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Dedigama-Arachchige PM, Acharige NPN, Zhang X, Bremer HJ, Yi Z, Pflum MKH. Identification of PP1c-PPP1R12A Substrates Using Kinase-Catalyzed Biotinylation to Identify Phosphatase Substrates. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:35628-35637. [PMID: 37810667 PMCID: PMC10552495 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 12A (PPP1R12A) interacts with the catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 1 (PP1c) to form the myosin phosphatase complex. In addition to a well-documented role in muscle contraction, the PP1c-PPP1R12A complex is associated with cytoskeleton organization, cell migration and adhesion, and insulin signaling. Despite the variety of biological functions, only a few substrates of the PP1c-PPP1R12A complex are characterized, which limit a full understanding of PP1c-PPP1R12A activities in muscle contraction and cytoskeleton regulation. Here, the chemoproteomics method Kinase-catalyzed Biotinylation to Identify Phosphatase Substrates (K-BIPS) was used to identify substrates of the PP1c-PPP1R12A complex in L6 skeletal muscle cells. K-BIPS enriched 136 candidate substrates with 14 high confidence hits. One high confidence hit, AKT1 kinase, was validated as a novel PP1c-PPP1R12A substrate. Given the previously documented role of AKT1 in PPP1R12A phosphorylation and cytoskeleton organization, the data suggest that PP1c-PPP1R12A regulates its own phosphatase activity through an AKT1-dependent feedback mechanism to influence cytoskeletal arrangement in muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nuwan P N Acharige
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit 48202-3489, Michigan, United States
| | - Xiangmin Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit 48201, Michigan, United States
| | - Hannah J Bremer
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit 48202-3489, Michigan, United States
| | - Zhengping Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wayne State University, 259 Mack Ave, Detroit 48201, Michigan, United States
| | - Mary Kay H Pflum
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit 48202-3489, Michigan, United States
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2
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Effectiveness of a Lifestyle Change Program on Insulin Resistance in Yaquis Indigenous Populations in Sonora, Mexico: PREVISY. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030597. [PMID: 36771304 PMCID: PMC9920776 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the effectiveness of the healthy lifestyle promotion program for Yaquis (PREVISY) on insulin resistance in the short- and medium-term periods in adults who are overweight/obese and have an increased risk for diabetes. Using a translational research design, an intervention program was implemented in a sample of 93 Yaqui adult subjects. The effectiveness of PREVISY was evaluated by comparing the levels of Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) and the Triglycerides-Glucose Index (TyG index) at 6 and 12 months using a paired t-test. Results: In the subjects who completed the program, a decrease in the HOMA-IR index (∆ = -0.91 and ∆ = -1.29, p ≤ 0.05) and the TyG index (∆ = -0.24 y ∆ = -0.20, p ≤ 0.05) was observed in the short- and medium-term period, respectively. Subjects with body weight loss ≥ 10% showed decreased levels of HOMA-IR (∆ = -3.32 and ∆ = -4.89, p ≤ 0.05) and the TyG index (∆ = -0.80 and ∆ = -0.60, p ≤ 0.05) at 6 and 12 months, respectively. A stronger benefit of the program was found in subjects with obesity (vs. overweight) and with high and very high risk of diabetes (vs. moderate risk) in IR markers (p ≤ 0.05). The PREVISY program demonstrated its effectiveness in the improvement of some markers of insulin resistance in Yaqui adults at risk of diabetes.
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3
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Kamalumpundi V, Shams E, Tucker C, Cheng L, Peterson J, Thangavel S, Ofori O, Correia M. Mechanisms and pharmacotherapy of hypertension associated with type 2 diabetes. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 206:115304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Insulin Receptors and Insulin Action in the Heart: The Effects of Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040578. [PMID: 35454166 PMCID: PMC9024449 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This year, 2022, marks the 100th anniversary of the isolation of human insulin and its administration to patients suffering from diabetes mellitus (DM). Insulin exerts many effects on the human body, including the cardiac tissue. The pathways implicated include the PKB/Akt signaling pathway, the Janus kinase, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and lead to normal cardiac growth, vascular smooth muscle regulation, and cardiac contractility. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge and provide new insights on insulin pathways of cardiac tissue, along with the role of left ventricular assist devices on insulin regulation and cardiac function.
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5
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Castelli V, Brandolini L, d’Angelo M, Giorgio C, Alfonsetti M, Cocchiaro P, Lombardi F, Cimini A, Allegretti M. CXCR1/2 Inhibitor Ladarixin Ameliorates the Insulin Resistance of 3T3-L1 Adipocytes by Inhibiting Inflammation and Improving Insulin Signaling. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092324. [PMID: 34571976 PMCID: PMC8471705 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a severe public health issue worldwide. It displays a harmful effect on different organs as the eyes, kidneys and neural cells due to insulin resistance and high blood glucose concentrations. To date, the available treatments for this disorder remain limited. Several reports have correlated obesity with type 2 diabetes. Mainly, dysfunctional adipocytes and the regulation of high secretion of inflammatory cytokines are the crucial links between obesity and insulin resistance. Several clinical and epidemiological studies have also correlated the onset of type 2 diabetes with inflammation, which is now indicated as a new target for type 2 diabetes treatment. Thus, it appears essential to discover new drugs able to inhibit the secretion of proinflammatory adipocytokines in type 2 diabetes. Adipocytes produce inflammatory cytokines in response to inflammation or high glucose levels. Once activated by a specific ligand, CXCR1 and CXCR2 mediate some cytokines’ effects by activating an intracellular signal cascade once activated by a specific ligand. Therefore, it is conceivable to hypothesize that a specific antagonist of these receptors may ameliorate type 2 diabetes and glucose metabolism. Herein, differentiated 3T3-L1-adipocytes were subjected to high glucose or inflammatory conditions or the combination of both and then treated with ladarixin, a CXCR1/2 inhibitor. The results obtained point towards the positive regulation by ladarixin on insulin sensitivity, glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4, cytokine proteome profile and lipid metabolism, thus suggesting ladarixin as a potentially helpful treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Castelli
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (M.d.); (M.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Laura Brandolini
- Dompè Farmaceutici SpA, Via Campo di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.B.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Michele d’Angelo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (M.d.); (M.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Cristina Giorgio
- Dompè Farmaceutici SpA, Via Campo di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.B.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Margherita Alfonsetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (M.d.); (M.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Pasquale Cocchiaro
- Dompè Farmaceutici SpA, Via Campo di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.B.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (M.d.); (M.A.); (F.L.)
| | - Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (V.C.); (M.d.); (M.A.); (F.L.)
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine and Center for Biotechnology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.A.)
| | - Marcello Allegretti
- Dompè Farmaceutici SpA, Via Campo di Pile, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (L.B.); (C.G.); (P.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.A.)
