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Yao X, Zhang H, Hu J, Lin X, Sun J, Kang J, Huang Z, Wang G, Tian X, Chen E, Ren K. Effects of Gadolinium Retention in the Brains of Type 2 Diabetic Rats after Repeated Administration of Gadolinium-Based MRI Contrast Agents on Neurobiology and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 60:2156-2170. [PMID: 38400842 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neurotoxic potential of gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) retention in the brains of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is unclear. PURPOSE To determine the deposition and clearance of GBCAs in T2DM rats and the mechanism by which Gd enhances nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation. STUDY TYPE Cross-sectional, prospective. ANIMAL MODEL 104 T2DM male Wistar rats. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE 9.4-T, T1-weighted fast spin echo sequence. ASSESSMENT T2DM (male Wistar rats, n = 52) and control group (healthy, male Wistar rats, n = 52) rats received saline, gadodiamide, Gd-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid, and gadoterate meglumine for four consecutive days per week for 7 weeks. The distribution and clearance of Gd in the certain brain were assessed by MRI (T1 signal intensity and relaxation rate R1, on the last day of each week), inductively coupled plasma mass-spectroscopy, ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy. Behavioral tests, histopathological features, and the effects of GBCAs on neuroinflammation were also analyzed. STATISTICAL TESTS One-way analysis of variance, bonferroni method, and unpaired t-test. A P-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS The movement distance and appearance time in the open field test of the T2DM rats in the gadodiamide group were significantly shorter than in the other groups. Furthermore, the expression of NLRP3, Pro-Caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD protein in neurons was significantly higher in the gadodiamide group than in the saline group, as shown by Western blot. Gadodiamide also induced differentiation of microglia into M1 type, decreased the neuronal mitochondrial membrane potential, and significantly increased neuronal apoptosis from flow cytometry. DATA CONCLUSION T2DM may affect both the deposition and clearance of GBCAs in the brain. Informed by the T2DM model, gadodiamide could mediate the neuroinflammatory response by NLRP3 inflammasome activation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- The Basic Medicine College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoning Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Junlong Kang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Zhichun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Guangsong Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Xinhua Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - E Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongshan Hospital of Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Radiology, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xia Men, China
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Prybylski JP, Jastrzemski O, Jay M. The effect of iron status on gadolinium deposition in the rat brain: mechanistic implications. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1403031. [PMID: 39253330 PMCID: PMC11381947 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1403031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Sites associated with gadolinium (Gd) deposition in the brain (e.g., the globus pallidus) are known to contain high concentrations of ferric iron. There is considerable debate over the mechanism of Gd deposition in the brain. The role of iron transport mechanisms in Gd deposition has not been determined. Thus, we seek to identify if Gd deposition can be controlled by modifying iron exposure. Methods: Female Sprague-Dawley rats were given diets with controlled iron levels at 2-6 ppm, 6 ppt (20 g/kg Fe carbonyl) or 48 ppm for 3 weeks to induce iron deficiency, overload or normalcy. They were kept on those diets while receiving a cumulative 10 mmol/kg dose of gadodiamide intravenously over 2 weeks, then left to washout gadodiamide for 3 days or 3 weeks before tissues were harvested. Gd concentrations in tissues were analyzed by ICP-MS. Results: There were no significant effect of dietary iron and total Gd concentrations in the organs, but there was a significant effect of iron status on Gd distribution in the brain. For the 3-week washout cohort, there was a non-significant trend of increasing total brain deposition and decreasing dietary iron, and about 4-fold more Gd in the olfactory bulbs of the low iron group compared to the other groups. Significant brain accumulation was observed in the low iron group total brain Gd in the 3-week washout group relative to the 3-day washout group and no accumulation was observed in other tissues. There was a strong negative correlation between femur Gd concentrations and concentrations in other organs when stratifying by dietary iron. Discussion: Gd brain deposition from linear Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are dependent upon iron status, likely through variable transferrin saturation. This iron dependence appears to be associated with redistribution of peripheral deposited Gd (e.g., in the bone) into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Prybylski
- Pharmacometrics, Pfizer, Groton, CT, United States
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Pharmacoengineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Olivia Jastrzemski
- University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Michael Jay
- Molecular Pharmaceutics and Pharmacoengineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Versolatto S, Boccalon M, Guidolin N, Travagin F, Alessio E, Aime S, Balducci G, Giovenzana GB, Baranyai Z. [Gd(HB-DO3A)]: Equilibrium, Dissociation Kinetic and Structural Differences in a Simple Homolog of [Gd(HP-DO3A)] (Prohance ®). Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400344. [PMID: 38469901 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
[Gd(HP-DO3A)] (gadoteridol) as an active compound of ProHance® is a widely employed contrast agent in clinical MRI scans in the last 30 years. Recent concerns about the long-term retention of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) led to a deeper investigation of the structural features underlying the integrity of the paramagnetic metal complex. Several human and nonclinical studies have noted marked differences among the macrocyclic GBCAs, with the least retention of Gd traces and most rapid elimination consistently being reported for [Gd(HP-DO3A)]. It was deemed of interest to assess how minor structural/electronic changes associated to the ligand structure may affect basic properties of the metal complex with several [Gd(HP-DO3A)] analogues synthesized and characterized in the last years. We recently reported that the closest homolog of [Gd(HP-DO3A)], i. e.: [Gd(HB-DO3A)], in which a (±)-2-hydroxy-1-propyl pendant arm is replaced by a (±)-2-hydroxy-1-butyl moiety, showed a significantly different retention behaviour in the model interaction with collagen, despite the apparently very minor structural difference. In this paper we report a comprehensive study of the structural, thermodynamic, kinetic and relaxation properties of [Gd(HB-DO3A)], compared to the parent [Gd(HP-DO3A)] and to other closely related macrocyclic GBCAs to assess whether very minor structural changes can modulate the physico-chemical properties of Gd3+ complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Versolatto
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Mariangela Boccalon
- Bracco Imaging Spa, CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Nicol Guidolin
- Bracco Imaging Spa, CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, TS, Italy
| | - Fabio Travagin
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, Novara, NO, 28100, Italy
| | - Enzo Alessio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- IRCCS SDN Research Institute Diagnostics and Nuclear SynLab, Via Emanuele Gianturco, 113, 80143, Napoli, NA, Italy
| | - Gabriele Balducci
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127, Trieste, TS, Italy
| | - Giovanni B Giovenzana
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2/3, Novara, NO, 28100, Italy
| | - Zsolt Baranyai
- Bracco Imaging Spa, CRB Trieste, AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, TS, Italy
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Voicu SN, Gheran CV, Balta C, Hermenean A, Callewaert M, Chuburu F, Dinischiotu A. In Vivo Evaluation of Innovative Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents Designed for Bioimaging Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1064. [PMID: 38674983 PMCID: PMC11054998 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was the investigation of biochemical and histological changes induced in different tissues, as a result of the subcutaneous administration of Gd nanohydrogels (GdDOTA⸦CS-TPP/HA) in a CD-1 mouse strain. The nanohydrogels were obtained by encapsulating contrast agents (GdDOTA) in a biocompatible polymer matrix composed of chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) through the ionic gelation process. The effects of Gd nanohydrogels on the redox status were evaluated by measuring specific activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), as well as oxidative stress markers, such as reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and protein-reactive carbonyl groups (PRCG), in the liver, kidney, and heart tissues. The nitrosylated proteins expression were analyzed with Western Blot and the serum biochemical markers were measured with spectrophotometric methods. Also, a histological analysis of CD-1 mouse tissues was investigated. These results indicated that Gd nanohydrogels could potentially be an alternative to current MRI contrast agents thanks to their low toxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorina Nicoleta Voicu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.N.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Cecilia Virginia Gheran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.N.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Cornel Balta
- Department of Experimental and Applied Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania; (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Department of Experimental and Applied Biology, Institute of Life Sciences, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, 86 Rebreanu, 310414 Arad, Romania; (C.B.); (A.H.)
| | - Maité Callewaert
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, CEDEX 2, F-51685 Reims, France; (M.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Françoise Chuburu
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne URCA, CEDEX 2, F-51685 Reims, France; (M.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania; (S.N.V.); (C.V.G.)
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Ouyang M, Bao L. Gadolinium Contrast Agent Deposition in Children. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024. [PMID: 38597340 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.29389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, a large number of studies have evidenced increased signal intensity in the deep brain nuclei on unenhanced T1-MRI images achieved by the application of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). The deposition of gadolinium in the brain, bone, and other tissues following administration of GBCAs has also been confirmed in histological studies in rodents and in necropsy studies in adults and children. Given the distinct physiological characteristics of children, this review focuses on examining the current research on gadolinium deposition in children, particularly studies utilizing novel methods and technologies. Furthermore, the article compares safety research findings of linear GBCAs and macrocyclic GBCAs in children, with the aim of offering clinicians practical guidance based on the most recent research outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglei Ouyang
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Li Bao
- Department of Radiology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Coverdale JPC, Polepalli S, Arruda MAZ, da Silva ABS, Stewart AJ, Blindauer CA. Recent Advances in Metalloproteomics. Biomolecules 2024; 14:104. [PMID: 38254704 PMCID: PMC10813065 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between proteins and metal ions and their complexes are important in many areas of the life sciences, including physiology, medicine, and toxicology. Despite the involvement of essential elements in all major processes necessary for sustaining life, metalloproteomes remain ill-defined. This is not only owing to the complexity of metalloproteomes, but also to the non-covalent character of the complexes that most essential metals form, which complicates analysis. Similar issues may also be encountered for some toxic metals. The review discusses recently developed approaches and current challenges for the study of interactions involving entire (sub-)proteomes with such labile metal ions. In the second part, transition metals from the fourth and fifth periods are examined, most of which are xenobiotic and also tend to form more stable and/or inert complexes. A large research area in this respect concerns metallodrug-protein interactions. Particular attention is paid to separation approaches, as these need to be adapted to the reactivity of the metal under consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. C. Coverdale
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, UK;
| | | | - Marco A. Z. Arruda
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (M.A.Z.A.); (A.B.S.d.S.)
| | - Ana B. Santos da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil; (M.A.Z.A.); (A.B.S.d.S.)
