-MRI) and molecular events (targeted-contrast imaging). SUMMARY Current advances in MRI techniques have enabled the noninvasive investigation of renal disease. Further development, evaluation and application of the MRI techniques should facilitate better understanding and assessment of renal disease, and the development of new imaging biomarkers, enabling the intensified treatment of high-risk populations and a more rapid interrogation of novel therapeutic agents and protocols.
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33
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Gorham RD, Nuñez V, Lin JH, Rooijakkers SHM, Vullev VI, Morikis D. Discovery of Small Molecules for Fluorescent Detection of Complement Activation Product C3d. J Med Chem 2015; 58:9535-45. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald D. Gorham
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vicente Nuñez
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jung-Hsin Lin
- Division
of Mechanics,
Research Center for Applied Sciences and Institute of Biomedical Sciences,
Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
- School
of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Suzan H. M. Rooijakkers
- Department
of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center, Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Dimitrios Morikis
- Department
of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Smith CE, Ernenwein D, Shkumatov A, Clay NE, Lee J, Melhem M, Misra S, Zimmerman SC, Kong H. Hydrophilic packaging of iron oxide nanoclusters for highly sensitive imaging. Biomaterials 2015; 69:184-90. [PMID: 26291408 PMCID: PMC4556553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) are used as imaging probes to provide contrast in magnetic resonance images. Successful use of SPIONs in targeted applications greatly depends on their ability to generate contrast, even at low levels of accumulation, in the tissue of interest. In the present study, we report that SPION nanoclusters packaged to a controlled size by a hyperbranched polyglycerol (HPG) can target tissue defects and have a high relaxivity of 719 mM(-1) s(-1), which was close to their theoretical maximal limit. The resulting nanoclusters were able to identify regions of defective vasculature in an ischemic murine hindlimb using MRI with iron doses that were 5-10 fold lower than those typically used in preclinical studies. Such high relaxivity was attributed to the molecular architecture of HPG, which mimics that of the water retentive polysaccharide, glycogen. The results of this study will be broadly useful in sensitive imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cartney E Smith
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Dawn Ernenwein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Artem Shkumatov
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Nicholas E Clay
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - JuYeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Molly Melhem
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1304 West Springfield Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sanjay Misra
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Steven C Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hyunjoon Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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35
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Sharif‐Paghaleh E, Yap ML, Meader LL, Chuamsaamarkkee K, Kampmeier F, Badar A, Smith RA, Sacks S, Mullen GE. Noninvasive Imaging of Activated Complement in Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Post-Cardiac Transplant. Am J Transplant 2015; 15:2483-90. [PMID: 25906673 PMCID: PMC4654255 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable in solid organ transplantation, due to the transplanted organ being ischemic for prolonged periods prior to transplantation followed by reperfusion. The complement molecule C3 is present in the circulation and is also synthesized by tissue parenchyma in early response to IRI and the final stable fragment of activated C3, C3d, can be detected on injured tissue for several days post-IRI. Complement activation post-IRI was monitored noninvasively by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and CT using (99m) Tc-recombinant complement receptor 2 ((99m) Tc-rCR2) in murine models of cardiac transplantation following the induction of IRI and compared to (99m) Tc-rCR2 in C3(-/-) mice or with the irrelevant protein (99m) Tc-prostate-specific membrane antigen antibody fragment (PSMA). Significant uptake with (99m) Tc-rCR2 was observed as compared to C3(-/-) or (99m) Tc-PSMA. In addition, the transplanted heart to muscle ratio of (99m) Tc-rCR2 was significantly higher than (99m) Tc-PSMA or C3(-/-) . The results were confirmed by histology and autoradiography. (99m) Tc-rCR2 can be used for noninvasive detection of activated complement and in future may be used to quantify the severity of transplant damage due to complement activation postreperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Sharif‐Paghaleh
- Division of Imaging and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineKing's College LondonLondonEngland,MRC Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonEngland,Department of ImmunologyFaculty of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - M. L. Yap
- Division of Imaging and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineKing's College LondonLondonEngland
| | - L. L. Meader