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6
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Rodríguez-Reyes B, Tufiño C, López Mayorga RM, Mera Jiménez E, Bobadilla Lugo RA. Role of pregnancy on insulin-induced vasorelaxation: the influence of angiotensin II receptors. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2021; 99:1026-1035. [PMID: 33857388 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2021-0057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a feature of pregnancy and is associated with increased levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and insulin. Therefore, pregnancy may change insulin-induced vasodilation through changes in Ang II receptors. Insulin-induced vasorelaxation was evaluated in phenylephrine-precontracted aortic rings of pregnant and non-pregnant rats, using a conventional isolated organ preparation. Experiments were performed in thoracic or abdominal aorta rings with or without endothelium in the presence and absence of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) (10-5 M), losartan (10-7 M), or PD123319 (10-7 M). AT1 and AT2 receptor expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry. Insulin-induced vasodilation was endothelium- and nitric oxide-dependent and decreased in the thoracic aorta but increased in the abdominal segment of pregnant rats. The insulin's vasorelaxant effect was increased by losartan mainly on the thoracic aorta. PD123319 decreased insulin-induced vasorelaxation mainly in the pregnant rat abdominal aorta. AT1 receptor expression was decreased while AT2 receptor expression was increased by pregnancy. In conclusion, pregnancy changes insulin-induced vasorelaxation. Moreover, insulin vasodilation is tonically inhibited by AT1 receptors, while AT2 receptors appear to have an insulin-sensitizing effect. The role of pregnancy and Ang II receptors differ depending on the aorta segment. These results shed light on the role of pregnancy and Ang II receptors on the regulation of insulin-mediated vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betzabel Rodríguez-Reyes
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
| | - Cecilia Tufiño
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
| | - Ruth M López Mayorga
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
| | - Elvia Mera Jiménez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
| | - Rosa Amalia Bobadilla Lugo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México.,Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México 11340, México
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7
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Chang W, Fa H, Xiao D, Wang J. MicroRNA-184 alleviates insulin resistance in cardiac myocytes and high fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice through the LPP3/DAG pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 508:110793. [PMID: 32229289 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Cardiovascular complication is a major cause of mortality and morbidity in patients with diabetes. Insulin sensitivity loss is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases in diabetes. Based on our previous research, diacylglycerol (DAG) levels play an important role in high saturated fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Phosphatidic acid phosphatase (LPP3), a key enzyme for synthesizing DAG, is indispensable for normal cardiac functions and vascular health. However, adipose knockdown of LPP3 increases insulin sensitivity, suggesting that LPP3 regulation may be complicated in hearts. The aim of this study was to investigate LPP3 roles in diabetic cardiac insulin sensitivity and to identify potential upstream targets implicated in diabetic cardiomyopathy. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice were fed a high fat diet (HF) or a low fat diet (control) for up to 24 weeks. After 24 weeks, we found that high fat diet-induced cardiac dysfunction is linked to elevated LPP3 compared to the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, knockdown of LPP3 rescued the glucose uptake that was impaired by palmitate treatment alone in cardiomyoblasts (P < 0.05). Furthermore, we identified miR-184 as an upstream regulator targeting LPP3 and further confirmed the link between DAG and insulin sensitivity. MiR-184 mimic transfection rescued the glucose uptake and glucose consumption that had been impaired by palmitate treatment alone (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION In hearts of high fat diet-fed mice, increased LPP3 contributes to insulin resistance via increased DAG levels. A small non-coding RNA, miR-184, at least partially regulates this signal pathway to alleviate insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Chang
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China.
| | - Hongge Fa
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266021, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jianxun Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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8
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Ma Y, Yu T, Zhang Y, Yin Y, Zhao Z, Yu X, Yu Y. The protective effect of cardamonin on the factors involved in delayed cerebral vasospasm in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2018; 11:5955-5961. [PMID: 31949683 PMCID: PMC6963065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Delayed cerebral vasospasms (DCVS) may affect the prognosis of patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), but available preventive approaches are inefficient. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of cardamonin treatment on factors associated with the occurrence of DCVS after SAH. Rat models of SAH were created using the internal carotid artery puncture method. Rats were randomized into four groups: SAH (n = 10), SAH + vehicle (saline solution) group (n = 10), SAH + cardamonin group (n = 10), and a control (sham operation) group (n = 6). H&E staining was used to determine the wall thickness of the basilar artery. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect p-AKT and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Immunofluorescence was used to detect the changes in C-myc expression. The TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptosis. Basilar artery wall thickness in the SAH + cardamonin and control groups were significantly lower than in the SAH group and SAH + vehicle groups (all P < 0.01). Apoptosis and the expression of p-AKT and C-myc in the SAH + cardamonin group were significantly lower than in the SAH and SAH + vehicle groups (P < 0.05), while α-SMA expression was higher than in the SAH and SAH + vehicle groups (P < 0.01). Cardamonin seems to alleviate cerebral vasospasms after SAH. These effects may involve the inhibition of p-AKT, C-myc expression and apoptosis, and the increase of α-SMA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Tianlei Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police ForcesTianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Yiheng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Xinguang Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Yaoyu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of Chinese People’s Armed Police ForcesTianjin, China
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Jung Y, Kim K, Bian Y, Ngo T, Bae ON, Lim KM, Chung JH. Ginsenoside Rg3 disrupts actin-cytoskeletal integrity leading to contractile dysfunction and apoptotic cell death in vascular smooth muscle. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 118:645-652. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Frismantiene A, Philippova M, Erne P, Resink TJ. Cadherins in vascular smooth muscle cell (patho)biology: Quid nos scimus? Cell Signal 2018; 45:23-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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The Biased G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Agonism Bridges the Gap between the Insulin Receptor and the Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020575. [PMID: 29462993 PMCID: PMC5855797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling, as mediated through the insulin receptor (IR), plays a critical role in metabolism. Aberrations in this signaling cascade lead to several pathologies, the majority of which are classified under the umbrella term "metabolic syndrome". Although many of these pathologies are associated with insulin resistance, the exact mechanisms are not well understood. One area of current interest is the possibility of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) influencing or regulating IR signaling. This concept is particularly significant, because GPCRs have been shown to participate in cross-talk with the IR. More importantly, GPCR signaling has also been shown to preferentially regulate specific downstream signaling targets through GPCR agonist bias. A novel study recently demonstrated that this GPCR-biased agonism influences the activity of the IR without the presence of insulin. Although GPCR-IR cross-talk has previously been established, the notion that GPCRs can regulate the activation of the IR is particularly significant in relation to metabolic syndrome and other pathologies that develop as a result of alterations in IR signaling. As such, we aim to provide an overview of the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the IR within metabolic syndrome and its related pathologies, including cardiovascular health, gut microflora composition, gastrointestinal tract functioning, polycystic ovarian syndrome, pancreatic cancer, and neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, we propose that the GPCR-biased agonism may perhaps mediate some of the downstream signaling effects that further exacerbate these diseases for which the mechanisms are currently not well understood.