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St. Andrews, St Andrews KY16 9TF, UK
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van der Molen AJ, Quattrocchi CC, Mallio CA, Dekkers IA. Ten years of gadolinium retention and deposition: ESMRMB-GREC looks backward and forward. Eur Radiol 2024; 34:600-611. [PMID: 37804341 PMCID: PMC10791848 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-023-10281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
In 2014, for the first time, visible hyperintensities on unenhanced T1-weighted images in the nucleus dentatus and globus pallidus of the brain were associated with previous Gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) injections and gadolinium deposition in patients with normal renal function. This led to a frenzy of retrospective studies with varying methodologies that the European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine and Biology Gadolinium Research and Educational Committee (ESMRMB-GREC) summarised in 2019. Now, after 10 years, the members of the ESMRMB-GREC look backward and forward and review the current state of knowledge of gadolinium retention and deposition. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: Gadolinium deposition is associated with the use of linear GBCA but no clinical symptoms have been associated with gadolinium deposition. KEY POINTS : • Traces of Gadolinium-based contrast agent-derived gadolinium can be retained in multiple organs for a prolonged time. • Gadolinium deposition is associated with the use of linear Gadolinium-based contrast agents. • No clinical symptoms have been associated with gadolinium deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aart J van der Molen
- Department of Radiology, C-2S, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, NL-2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Carlo C Quattrocchi
- Centre for Medical Sciences CISMed, University of Trento, 38122, Trento, Italy
| | - Carlo A Mallio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Operative Research Unit of Diagnostic Imaging, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Campus Bio-Medico, Roma, Italy
| | - Ilona A Dekkers
- Department of Radiology, C-2S, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, NL-2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Hu Q, Zhang B, Ren H, Zhou X, He C, Shen Y, Zhou Z, Hu H. Supramolecular metal-organic frameworks as host-guest nanoplatforms for versatile and customizable biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:617-627. [PMID: 37482147 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging of disease with multifunctional nanoparticles has improved specificity and sensitivity but also raises the complexity, potential toxicity, and cost. Here, we show a facile and degradable self-assembly β-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (β-CD-MOF) nanoplatform for customizable multifunctional imaging. These β-CD-MOF nanoparticles were obtained with favorable morphology and size by controlling the degradation time. The β-CD-MOF were used as nanoplatforms for facile functionalization with adamantane (Ad)-modified probes through host-guest interactions between the surface β-CD units and Ad molecules. We demonstrated the method's feasibility and capability by developing various contrast agents for multiple biomedical imaging, including fluorescence imaging, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computed tomography (CT) imaging. The nanoprobes showed superior performance compared to the corresponding small molecular probes, including better physio-chemical properties (e.g., about 5 times of T1 relaxivity for MRI, 1.2 times of Hounsfield units for CT), improved pharmacokinetics, effective tissue imaging capability, and low safety concerns. These β-CD-MOF-based nanoparticles are promising host-guest nanoplatforms for developing multifunctional and safe imaging probes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Molecular imaging of disease with multifunctional nanoparticles has improved specificity and sensitivity but also raises the complexity, potential toxicity, and cost. Here, we introduce facile and degradable self-assembly β-cyclodextrin metal-organic framework (β-CD-MOF) nanoplatforms for customizable multifunctional imaging. The significance of this work includes: 1) This work reports the tailoring of MOFs nanoparticles with suitable sizes and shapes for biomedical applications through controllable morphological transition and degradation; 2) The β-CD-MOF-based host-guest nanoplatforms are facile and feasible for developing multifunctional nanoparticular contrast agents for effective tissue imaging; 3) The nanoparticular contrast agents show low safety concerns with a long-term tissue deposition similar to the small molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Huiming Ren
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhou
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Chengbin He
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Youqing Shen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhuxian Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Smart Biomaterials and Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Hongjie Hu
- Department of Radiology, Sir Run Shaw Hospital (SRRSH) of School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
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Ringstad G, Valnes LM, Vatnehol SAS, Pripp AH, Eide PK. Prospective T1 mapping to assess gadolinium retention in brain after intrathecal gadobutrol. Neuroradiology 2023; 65:1321-1331. [PMID: 37479768 PMCID: PMC10425514 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-023-03198-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A possible pathway behind gadolinium retention in brain is leakage of contrast agents from blood to cerebrospinal fluid and entry into brain along perivascular (glymphatic) pathways. The object of this study was to assess for signs of gadolinium retention in brain 4 weeks after intrathecal contrast enhanced MRI. METHODS We prospectively applied standardized T1 mapping of the brain before and 4 weeks after intrathecal administration of 0.5 mmol gadobutrol in patients under work-up of cerebrospinal fluid circulation disorders. Due to methodological limitations, a safety margin for percentage change in T1 time was set to 3%. Region-wise differences were assessed by pairwise comparison using t-tests and forest plots, and statistical significance was accepted at .05 level (two-tailed). RESULTS In a cohort of 76 participants (mean age 47.2 years ± 17.9 [standard deviation], 47 women), T1 relaxation times remained unchanged in cerebral cortex and basal ganglia 4 weeks after intrathecal gadobutrol. T1 was reduced from 1082 ± 46.7 ms to 1070.6 ± 36.5 ms (0.98 ±2.9%) (mean [standard deviation]) (p=0.001) in white matter, thus within the pre-defined 3% safety margin. The brain stem and cerebellum could not be assessed due to poor alignment of posterior fossa structures at scans from different time points. CONCLUSION Gadolinium retention was not detected in the cerebral hemispheres 4 weeks after an intrathecal dose of 0.5 mmol gadobutrol, implying that presence of contrast agents in cerebrospinal fluid is of minor importance for gadolinium retention in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geir Ringstad
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital- Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Geriatrics and Internal Medicine, Sorlandet Hospital, Arendal, Norway
| | - Lars Magnus Valnes
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svein Are Sirirud Vatnehol
- The Interventional Centre, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Optometry Radiography and Lighting Design, Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, University of South Eastern Norway, Drammen, Norway
| | - Are Hugo Pripp
- Oslo Centre of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Research Support Services, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway
| | - Per Kristian Eide
- Department of Neurosurgery, Oslo University Hospital - Rikshospitalet, Postboks 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Takanezawa Y, Nakamura R, Ohshiro Y, Uraguchi S, Kiyono M. Gadolinium-based contrast agents suppress adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Toxicol Lett 2023; 383:S0378-4274(23)00218-7. [PMID: 37437671 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to improve the sensitivity and enhance diagnostic performance. GBCAs are mostly eliminated from the body through the kidney after administration; however small amounts of gadolinium are retained in the brain and other tissues. Although there is increasing concern about the adverse health effects of gadolinium, the cellular effects of GBCAs remains poorly understood. Here, we elucidated the potential cytotoxicity of the GBCAs Omniscan and Gadovist in 12 different cell lines, especially 3T3-L1 adipocyte cell line. Omniscan and Gadovist treatments significantly increased intracellular gadolinium levels in 3T3-L1 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Additionally, Omniscan and Gadovist treatments downregulated the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARG), adiponectin (ADIPOQ), and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP4), in 3T3-L1 cells, especially during early differentiation (day 0-2). Moreover, histological analysis using Oil red O staining showed that gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) treatment suppressed lipid droplet accumulation and the expression of adipocyte differentiation markers. Overall, the results showed that Omniscan and Gadovist treatment suppressed adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells, contributing to the understanding of the potential toxic effects of GBCA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukazu Takanezawa
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuka Ohshiro
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shimpei Uraguchi
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Masako Kiyono
- Department of Public Health, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
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11
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Kromrey ML, Oswald S, Becher D, Bartel J, Schulze J, Paland H, Ittermann T, Hadlich S, Kühn JP, Mouchantat S. Intracerebral gadolinium deposition following blood-brain barrier disturbance in two different mouse models. Sci Rep 2023; 13:10164. [PMID: 37349374 PMCID: PMC10287697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36991-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the influence of the blood-brain barrier on neuronal gadolinium deposition in a mouse model after multiple intravenous applications of the linear contrast agent gadodiamide. The prospective study held 54 mice divided into three groups: healthy mice (A), mice with iatrogenic induced disturbance of the blood-brain barrier by glioblastoma (B) or cerebral infarction (C). In each group 9 animals received 10 iv-injections of gadodiamide (1.2 mmol/kg) every 48 h followed by plain T1-weighted brain MRI. A final MRI was performed 5 days after the last contrast injection. Remaining mice underwent MRI in the same time intervals without contrast application (control group). Signal intensities of thalamus, pallidum, pons, dentate nucleus, and globus pallidus-to-thalamus and dentate nucleus-to-pons ratios, were determined. Gadodiamide complex and total gadolinium amount were quantified after the last MR examination via LC-MS/MS and ICP-MS. Dentate nucleus-to-pons and globus pallidus-to-thalamus SI ratios showed no significant increase over time within all mice groups receiving gadodiamide, as well as compared to the control groups at last MR examination. Comparing healthy mice with group B and C after repetitive contrast administration, a significant SI increase could only be detected for glioblastoma mice in globus pallidus-to-thalamus ratio (p = 0.033), infarction mice showed no significant SI alteration. Tissue analysis revealed significantly higher gadolinium levels in glioblastoma group compared to healthy (p = 0.013) and infarction mice (p = 0.029). Multiple application of the linear contrast agent gadodiamide leads to cerebral gadolinium deposition without imaging correlate in MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kromrey
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany.
| | - S Oswald
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - D Becher
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Bartel
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J Schulze
- Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - H Paland
- Department of Pharmacology/C_DAT, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Ittermann
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - S Hadlich
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
| | - J P Kühn
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute and Policlinic of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - S Mouchantat
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Straße, 17475, Greifswald, Germany
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12
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Cananau C, Forslin Y, Bergendal Å, Sjöström H, Fink K, Ouellette R, Wiberg MK, Fredrikson S, Granberg T. MRI detection of brain gadolinium retention in multiple sclerosis: Magnetization transfer vs. T1-weighted imaging. J Neuroimaging 2023; 33:247-255. [PMID: 36599653 DOI: 10.1111/jon.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Evidence of brain gadolinium retention has affected gadolinium-based contrast agent usage. It is, however, unclear to what extent macrocyclic agents are retained and whether their in vivo detection may necessitate nonconventional MRI. Magnetization transfer (MT) could prove suitable to detect gadolinium-related signal changes since dechelated gadolinium ions bind to macromolecules. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate associations of prior gadolinium administrations with MT and T1 signal abnormalities. METHODS A cohort of 23 persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) (18 females, 5 males, 57 ± 8.0 years) with multiple past gadolinium administrations (median 6, range 3-12) and 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent 1.5 Tesla MRI with MT, T1-weighted 2-dimensional spin echo, and T1-weighted 3-dimensional gradient echo. The signal intensity index was assessed by MRI in gadolinium retention predilection sites. RESULTS There were dose-dependent associations of the globus pallidus signal on gradient echo (r = .55, p < .001) and spin echo (r = .38, p = .013) T1-weighted imaging, but not on MT. Relative to controls, MS patients had higher signal intensity index in the dentate nucleus on T1-weighted gradient echo (1.037 ± 0.040 vs. 1.016 ± 0.023, p = .04) with a similar trend in the globus pallidus on T1-weighted spin echo (1.091 ± 0.034 vs. 1.076 ± 0.014, p = .06). MT detected no group differences. CONCLUSIONS Conventional T1-weighted imaging provided dose-dependent associations with gadolinium administrations in MS, while these could not be detected with 2-dimensional MT. Future studies could explore newer MT techniques like 3D and inhomogenous MT. Notably, these associations were identified with conventional MRI even though most patients had not received gadolinium administrations in the preceding 9 years, suggestive of long-term retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Cananau
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medical Radiation Physics and Nuclear Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yngve Forslin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Radiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Bergendal
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sjöström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Fink
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Center of Neurology, Academic Specialist Center, Stockholm Health Services, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Russell Ouellette
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kristoffersen Wiberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sten Fredrikson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias Granberg