- MRC Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonEngland
| | - K. Chuamsaamarkkee
- Division of Imaging and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineKing's College LondonLondonEngland
| | - F. Kampmeier
- Division of Imaging and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineKing's College LondonLondonEngland
| | - A. Badar
- Division of Imaging and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineKing's College LondonLondonEngland
| | - R. A. Smith
- MRC Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonEngland
| | - S. Sacks
- MRC Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonEngland
| | - G. E. Mullen
- Division of Imaging and Biomedical EngineeringSchool of MedicineKing's College LondonLondonEngland,MRC Centre for TransplantationKing's College LondonLondonEngland
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36
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Sarbu N, Bargalló N, Cervera R. Advanced and Conventional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Lupus. F1000Res 2015; 4:162. [PMID: 26236469 PMCID: PMC4505788 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6522.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric lupus is a major diagnostic challenge, and a main cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is, by far, the main tool for assessing the brain in this disease. Conventional and advanced MRI techniques are used to help establishing the diagnosis, to rule out alternative diagnoses, and recently, to monitor the evolution of the disease. This review explores the neuroimaging findings in SLE, including the recent advances in new MRI methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolae Sarbu
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08036, Spain
| | - Núria Bargalló
- Section of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08036, Spain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, 08036, Spain
| | - Ricard Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Diseases, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08036, Spain
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37
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Thurman JM, Serkova NJ. Non-invasive imaging to monitor lupus nephritis and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus. F1000Res 2015; 4:153. [PMID: 26309728 PMCID: PMC4536614 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6587.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease that can affect multiple different organs, including the kidneys and central nervous system (CNS). Conventional radiological examinations in SLE patients include volumetric/ anatomical computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US). The utility of these modalities is limited, however, due to the complexity of the disease. Furthermore, standard CT and MRI contrast agents are contraindicated in patients with renal impairment. Various radiologic methods are currently being developed to improve disease characterization in patients with SLE beyond simple anatomical endpoints. Physiological non-contrast MRI protocols have been developed to assess tissue oxygenation, glomerular filtration, renal perfusion, interstitial diffusion, and inflammation-driven fibrosis in lupus nephritis (LN) patients. For neurological symptoms, vessel size imaging (VSI, an MRI approach utilizing T2-relaxing iron oxide nanoparticles) has shown promise as a diagnostic tool. Molecular imaging probes (mostly for MRI and nuclear medicine imaging) have also been developed for diagnosing SLE with high sensitivity, and for monitoring disease activity. This paper reviews the challenges in evaluating disease activity in patients with LN and neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE). We describe novel MRI and positron-emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging protocols using targeted iron oxide nanoparticles and radioactive ligands, respectively, for detection of SLE-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Natalie J Serkova
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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38
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Over the past decade, a variety of MRI methods have been developed and applied to many kidney diseases. These MRI techniques show great promise, enabling the noninvasive assessment of renal structure, function and injury in individuals. This review will highlight the current applications of functional MRI techniques for the assessment of renal disease and discuss future directions. RECENT FINDINGS Many pathological (functional and structural) changes or factors in renal disease can be assessed by advanced MRI techniques. These include renal vascular structure and function (contrast-enhanced MRI, arterial spin labelling), tissue oxygenation (blood oxygen level dependent MRI), renal tissue injury and fibrosis (diffusion or magnetization transfer imaging, magnetic resonance elastography), renal metabolism (chemical exchange saturation transfer, spectroscopic imaging), nephron endowment (cationic-contrast imaging), sodium concentration (23Na-MRI) and molecular events (targeted-contrast imaging). SUMMARY Current advances in MRI techniques have enabled the noninvasive investigation of renal disease. Further development, evaluation and application of the MRI techniques should facilitate better understanding and assessment of renal disease, and the development of new imaging biomarkers, enabling the intensified treatment of high-risk populations and a more rapid interrogation of novel therapeutic agents and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamune Takahashi