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12
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Jiang H, Wu M, Liu Y, Song L, Li S, Wang X, Zhang YF, Fang J, Wu S. Serine racemase deficiency attenuates choroidal neovascularization and reduces nitric oxide and VEGF levels by retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Neurochem 2017; 143:375-388. [PMID: 28892569 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a leading cause of blindness in age-related macular degeneration. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and macrophage recruitment by retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE) significantly contributes to the process of CNV in an experimental CNV model. Serine racemase (SR) is expressed in retinal neurons and glial cells, and its product, d-serine, is an endogenous co-agonist of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor. Activation of the receptor results in production of nitric oxide (. NO), a molecule that promotes retinal and choroidal neovascularization. These observations suggest possible roles of SR in CNV. With laser-injured CNV mice, we found that inactivation of SR-coding gene (Srrnull ) significantly reduced CNV volume, neovascular density, and invading macrophages. We exploited the underlying mechanism in vivo and ex vivo. RPE from wild-type (WT) mice expressed SR. To explore the possible downstream target of SR inactivation, we showed that choroid/RPE homogenates extracted from laser-injured Srrnull mice contained less inducible nitric oxide synthase and decreased phospho-VEGFR2 compared to amounts in WT mice. In vitro, inflammation-primed WT RPEs expressed more inducible NOS, produced more. NO and VEGF than did inflammation-primed Srrnull RPEs. When co-cultured with inflammation-primed Srrnull RPE, significantly fewer RF/6A-a cell line of choroidal endothelial cell, migrated to the opposite side of the insert membrane than did cells co-cultured with pre-treated WT RPE. Altogether, SR deficiency reduces RPE response to laser-induced inflammatory stimuli, resulting in decreased production of a cascade of pro-angiogenic cytokines, including. NO and VEGF, and reduced macrophage recruitment, which contribute synergistically to attenuated angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengjuan Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimei Liu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Song
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianwei Wang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yun-Feng Zhang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junxu Fang
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shengzhou Wu
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmolgy and the Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China.,State Key Laboratory of Optometry, Ophthalmology, and Visual Science, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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13
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Lee Y, Fluckey JD, Chakraborty S, Muthuchamy M. Hyperglycemia- and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance causes alterations in cellular bioenergetics and activation of inflammatory signaling in lymphatic muscle. FASEB J 2017; 31:2744-2759. [PMID: 28298335 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600887r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is a well-known risk factor for obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) and associated cardiovascular diseases, but its mechanisms are undefined in the lymphatics. Mesenteric lymphatic vessels from MetSyn or LPS-injected rats exhibited impaired intrinsic contractile activity and associated inflammatory changes. Hence, we hypothesized that insulin resistance in lymphatic muscle cells (LMCs) affects cell bioenergetics and signaling pathways that consequently alter contractility. LMCs were treated with different concentrations of insulin or glucose or both at various time points to determine insulin resistance. Onset of insulin resistance significantly impaired glucose uptake, mitochondrial function, oxygen consumption rates, glycolysis, lactic acid, and ATP production in LMCs. Hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia also impaired the PI3K/Akt while enhancing the ERK/p38MAPK/JNK pathways in LMCs. Increased NF-κB nuclear translocation and macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 and VCAM-1 levels in insulin-resistant LMCs indicated activation of inflammatory mechanisms. In addition, increased phosphorylation of myosin light chain-20, a key regulator of lymphatic muscle contraction, was observed in insulin-resistant LMCs. Therefore, our data elucidate the mechanisms of insulin resistance in LMCs and provide the first evidence that hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia promote insulin resistance and impair lymphatic contractile status by reducing glucose uptake, altering cellular metabolic pathways, and activating inflammatory signaling cascades.-Lee, Y., Fluckey, J. D., Chakraborty, S., Muthuchamy, M. Hyperglycemia- and hyperinsulinemia-induced insulin resistance causes alterations in cellular bioenergetics and activation of inflammatory signaling in lymphatic muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lee
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - James D Fluckey
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Sanjukta Chakraborty
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA;
| | - Mariappan Muthuchamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine, College Station, Texas, USA;
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Mahmoud AM, Brown MD, Phillips SA, Haus JM. Skeletal Muscle Vascular Function: A Counterbalance of Insulin Action. Microcirculation 2016; 22:327-47. [PMID: 25904196 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Insulin is a vasoactive hormone that regulates vascular homeostasis by maintaining balance of endothelial-derived NO and ET-1. Although there is general agreement that insulin resistance and the associated hyperinsulinemia disturb this balance, the vascular consequences for hyperinsulinemia in isolation from insulin resistance are still unclear. Presently, there is no simple answer for this question, especially in a background of mixed reports examining the effects of experimental hyperinsulinemia on endothelial-mediated vasodilation. Understanding the mechanisms by which hyperinsulinemia induces vascular dysfunction is essential in advancing treatment and prevention of insulin resistance-related vascular complications. Thus, we review literature addressing the effects of hyperinsulinemia on vascular function. Furthermore, we give special attention to the vasoregulatory effects of hyperinsulinemia on skeletal muscle, the largest insulin-dependent organ in the body. This review also characterizes the differential vascular effects of hyperinsulinemia on large conduit vessels versus small resistance microvessels and the effects of metabolic variables in an effort to unravel potential sources of discrepancies in the literature. At the cellular level, we provide an overview of insulin signaling events governing vascular tone. Finally, we hypothesize a role for hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the development of CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer M Mahmoud
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael D Brown
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shane A Phillips
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jacob M Haus
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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15
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Piwkowska A, Rogacka D, Audzeyenka I, Angielski S, Jankowski M. Combined effect of insulin and high glucose concentration on albumin permeability in cultured rat podocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:383-9. [PMID: 25888796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Podocytes play a fundamental role in regulating glomerular permeability to albumin. This mechanism is disrupted in the course of diabetes. Both insulin and high glucose concentrations enhance the permeability of podocytes to albumin by stimulating oxygen free radical production, primarily by NAD(P)H oxidase-4 (NOX4), and by activating protein kinase G, isoform Iα (PKGIα). However, no study has investigated the combined effects of insulin and high glucose concentration. Here, we investigated the effects of applying insulin (INS, 300 nM) and high glucose (HG, 30 mM), both separately and combined, for 5 days, on cultured rat podocyte permeability to albumin. We measured podocyte permeability with a transmembrane albumin flux assay. We measured NOX4 and PKGIα mRNA expression with real-time PCR. We used Western blots to evaluate protein expression levels of NOX4, PKGIα, the myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase 1, and myosin light chain. We found that INS and HG had a synergistic effect on podocyte permeability to albumin, and this synergy was not dependent on NOX4 or PKGIα. These results suggested that the combined action of INS and HG may exacerbate glomerular dysfunction in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Piwkowska
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Dorota Rogacka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Irena Audzeyenka
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stefan Angielski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Maciej Jankowski
- Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Nephrology, Gdańsk, Poland; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland
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16
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Leiria LOS, Martins MA, Saad MJA. Obesity and asthma: beyond T(H)2 inflammation. Metabolism 2015; 64:172-81. [PMID: 25458831 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major risk factor for asthma. Likewise, obesity is known to increase disease severity in asthmatic subjects and also to impair the efficacy of first-line treatment medications for asthma, worsening asthma control in obese patients. This concept is in agreement with the current understanding that some asthma phenotypes are not accompanied by detectable inflammation, and may not be ameliorated by classical anti-inflammatory therapy. There are growing evidences suggesting that the obesity-related asthma phenotype does not necessarily involve the classical T(H)2-dependent inflammatory process. Hormones involved in glucose homeostasis and in the pathogeneses of obesity likely directly or indirectly link obesity and asthma through inflammatory and non-inflammatory pathways. Furthermore, the endocrine regulation of the airway-related pre-ganglionic nerves likely contributes to airway hyperreactivity (AHR) in obese states. In this review, we focused our efforts on understanding the mechanism underlying obesity-related asthma by exploring the T(H)2-independent mechanisms leading to this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz O S Leiria