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Neuroradiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Botta M, Geraldes CFGC, Tei L. High spin Fe(III)-doped nanostructures as T 1 MR imaging probes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1858. [PMID: 36251471 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) T1 contrast agents based on Fe(III) as an alternative to Gd-based compounds have been under intense scrutiny in the last 6-8 years and a number of nanostructures have been designed and proposed for in vivo diagnostic and theranostic applications. Excluding the large family of superparamagnetic iron oxides widely used as T2 -MR imaging agents that will not be covered by this review, a considerable number and type of nanoparticles (NPs) have been employed, ranging from amphiphilic polymer-based NPs, NPs containing polyphenolic binding units such as melanin-like or polycatechols, mixed metals such as Fe/Gd or Fe/Au NPs and perfluorocarbon nanoemulsions. Iron(III) exhibits several favorable magnetic properties, high biocompatibility and improved toxicity profile that place it as the paramagnetic ion of choice for the next generation of nanosized MRI and theranostic contrast agents. An analysis of the examples reported in the last decade will show the opportunities for relaxivity and MR-contrast enhancement optimization that could bring Fe(III)-doped NPs to really compete with Gd(III)-based nanosystems. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Botta
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Carlos F G C Geraldes
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Life Sciences and Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CIBIT-Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, University of Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
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14
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Hua N, Minaeva O, Lupoli N, Franz ES, Liu X, Moncaster JA, Babcock KJ, Jara H, Tripodis Y, Guermazi A, Soto JA, Anderson SW, Goldstein LE. Gadolinium Deposition in the Rat Brain Measured with Quantitative MRI versus Elemental Mass Spectrometry. Radiology 2023; 306:244-251. [PMID: 36125373 PMCID: PMC9792715 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background T1-weighted MRI and quantitative longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) mapping have been used to evaluate gadolinium retention in the brain after gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) administration. Whether MRI measures accurately reflect gadolinium regional distribution and concentration in the brain remains unclear. Purpose To compare gadolinium retention in rat forebrain measured with in vivo quantitative MRI R1 and ex vivo laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) mapping after gadobenate, gadopentetate, gadodiamide, or gadobutrol administration. Materials and Methods Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups (eight per group) and administered gadobenate, gadopentetate, gadodiamide, gadobutrol (2.4 mmol/kg per week for 5 weeks), or saline (4.8 mL/kg per week for 5 weeks). MRI R1 mapping was performed at baseline and 1 week after the final injection to determine R1 and ΔR1. Postmortem brains from the same rats were analyzed with LA-ICP-MS elemental mapping to determine regional gadolinium concentrations. Student t tests were performed to compare results between GBCA and saline groups. Results Rats that were administered gadobenate showed gadolinium-related MRI ΔR1 in 39.5% of brain volume (ΔR1 = 0.087 second-1 ± 0.051); gadopentetate, 20.6% (ΔR1 = 0.069 second-1 ± 0.018); gadodiamide, 5.4% (ΔR1 = 0.055 second-1 ± 0.019); and gadobutrol, 2.2% (ΔR1 = 0.052 second-1 ± 0.041). Agent-specific gadolinium-related ΔR1 was detected in multiple forebrain regions (neocortex, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, thalamus, and caudate-putamen) in rats treated with gadobenate or gadopentetate, whereas rats treated with gadodiamide showed gadolinium-related ΔR1 in caudate-putamen. By contrast, LA-ICP-MS elemental mapping showed a similar regional distribution pattern of heterogeneous retained gadolinium in the forebrain of rats treated with gadobenate, gadopentetate, or gadodiamide, with the average gadolinium concentration of 0.45 μg · g-1 ± 0.07, 0.50 μg · g-1 ± 0.10, and 0.60 μg · g-1 ± 0.11, respectively. Low levels (0.01 μg · g-1 ± 0.00) of retained gadolinium were detected in the forebrain of gadobutrol-treated rats. Conclusion Differences in in vivo MRI longitudinal relaxation rate versus ex vivo elemental mass spectrometry measures of retained gadolinium in rat forebrains suggest that some forms of retained gadolinium may escape detection with MRI. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Lupoli
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Erich S. Franz
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Xiuping Liu
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Juliet A. Moncaster
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Katharine J. Babcock
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Hernán Jara
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Yorghos Tripodis
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Ali Guermazi
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Jorge A. Soto
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Stephan W. Anderson
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
| | - Lee E. Goldstein
- From the Departments of Radiology (N.H., O.M., N.L., X.L., J.A.M.,
H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (L.E.G.), Pathology &
Laboratory Medicine (L.E.G.), Anatomy & Neurobiology (K.J.B.), and
Biostatistics (Y.T.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, 4th
Floor, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer’s Disease Research
Center (N.H., O.M., J.A.M., L.E.G.), Boston, Mass; and Center for Biometallomics
(O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., S.W.A., L.E.G.),
and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston,
Mass
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15
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Licciardi G, Rizzo D, Salobehaj M, Massai L, Geri A, Messori L, Ravera E, Fragai M, Parigi G. Large Protein Assemblies for High-Relaxivity Contrast Agents: The Case of Gadolinium-Labeled Asparaginase. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:2411-2419. [PMID: 36458591 PMCID: PMC9782335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Biologics are emerging as the most important class of drugs and are used to treat a large variety of pathologies. Most of biologics are proteins administered in large amounts, either by intramuscular injection or by intravenous infusion. Asparaginase is a large tetrameric protein assembly, currently used against acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, a gadolinium(III)-DOTA derivative has been conjugated to asparaginase, and its relaxation properties have been investigated to assess its efficiency as a possible theranostic agent. The field-dependent 1H longitudinal relaxation measurements of water solutions of gadolinium(III)-labeled asparaginase indicate a very large increase in the relaxivity of this paramagnetic protein complex with respect to small gadolinium chelates, opening up the possibility of its use as an MRI contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Licciardi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Domenico Rizzo
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Maria Salobehaj
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Lara Massai
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Andrea Geri
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Luigi Messori
- Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Department
of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,Consorzio
Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche Metallo Proteine (CIRMMP), Via Luigi Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino50019, Italy,
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16
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Anderhalten L, Silva RV, Morr A, Wang S, Smorodchenko A, Saatz J, Traub H, Mueller S, Boehm-Sturm P, Rodriguez-Sillke Y, Kunkel D, Hahndorf J, Paul F, Taupitz M, Sack I, Infante-Duarte C. Different Impact of Gadopentetate and Gadobutrol on Inflammation-Promoted Retention and Toxicity of Gadolinium Within the Mouse Brain. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:677-688. [PMID: 35467573 PMCID: PMC9444290 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Using a murine model of multiple sclerosis, we previously showed that repeated administration of gadopentetate dimeglumine led to retention of gadolinium (Gd) within cerebellar structures and that this process was enhanced with inflammation. This study aimed to compare the kinetics and retention profiles of Gd in inflamed and healthy brains after application of the macrocyclic Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) gadobutrol or the linear GBCA gadopentetate. Moreover, potential Gd-induced neurotoxicity was investigated in living hippocampal slices ex vivo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mice at peak of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE; n = 29) and healthy control mice (HC; n = 24) were exposed to a cumulative dose of 20 mmol/kg bodyweight of either gadopentetate dimeglumine or gadobutrol (8 injections of 2.5 mmol/kg over 10 days). Magnetic resonance imaging (7 T) was performed at baseline as well as at day 1, 10, and 40 post final injection (pfi) of GBCAs. Mice were sacrificed after magnetic resonance imaging and brain and blood Gd content was assessed by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma (ICP)-mass spectrometry (MS) and ICP-MS, respectively. In addition, using chronic organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, Gd-induced neurotoxicity was addressed in living brain tissue ex vivo, both under control or inflammatory (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF-α] at 50 ng/μL) conditions. RESULTS Neuroinflammation promoted a significant decrease in T1 relaxation times after multiple injections of both GBCAs as shown by quantitative T1 mapping of EAE brains compared with HC. This corresponded to higher Gd retention within the EAE brains at 1, 10, and 40 days pfi as determined by laser ablation-ICP-MS. In inflamed cerebellum, in particular in the deep cerebellar nuclei (CN), elevated Gd retention was observed until day 40 after last gadopentetate application (CN: EAE vs HC, 55.06 ± 0.16 μM vs 30.44 ± 4.43 μM). In contrast, gadobutrol application led to a rather diffuse Gd content in the inflamed brains, which strongly diminished until day 40 (CN: EAE vs HC, 0.38 ± 0.08 μM vs 0.17 ± 0.03 μM). The analysis of cytotoxic effects of both GBCAs using living brain tissue revealed an elevated cell death rate after incubation with gadopentetate but not gadobutrol at 50 mM. The cytotoxic effect due to gadopentetate increased in the presence of the inflammatory mediator TNF-α (with vs without TNF-α, 3.15% ± 1.18% vs 2.17% ± 1.14%; P = 0.0345). CONCLUSIONS In the EAE model, neuroinflammation promoted increased Gd retention in the brain for both GBCAs. Whereas in the inflamed brains, efficient clearance of macrocyclic gadobutrol during the investigated time period was observed, the Gd retention after application of linear gadopentetate persisted over the entire observational period. Gadopentetate but not gadubutrol appeared to be neurotoxic in an ex vivo paradigm of neuronal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Anderhalten
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
| | - Rafaela V. Silva
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
- Einstein Center for Neurosciences
| | - Anna Morr
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Shuangqing Wang
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
| | - Alina Smorodchenko
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Faculty of Human Medicine, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg
| | - Jessica Saatz
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin
| | - Heike Traub
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung, Berlin
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research
- NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin
| | - Yasmina Rodriguez-Sillke
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin, Germany
| | - Désirée Kunkel
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Flow & Mass Cytometry Core Facility, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julia Hahndorf
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Friedemann Paul
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
| | - Matthias Taupitz
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Ingolf Sack
- Department of Radiology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, Berlin
| | - Carmen Infante-Duarte
- From the Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), A Cooperation Between the Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin
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Funke SKI, Factor C, Rasschaert M, Lezius L, Sperling M, Karst U, Robert P. Long-term Gadolinium Retention in the Healthy Rat Brain: Comparison between Gadopiclenol, Gadobutrol, and Gadodiamide. Radiology 2022; 305:179-189. [PMID: 35727155 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Safety concerns caused by gadolinium retention call for the development of high-relaxivity gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) allowing minimal dosing. Purpose To investigate brain gadolinium retention in healthy rats after exposure to gadopiclenol (Elucirem, Guerbet; macrocyclic GBCA) compared with gadobutrol (Gadovist or Gadavist, Bayer; macrocyclic GBCA) and gadodiamide (Omniscan, GE Healthcare; linear GBCA) over 1 year. Materials and Methods In this study conducted between May 2018 and April 2020, 9-week-old healthy Sprague Dawley rats received five injections of either gadopiclenol, gadobutrol, or gadodiamide (2.4 mmol of gadolinium per kilogram of body weight for each), or saline (control animals) over a period of 5 weeks. Rats were randomly assigned to different groups (six female and six male rats per group). MRI examinations were performed before euthanasia at 1, 3, 5, or 12 months after the last injection. Brains were sampled to determine the total gadolinium content via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), to characterize gadolinium species with size exclusion chromatography (SEC)-ICP-MS, and to perform elemental mapping with laser ablation (LA)-ICP-MS. Mann-Whitney tests were performed on pairwise comparisons of the same time points. Results For both macrocyclic agents, no T1 signal hyperintensities were observed in the cerebellum, and approximately 80% of gadolinium washout was found between 1 month (gadobutrol, 0.30 nmol/g; gadopiclenol, 0.37 nmol/g) and 12 months (gadobutrol, 0.062 nmol/g; gadopiclenol, 0.078 nmol/g). After 12 months, only low-molecular-weight gadolinium species were detected in the soluble fraction. Gadodiamide led to significantly higher gadolinium concentrations after 1 month in the cerebellum (gadodiamide, 2.65 nmol/g; P < .001 vs both macrocyclics) combined with only 15% washout after 12 months (gadodiamide, 2.25 nmol/g) and with gadolinium detected bound to macromolecules. Elemental bioimaging enabled visualization of gadolinium deposition patterns colocalized with iron. Conclusion Gadopiclenol and gadobutrol demonstrated similar in vivo distribution and washout of gadolinium in the healthy rat brain, markedly differing from gadodiamide up to 12 months after the last injection. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina K I Funke
- From the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (S.K.I.F., L.L., M.S., U.K.); and Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet Group, BP57400, Roissy 95943, France (C.F., M.R., P.R.)
| | - Cécile Factor
- From the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (S.K.I.F., L.L., M.S., U.K.); and Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet Group, BP57400, Roissy 95943, France (C.F., M.R., P.R.)
| | - Marlène Rasschaert
- From the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (S.K.I.F., L.L., M.S., U.K.); and Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet Group, BP57400, Roissy 95943, France (C.F., M.R., P.R.)
| | - Lena Lezius
- From the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (S.K.I.F., L.L., M.S., U.K.); and Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet Group, BP57400, Roissy 95943, France (C.F., M.R., P.R.)
| | - Michael Sperling
- From the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (S.K.I.F., L.L., M.S., U.K.); and Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet Group, BP57400, Roissy 95943, France (C.F., M.R., P.R.)
| | - Uwe Karst
- From the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (S.K.I.F., L.L., M.S., U.K.); and Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet Group, BP57400, Roissy 95943, France (C.F., M.R., P.R.)
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany (S.K.I.F., L.L., M.S., U.K.); and Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet Group, BP57400, Roissy 95943, France (C.F., M.R., P.R.)