- aDivision of Nephrology and Hypertension bDepartment of Radiology and Radiological Sciences cVanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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39
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Iron-based superparamagnetic nanoparticle contrast agents for MRI of infection and inflammation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015; 204:W302-13. [PMID: 25714316 DOI: 10.2214/ajr.14.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. In this article, we summarize the progress to date on the use of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) as contrast agents for MRI of inflammatory processes. CONCLUSION. Phagocytosis by macrophages of injected SPIONs results in a prolonged shortening of both T2 and T2* leading to hypointensity of macrophage-infiltrated tissues in contrast-enhanced MR images. SPIONs as contrast agents are therefore useful for the in vivo MRI detection of macrophage infiltration, and there is substantial research and clinical interest in the use of SPION-based contrast agents for MRI of infection and inflammation. This technique has been used to identify active infection in patients with septic arthritis and osteomyelitis; importantly, the MRI signal intensity of the tissue has been found to return to its unenhanced value on successful treatment of the infection. In SPION contrast-enhanced MRI of vascular inflammation, animal studies have shown decreased macrophage uptake in atherosclerotic plaques after treatment with statin drugs. Human studies have shown that both coronary and carotid plaques that take up SPIONs are more prone to rupture and that abdominal aneurysms with increased SPION uptake are more likely to grow. Studies of patients with multiple sclerosis suggest that MRI using SPIONs may have increased sensitivity over gadolinium for plaque detection. Finally, SPIONs have enabled the tracking and imaging of transplanted stem cells in a recipient host.
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40
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Huang Q, Wen S, Wang B, Wang Q, Guo C, Wu X, Zhang R, Yang R, Chen F, Xiao W. C5b-9-targeted molecular MR imaging in rats with Heymann nephritis: a new approach in the evaluation of nephrotic syndrome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121244. [PMID: 25774523 PMCID: PMC4361404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranous nephropathy (MN) is the major cause of adult nephrotic syndrome, which severely affects patients’ quality of life. Currently, percutaneous renal biopsy is required to definitively diagnose MN. However, this technique is invasive and may cause severe complications. Therefore, an urgent clinical need exists for dynamic noninvasive monitoring of the renal state. In-depth molecular imaging studies could assist in finding a solution. Membrane attack complex C5b-9 is the key factor in the development of MN, and this protein primarily deposits in the glomerulus. The present study bound polyclonal antibodies to C5b-9 with ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles to obtain C5b-9-targeted magnetic resonance molecular imaging probes. The probes were injected intravenously into rats with Heymann nephritis, a classic disease model of MN. The signal intensity in the T2*-weighted imaging of kidneys in vivo using 7.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging decreased significantly 24 hours after injection compared to the untargeted and control groups. This signal change was consistent with the finding of nanoparticle deposits in pathological glomeruli. This study demonstrated a novel molecular imaging technique for the assessment of MN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Huang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Song Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qidong Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chuangen Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Wu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FC); (WX)
| | - Wenbo Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (FC); (WX)
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41
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Jin R, Lin B, Li D, Ai H. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for MR imaging and therapy: design considerations and clinical applications. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 18:18-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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42
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Couto D, Freitas M, Porto G, Lopez-Quintela MA, Rivas J, Freitas P, Carvalho F, Fernandes E. Polyacrylic acid-coated and non-coated iron oxide nanoparticles induce cytokine activation in human blood cells through TAK1, p38 MAPK and JNK pro-inflammatory pathways. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:1759-69. [PMID: 25108419 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles (ION) can have a wide scope of applications in biomedicine, namely in magnetic resonance imaging, tissue repair, drug delivery, hyperthermia, transfection, tissue soldering, and as antimicrobial agents. The safety of these nanoparticles, however, is not completely established, namely concerning their effect on immune system and inflammatory pathways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effect of polyacrylic acid (PAA)-coated ION and non-coated ION on the production of six cytokines [interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10)] by human peripheral blood cells, and to determine the inflammatory pathways involved in this production. The obtained results showed that PAA-coated and non-coated ION were able to induce all the tested cytokines and that activation of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β)-activated kinase (TAK1), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) were involved in this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Couto