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Milton A Martins
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mário J A Saad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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17
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Abd-Elrahman KS, Walsh MP, Cole WC. Abnormal Rho-associated kinase activity contributes to the dysfunctional myogenic response of cerebral arteries in type 2 diabetes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 93:177-84. [PMID: 25660561 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2014-0437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The structural and functional integrity of the brain, and therefore, cognition, are critically dependent on the appropriate control of blood flow within the cerebral circulation. Inadequate flow leads to ischemia, whereas excessive flow causes small vessel rupture and (or) blood-brain-barrier disruption. Cerebral blood flow is controlled through the interplay of several physiological mechanisms that regulate the contractile state of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) within the walls of cerebral resistance arteries and arterioles. The myogenic response of cerebral VSMCs is a key mechanism that is responsible for maintaining constant blood flow during variations in systemic pressure, i.e., flow autoregulation. Inappropriate myogenic control of cerebral blood flow is associated with, and prognostic of, neurological deterioration and poor outcome in patients with several conditions, including type 2 diabetes. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of inappropriate Rho-associated kinase activity as a cause of impaired myogenic regulation of cerebral arterial diameter in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled S Abd-Elrahman
- The Smooth Muscle Research Group, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, and the Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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18
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Wei L, Zhang B, Cao W, Xing H, Yu X, Zhu D. Inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 suppresses pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell proliferation and cell cycle progression via PI3K/Akt pathway under hypoxia. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 35:329-39. [PMID: 25421526 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2014.984308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor 1 (CXCL12) and its receptor CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) are known to modulate hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH) and vascular remodeling by mobilization and recruitment of progenitor cells to the pulmonary vasculature. However, little is known about CXCL12/CXCR4 regulating proliferation and cell cycle progression of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). To determine whether CXCL12/CXCR4 regulates PASMC proliferation and the cell cycle, immunohistochemistry, Western blot, bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and cell cycle analysis were preformed in this study. Our results showed that CXCR4 was induced by hypoxia in pulmonary arteries and PASMCs of rats. Hypoxia-increased cell viability, DNA synthesis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression were blocked by administration of CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100, silencing CXCR4 or CXCL12. Furthermore, inhibition of CXCL12/CXCR4 suppressed cell cycle progression, decreased the number of cells in S+G2/M phase and attenuated the expression of proteins that regulate the cell cycle progression at these phases. In addition, PI3K/Akt signaling mediated CXCL12/CXCR4 regulating proliferation and cell cycle progression in PASMCs. Thus, these results indicate that blockade of CXCL12/CXCR4 inhibited PASMC proliferation and cell cycle progression in hypoxia-induced PH via PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuping Wei
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing , Daqing , China and
| | - Bo Zhang
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing , Daqing , China and
| | - Weiwei Cao
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing , Daqing , China and
| | - Hao Xing
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing , Daqing , China and
| | - Xiufeng Yu
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing , Daqing , China and
| | - Daling Zhu
- a Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences , College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University-Daqing , Daqing , China and.,b Biopharmaceutical Key Laboratory of Heilongjiang Province , Harbin , China
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Frismantiene A, Pfaff D, Frachet A, Coen M, Joshi MB, Maslova K, Bochaton-Piallat ML, Erne P, Resink TJ, Philippova M. Regulation of contractile signaling and matrix remodeling by T-cadherin in vascular smooth muscle cells: Constitutive and insulin-dependent effects. Cell Signal 2014; 26:1897-908. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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20
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Molecular signatures for obesity and associated disorders identified through partial least square regression models. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:104. [PMID: 25231063 PMCID: PMC4363939 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-014-0104-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Obesity is now a worldwide epidemic disease and poses a major risk for diet related diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, stroke and fatty liver among others. In the present study we employed the murine model of diet-induced obesity to determine the early, tissue-specific, gene expression signatures that characterized progression to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Results We used the C57BL/6 J mouse which is known as a counterpart for diet-induced human diabetes and obesity model. Our initial experiments involved two groups of mice, one on normal diet (ND) and the other on high-fat and high-sucrose (HFHSD). The later were then further separated into subgroups that either received no additional treatment, or were treated with different doses of the Ayurvedic formulation KAL-1. At different time points (week3, week6, week9, week12, week15 and week18) eight different tissues were isolated from mice being fed on different diet compositions. These tissues were used to extract gene-expression data through microarray experiment. Simultaneously, we also measured different body parameters like body weight, blood Glucose level and cytokines profile (anti-inflammatory & pro-inflammatory) at each time point for all the groups. Using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) method we identified gene-expression signatures that predict physiological parameters like blood glucose levels, body weight and the balance of pro- versus anti-inflammatory cytokines. The resulting models successfully predicted diet-induced changes in body weight and blood glucose levels, although the predictive power for cytokines profiles was relatively poor. In the former two instances, however, we could exploit the models to further extract the early gene-expression signatures that accurately predict the onset of diabetes and obesity. These extracted genes allowed definition of the regulatory network involved in progression of disease. Conclusion We identified the early gene-expression signature for the onset of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Further analysis of this data suggests that some of these genes could be used as potential biomarkers for these two disease-states.
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21
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Bruder-Nascimento T, da Silva MAB, Tostes RC. The involvement of aldosterone on vascular insulin resistance: implications in obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2014; 6:90. [PMID: 25352918 PMCID: PMC4210491 DOI: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone, a mineralocorticoid hormone produced at the adrenal glands, controls corporal hydroelectrolytic balance and, consequently, has a key role in blood pressure adjustments. Aldosterone also has direct effects in many organs, including the vasculature, leading to many cellular events that influence proliferation, migration, inflammation, redox balance and apoptosis. Aldosterone effects depend on its binding to mineralocorticoid receptors (MR). Aldosterone binding to MR triggers two pathways, the genomic pathway and the non-genomic pathway. In the vasculature e.g., activation of the non-genomic pathway by aldosterone induces rapid effects that involve activation of kinases, phosphatases, transcriptional factors and NAD(P)H oxidases. Aldosterone also plays a crucial role on systemic and vascular insulin resistance, i.e. the inability of a tissue to respond to insulin. Insulin has a critical role on cell function and vascular insulin resistance is considered an early contributor to vascular damage. Accordingly, aldosterone impairs insulin receptor (IR) signaling by altering the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/nitric oxide (NO) pathway and by inducing oxidative stress and crosstalk between the IR and the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R). This mini-review focuses on the relationship between aldosterone and vascular insulin resistance. Evidence indicating MR antagonists as therapeutic tools to minimize vascular injury associated with obesity and diabetes type 2 is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Bruder-Nascimento
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Marcondes AB da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
| | - Rita C Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Av Bandeirantes 3900, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900 Brazil
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22