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Strzeminska I, Factor C, Jimenez-Lamana J, Lacomme S, Subirana MA, Le Coustumer P, Schaumlöffel D, Robert P, Szpunar J, Corot C, Lobinski R. Comprehensive Speciation Analysis of Residual Gadolinium in Deep Cerebellar Nuclei in Rats Repeatedly Administered With Gadoterate Meglumine or Gadodiamide. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:283-292. [PMID: 35066532 PMCID: PMC9855751 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several preclinical studies have reported the presence of gadolinium (Gd) in different chemical forms in the brain, depending on the class (macrocyclic versus linear) of Gd-based contrast agent (GBCA) administered. The aim of this study was to identify, with a special focus on insoluble species, the speciation of Gd retained in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) of rats administered repeatedly with gadoterate or gadodiamide 4 months after the last injection. METHODS Three groups (N = 6/group) of healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats (SPF/OFA rats; Charles River, L'Arbresle, France) received a cumulated dose of 50 mmol/kg (4 daily intravenous administrations of 2.5 mmol/kg, for 5 weeks, corresponding to 80-fold the usual clinical dose if adjusted for man) of gadoterate meglumine (macrocyclic) or gadodiamide (linear) or isotonic saline for the control group (4 daily intravenous administrations of 5 mL/kg, for 5 weeks). The animals were sacrificed 4 months after the last injection. Deep cerebellar nuclei were dissected and stored at -80°C before sample preparation. To provide enough tissue for sample preparation and further analysis using multiple techniques, DCN from each group of 6 rats were pooled. Gadolinium species were extracted in 2 consecutive steps with water and urea solution. The total Gd concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Soluble Gd species were analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The insoluble Gd species were analyzed by single-particle (SP) ICP-MS, nanoscale secondary ion mass spectroscopy (NanoSIMS), and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (STEM-EDX) for elemental detection. RESULTS The Gd concentrations in pooled DCN from animals treated with gadoterate or gadodiamide were 0.25 and 24.3 nmol/g, respectively. For gadoterate, the highest amount of Gd was found in the water-soluble fractions. It was present exclusively as low-molecular-weight compounds, most likely as the intact GBCA form. In the case of gadodiamide, the water-soluble fraction of DCN was composed of high-molecular-weight Gd species of approximately 440 kDa and contained only a tiny amount (less than 1%) of intact gadodiamide. Furthermore, the column recovery calculated for this fraction was incomplete, which suggested presence of labile complexes of dissociated Gd3+ with endogenous molecules. The highest amount of Gd was detected in the insoluble residue, which was demonstrated, by SP-ICP-MS, to be a particulate form of Gd. Two imaging techniques (NanoSIMS and STEM-EDX) allowed further characterization of these insoluble Gd species. Amorphous, spheroid structures of approximately 100-200 nm of sea urchin-like shape were detected. Furthermore, Gd was consistently colocalized with calcium, oxygen, and phosphorous, strongly suggesting the presence of structures composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. No or occasional colocalization with iron and sulfur was observed. CONCLUSION A dedicated analytical workflow produced original data on the speciation of Gd in DCN of rats repeatedly injected with GBCAs. The addition, in comparison with previous studies of Gd speciation in brain, of SP element detection and imaging techniques allowed a comprehensive speciation analysis approach. Whereas for gadoterate the main fraction of retained Gd was present as intact GBCA form in the soluble fractions, for linear gadodiamide, less than 10% of Gd could be solubilized and characterized using size-exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS. The main Gd species detected in the soluble fractions were macromolecules of 440 kDa. One of them was speculated to be a Gd complex with iron-binding protein (ferritin). However, the major fraction of residual Gd was present as insoluble particulate species, very likely composed of mixed Gd/Ca phosphates. This comprehensive Gd speciation study provided important evidence for the dechelation of linear GBCAs and offered a deeper insight into the mechanisms of Gd deposition in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Strzeminska
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Cecile Factor
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Javier Jimenez-Lamana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Maria Angels Subirana
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Le Coustumer
- Bordeaux University, UMS 3420 CNRS Universite & US4 INSERM, CGFB, Bordeaux
- Bordeaux Montaigne University, INPB, EA 4592 Georessources & Environnement, Pessac, France
| | - Dirk Schaumlöffel
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
| | - Claire Corot
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Ryszard Lobinski
- Universite de Pau, E2S-UPPA, CNRS, Institute of Analytical and Physical Chemistry for the Environment and Materials (IPREM - UMR 5254), Pau
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Gadolinium-based contrast agent accelerates the migration of astrocyte via integrin αvβ3 signaling pathway. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5850. [PMID: 35393504 PMCID: PMC8990080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are chemicals injected intravenously during magnetic resonance imaging to enhance the diagnostic yield. Repeated use of GBCAs causes their deposition in the brain. Such deposition may affect various neuronal cells, including astrocytes. In this study, we examined the effect of GBCAs (Omniscan, Magnescope, Magnevist, and Gadovist) on astrocyte migration, which is critical for formation of neurons during development and maintaining brain homeostasis. All GBCAs increased cell migration and adhesion with increased actin remodelling. Knockdown of integrin αvβ3 by RNAi or exposure to integrin αvβ3 inhibitor reduced astrocyte migration. GBCAs increased phosphorylation of downstream factors of αvβ3, such as FAK, ERK1/2, and Akt. The phosphorylation of all these factors were reduced by RNAi or integrin αvβ3 inhibitor. GBCAs also increased the phosphorylation of their downstream factor, Rac1/cdc42, belonging to the RhoGTPases family. Coexposure to the selective RhoGTPases inhibitors, decreased the effects of GBCAs on cell migration. These findings indicate that GBCAs exert their action via integrin αvβ3 to activate the signaling pathway, resulting in increased astrocyte migration. Thus, the findings of the study suggest that it is important to avoid the repeated use of GBCAs to prevent adverse side effects in the brain, particularly during development.
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Yao X, Zhang H, Shi D, Li Y, Guo Q, Yu Z, Wang S, Ren K. Gadolinium Retention in the Brain of Mother and Pup Mouse: Effect of Pregnancy and Repeated Administration of
Gadolinium‐Based
Contrast Agents. J Magn Reson Imaging 2022; 56:835-845. [PMID: 35166409 PMCID: PMC9541727 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The association of repeated administration of gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) with the gadolinium (Gd) retention in the brains of mother and fetus remains unclear. Purpose To investigate the effects of pregnancy and repeated administration of GBCAs on Gd retention in the brains of mother and pup mice. Study type Cross‐sectional cohort toxicity study. Animal Model From gestational days 16–19, pregnant (n = 48) BALB/c mice. Field Strength A 9.4 T and fast spin echo sequence. Assessment Half of the mother mice (n = 24) were killed at postnatal day 1 (P1) for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Besides the ICP‐MS and TEM, four pups were randomly selected from each mother and killed at P1 for ultraperformance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS) and Nissl staining. Statistical Tests One‐way analysis of variance and unpaired t‐test. Results In the group of gadodiamide, retention of Gd in the brains of pregnant mice was significantly lower than that of nonpregnant mice in the area of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) (10.35 ± 2.16 nmol/g vs. 18.74 ± 3.65 nmol/g). Retention of Gd in the DCN of pups whose mothers were administered gadoterate meglumine was significantly lower than that of pups whose mothers were administered gadodiamide (0.21 ± 0.09 nmol/g vs. 6.15 ± 3.21 nmol/g) at P1. In mice treated with gadodiamide, most of the retained Gd in the brain tissue was insoluble (19.5% ± 9.5% of the recovered amount corresponded to the intact complex in the DCN). Data Conclusion In different brain areas of the mother and pup mice, the retention of Gd after gadoterate meglumine administration was lower than that of gadodiamide and gadopentetate dimeglumine administration, and almost all the detected Gd in pups' brains was intact soluble GBCAs. Evidence Level 1 Technical Efficacy Stage 2
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yao
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Dafa Shi
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Qiu Guo
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Radiology Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University Xiamen China
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Bücker P, Funke SKI, Factor C, Rasschaert M, Robert P, Sperling M, Karst U. Combined speciation analysis and elemental bioimaging provides new insight into gadolinium retention in kidney. Metallomics 2022; 14:6527577. [PMID: 35150284 DOI: 10.1093/mtomcs/mfac004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
This study uses a leaching approach in combination with elemental bioimaging and speciation analysis to obtain insight into the gadolinium species present in the kidney of rats that were treated with either a linear or a macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent. Fresh frozen thin sections of the harvested kidneys were immersed halfway into water to wash out hydrophilic species and subsequently analyzed by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The water-extracted gadolinium species were analyzed by means of hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Information on the water-soluble species could not only be obtained from the full kidney, but also be traced back to its localization in the tissue. On longitudinal kidney sections treated with gadobutrol, it was found that water-insoluble, permanent Gd depositions were mainly located in the renal cortex, while water-soluble species were found in the medulla, which contains the intact contrast agent up to one year after injection. Moreover, kidney samples from gadodiamide-treated rats showed more water-insoluble Gd deposition in both cortex and medulla, while the concentration of intact contrast agent in the water-soluble fraction was below the limit of detection after twelve months. In conclusion, this rapid approach allowed the spatially resolved differentiation between water-soluble and insoluble gadolinium deposition and is therefore capable of generating new insight into the retention and transportation behavior of gadolinium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Sabrina K I Funke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Cécile Factor
- Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet, Roissy CDG, France
| | | | - Philippe Robert
- Department of Research and Innovation, Guerbet, Roissy CDG, France
| | - Michael Sperling
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 28/30, Münster 48149, Germany
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Violas X, Rasschaert M, Santus R, Factor C, Corot C, Catoen S, Idée JM, Robert P. Small Brain Lesion Enhancement and Gadolinium Deposition in the Rat Brain: Comparison Between Gadopiclenol and Gadobenate Dimeglumine. Invest Radiol 2022; 57:130-139. [PMID: 34411032 PMCID: PMC8746880 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the set of studies was to compare gadopiclenol, a new high relaxivity gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agent (GBCA) to gadobenate dimeglumine in terms of small brain lesion enhancement and Gd retention, including T1 enhancement in the cerebellum. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a first study, T1 enhancement at 0.1 mmol/kg body weight (bw) of gadopiclenol or gadobenate dimeglumine was evaluated in a small brain lesions rat model at 2.35 T. The 2 GBCAs were injected in an alternated and cross-over manner separated by an interval of 4.4 ± 1.0 hours (minimum, 3.5 hours; maximum, 6.1 hours; n = 6). In a second study, the passage of the GBCAs into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was evaluated by measuring the fourth ventricle T1 enhancement in healthy rats at 4.7 T over 23 minutes after a single intravenous (IV) injection of 1.2 mmol/kg bw of gadopiclenol or gadobenate dimeglumine (n = 6/group). In a third study, Gd retention at 1 month was evaluated in healthy rats who had received 20 IV injections of 1 of the 2 GBCAs (0.6 mmol/kg bw) or a similar volume of saline (n = 10/group) over 5 weeks. T1 enhancement of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) was assessed by T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging at 2.35 T, performed before the injection and thereafter once a week up to 1 month after the last injection. Elemental Gd levels in central nervous system structures, in muscle and in plasma were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) 1 month after the last injection. RESULTS The first study in a small brain lesion rat model showed a ≈2-fold higher number of enhanced voxels in lesions with gadopiclenol compared with gadobenate dimeglumine. T1 enhancement of the fourth ventricle was observed in the first minutes after a single IV injection of gadopiclenol or gadobenate dimeglumine (study 2), resulting, in the case of gadopiclenol, in transient enhancement during the injection period of the repeated administrations study (study 3). In terms of Gd retention, T1 enhancement of the DCN was noted in the gadobenate dimeglumine group during the month after the injection period. No such enhancement of the DCN was observed in the gadopiclenol group. Gadolinium concentrations 1 month after the injection period in the gadopiclenol group were slightly increased in plasma and lower by a factor of 2 to 3 in the CNS structures and muscles, compared with gadobenate dimeglumine. CONCLUSIONS In the small brain lesion rat model, gadopiclenol provides significantly higher enhancement of brain lesions compared with gadobentate dimeglumine at the same dose. After repeated IV injections, as expected for a macrocyclic GBCA, Gd retention is minimalized in the case of gadopiclenol compared with gadobenate dimeglumine, resulting in no T1 hypersignal in the DCN.