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marisa Freitas
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Graça Porto
- Service of Clinical Hematology, Santo António Hospital, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Arturo Lopez-Quintela
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Magnetism, Institute of Technological Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Rivas
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paulo Freitas
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Raabe N, Forberich E, Freund B, Bruns OT, Heine M, Kaul MG, Tromsdorf U, Herich L, Nielsen P, Reimer R, Hohenberg H, Weller H, Schumacher U, Adam G, Ittrich H. Determination of liver-specific r2 * of a highly monodisperse USPIO by (59) Fe iron core-labeling in mice at 3 T MRI. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2014; 10:153-62. [PMID: 25078884 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Accurate determination of tissue concentration of ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIO) using T2 * MR relaxometry is still challenging. We present a reliable quantification method for local USPIO amount with the estimation of the liver specific relaxivity r2 * using monodisperse (59) Fe-core-labeled USPIO ((59) FeUSPIO). Dynamic and relaxometric in vivo characteristics of unlabeled monodisperse USPIO were determined in MRI at 3 T. The in vivo MR studies were performed for liver tissue with (59) FeUSPIO using iron dosages of 9 (n = 3), 18 (n = 2) and 27 (n = 3) µmol Fe kg(-1) body weight. The R2 * of the liver before and after USPIO injection (∆R2 *) was measured and correlated with (59) Fe activity measurements of excised organs by a whole body radioactivity counter (HAMCO) to define the dependency of ∆R2 * and (59) FeUSPIO liver concentration and calculate the r2 * of (59) FeUSPIO for the liver. Ultrastructural analysis of liver uptake was performed by histology and transmission electron microscopy. ∆R2 * of the liver revealed a dosage-dependent accumulation of (59) FeUSPIO with a percentage uptake of 70-88% of the injection dose. Hepatic ∆R2 * showed a dose-dependent linear correlation to (59) FeUSPIO activity measurements (r = 0.92) and an r2 * in the liver of 481 ± 74.9 mm(-1) s(-1) in comparison to an in vitro r2 * of 60.5 ± 3.3 mm(-1) s(-1) . Our results indicate that core-labeled (59) FeUSPIO can be used to quantify the local amount of USPIO and to estimate the liver-specific relaxivity r2 *.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Raabe
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Brede C, Labhasetwar V. Applications of nanoparticles in the detection and treatment of kidney diseases. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20:454-65. [PMID: 24206598 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have emerged in the medical field as a technology well suited for the diagnosis and treatment of various disease states. They have been heralded as efficacious in terms of improved therapeutic efficacy and reduction of treatment side effects in some cases. Various nanomaterials have been developed that can be tagged with targeting moieties as well as with drug delivery and imaging capability or a combination of both as a theranostic agent. These nanomaterials have been investigated for treatment and detection of various pathological conditions. The emphasis of this review is to demonstrate current research and clinical applications for nanoparticles in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases.
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Thurman JM, Serkova NJ. Nanosized contrast agents to noninvasively detect kidney inflammation by magnetic resonance imaging. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 2013; 20:488-99. [PMID: 24206601 DOI: 10.1053/j.ackd.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2013] [Revised: 06/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Several molecular imaging methods have been developed that use nanosized contrast agents to detect markers of inflammation within tissues. Kidney inflammation contributes to disease progression in a wide range of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, and a biopsy is currently the only method of definitively diagnosing active kidney inflammation. However, the development of new molecular imaging methods that use contrast agents capable of detecting particular immune cells or protein biomarkers will allow clinicians to evaluate inflammation throughout the kidneys and to assess a patient's response to immunomodulatory drugs. These imaging tools will improve our ability to validate new therapies and to optimize the treatment of individual patients with existing therapies. This review describes the clinical need for new methods of monitoring kidney inflammation and recent advances in the development of nanosized contrast agents for the detection of inflammatory markers of kidney disease.