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Szijártó IA, Molnár GA, Mikolás E, Fisi V, Laczy B, Gollasch M, Koller A, Wittmann I. Increase in insulin-induced relaxation of consecutive arterial segments toward the periphery: Role of vascular oxidative state. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:749-57. [PMID: 24628420 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.904507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The oxidative state has been implicated in the signaling of various vasomotor functions, yet its role regarding the vasomotor action of insulin is less known. OBJECTIVE To investigate the insulin-evoked relaxations of consecutive arterial segments of different oxidative state and the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS The oxidative state, as assessed by the level of ortho-tyrosine, was higher in the thoracic aorta of rats than in the abdominal aorta, and was the lowest in the femoral artery. The vasomotor function of vessels of same origin was studied using a small-vessel myograph. Insulin-induced relaxations increased toward the periphery (i.e., thoracic < abdominal < femoral). Aortic banding and hydrogen peroxide/aminotriazole increased the oxidative state of the thoracic aorta that was accompanied by ERK activation and decreased relaxation to insulin, and vice versa, acutely lowered oxidative state by superoxide dismutase/catalase improved relaxation. In contrast, insulin-induced relaxation of the femoral artery could be enhanced with a higher oxidative state, and reduced with a lower state. CONCLUSIONS Oxidative state of vessels modulates the magnitude of vasomotor responses to insulin, which appears to be mediated via the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Szijártó
- 2nd Department of Medicine and Nephrological Center, University of Pécs , Pécs , Hungary
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23
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Olufsen MS, Ottesen JT. A practical approach to parameter estimation applied to model predicting heart rate regulation. J Math Biol 2013; 67:39-68. [PMID: 22588357 PMCID: PMC3526689 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-012-0535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mathematical models have long been used for prediction of dynamics in biological systems. Recently, several efforts have been made to render these models patient specific. One way to do so is to employ techniques to estimate parameters that enable model based prediction of observed quantities. Knowledge of variation in parameters within and between groups of subjects have potential to provide insight into biological function. Often it is not possible to estimate all parameters in a given model, in particular if the model is complex and the data is sparse. However, it may be possible to estimate a subset of model parameters reducing the complexity of the problem. In this study, we compare three methods that allow identification of parameter subsets that can be estimated given a model and a set of data. These methods will be used to estimate patient specific parameters in a model predicting baroreceptor feedback regulation of heart rate during head-up tilt. The three methods include: structured analysis of the correlation matrix, analysis via singular value decomposition followed by QR factorization, and identification of the subspace closest to the one spanned by eigenvectors of the model Hessian. Results showed that all three methods facilitate identification of a parameter subset. The "best" subset was obtained using the structured correlation method, though this method was also the most computationally intensive. Subsets obtained using the other two methods were easier to compute, but analysis revealed that the final subsets contained correlated parameters. In conclusion, to avoid lengthy computations, these three methods may be combined for efficient identification of parameter subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette S. Olufsen
- Department of Science, Systems, and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark & Department of Mathematics, North Carolina State University, Campus Box 8205, Raleigh, NC 27502, Tel.: +1-919-515-2678, Fax: +1-919-513-7336,
| | - Johnny T. Ottesen
- Department of Science, Systems, and Models, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark, Tel.: +45 4674 2298, Fax.:+45 4674 3020,
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Leiria LO, Sollon C, Báu FR, Mónica FZ, D'Ancona CL, De Nucci G, Grant AD, Anhê GF, Antunes E. Insulin relaxes bladder via PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway activation in mucosa: unfolded protein response-dependent insulin resistance as a cause of obesity-associated overactive bladder. J Physiol 2013; 591:2259-73. [PMID: 23478138 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.251843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the role of insulin in the bladder and its relevance for the development of overactive bladder (OAB) in insulin-resistant obese mice. Bladders from male individuals who were involved in multiple organ donations were used. C57BL6/J mice were fed with a high-fat diet for 10 weeks to induce insulin-resistant obesity. Concentration-response curves to insulin were performed in human and mouse isolated mucosa-intact and mucosa-denuded bladders. Cystometric study was performed in terminally anaesthetized mice. Western blot was performed in bladders to detect phosphorylated endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) (Ser1177) and the phosphorylated protein kinase AKT (Ser473), as well as the unfolded protein response (UPR) markers TRIB3, CHOP and ATF4. Insulin (1-100 nm) produced concentration-dependent mouse and human bladder relaxations that were markedly reduced by mucosal removal or inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway. In mouse bladders, insulin produced a 3.0-fold increase in cGMP levels (P < 0.05) that was prevented by PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway inhibition. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibition abolished insulin-induced phosphorylation of AKT and eNOS in bladder mucosa. Obese mice showed greater voiding frequency and non-voiding contractions, indicating overactive detrusor smooth muscle. Insulin failed to relax the bladder or to increase cGMP in the obese group. Insulin-stimulated AKT and eNOS phosphorylation in mucosa was also impaired in obese mice. The UPR markers TRIB3, CHOP and ATF4 were increased in the mucosa of obese mice. The UPR inhibitor 4-phenyl butyric acid normalized all the functional and molecular parameters in obese mice. Our data show that insulin relaxes human and mouse bladder via activation of the PI3K/AKT/eNOS pathway in the bladder mucosa. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent insulin resistance in bladder contributes to OAB in obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz O Leiria
- Department of Pharmacology and Division of Urology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Campinas São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
A substantial body of evidence has reported that insulin has direct actions on the cardiovascular system independent of its systemic effects on plasma glucose or lipids. In particular, insulin regulates endothelial synthesis of the vasoactive mediators nitric oxide and endothelin-1, yet the importance of this in the maintenance of cardiovascular health remains poorly understood. Recent studies using animals with targeted downregulation of insulin signaling in vascular tissues are improving our understanding of the role of insulin in vascular health. This article focuses on the direct actions of insulin in cardiovascular tissues, with particular emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of insulin action on endothelial function. The potential contribution of impaired vascular insulin action to the cardiovascular complications of diabetes will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian P Salt
- Institute of Cardiovascular & Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK.
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26
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Zhang D, Ma C, Li S, Ran Y, Chen J, Lu P, Shi S, Zhu D. Effect of Mitofusin 2 on smooth muscle cells proliferation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. Microvasc Res 2012; 84:286-96. [PMID: 22771393 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) is an important mitochondrial protein in maintaining mitochondrial network and bioenergetics. Recently, Mfn2 has been reported to have a potential role in regulating cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation in many cell types. In this study, we performed immunohistochemistry, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) DNA analysis, proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression and cell cycle analysis to determine the role of Mfn2 in hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling. Our results showed that hypoxia promoted the proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, including regulating more cells at G(2)/M+S phase, increasing proliferating cell nuclear antigen and Cyclin A expression, whereas all these effects of hypoxia were suppressed after the cells were treated with siRNA against Mfn2. Our results also proved that PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was involved in Mfn2-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation. Thus, these results indicate that Mfn2 mediates PASMC proliferation in hypoxic pulmonary hypertension via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University (Daqing), Daqing, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
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Sgarra L, Addabbo F, Potenza MA, Montagnani M. Determinants of evolving metabolic and cardiovascular benefit/risk profiles of rosiglitazone therapy during the natural history of diabetes: molecular mechanisms in the context of integrated pathophysiology. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 302:E1171-82. [PMID: 22374753 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00038.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a thiazolidinedione, a synthetic PPARγ receptor agonist with insulin-sensitizing properties that is used as an antidiabetic drug. In addition to improving glycemic control through actions in metabolic target tissues, rosiglitazone has numerous biological actions that impact on cardiovascular homeostasis. Some of these actions are helpful (e.g., improving endothelial function), whereas others are potentially harmful (e.g., promoting fluid retention). Since cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are major endpoints for diabetes, it is essential to understand how the natural history of diabetes alters the net benefits and risks of rosiglitazone therapy. This complex issue is an important determinant of optimal use of rosiglitazone and is critical for understanding cardiovascular safety issues. We give special attention to the effects of rosiglitazone in diabetic patients with stable coronary artery disease and the impact of rosiglitazone actions on atherosclerosis and plaque instability. This provides a rational conceptual framework for predicting evolving benefit/risk profiles that inform optimal use of rosiglitazone in the clinical setting and help explain the results of recent large clinical intervention trials where rosiglitazone had disappointing cardiovascular outcomes. Thus, in this perspective, we describe what is known about the molecular mechanisms of action of rosiglitazone on cardiovascular targets in the context of the evolving pathophysiology of diabetes over its natural history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Sgarra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, Medical School, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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28