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Do QN, Lenkinski RE, Tircso G, Kovacs Z. How the Chemical Properties of GBCAs Influence Their Safety Profiles In Vivo. Molecules 2021; 27:58. [PMID: 35011290 PMCID: PMC8746842 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular class of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is an essential tool for clinical diagnosis and disease management. In order to better understand the issues associated with GBCA administration and gadolinium retention and deposition in the human brain, the chemical properties of GBCAs such as relative thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities and their likelihood of forming gadolinium deposits in vivo will be reviewed. The chemical form of gadolinium causing the hyperintensity is an open question. On the basis of estimates of total gadolinium concentration present, it is highly unlikely that the intact chelate is causing the T1 hyperintensities observed in the human brain. Although it is possible that there is a water-soluble form of gadolinium that has high relaxitvity present, our experience indicates that the insoluble gadolinium-based agents/salts could have high relaxivities on the surface of the solid due to higher water access. This review assesses the safety of GBCAs from a chemical point of view based on their thermodynamic and kinetic properties, discusses how these properties influence in vivo behavior, and highlights some clinical implications regarding the development of future imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quyen N. Do
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Q.N.D.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Robert E. Lenkinski
- Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; (Q.N.D.); (R.E.L.)
| | - Gyula Tircso
- Department of Physical Chemistry Debrecen, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary;
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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Fluorescent chitosan-based nanohydrogels and encapsulation of gadolinium MRI contrast agent for magneto-optical imaging. CARBOHYDRATE POLYMER TECHNOLOGIES AND APPLICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carpta.2021.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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25
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Fretellier N, Rasschaert M, Bocanegra J, Robert P, Factor C, Seron A, Idée JM, Corot C. Safety and Gadolinium Distribution of the New High-Relaxivity Gadolinium Chelate Gadopiclenol in a Rat Model of Severe Renal Failure. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:826-836. [PMID: 34091462 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the toxicological profile of gadopiclenol, a new high-relaxivity macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA), in renally impaired rats, in comparison with 2 other macrocyclic GBCAs, gadoterate meglumine and gadobutrol, and 1 linear and nonionic GBCA, gadodiamide. METHODS Renal failure was induced by adding 0.75% wt/wt adenine to the diet for 3 weeks. During the second week of adenine-enriched diet, the animals (n = 8/group × 5 groups) received 5 consecutive intravenous injections of GBCA at 2.5 mmol/kg per injection, resulting in a cumulative dose of 12.5 mmol/kg or saline followed by a 3-week treatment-free period after the last injection. The total (elemental) gadolinium (Gd) concentration in different tissues (brain, cerebellum, femoral epiphysis, liver, skin, heart, kidney, spleen, plasma, urine, and feces) was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Transmission electron microscopy (and electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis of metallic deposits) was used to investigate the presence and localization of Gd deposits in the skin. Relaxometry was used to evaluate the presence of dissociated Gd in the skin, liver, and bone. Skin histopathology was performed to investigate the presence of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis-like lesions. RESULTS Gadodiamide administrations were associated with high morbidity-mortality but also with macroscopic and microscopic skin lesions in renally impaired rats. No such effects were observed with gadopiclenol, gadoterate, or gadobutrol. Overall, elemental Gd concentrations were significantly higher in gadodiamide-treated rats than in rats treated with the other GBCAs for all tissues except the liver (where no significant difference was found with gadopiclenol) and the kidney and the heart (where statistically similar Gd concentrations were observed for all GBCAs). No plasma biochemical abnormalities were observed with gadopiclenol or the control GBCAs. Histopathology revealed a normal skin structure in the rats treated with gadopiclenol, gadoterate, and gadobutrol, contrary to those treated with gadodiamide. No evidence of Gd deposits on collagen fibers and inclusions in fibroblasts was found with gadopiclenol and its macrocyclic controls, unlike with gadodiamide. Animals of all test groups had Gd-positive lysosomal inclusions in the dermal macrophages. However, the textures differed for the different products (speckled texture for gadodiamide and rough-textured appearance for the 2 tested macrocyclic GBCAs). CONCLUSIONS No evidence of biochemical toxicity or pathological abnormalities of the skin was observed, and similar to other macrocyclic GBCAs, gadoterate and gadobutrol, tissue retention of Gd was found to be low (except in the liver) in renally impaired rats treated with the new high-relaxivity GBCA gadopiclenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Fretellier
- From the Research and Innovation Department, Guerbet, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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Sneha KR, Sailaja GS. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterial assortments: a short review on the physical principles, X-ray imageability, and state-of-the-art developments. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:8569-8593. [PMID: 34585717 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb01513c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
X-ray attenuation ability, otherwise known as radiopacity of a material, could be indisputably tagged as the central and decisive parameter that produces contrast in an X-ray image. Radiopaque biomaterials are vital in the healthcare sector that helps clinicians to track them unambiguously during pre and post interventional radiological procedures. Medical imaging is one of the most powerful resources in the diagnostic sector that aids improved treatment outcomes for patients. Intrinsically radiopaque biomaterials enable themselves for visual targeting/positioning as well as to monitor their fate and further provide the radiologists with critical insights about the surgical site. Moreover, the emergence of advanced real-time imaging modalities is a boon to the contemporary healthcare systems that allow to perform minimally invasive surgical procedures and thereby reduce the healthcare costs and minimize patient trauma. X-ray based imaging is one such technologically upgraded diagnostic tool with many variants like digital X-ray, computed tomography, digital subtraction angiography, and fluoroscopy. In light of these facts, this review is aimed to briefly consolidate the physical principles of X-ray attenuation by a radiopaque material, measurement of radiopacity, classification of radiopaque biomaterials, and their recent advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Sneha
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India.
| | - G S Sailaja
- Department of Polymer Science and Rubber Technology, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi - 682022, India. .,Interuniversity Centre for Nanomaterials and Devices, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India.,Centre for Advanced Materials, CUSAT, Kochi - 682022, India
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27
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Chen JW. Does Brain Gadolinium Deposition Have Clinical Consequence? Lessons from Animal Studies. Radiology 2021; 301:417-419. [PMID: 34463556 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2021211833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John W Chen
- From the Institute for Innovation in Imaging and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 13th St, CNY-149, Charlestown, MA 02129
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Strzeminska I, Factor C, Robert P, Szpunar J, Corot C, Lobinski R. Speciation Analysis of Gadolinium in the Water-Insoluble Rat Brain Fraction After Administration of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents. Invest Radiol 2021; 56:535-544. [PMID: 33813574 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To date, the analysis of gadolinium (Gd) speciation in the brain of animals administered with macrocyclic and linear Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has been limited to Gd soluble in mild buffers. Under such conditions, less than 30% of the brain tissue was solubilized and the extraction recoveries of GBCAs into the aqueous phase were poor, especially in the case of the linear GBCAs. The aim of this study was to find the conditions to solubilize the brain tissue (quasi-)completely while preserving the Gd species present. The subsequent analysis using size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS) was intended to shed the light on the speciation of the additionally recovered Gd. METHODS Four groups of healthy female Sprague Dawley rats (SPF/OFA rats; Charles River, L'Arbresle, France) received randomly 5 intravenous injections (1 injection per week during 5 consecutive weeks) of either gadoterate meglumine, gadobenate dimeglumine, gadodiamide (cumulated dose of 12 mmol/kg), or no injection (control group). The animals were sacrifice 1 week (W1) after the last injection. Brain tissues were solubilized with urea solution, whereas tissues extracted with water served as controls. Total Gd concentrations were determined in the original brain tissue and its soluble and insoluble fractions by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to calculate the Gd accumulation and extraction efficiency. Size exclusion chromatography coupled to ICP-MS was used to monitor the speciation of Gd in the soluble fractions. The stability of GBCAs in the optimum conditions was monitored by spiking the brain samples from the untreated animals. The column recoveries were precisely determined in the purpose of the discrimination of weakly and strongly bound Gd complexes. The identity of the eluted species was explored by the evaluation of the molecular size and retention time matching with Gd chelates and ferritin standard. The speciation analyses were carried out for 2 different brain structures, cortex and cerebellum. RESULTS The combination of water and urea extractions (sequential extraction) managed to solubilize efficiently the brain tissue (97% ± 1%) while preserving the stability of the initially injected form of GBCA. For macrocyclic gadoterate, 97% ± 1% and 102% ± 3% of Gd initially present in the cortex and cerebellum were extracted to the soluble fraction. For gadobenate, similar amounts of Gd (49% ± 1% and 46% ± 4%) were recovered from cortex and cerebellum. For gadodiamide, 48% ± 2% of Gd was extracted from cortex and 34% ± 1% from cerebellum. These extraction efficiencies were higher than reported elsewhere. The SEC-ICP-MS and the column recovery determination proved that Gd present at low nmol/g levels in brain tissue was exclusively in the intact GBCA form in all the fractions of brain from the animals treated with gadoterate. For the linear GBCAs (gadobenate and gadodiamide), 3 Gd species of different hydrodynamic volumes were detected in the urea-soluble fraction: (1) larger than 660 kDa, (2) approximately 440 kDa, and (3) intact GBCAs. The species of 440 kDa corresponded, on the basis of the elution volume, to a Gd3+ complex with ferritin. Gd3+ was also demonstrated by SEC-ICP-MS to react with the ferritin standard in 100 mM ammonium acetate (pH 7.4). In contrast to macrocyclic gadoterate, for linear GBCAs, the column recovery was largely incomplete, suggesting the presence of free, hydrolyzed, or weakly bound Gd3+ with endogenous ligands. CONCLUSIONS The sequential extraction of rat brain tissue with water and urea solution resulted in quasi-complete solubilization of the tissue and a considerable increase in the recoveries of Gd species in comparison with previous reports. The macrocyclic gadoterate was demonstrated to remain intact in the brain 1 week after administration to rats. The linear GBCAs gadobenate and gadodiamide underwent ligand exchange reactions resulting in the presence of a series of Gd3+ complexes of different strength with endogenous ligands. Ferritin was identified as one of the macromolecules reacting with Gd3+. For the linear GBCAs, 3% of the insoluble brain tissue was found to contain more than 50% of Gd in unidentified form(s).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cécile Factor
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Philippe Robert
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
| | - Joanna Szpunar
- Institute of Analytical Sciences and Physico-Chemistry for Environment and Materials, UMR 5254, CNRS-UPPA, Pau, France
| | - Claire Corot
- From the Guerbet Research and Innovation Department, Aulnay-sous-Bois
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Tsai YF, Yang JS, Tsai FJ, Lu CC, Chiu YJ, Tsai SC. In Vitro Toxicological Assessment of Gadodiamide in Normal Brain SVG P12 Cells. In Vivo 2021; 35:2621-2630. [PMID: 34410949 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique for evaluating patients with primary and metastatic tumors. The contrast agents improve the diagnostic accuracy of MRI. Large quantities of a contrast agent must be administrated into the patient to obtain useful images, which leads to cell injury. Gadolinium has been reported to cause central lobular necrosis of the liver and nephrogenic systemic fibrosis. However, the toxicity caused on brain tissue is uncertain. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study mainly aimed on the in vitro study of high concentration (2 and 5-fold of normal concentration) gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs), gadodiamide (Omniscan®), on normal brain glial SVG P12 cells. MTT assay, DAPI staining, immunofluorescent staining, LysoTracker Red staining, and western blotting analysis were applied on the cells. RESULTS The viability of gadodiamide (1.3, 2.6, 5.2, 13 and 26 mM)-treated SVG P12 cells was significantly reduced after 24 h of incubation. Gadodiamide caused significant autophagic flux at 2.6, 5.2 and 13.0 mM as seen by acridine orange (AO) staining, LC-3-GFP and LysoTracker Red staining. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins such as beclin-1, ATG-5, ATG-14 and LC-3 II were up-regulated after 24 h of gadodiamide incubation. Autophagy inhibitors including 3-methyladenine (3-MA), chloroquine (CQ) and bafilomycin A1 (Baf) significantly alleviated the autophagic cell death effect of gadodiamide on normal brain glial SVG P12 cells. Gadodiamide induced significant apoptotic effects at 5.2 mM and 13.0 mM as seen by DAPI staining and the pan-caspase inhibitor significantly alleviated the apoptotic effect. Gadodiamide at 5.2 mM and 13.0 mM inhibited antiapoptotic protein expression levels of Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL, while promoted pro-apoptotic protein expression levels of Bax, BAD, cytochrome c, Apaf-1, cleaved-caspase-9 and cleaved-caspase-3. CONCLUSION Normal brain glial SVG P12 cells treated with high concentrations of gadodiamide can undergo autophagy and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuh-Feng Tsai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Shin-Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jai-Sing Yang
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Fuu-Jen Tsai
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.,China Medical University Children's Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chi-Cheng Lu
- Department of Sport Performance, National Taiwan University of Sport, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Yu-Jen Chiu
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.; .,Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Chang Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, R.O.C.
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MR Imaging Safety Considerations of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents: Gadolinium Retention and Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 2021; 28:497-507. [PMID: 33040991 DOI: 10.1016/j.mric.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have revolutionized of MR imaging, enabling physicians to obtain life-saving medical information that often cannot be obtained with unenhanced MR imaging or other imaging modalities. Since regulatory approval in 1988, more than 450 million intravenous GBCA doses have been administered worldwide, with an extremely favorable pharmacologic safety profile. Recent evidence has demonstrated, however, that a small fraction of Gd is retained in human tissues. No direct correlation between Gd retention and clinical effects has been confirmed; however, a subset of patients have attributed various symptoms to GBCA exposure. This review details current knowledge regarding GBCA safety.