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Look M, Stern E, Wang QA, DiPlacido LD, Kashgarian M, Craft J, Fahmy TM. Nanogel-based delivery of mycophenolic acid ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus in mice. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:1741-9. [PMID: 23454752 DOI: 10.1172/jci65907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to selectively inactivate immune cells with immunosuppressants is a much sought-after modality for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus and autoimmunity in general. Here, we designed and tested a novel nanogel drug delivery vehicle for the immunosuppressant mycophenolic acid (MPA). Treatment with MPA-loaded nanogels increased the median survival time (MST) of lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice by 3 months with prophylactic use (MST was 50 weeks versus 38 weeks without treatment), and by 2 months when administered after the development of severe renal damage (MST after proteinuria onset was 12.5 weeks versus 4 weeks without treatment). Equivalent and greater doses of MPA administered in buffer were not efficacious. Nanogels had enhanced biodistribution to organs and association with immune cells. CD4-targeted nanogels yielded similar therapeutic results compared with nontargeted formulations, with protection from glomerulonephritis and decreases in IFN-γ-positive CD4 T cells. DCs that internalized nanogels helped mediate immunosuppression, as they had reduced production of inflammatory cytokines such as IFN-γ and IL-12. Our results demonstrate efficacy of nanogel-based lupus therapy and implicate a mechanism by which immunosuppression is enhanced, in part, by the targeting of antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Look
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Thurman JM, Kulik L, Orth H, Wong M, Renner B, Sargsyan SA, Mitchell LM, Hourcade DE, Hannan JP, Kovacs JM, Coughlin B, Woodell AS, Pickering MC, Rohrer B, Holers VM. Detection of complement activation using monoclonal antibodies against C3d. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:2218-30. [PMID: 23619360 DOI: 10.1172/jci65861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During complement activation the C3 protein is cleaved, and C3 activation fragments are covalently fixed to tissues. Tissue-bound C3 fragments are a durable biomarker of tissue inflammation, and these fragments have been exploited as addressable binding ligands for targeted therapeutics and diagnostic agents. We have generated cross-reactive murine monoclonal antibodies against human and mouse C3d, the final C3 degradation fragment generated during complement activation. We developed 3 monoclonal antibodies (3d8b, 3d9a, and 3d29) that preferentially bind to the iC3b, C3dg, and C3d fragments in solution, but do not bind to intact C3 or C3b. The same 3 clones also bind to tissue-bound C3 activation fragments when injected systemically. Using mouse models of renal and ocular disease, we confirmed that, following systemic injection, the antibodies accumulated at sites of C3 fragment deposition within the glomerulus, the renal tubulointerstitium, and the posterior pole of the eye. To detect antibodies bound within the eye, we used optical imaging and observed accumulation of the antibodies within retinal lesions in a model of choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Our results demonstrate that imaging methods that use these antibodies may provide a sensitive means of detecting and monitoring complement activation-associated tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.