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Lee JH, Palaia T, Ragolia L. Impaired insulin-stimulated myosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein signaling in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki vascular smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2012; 302:C1371-81. [PMID: 22322972 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00254.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance associated with Type 2 diabetes contributes to impaired vasorelaxation and therefore contributes to the enhanced incidence of hypertension observed in diabetes. In this study, we examined the role of insulin on the association of the myosin-binding subunit of myosin phosphatase (MYPT1) to myosin phosphatase Rho-interacting protein (MRIP), a relatively novel member of the myosin phosphatase complex that directly binds RhoA in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Through a series of molecular and cellular studies, we investigated whether insulin stimulates the binding of MRIP to MYPT1 and compared the results generated from VSMCs isolated from both Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) control and Goto-Kakizaki (GK) diabetic rats. We demonstrate for the first time that insulin stimulates the binding of MRIP to MYPT1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as determined by immunoprecipitation, implying a regulatory role for MRIP in insulin-induced vasodilation signaling via MYPT1 interaction. VSMCs from GK model of Type 2 diabetes had impaired insulin-induced MRIP/MYPT1 binding as well as reduced MRIP expression. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of MRIP in GK VSMCs led to significantly improved insulin-stimulated MRIP/MYPT1 binding. Finally, insulin-stimulated MRIP translocation out of stress fibers, which was observed in control VSMCs, was impaired in GK VSMCs. We believe the impaired expression of MRIP, and therefore decreased insulin-stimulated MRIP/MYPT1 association, in the GK diabetic model may contribute to the impaired insulin-mediated vasodilation observed in the diabetic vasculature and provides a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Lee
- Vascular Biology Institute, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, New York 11501, USA
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Bagi Z, Feher A, Cassuto J, Akula K, Labinskyy N, Kaley G, Koller A. Increased availability of angiotensin AT 1 receptors leads to sustained arterial constriction to angiotensin II in diabetes - role for Rho-kinase activation. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1059-68. [PMID: 21385178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Antagonists of angiotensin AT(1) receptors elicit beneficial vascular effects in diabetes mellitus. We hypothesized that diabetes induces sustained availability of AT(1) receptors, causing enhanced arterial constriction to angiotensin II. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To assess functional availability of AT(1) receptors, constrictions to successive applications of angiotensin II were measured in isolated skeletal muscle resistance arteries (∼150 µm) of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and of their controls (+/Fa), exposed acutely to high glucose concentrations (HG, 25 mM, 1 h). AT(1) receptors on cell membrane surface were measured by immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS Angiotensin II-induced constrictions to first applications were greater in arteries of ZDF rats (maximum: 82 ± 3% original diameter) than in those from +/Fa rats (61 ± 5%). Constrictions to repeated angiotensin II administration were decreased in +/Fa arteries (20 ± 6%), but were maintained in ZDF arteries (67 ± 4%) and in +/Fa arteries vessels exposed to HG (65 ± 6%). In ZDF arteries and in HG-exposed +/Fa arteries, Rho-kinase activities were enhanced. The Rho-kinase inhibitor, Y27632 inhibited sustained constrictions to angiotensin II in ZDF arteries and in +/Fa arteries exposed to HG. Levels of surface AT(1) receptors on cultured vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were decreased by angiotensin II but were maintained in VSMCs exposed to HG. In VSMCs exposed to HG and treated with Y27632, angiotensin II decreased surface AT(1) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In diabetes, elevated glucose concentrations activate Rho-kinase which inhibits internalization or facilitates recycling of AT(1) receptors, leading to increased functional availability of AT(1) receptors and sustained angiotensin II-induced arterial constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Physiology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
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Adipocytokines in atherothrombosis: focus on platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells. Mediators Inflamm 2010; 2010:174341. [PMID: 20652043 PMCID: PMC2905911 DOI: 10.1155/2010/174341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 03/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral obesity is a relevant pathological condition closely associated with high risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease including myocardial infarction and stroke. The increased vascular risk is related also to peculiar dysfunction in the endocrine activity of adipose tissue responsible of vascular impairment (including endothelial dysfunction), prothrombotic tendency, and low-grade chronic inflammation. In particular, increased synthesis and release of different cytokines, including interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and adipokines—such as leptin—have been reported as associated with future cardiovascular events. Since vascular cell dysfunction plays a major role in the atherothrombotic complications in central obesity, this paper aims at focusing, in particular, on the relationship between platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells, and the impaired secretory pattern of adipose tissue.
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Carrillo-Sepúlveda MA, Barreto-Chaves MLM. Phenotypic modulation of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells: a functional analysis focusing on MLC and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 341:279-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-010-0459-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Zeydanli EN, Turan B. Omega-3E treatment regulates matrix metalloproteinases and prevents vascular reactivity alterations in diabetic rat aorta. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2010; 87:1063-73. [PMID: 20029543 DOI: 10.1139/y09-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is known that increased generation of oxidants and (or) reduced endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms are associated with the etiology of diabetic vascular complications. Although a close correlation exists between increased oxidative stress and the activation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), little is known about the effect of hyperglycemia on the regulation and contribution of MMPs in the vascular system. Therefore, we aimed to examine whether omega-3E (50 mg/kg per day for 4 weeks), a long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched with vitamin E, has a beneficial effect on vascular dysfunction via affecting MMPs in streptozotocin-diabetic rat aorta. Omega-3E treatment improved the diabetes-induced impairment of phenylephrine-induced contraction and isoproterenol-induced relaxation responses of aorta. It also exhibited marked protection against diabetes-induced degenerative changes in smooth muscle cell morphology. Biochemical data showed that this treatment significantly prevented important changes, such as inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, loss of tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-4 (TIMP-4) protein, increase in tissue levels of thiol oxidation, endothelin-1, protein kinase C (PKC), and cAMP production, and decrease in tissue level of nitrite. These results indicated that omega-3E significantly improved impaired vascular responses and regulated the activity of MMPs via preventing oxidative injury. Overall, the data suggest that omega-3E ameliorates or prevents vascular reactivity alterations in diabetes. Such an observation provides preliminary evidence for omega-3E's potential as a therapeutic agent for the prevention of vascular disorders in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esma N Zeydanli
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
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Abstract
In this study we describe a model predicting heart rate regulation during postural change from sitting to standing and during head-up tilt in five healthy elderly adults. The model uses blood pressure as an input to predict baroreflex firing-rate, which in turn is used to predict efferent parasympathetic and sympathetic outflows. The model also includes the combined effects of vestibular and central command stimulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity, which is increased at the onset of postural change. Concentrations of acetylcholine and noradrenaline, predicted as functions of sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow, are then used to estimate the heart rate response. Dynamics of the heart rate and the baroreflex firing rate are modeled using a system of coupled ordinary delay differential equations with 17 parameters. We have derived sensitivity equations and ranked sensitivities of all parameters with respect to all state variables in our model. Using this model we show that during head-up tilt, the baseline firing-rate is larger than during sit-to-stand and that the combined effect of vestibular and central command stimulation of muscle sympathetic nerve activity is less pronounced during head-up tilt than during sit-to-stand.