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Guidolin N, Travagin F, Giovenzana GB, Vágner A, Lotti S, Chianale F, Brücher E, Maisano F, Kirchin MA, Tedoldi F, Giorgini A, Colombo Serra S, Baranyai Z. Interaction of macrocyclic gadolinium-based MR contrast agents with Type I collagen. Equilibrium and kinetic studies. Dalton Trans 2021; 49:14863-14870. [PMID: 33073806 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03314f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The interactions of gadoterate meglumine, gadobutrol, gadoteridol and Gd(HB-DO3A) with bovine Type I collagen were investigated by ultrafiltration and dialysis. The affinity of the four agents to collagen is similar. However, the maximum adsorbed amount of GdIII-complexes decreases in the following order: gadoterate meglumine > gadobutrol > gadoteridol > Gd(HB-DO3A). Calculations with the open three-compartment model reveal that the structural homologs gadoteridol and Gd(HB-DO3A) have a lower adsorption onto collagen, which may explain the less prolonged in vivo retention of gadoteridol observed in soft tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol Guidolin
- Bracco Imaging Spa, Bracco Research Centre, Via Ribes 5, 10010 Colleretto Giacosa (TO), Italy.
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Khairinisa MA, Ariyani W, Tsushima Y, Koibuchi N. Effects of Gadolinium Deposits in the Cerebellum: Reviewing the Literature from In Vitro Laboratory Studies to In Vivo Human Investigations. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18147214. [PMID: 34299664 PMCID: PMC8305034 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are chemicals injected intravenously during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to enhance the diagnostic yield. The repeated use of GBCAs can cause their deposition in the brain, including the cerebellum. Such deposition may affect various cell subsets in the brain and consequently cause behavioral alterations due to neurotoxicity. Caution should thus be exercised in using these agents, particularly in patients who are more likely to have repeated enhanced MRIs during their lifespan. Further studies are required to clarify the toxicity of GBCAs, and potential mechanisms causing neurotoxicity have recently been reported. This review introduces the effects of GBCAs in the cerebellum obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies and considers the possible mechanisms of neurotoxicity involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miski Aghnia Khairinisa
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
- Program Study of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Bandung Islamic University, Bandung 40116, Indonesia
| | - Winda Ariyani
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
- Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo 102-0083, Japan
- Correspondence: (W.A.); (N.K.)
| | - Yoshito Tsushima
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
- Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Maebashi 371-8511, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi 371-8511, Japan;
- Correspondence: (W.A.); (N.K.)
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Bussi S, Coppo A, Bonafè R, Rossi S, Colombo Serra S, Penard L, Kirchin MA, Maisano F, Tedoldi F. Gadolinium Clearance in the First 5 Weeks After Repeated Intravenous Administration of Gadoteridol, Gadoterate Meglumine, and Gadobutrol to rats. J Magn Reson Imaging 2021; 54:1636-1644. [PMID: 33973290 PMCID: PMC8597020 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies of gadolinium (Gd) clearance from animals in the first weeks after administration of gadolinium‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) have previously looked at solitary timepoints only. However, this does not give information on differences between GBCAs and between organs in terms of Gd elimination kinetics. Purpose To compare Gd levels in rat cerebellum, cerebrum, skin, and blood at 1, 2, 3, and 5 weeks after repeated administration of macrocyclic GBCAs. Study Type Prospective. Animal Model One hundred eighty male Sprague–Dawley rats randomized to three groups (n = 60/group), received intravenous administrations of gadoteridol, gadoterate meglumine, or gadobutrol (0.6 mmol/kg for each) four times/week for 5 consecutive weeks. Rats were sacrificed after washout periods of 1, 2, 3, or 5 weeks. Field Strength/Sequence Not applicable. Assessment Cerebellum, cerebrum, skin, and blood were harvested for Gd determination by inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (15 animals/group/all timepoints). Statistical Tests Anova and Dunnett's test (data with homogeneous variances and normal distribution). Kruskal–Wallis and Wilcoxon's rank sum tests (data showing nonhomogeneous variances or a non‐normal distribution, significance levels: P < 0.05, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001). Results Gd levels in cerebellum, cerebrum, and skin were significantly lower after gadoteridol than after gadoterate and gadobutrol at all timepoints. Mean cerebellum Gd concentrations after gadoteridol, gadoterate, and gadobutrol decreased from 0.693, 0.878, and 1.011 nmol Gd/g at 1 week to 0.144, 0.282, and 0.297 nmol Gd/g at 5 weeks after injection. Similar findings were noted for cerebrum and skin. Conversely, significantly higher Gd levels were noted in blood after gadoteridol compared to gadobutrol at 1, 2, and 3 weeks and compared to gadoterate at all timepoints. Data Conclusion Gadoteridol is eliminated more rapidly from rat cerebellum, cerebrum, and skin compared to gadoterate and gadobutrol in the first 5 weeks after administration, resulting in lower levels of retained Gd in these tissues. Evidence Level 1 Technical Efficacy Stage 5
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Bussi
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre, Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy
| | - Alessandra Coppo
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre, Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy
| | - Roberta Bonafè
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre, Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy
| | - Silvia Rossi
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre, Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy
| | | | - Laure Penard
- Charles River Saint Germain-Nuelles, Lyon, France
| | - Miles A Kirchin
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Global Medical & Regulatory Affairs, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Maisano
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre, Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy
| | - Fabio Tedoldi
- Bracco Imaging SpA, Bracco Research Centre, Colleretto Giacosa, TO, Italy
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Devreux M, Henoumont C, Dioury F, Boutry S, Vacher O, Elst LV, Port M, Muller RN, Sandre O, Laurent S. Mn 2+ Complexes with Pyclen-Based Derivatives as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Synthesis and Relaxometry Characterization. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:3604-3619. [PMID: 33625836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has a leading place in medicine as an imaging tool of high resolution for anatomical studies and diagnosis of diseases, in particular for soft tissues that cannot be accessible by other modalities. Many research works are thus focused on improving the images obtained with MRI. This technique has indeed poor sensitivity, which can be compensated by using a contrast agent (CA). Today, the clinically approved CAs on market are solely based on gadolinium complexes that may induce nephrogenic systemic fibrosis for patients with kidney failure, whereas more recent studies on healthy rats also showed Gd retention in the brain. Consequently, researchers try to elaborate other types of safer MRI CAs like manganese-based complexes. In this context, the synthesis of Mn2+ complexes of four 12-membered pyridine-containing macrocyclic ligands based on the pyclen core was accomplished and described herein. Then, the properties of these Mn(II) complexes were studied by two relaxometric methods, 17O NMR spectroscopy and 1H NMR dispersion profiles. The time of residence (τM) and the number of water molecules (q) present in the inner sphere of coordination were determined by these two experiments. The efficacy of the pyclen-based Mn(II) complexes as MRI CAs was evaluated by proton relaxometry at a magnetic field intensity of 1.41 T near those of most medical MRI scanners (1.5 T). Both the 17O NMR and the nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profiles indicated that the four hexadentate ligands prepared herein left one vacant coordination site to accommodate one water molecule, rapidly exchanging, in around 6 ns. Furthermore, it has been shown that the presence of an additional amide bond formed when the paramagnetic complex is conjugated to a molecule of interest does not alter the inner sphere of coordination of Mn, which remains monohydrated. These complexes exhibit r1 relaxivities, large enough to be used as clinical MRI CAs (1.7-3.4 mM-1·s-1, at 1.41 T and 37 °C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Devreux
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Laboratory of Organic Polymer Chemistry (LCPO), 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Céline Henoumont
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Fabienne Dioury
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), GBCM Laboratory, HESAM Université, EA 7528, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris,France
| | - Sébastien Boutry
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Olivier Vacher
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), GBCM Laboratory, HESAM Université, EA 7528, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris,France
| | - Luce Vander Elst
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marc Port
- Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers (CNAM), GBCM Laboratory, HESAM Université, EA 7528, 2 rue Conté, 75003 Paris,France
| | - Robert N Muller
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Olivier Sandre
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, Laboratory of Organic Polymer Chemistry (LCPO), 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Sophie Laurent
- General, Organic and Biomedical Chemistry, NMR and Molecular Imaging Laboratory, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium.,Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), 8 rue Adrienne Bolland, 6041 Charleroi, Belgium
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Chirayil S, Jordan VC, Martins AF, Paranawithana N, Ratnakar SJ, Sherry AD. Manganese(II)-Based Responsive Contrast Agent Detects Glucose-Stimulated Zinc Secretion from the Mouse Pancreas and Prostate by MRI. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:2168-2177. [PMID: 33507742 PMCID: PMC8112388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c02688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A Mn(II)-based zinc-sensitive MRI contrast agent, MnPyC3A-BPEN, was prepared, characterized, and applied in imaging experiments to detect glucose-stimulated zinc secretion (GSZS) from the mouse pancreas and prostate in vivo. Thermodynamic and kinetic stability tests showed that MnPyC3A-BPEN has superior kinetic inertness compared to GdDTPA, is less susceptible to transmetalation in the presence of excess Zn2+ ions, and less susceptible to transchelation by albumin. In comparison with other gadolinium-based zinc sensors bearing a single zinc binding moiety, MnPyC3A-BPEN appears to be a reliable alternative for imaging β-cell function in the pancreas and glucose-stimulated zinc secretion from the prostate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chirayil
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Veronica Clavijo Jordan
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, United States
| | - André F Martins
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180) "Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies", University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72076, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Namini Paranawithana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - S James Ratnakar
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - A Dean Sherry
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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36
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Erdoğan MA, Apaydin M, Armagan G, Taskiran D. Evaluation of toxicity of gadolinium-based contrast agents on neuronal cells. Acta Radiol 2021; 62:206-214. [PMID: 32366109 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120920801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) are widely used in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recently, increased signal intensity has been reported in specific brain areas after repeated administrations of GBCAs. PURPOSE To investigate the toxic effects of GBCAs on neuronal cells by using SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell cultures. MATERIAL AND METHODS For toxicity assays, SH-SY5Y cells were incubated with different doses (0-1000 µM) of several macrocyclic (gadoterate meglumine and gadobutrol) and linear GBCAs (gadoversetamide, gadopentetate dimeglumine, gadodiamide, and gadoxetate disodium) for 48 h. Cell viability and proliferation capacity were evaluated by using MTS assay, LDH assay, and colony-forming assay. In addition, Western blotting of Bcl-2 and Bax proteins and nuclear Hoechst 33258 staining were performed to evaluate apoptotic cell death. The results were expressed as mean ± SEM. The data were analyzed using Student's t-test. A P value < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. RESULTS Both macrocyclic and linear GBCAs significantly and dose-dependently reduced cell viability in neuronal cells compared to control. Cell viability was measured between 89.5% ± 4% and 61% ± 0.7% in GBCA-treated groups. In addition, neurotoxicity was more prominent in linear GBCA-treated cultures (P < 0.0005). Bax protein levels were increased in GBCA-treated cells particularly with linear agents whereas Bcl-2 expression was decreased concomitantly. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicated that exposure to specific GBCAs, even at low micro-molar concentrations, may have detrimental effects on neuronal survival. Further investigations are required to clarify the molecular mechanism underlying GBCA-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mümin Alper Erdoğan
- Department of Physiology, İzmir Katip Çelebi University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melda Apaydin
- Department of Radiology, KCU Atatürk Education and Training Hospital, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güliz Armagan
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University School of Pharmacy, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Taskiran
- Department of Physiology, Ege University School of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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37