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Thurman JM, Rohrer B. Noninvasive detection of complement activation through radiologic imaging. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:271-82. [PMID: 23402034 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
A wealth of experimental and clinical data demonstrates that the complement system is involved in the pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory diseases. Complement activation contributes to injury in disorders that involve nearly every tissue in the body. Concerted effort has been expended in recent years to develop therapeutic complement inhibitors. Eculizumab, an inhibitory antibody to C5, was recently approved for the treatment of several diseases, and many other complement inhibitors are in clinical development. As these drugs are developed, the need for improved methods of detecting and monitoring complement activation within particular tissues will be increasingly important. We have developed a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based method for noninvasive detection of complement activation. This method utilizes iron-oxide nanoparticles that are targeted to sites of complement activation with a recombinant protein that contains the C3d-binding region of complement receptor (CR) 2. Iron-oxide nanoparticles darken (negatively enhance) images obtained by T2-weighted MRI. We have demonstrated that the CR2-targeted nanoparticles bind within the kidneys of mice with lupus-like kidney disease (MRL/1pr mice), causing a decrease in the T2 signal within the kidneys. This method discriminates diseased kidneys from healthy controls, and the magnitude of the negative enhancement in the cortex of MRL/lpr mice correlates with their disease severity. This method may be useful for identifying those patients most likely to benefit from complement inhibitors and for monitoring the response of these patients to treatment. These results may open up new avenues to develop tools for the monitoring of disease progression in complement-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Thurman
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80045, USA.
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Hao G, Du Y, Zhou XJ, Guo J, Sun X, Mohan C, Öz OK. Serial non-invasive assessment of antibody induced nephritis in mice using positron emission tomography. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57418. [PMID: 23460853 PMCID: PMC3584026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse models of experimental anti-glomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) nephritis provide an analytical tool for studying spontaneous lupus nephritis. The potential of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) was evaluated using 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-d-glucose (FDG) as a probe to monitor the progression of anti-GBM induced nephritis in a mouse model. The imaging results were compared to conventional measures of renal function and pathological changes. Serum and urinary vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) levels were used as measures of endothelial cell activation and inflammation. Following a challenge with anti-glomerular antibodies, mice exhibited peak changes in serum creatinine, proteinuria, and glomerulonephritis score at 14 days post-challenge (p.c.). In contrast, VCAM levels peaked at day 7 p.c. On dynamic PET images (0–60 min) of day 7, kidneys of the anti-GBM nephritis mice demonstrated a unique pattern of FDG uptake. Compared to the time activity curve (TAC) prior to challenge, a rightward shift was observed after the challenge. By day 10 p.c., kidney FDG uptake was lower than baseline and remained so until the study ended at 21 days p.c. During this time frame measures of renal dysfunction remained high but VCAM-1 levels declined. These changes were accompanied by an increase in kidney volume as measured by Computed Tomography (CT) and intra-abdominal fluid collection. Our results suggest that FDG-PET-CT can be used as a non-invasive imaging tool to longitudinally monitor the progression of renal disease activity in antibody mediated nephritis and the magnitude of renal FDG retention correlates better with early markers of renal inflammation than renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyang Hao
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yong Du
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xin J. Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jianfei Guo
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xiankai Sun
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OKO); (CM); (XS)
| | - Chandra Mohan
- Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OKO); (CM); (XS)
| | - Orhan K. Öz
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (OKO); (CM); (XS)
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Progress and Trends in Complement Therapeutics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 735:1-22. [PMID: 22990692 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The past few years have proven to be a highly successful and exciting period for the field of complement-directed drug discovery and development. Driven by promising experiences with the first marketed complement drugs, increased knowledge about the involvement of complement in health and disease, and improvements in structural and analytical techniques as well as animal models of disease, the field has seen a surge in creative approaches to therapeutically intervene at various stages of the cascade. An impressive panel of compounds that show promise in clinical trials is meanwhile being lined up in the pipelines of both small biotechnology and big pharmaceutical companies. Yet with this new focus on complement-targeted therapeutics, important questions concerning target selection, point and length of intervention, safety, and drug delivery emerge. In view of the diversity of the clinical disorders involving abnormal complement activity or regulation, which include both acute and chronic diseases and affect a wide range of organs, diverse yet specifically tailored therapeutic approaches may be needed to shift complement back into balance. This chapter highlights the key changes in the field that shape our current perception of complement-targeted drugs and provides a brief overview of recent strategies and emerging trends. Selected examples of complement-related diseases and inhibitor classes are highlighted to illustrate the diversity and creativity in field.
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