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Sensitivity analysis and model assessment: mathematical models for arterial blood flow and blood pressure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 8:94-108. [PMID: 18080757 DOI: 10.1007/s10558-007-9047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of mathematical models describing the cardiovascular system has grown in recent years to more accurately account for physiological dynamics. To aid in model validation and design, classical deterministic sensitivity analysis is performed on the cardiovascular model first presented by Olufsen, Tran, Ottesen, Ellwein, Lipsitz and Novak (J Appl Physiol 99(4):1523-1537, 2005). This model uses 11 differential state equations with 52 parameters to predict arterial blood flow and blood pressure. The relative sensitivity solutions of the model state equations with respect to each of the parameters is calculated and a sensitivity ranking is created for each parameter. Parameters are separated into two groups: sensitive and insensitive parameters. Small changes in sensitive parameters have a large effect on the model solution while changes in insensitive parameters have a negligible effect. This analysis was successfully used to reduce the effective parameter space by more than half and the computation time by two thirds. Additionally, a simpler model was designed that retained the necessary features of the original model but with two-thirds of the state equations and half of the model parameters.
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Abstract
Insulin is a vascular hormone, able to influence vascular cell responses. In this review, we consider the insulin actions on vascular endothelium and on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) both in physiological conditions and in the presence of insulin resistance. In particular, we focus the relationships between activation of insulin signalling pathways of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3-K) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the different vascular actions of insulin, with a particular attention to the insulin ability to activate the pathway nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic GMP/PKG via PI3-K, owing to the peculiar relevance of NO in vascular biology. We also discuss the insulin actions mediated by the MAPK pathway (such as endothelin-1 synthesis and secretion and VSMC proliferation and migration) and by the interactions between the two pathways, both in insulin-sensitive and in insulin-resistant states. Finally, we consider the influence of free fatty acids, cytokines and endothelin on vascular insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Anfossi
- Internal Medicine University Unit, San Luigi Gonzaga Faculty of Medicine and Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Turin University, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
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Carrillo-Sepúlveda MA, Ceravolo GS, Fortes ZB, Carvalho MH, Tostes RC, Laurindo FR, Webb RC, Barreto-Chaves MLM. Thyroid hormone stimulates NO production via activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in vascular myocytes. Cardiovasc Res 2009; 85:560-70. [PMID: 19734167 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvp304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Thyroid hormone (TH) rapidly relaxes vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the mechanisms involved in this effect remain unclear. We hypothesize that TH-induced rapid vascular relaxation is mediated by VSMC-derived nitric oxide (NO) production and is associated with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt) signalling pathway. METHODS AND RESULTS NO levels were determined using a NO-specific fluorescent dye (DAF-2) and nitrite (NO2-) levels. Expression of NO synthase (NOS) isoforms and proteins of the PI3K/Akt pathway was determined by both western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation levels were also investigated by western blotting. Exposure of cultured VSMCs from rat thoracic aortas to triiodothyronine (T3) resulted in a significant decrease of MLC phosphorylation levels. T3 also induced a rapid increase in Akt phosphorylation and increased NO production in a dose-dependent manner (0.001-1 microM). VSMCs stimulated with T3 for 30 min showed an increase in the expression of all three NOS isoforms and augmented NO production, effects that were prevented by inhibitors of PI3K. Vascular reactivity studies showed that vessels treated with T3 displayed a decreased response to phenylephrine, which was reversed by NOS inhibition. These data suggest that T3 treatment induces greater generation of NO both in aorta and VSMCs and that this phenomenon is endothelium independent. In addition, these findings show for the first time that the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway is involved in T3-induced NO production by VSMCs, which occurs with expressive participation of inducible and neuronal NOS. CONCLUSION Our data strongly indicate that T3 causes NO-dependent rapid relaxation of VSMC and that this effect is mediated by the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Alícia Carrillo-Sepúlveda
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 2415, Sao Paulo 05508-900, Brazil
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Olivares-Reyes JA, Arellano-Plancarte A, Castillo-Hernandez JR. Angiotensin II and the development of insulin resistance: implications for diabetes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2009; 302:128-39. [PMID: 19150387 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 12/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II), the major effector hormone of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), has an important role in the regulation of vascular and renal homeostasis. Clinical and pharmacological studies have recently shown that Ang II is a critical promoter of insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2. Ang II exerts its actions on insulin-sensitive tissues such as liver, muscle and adipose tissue where it has effects on the insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins and the downstream effectors PI3K, Akt and GLUT4. The molecular mechanisms involved have not been completely identified, but the role of serine/threonine phosphorylation of the IR and IRS-1 proteins in desensitization of insulin action has been well established. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent advances in the understanding of Ang II actions which lead to the development of insulin resistance and its implications for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alberto Olivares-Reyes
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico, DF, Mexico.
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Clements RT, Sodha NR, Feng J, Boodhwani M, Liu Y, Mieno S, Khabbaz KR, Bianchi C, Sellke FW. Impaired coronary microvascular dilation correlates with enhanced vascular smooth muscle MLC phosphorylation in diabetes. Microcirculation 2009; 16:193-206. [PMID: 19152178 DOI: 10.1080/10739680802461950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired endothelium-independent vasodilation is a known consequence of types 1 and 2 diabetes, and the mechanism of impaired vasodilation is not well understood. The following study investigated the effects of types 1 and 2 diabetes in endothelial-independent vasodilation associated with coronary vascular smooth muscle (VSM) relaxation and contractile signaling mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Type 1 diabetes was induced in Yucatan miniswine via alloxan injection and treated with or without insulin (DM and IDM). Nondiabetic swine served as controls (ND). Expression and/or phosphorylation of determinants of VSM relaxation and contraction signaling were examined in coronary arteries and microvessels. Coronary microvessel relaxation was assessed by using sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In addition, SNP-induced vasodilation and myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation was determined in coronary microvessels isolated from ND and type 2 diabetic human atrial appendage. RESULTS Diabetic impairment in SNP-induced relaxation was completely normalized by insulin. Soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) VSM expression decreased in both DM and IDM groups and did not correlate with vasorelaxation. Phosphorylation of MLC and myosin phosphatase increased in the DM group and MLC phosphorylation strongly correlated with impaired VSM relaxation (r=0.670, P<0.01). Coronary microvessels from type 2 diabetic human patients exhibited similarly impaired vasodilation and enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Impaired vasodilation in type 1 diabetes correlates with enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation. In addition, enhanced VSM MLC phosphorylation is associated with impaired vasodilation in type 2 diabetes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard T Clements
- Cardiothoracic Research Lab, Department of Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, 110 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Lee JH, Palaia T, Ragolia L. Impaired insulin-mediated vasorelaxation in diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats is caused by impaired Akt phosphorylation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 296:C327-38. [PMID: 19052261 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00254.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Insulin resistance associated with Type 2 diabetes contributes to impaired vasorelaxation. Previously, we showed the phosphorylation of myosin-bound phosphatase substrate MYPT1, a marker of the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) contraction, was negatively regulated by Akt (protein kinase B) phosphorylation in response to insulin stimulation. In this study we examined the role of Akt phosphorylation on impaired insulin-induced vasodilation in the Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model of Type 2 diabetes. GK VSMCs had impaired basal and insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation as well as increases in basal MYPT1 phosphorylation, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, and nitrite/nitrate production compared with Wistar-Kyoto controls. Both iNOS expression and the inhibition of angiotensin (ANG) II-induced MYPT1 phosphorylation were resistant to the effects of insulin in diabetic GK VSMC. We also measured the isometric tension of intact and denuded GK aorta using a myograph and observed significantly impaired insulin-induced vasodilation. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of constitutively active Akt in GK VSMC led to significantly improved insulin sensitivity in terms of counteracting ANG II-induced contractile signaling via MYPT1, myosin light chain dephosphorylation, and reduced iNOS expression, S-nitrosylation and survivin expression. We demonstrated for the first time the presence of Akt-independent iNOS expression in the GK diabetic model and that the defective insulin-induced vasodilation observed in the diabetic vasculature can be restored by the overexpression of active Akt, which advocates a novel therapeutic strategy for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Lee