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Lattanzio SM. Toxicity associated with gadolinium-based contrast-enhanced examinations. AIMS BIOPHYSICS 2021. [DOI: 10.3934/biophy.2021015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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38
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Carniato F, Tei L, Botta M, Ravera E, Fragai M, Parigi G, Luchinat C. 1H NMR Relaxometric Study of Chitosan-Based Nanogels Containing Mono- and Bis-Hydrated Gd(III) Chelates: Clues for MRI Probes of Improved Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:9065-9072. [PMID: 35019583 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogel nanoparticles composed of chitosan and hyaluronate and incorporating Gd-based MRI contrast agents with different hydration number (e.g., [Gd(DOTA)(H2O)]- and [Gd(AAZTA)(H2O)2]-) were prepared and fully characterized. In particular, 1H NMR relaxometric data, acquired as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field strength, were for the first time thoroughly analyzed using a theoretical model that includes the effects of a static zero-field splitting and an anisotropic molecular tumbling. The paramagnetic nanoparticles show excellent stability in aqueous solution for over 150 h and do not release the load of Gd(III) chelates. These nanoparticles exhibit enhanced efficacy (relaxivity) as relaxation agents, over 6 times that of the free complexes, thanks to the combination of a restricted molecular dynamics in the presence of a fast exchange of metal-bound water molecule(s) and between the water inside the nanogel and the bulk water. The knowledge of the molecular parameters that control the effectiveness of these MRI nanoprobes and those that limit their further increase will be crucial for the development of optimized systems with high sensitivity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Carniato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Tei
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Mauro Botta
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale "Amedeo Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Fragai
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via Sacconi 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.,Consorzio Interuniversitario Risonanze Magnetiche di Metalloproteine (CIRMMP), Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
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Zaki N, Parra D, Wells Q, Chew JD, George-Durrett K, Pruthi S, Soslow J. Assessment of gadolinium deposition in the brain tissue of pediatric and adult congenital heart disease patients after contrast enhanced cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2020; 22:82. [PMID: 33267835 PMCID: PMC7713146 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-020-00676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important tool for the assessment of extracardiac vasculature and myocardial viability. Gadolinium (Gd) brain deposition after contrast enhanced MRI has recently been described and resulted in a warning issued by the United States Food and Drug Administration. However, the prevalence of brain deposition in children and adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) is unclear. We hypothesized that Gd exposure as part of one or more CMRs would lead to a low rate of brain deposition in pediatric and adult CHD patients. METHODS We queried our institutional electronic health record for all pediatric and adult CHD patients who underwent contrast enhanced CMR from 2005 to 2018 and had a subsequent brain MRI. Cases were age- and gender-matched to controls who were never exposed to Gd and underwent brain MRIs. The total number of contrast enhanced MRIs, type of Gd, and total Gd dose were determined. Brain MRIs were reviewed by a neuroradiologist for evidence of Gd deposition using qualitative and quantitative assessment. Quantitative assessment was performed using the dentate nucleus to pons signal intensity ratio (dp-SIR) on T1 weighted imaging. Continuous variables were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U and Spearman rank correlation tests. Normal SIR was defined as the 95% CI of the control population dp-SIR. RESULTS Sixty-two cases and 62 controls were identified. The most contrast enhanced MRIs in a single patient was five and the largest lifetime dose of Gd that any patient received was 0.75 mmol/kg. There was no significant difference in the mean dp-SIR of cases and controls (p = 0.11). The dp-SIR was not correlated with either the lifetime dose of Gd (rs = 0.21, p = 0.11) or the lifetime number of contrast enhanced studies (rs = 0.21, p = 0.11). Two cases and 2 controls had dp-SIRs above the upper bound of the 95% confidence interval for the control group. One case had qualitative imaging-based evidence of Gd deposition in the brain but had a dp-SIR within the normal range. CONCLUSION In our cohort of pediatric and adult CHD patients undergoing contrast enhanced CMR, there was a low incidence of qualitative and no significant quantitative imaging-based evidence of Gd brain deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Zaki
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - David Parra
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Quinn Wells
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua D Chew
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristen George-Durrett
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sumit Pruthi
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jonathan Soslow
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Long-Term Evaluation of Gadolinium Retention in Rat Brain After Single Injection of a Clinically Relevant Dose of Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents. Invest Radiol 2020; 55:138-143. [PMID: 31917763 PMCID: PMC7015191 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and chemical forms of residual gadolinium (Gd) in rat brain after a single dose of Gd-based contrast agent. METHODS Four groups of healthy rats (2 sacrifice time-points, n = 10/group, 80 rats in total) were randomized to receive a single intravenous injection of 1 of the 3 Gd-based contrast agents (GBCAs) (gadoterate meglumine, gadobenate dimeglumine, or gadodiamide) or the same volume of 0.9% saline solution. The injected concentration was 0.6 mmol/kg, corresponding to a concentration of 0.1 mmol/kg in humans after body surface normalization between rats and humans (according to the US Food and Drug Administration recommendations). Animals were sacrificed at 2 washout times: 1 (M1) and 5 (M5) months after the injection. Total Gd concentrations were determined in cerebellum by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Gadolinium speciation was analyzed by size-exclusion chromatography coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after extraction from cerebellum. RESULTS A single injection of a clinically relevant dose of GBCA resulted in the detectable presence of Gd in the cerebellum 1 and 5 months after injection. The cerebellar total Gd concentrations after administration of the least stable GBCA (gadodiamide) were significantly higher at both time-points (M1: 0.280 ± 0.060 nmol/g; M5: 0.193 ± 0.023 nmol/g) than those observed for macrocyclic gadoterate (M1: 0.019 ± 0.004 nmol/g, M5: 0.004 ± 0.002 nmol/g; P < 0.0001). Gadolinium concentrations after injection of gadobenate were significantly lower at both time-points (M1: 0.093 ± 0.020 nmol/g; M5: 0.067 ± 0.013 nmol/g; P < 0.05) than the Gd concentration measured after injection of gadodiamide. At the 5-month time-point, the Gd concentration in the gadoterate group was also significantly lower than the Gd concentration in the gadobenate group (P < 0.05). Gadolinium speciation analysis of the water-soluble fraction showed that, after injection of the macrocyclic gadoterate, Gd was still detected only in its intact, chelated form 5 months after injection. In contrast, after a single dose of linear GBCAs (gadobenate and gadodiamide), 2 different forms were detected: intact GBCA and Gd bound to soluble macromolecules (above 80 kDa). Elimination of the intact GBCA form was also observed between the first and fifth month, whereas the amount of Gd present in the macromolecular fraction remained constant 5 months after injection. CONCLUSIONS A single injection of a clinically relevant dose of GBCA is sufficient to investigate long-term Gd retention in the cerebellar parenchyma. Administration of linear GBCAs (gadodiamide and gadobenate) resulted in higher residual Gd concentrations than administration of the macrocyclic gadoterate. Speciation analysis of the water-soluble fraction of cerebellum confirmed washout of intact GBCA over time. The quantity of Gd bound to macromolecules, observed only with linear GBCAs, remained constant 5 months after injection and is likely to represent a permanent deposition.
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Gallo E, Rosa E, Diaferia C, Rossi F, Tesauro D, Accardo A. Systematic overview of soft materials as a novel frontier for MRI contrast agents. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27064-27080. [PMID: 35515779 PMCID: PMC9055484 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03194a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a well-known diagnostic technique used to obtain high quality images in a non-invasive manner. In order to increase the contrast between normal and pathological regions in the human body, positive (T1) or negative (T2) contrast agents (CAs) are commonly intravenously administered. The most efficient class of T1-CAs are based on kinetically stable and thermodynamically inert gadolinium complexes. In the last two decades many novel macro- and supramolecular CAs have been proposed. These approaches have been optimized to increase the performance of the CAs in terms of the relaxivity values and to reduce the administered dose, decreasing the toxicity and giving better safety and pharmacokinetic profiles. The improved performances may also allow further information to be gained on the pathological and physiological state of the human body. The goal of this review is to report a systematic overview of the nanostructurated CAs obtained and developed by manipulating soft materials at the nanometer scale. Specifically, our attention is centered on recent examples of fibers, hydrogels and nanogel formulations, that seem particularly promising for overcoming the problematic issues that have recently pushed the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to withdraw linear CAs from the market. Gd(iii)-nanostructurated Constrast Agents (CAs) for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can be designed and developed by manipulating soft material, including fibers, hydrogels and nanogels, in the nanometer scale.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Gallo
- IRCCS SDN Via E. Gianturco 113 80143 Napoli Italy
| | - Elisabetta Rosa
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Carlo Diaferia
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Filomena Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Diego Tesauro
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
| | - Antonella Accardo
- Department of Pharmacy, Research Centre on Bioactive Peptides (CIRPeB), University of Naples "Federico II" Via Mezzocannone 16 80134-Naples Italy
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Rasschaert M, Weller RO, Schroeder JA, Brochhausen C, Idée JM. Retention of Gadolinium in Brain Parenchyma: Pathways for Speciation, Access, and Distribution. A Critical Review. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020; 52:1293-1305. [PMID: 32246802 PMCID: PMC7687192 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.27124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The unexpected appearance of T1 hyperintensities, mostly in the dentate nucleus and the globus pallidus, during nonenhanced MRI was reported in 2014. This effect is associated with prior repeated administrations of gadolinium (Gd)‐based contrast agents (GBCAs) in patients with a functional blood–brain barrier (BBB). It is widely assumed that GBCAs do not cross the intact BBB, but the observation of these hypersignals raises questions regarding this assumption. This review critically discusses the mechanisms of Gd accumulation in the brain with regard to access pathways, Gd species, tissue distribution, and subcellular location. We propose the hypothesis that there is early access of Gd species to cerebrospinal fluid, followed by passive diffusion into the brain parenchyma close to the cerebral ventricles. When accessing areas rich in endogenous metals or phosphorus, the less kinetically stable GBCAs would dissociate, and Gd would bind to endogenous macromolecules, and/or precipitate within the brain tissue. It is also proposed that Gd species enter the brain parenchyma along penetrating cortical arteries in periarterial pial‐glial basement membranes and leave the brain along intramural peri‐arterial drainage (IPAD) pathways. Lastly, Gd/GBCAs may access the brain parenchyma directly from the blood through the BBB in the walls of capillaries. It is crucial to distinguish between the physiological distribution and drainage pathways for GBCAs and the possible dissociation of less thermodynamically/kinetically stable GBCAs that lead to long‐term Gd deposition in the brain. Level of Evidence 5. Technical Efficacy Stage 3.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roy O Weller
- Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Josef A Schroeder
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Jean-Marc Idée
- Guerbet, Research and Innovation Division, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
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Comparison of the Relaxivities of Macrocyclic Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents in Human Plasma at 1.5, 3, and 7 T, and Blood at 3 T. Invest Radiol 2020; 54:559-564. [PMID: 31124800 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relaxivities of 3 macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) were determined in human plasma and blood under standardized and clinically relevant laboratory conditions. METHODS The T1 relaxivity, r1, was determined in human plasma at 1.5, 3, and 7 T, and in human blood at 3 T at 37°C in phantoms containing 4 different concentrations of the macrocyclic GBCAs gadobutrol, gadoteridol, and gadoterate. An inversion recovery turbo spin echo sequence was used to generate images with several inversion times. The T1-times were obtained by fitting the signal intensities to the signal equation. r1 was obtained by a 1/y-weighted regression of the T1-rates over the concentration of the GBCAs. RESULTS For gadobutrol, the obtained r1 [L/(mmol·s)] in human plasma at 1.5 T, 3 T, and 7 T, and in human blood at 3 T was 4.78 ± 0.12, 4.97 ± 0.59, 3.83 ± 0.24, and 3.47 ± 0.16. For gadoteridol, r1 was 3.80 ± 0.10, 3.28 ± 0.09, 3.21 ± 0.07, and 2.61 ± 0.16, and for gadoterate, 3.32 ± 0.13, 3.00 ± 0.13, 2.84 ± 0.09, and 2.72 ± 0.17. CONCLUSIONS The relaxivity of gadobutrol is significantly higher than that of gadoteridol and gadoterate at all magnetic field strengths and in plasma as well as in blood, whereas that of gadoteridol was higher than gadoterate only in plasma at 1.5 and 7 T. This is in accordance with results from 3 previous studies obtained in different media.