- Vascular Biology Institute, Winthrop Univ. Hospital, 222 Station Plaza North, Rm. 505B, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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Farah OR, Li D, McIntyre BAS, Pan J, Belik J. Airway epithelial-derived factor relaxes pulmonary vascular smooth muscle. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2008; 296:L115-20. [PMID: 18952757 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90391.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The factors controlling the pulmonary vascular resistance under physiological conditions are poorly understood. We have previously reported on an apparent cross talk between the airway and adjacent pulmonary arterial bed where a factor likely derived from the bronchial epithelial cells reduced the magnitude of agonist-stimulated force in the vascular smooth muscle. The main purpose of this investigation was to evaluate whether bronchial epithelial cells release a pulmonary arterial smooth muscle relaxant factor. Conditioned media from SPOC-1 or BEAS-2B, a rat- and a human-derived bronchial epithelial cell line, respectively, were utilized. This media significantly relaxed precontracted adult but not fetal pulmonary arterial muscle in an oxygen tension-dependent manner. This response was mediated via soluble guanylate cyclase, involving AKT/PI3-kinase and neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Airway epithelial cell-conditioned media increased AKT phosphorylation in pulmonary smooth muscle cells (SMC) and reduced intracellular calcium change following ATP stimulation to a significantly greater extent than observed for bronchial SMC. The present data strongly support the evidence for bronchial epithelial cells releasing a stable and soluble factor capable of inducing pulmonary arterial SMC relaxation. We speculate that under physiological conditions, the maintenance of a low pulmonary vascular resistance, postnatally, is in part modulated by the airway epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar R Farah
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 Univ. Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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Fowler KR, Gray GA, Olufsen MS. Modeling heart rate regulation--part II: parameter identification and analysis. CARDIOVASCULAR ENGINEERING (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2008; 8:109-119. [PMID: 18172764 DOI: 10.1007/s10558-007-9048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In part I of this study we introduced a 17-parameter model that can predict heart rate regulation during postural change from sitting to standing. In this subsequent study, we focus on the 17 model parameters needed to adequately represent the observed heart rate response. In part I and in previous work (Olufsen et al. 2006), we estimated the 17 model parameters by minimizing the least squares error between computed and measured values of the heart rate using the Nelder-Mead method (a simplex algorithm). In this study, we compare the Nelder-Mead optimization method to two sampling methods: the implicit filtering method and a genetic algorithm. We show that these off-the-shelf optimization methods can work in conjunction with the heart rate model and provide reasonable parameter estimates with little algorithm tuning. In addition, we make use of the thousands of points sampled by the optimizers in the course of the minimization to perform an overall analysis of the model itself. Our findings show that the resulting least-squares problem has multiple local minima and that the non-linear-least squares error can vary over two orders of magnitude due to the complex interaction between the model parameters, even when provided with reasonable bound constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- K R Fowler
- Department of Mathematics, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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Lee JH, Xia S, Ragolia L. Upregulation of AT2 receptor and iNOS impairs angiotensin II-induced contraction without endothelium influence in young normotensive diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R144-54. [PMID: 18463192 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00191.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and insulin resistance are associated with an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease. Recent evidence demonstrates that AT2 receptors (AT2R) play an important role in the hemodynamic control of hypertension by vasodilation. The quantitative significance of AT2R in the establishment of diabetic vascular dysfunction, however, is not well defined and needs further investigation. Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rats, a polygenic model of spontaneous normotensive type 2 diabetes, were used to examine any abnormalities in cardiovascular function associated with AT2R at the early stage of the disease without endothelium influence. Using a myograph to measure the isometric force, we observed that ANG II-induced contraction was impaired in denuded GK aorta compared with control Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) aorta and exhibited a retarded AT1R antagonist response and enhanced Rho kinase signaling. When AT1R were blocked, ANG II induced a significant vasodilation of precontracted GK aorta via AT2R. The protein and mRNA of AT2R were increased in diabetic GK denuded aorta. Blocking AT2R restored the ANG II-induced contraction in the GK vasculature to control levels, demonstrating a counteractive role for AT2R in AT1R-induced contraction. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine mimicked AT2R inhibition in denuded GK aorta, suggesting that AT2R-induced vasodilation was dependent on iNOS/NO generation. The protein and mRNA of iNOS were also increased in GK aorta. In conclusion, these results clearly demonstrate that enhanced AT2R and iNOS-induced, NO-mediated vasodilation impair ANG II-induced contraction in an endothelium-independent manner at the early stage of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Lee
- Winthrop-Univ. Hospital, Vascular Biology Institute, Mineola, NY, USA
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Chiang TM, Postlethwaite AE. Alteration in protein kinase B (AKT) activity in platelets from patients with systemic sclerosis. Thromb Res 2008; 122:501-6. [PMID: 18355897 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2008.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that there is an increase in phosphotidylinositide-3 kinase activity secondary to increase in nitrotyrosylation in platelets from patients with SSc. Protein kinase B (Akt) is recruited to the plasma membrane by PI 3-K metabolites. Both enzymes play critical roles in signal transduction and activation of platelets. In the present investigation, we have studied the effect of postranslational modification of the activity of Akt. We have examined eight patients and eight controls and obtained results showing that enzymatic activity of Akt is increased in lysates of platelets from patients with SSc compared to normal volunteer controls. We have obtained results showing that there is no correlation of nitrotyrosylation of Akt on its enzymatic activity although Western blots show the enzyme has increased nitrotyrosylation. These results suggest that post-translational modification by nitrotyrosylation does not control Akt in SSc platelets. We concluded that the enhanced activity of PI 3-K and Akt in platelets from patients with SSc is mediated by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Chiang
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1030 Jefferson Avenue, Memphis, TN 38104, USA.
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Abstract
Insulin has important vascular actions to stimulate production of nitric oxide from endothelium. This leads to capillary recruitment, vasodilation, increased blood flow, and subsequent augmentation of glucose disposal in classical insulin target tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle). Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent insulin-signaling pathways regulating endothelial production of nitric oxide share striking parallels with metabolic insulin-signaling pathways. Distinct MAPK-dependent insulin-signaling pathways (largely unrelated to metabolic actions of insulin) regulate secretion of the vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 from endothelium. These and other cardiovascular actions of insulin contribute to coupling metabolic and hemodynamic homeostasis under healthy conditions. Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in insulin-resistant individuals. Insulin resistance is typically defined as decreased sensitivity and/or responsiveness to metabolic actions of insulin. This cardinal feature of diabetes, obesity, and dyslipidemia is also a prominent component of hypertension, coronary heart disease, and atherosclerosis that are all characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Conversely, endothelial dysfunction is often present in metabolic diseases. Insulin resistance is characterized by pathway-specific impairment in phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent signaling that in vascular endothelium contributes to a reciprocal relationship between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction. The clinical relevance of this coupling is highlighted by the findings that specific therapeutic interventions targeting insulin resistance often also ameliorate endothelial dysfunction (and vice versa). In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms underlying cardiovascular actions of insulin, the reciprocal relationships between insulin resistance and endothelial dysfunction, and implications for developing beneficial therapeutic strategies that simultaneously target metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Diabetes Unit, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1632, USA
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