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Oh H, Chung YE, You JS, Joo CG, Kim PK, Lim JS, Kim MJ. Gadolinium retention in rat abdominal organs after administration of gadoxetic acid disodium compared to gadodiamide and gadobutrol. Magn Reson Med 2020; 84:2124-2132. [PMID: 32162406 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare gadolinium retention in the abdominal organs after administration of gadoxetic acid disodium, a liver-specific contrast agent, compared to gadodiamide and gadobutrol. METHODS Three types of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) were administered to rats. A single (gadodiamide and gadobutrol, 0.1 mmol/kg; gadoxetic acid disodium, 0.025 mmol/kg) or double label-recommended dose was intravenously administered once (Group 1), a single dose was administered 4 times (Group 2) and a single dose with or without a chelating agent (intraperitoneal injection immediately after each GBCA administration) was administered (Group 3). Rats were sacrificed after 1, 4, and 12 weeks and gadolinium concentrations in the liver, spleen, kidney, muscle, and bone were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS More gadolinium was retained with a double dose compared to a single dose, but there was no observed significant difference in gadolinium retention after a double dose compared to a single dose (P > .05). Gadodiamide was retained the most in all tissues followed by gadobutrol and gadoxetic acid disodium. Residual gadolinium was significantly less at 4 weeks compared to 1 week (P < .05), but no further decrease was observed after 4 weeks (P > .05). The presence of the chelating agent did not significantly decrease the concentration of residual gadolinium (P > .05). CONCLUSION Gadolinium was retained the least in abdominal organs after gadoxetic acid disodium was administered and most of the residual gadolinium was excreted 4 weeks after GBCA administration when a label-recommended dose was administered. A commercially available chelation therapy agent could not reduce gadolinium retention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Oh
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Eun Chung
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,BK21PLUS project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Je Sung You
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Gyu Joo
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University of College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pan Ki Kim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Radiological Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Seok Lim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Jin Kim
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Physicochemical and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of Gadopiclenol: A New Macrocyclic Gadolinium Chelate With High T1 Relaxivity. Invest Radiol 2020; 54:475-484. [PMID: 30973459 PMCID: PMC6661244 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives We aimed to evaluate gadopiclenol, a newly developed extracellular nonspecific macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) having high relaxivity properties, which was designed to increase lesion detection and characterization by magnetic resonance imaging. Methods We described the molecular structure of gadopiclenol and measured the r1 and r2 relaxivity properties at fields of 0.47 and 1.41 T in water and human serum. Nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profile measurements were performed from 0.24 mT to 7 T. Protonation and complexation constants were determined using pH-metric measurements, and we investigated the acid-assisted dissociation of gadopiclenol, gadodiamide, gadobutrol, and gadoterate at 37°C and pH 1.2. Applying the relaxometry technique (37°C, 0.47 T), we investigated the risk of dechelation of gadopiclenol, gadoterate, and gadodiamide in the presence of ZnCl2 (2.5 mM) and a phosphate buffer (335 mM). Pharmacokinetics studies of radiolabeled 153Gd-gadopiclenol were performed in Beagle dogs, and protein binding was measured in rats, dogs, and humans plasma and red blood cells. Results Gadopiclenol [gadolinium chelate of 2,2′,2″-(3,6,9-triaza-1(2,6)-pyridinacyclodecaphane-3,6,9-triyl)tris(5-((2,3-dihydroxypropyl)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid); registry number 933983-75-6] is based on a pyclen macrocyclic structure. Gadopiclenol exhibited a very high relaxivity in water (r1 = 12.2 mM−1·s−1 at 1.41 T), and the r1 value in human serum at 37°C did not markedly change with increasing field (r1 = 12.8 mM−1·s−1 at 1.41 T and 11.6 mM−1·s−1 at 3 T). The relaxivity data in human serum did not indicate protein binding. The nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion profile of gadopiclenol exhibited a high and stable relaxivity in a strong magnetic field. Gadopiclenol showed high kinetic inertness under acidic conditions, with a dissociation half-life of 20 ± 3 days compared with 4 ± 0.5 days for gadoterate, 18 hours for gadobutrol, and less than 5 seconds for gadodiamide and gadopentetate. The pharmacokinetic profile in dogs was typical of extracellular nonspecific GBCAs, showing distribution in the extracellular compartment and no metabolism. No protein binding was found in rats, dogs, and humans. Conclusions Gadopiclenol is a new extracellular and macrocyclic Gd chelate that exhibited high relaxivity, no protein binding, and high kinetic inertness. Its pharmacokinetic profile in dogs was similar to that of other extracellular nonspecific GBCAs.
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Macrocyclic MR contrast agents: evaluation of multiple-organ gadolinium retention in healthy rats. Insights Imaging 2020; 11:11. [PMID: 32020385 PMCID: PMC7000570 DOI: 10.1186/s13244-019-0824-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives The purpose of this study was to compare Gd levels in rat tissues after cumulative exposure to four commercially available macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). Methods Sixty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to four exposure groups (n = 15 per group) and one control group (n = 5). Animals in each exposure group received 20 GBCA administrations (four per week of ProHance®, Dotarem®, Clariscan™, or Gadovist® for 5 consecutive weeks) at a dose of 0.6 mmol/kg bodyweight. After 28-days’ recovery, animals were sacrificed and tissues harvested for Gd determination by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS). Histologic assessment of the kidney tissue was performed for all animals. Results Significantly (p ≤ 0.005; all evaluations) lower Gd levels were noted with ProHance® than with Dotarem®, Clariscan™, or Gadovist® in all soft tissue organs: 0.144 ± 0.015 nmol/g vs. 0.342 ± 0.045, 0.377 ± 0.042, and 0.292 ± 0.047 nmol/g, respectively, for cerebrum; 0.151 ± 0.039 nmol/g vs. 0.315 ± 0.04, 0.345 ± 0.053, and 0.316 ± 0.040 nmol/g, respectively, for cerebellum; 0.361 ± 0.106 nmol/g vs. 0.685 ± 0.330, 0.823 ± 0.495, and 1.224 ± 0.664 nmol/g, respectively, for liver; 38.6 ± 25.0 nmol/g vs. 172 ± 134, 212 ± 121, and 294 ± 127 nmol/g, respectively, for kidney; and 0.400 ± 0.112 nmol/g vs. 0.660 ± 0.202, 0.688 ± 0.215, and 0.999 ± 0.442 nmol/g, respectively, for skin. No GBCA-induced macroscopic or microscopic findings were noted in the kidneys. Conclusions Less Gd is retained in the brain and body tissues of rats 28 days after the last exposure to ProHance® compared to other macrocyclic GBCAs, likely due to unique physico-chemical features that facilitate more rapid and efficient clearance.
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Gadolinium deposition in the brain of dogs after multiple intravenous administrations of linear gadolinium based contrast agents. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227649. [PMID: 32012163 PMCID: PMC6996830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the effect of a linear gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) on the signal intensity (SI) of the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) in a retrospective clinical study on dogs after multiple magnetic resonance (MR) examinations with intravenous injections of gadodiamide and LA-ICP-MS analysis of a canine cerebellum after gadodiamide administration. Animals 15 client-owned dogs of different breeds and additionally 1 research beagle dog cadaver. Procedures In the retrospective study part, 15 dogs who underwent multiple consecutive MR imaging examinations with intravenous injection of linear GBCA gadodiamide were analyzed. SI ratio differences on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images before and after gadodiamide injections was calculated by subtracting SI ratios between DCN and pons of the first examination from the ratio of the last examination. Additionally, 1 research beagle dog cadaver was used for LA-ICP-MS (Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) analysis of gadolinium in the cerebellum as an add-on to another animal study. Descriptive and non-parametrical statistical analysis was performed and a p-value of < 0.05 was considered significant. Results No statistically significant differences of SI ratios, between DCN and pons, were detectable based on unenhanced T1-weighted MR images. LA-ICP-MS analyses showed between 1.5 to 2.5 μg gadolinium/g tissue in the cerebellum of the examined dog, 35 months after the last of 3 MRI examination with gadodiamide (two examinations at a dose of 1 x 0.1mmol/kg, last examination at a dose of 3 x 0.05mmol/kg). Conclusion and clinical relevance Although the retrospective MRI study did not indicate any visible effect of SI increase after multiple gadodiamide exposures, further studies based on LA-ICP-MS showed that the optical threshold was not reached for a potential visible effect. Gadolinium was detectable at a level of 1.5 to 2.5 μg gadolinium/g tissue by using LA-ICP-MS in the cerebellum 35 months after last MRI examination. The general importance of gadolinium retention of subvisible contents requires further investigation.
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Gadolinium Retention in Erythrocytes and Leukocytes From Human and Murine Blood Upon Treatment With Gadolinium-Based Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Invest Radiol 2020; 55:30-37. [DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Minaeva O, Hua N, Franz ES, Lupoli N, Mian AZ, Farris CW, Hildebrandt AM, Kiernan PT, Evers LE, Griffin AD, Liu X, Chancellor SE, Babcock KJ, Moncaster JA, Jara H, Alvarez VE, Huber BR, Guermazi A, Latour LL, McKee AC, Soto JA, Anderson SW, Goldstein LE. Nonhomogeneous Gadolinium Retention in the Cerebral Cortex after Intravenous Administration of Gadolinium-based Contrast Agent in Rats and Humans. Radiology 2019; 294:377-385. [PMID: 31769744 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019190461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Gadolinium retention after repeated gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) exposure has been reported in subcortical gray matter. However, gadolinium retention in the cerebral cortex has not been systematically investigated. Purpose To determine whether and where gadolinium is retained in rat and human cerebral cortex. Materials and Methods The cerebral cortex in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with gadopentetate dimeglumine (three doses over 4 weeks; cumulative gadolinium dose, 7.2 mmol per kilogram of body weight; n = 6) or saline (n = 6) was examined with antemortem MRI. Two human donors with repeated GBCA exposure (three and 15 doses; 1 and 5 months after exposure), including gadopentetate dimeglumine, and two GBCA-naive donors were also evaluated. Elemental brain maps (gadolinium, phosphorus, zinc, copper, iron) for rat and human brains were constructed by using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results Gadopentetate dimeglumine-treated rats showed region-, subregion-, and layer-specific gadolinium retention in the neocortex (anterior cingulate cortex: mean gadolinium concentration, 0.28 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.04 [standard error of the mean]) that was comparable (P > .05) to retention in the allocortex (mean gadolinium concentration, 0.33 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.04 in piriform cortex, 0.24 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.04 in dentate gyrus, 0.17 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.04 in hippocampus) and subcortical structures (0.47 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.10 in facial nucleus, 0.39 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.10 in choroid plexus, 0.29 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.05 in caudate-putamen, 0.26 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.05 in reticular nucleus of the thalamus, 0.24 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.04 in vestibular nucleus) and significantly greater than that in the cerebellum (0.17 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.03, P = .01) and white matter tracts (anterior commissure: 0.05 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.01, P = .002; corpus callosum: 0.05 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.02, P = .001; cranial nerve: 0.02 µg ∙ g-1 ± 0.01, P = .004). Retained gadolinium colocalized with parenchymal iron. T1-weighted MRI signal intensification was not observed. Gadolinium retention was detected in the cerebral cortex, pia mater, and pia-ensheathed leptomeningeal vessels in two GBCA-exposed human brains but not in two GBCA-naive human brains. Conclusion Repeated gadopentetate dimeglumine exposure is associated with gadolinium retention in specific regions, subregions, and layers of cerebral cortex that are critical for higher cognition, affect, and behavior regulation, sensorimotor coordination, and executive function. © RSNA, 2019 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Kanal in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Minaeva
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Ning Hua
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Erich S Franz
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Nicola Lupoli
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Asim Z Mian
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Chad W Farris
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Audrey M Hildebrandt
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Patrick T Kiernan
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Laney E Evers
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Allison D Griffin
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Xiuping Liu
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Sarah E Chancellor
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Katharine J Babcock
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Juliet A Moncaster
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Hernan Jara
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Victor E Alvarez
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Bertrand R Huber
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Ali Guermazi
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Lawrence L Latour
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Ann C McKee
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Jorge A Soto
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Stephan W Anderson
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
| | - Lee E Goldstein
- From the Departments of Radiology (O.M., N.H., N.L., A.Z.M., C.W.F., X.L., J.A.M., H.J., A.G., J.A.S., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Neurology (A.C.M., L.E.G.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.), Behavioral Neuroscience (S.E.C.), and Anatomy and Neurobiology (K.J.B.), Boston University School of Medicine, 670 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118; Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, Mass (O.M., N.H., P.T.K., L.E.E., S.E.C., J.A.M., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M., L.E.G.); VA Boston Healthcare System, Jamaica Plain, Mass (A.M.H., V.E.A., B.R.H., A.C.M.); Stroke Branch, National Institute of Neurologic Diseases and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Md (A.D.G., L.L.L.); and Center for Biometals and Metallomics (O.M., N.L., J.A.M., L.E.G.), College of Engineering (E.S.F., A.C.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), and Photonics Center (O.M., J.A.M., S.W.A., L.E.G.), Boston University, Boston, Mass
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