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Cenalmor A, Pascual E, Gil-Manso S, Correa-Rocha R, Suárez JR, García-Álvarez I. Evaluation of Anti-Neuroinflammatory Activity of Isatin Derivatives in Activated Microglia. Molecules 2023; 28:4882. [PMID: 37375437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Overactivated microglia cause neurotoxicity and prolong the inflammatory response in many neuropathologies. In this study, we have synthesised a series of isatin derivatives to evaluate their anti-neuroinflammatory potential using lipopolysaccharide activated microglia as a cell model. We explored four different substitutions of the isatin moiety by testing their anti-neuroinflammatory activity on BV2 microglia cells. Based on the low cytotoxicity and the activity in reducing the release of nitric oxide, pro-inflammatory interleukin 6 and tumour necrosis factor α by microglial cells, the N1-alkylated compound 10 and the chlorinated 20 showed the best results at 25 µM. Taken together, the data suggest that 10 and 20 are promising lead compounds for developing new neuroprotective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cenalmor
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pascual
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Gil-Manso
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Correa-Rocha
- Laboratory of Immune-Regulation, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IISGM), 28009 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Ramón Suárez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel García-Álvarez
- Facultad de Ciencias Experimentales, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain
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Chen C, Liu T, Tang Y, Luo G, Liang G, He W. Epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization in wound healing. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkac057. [PMID: 36687556 PMCID: PMC9844119 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkac057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The immune microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating skin wound healing. Macrophages, the main component of infiltrating inflammatory cells, play a pivotal role in shaping the immune microenvironment in the process of skin wound healing. Macrophages comprise the classic proinflammatory M1 subtype and anti-inflammatory M2 population. In the early inflammatory phase of skin wound closure, M1-like macrophages initiate and amplify the local inflammatory response to disinfect the injured tissue. In the late tissue-repairing phase, M2 macrophages are predominant in wound tissue and limit local inflammation to promote tissue repair. The biological function of macrophages is tightly linked with epigenomic organization. Transcription factors are essential for macrophage polarization. Epigenetic modification of transcription factors determines the heterogeneity of macrophages. In contrast, transcription factors also regulate the expression of epigenetic enzymes. Both transcription factors and epigenetic enzymes form a complex network that regulates the plasticity of macrophages. Here, we describe the latest knowledge concerning the potential epigenetic mechanisms that precisely regulate the biological function of macrophages and their effects on skin wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuanyang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Institute of Burn Research, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Academy of Biological Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Gaoxing Luo
- Correspondence. Gaoxing Luo, ; Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He,
| | - Guangping Liang
- Correspondence. Gaoxing Luo, ; Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He,
| | - Weifeng He
- Correspondence. Gaoxing Luo, ; Guangping Liang, ; Weifeng He,
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3
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Mehl JL, Earle A, Lammerding J, Mhlanga M, Vogel V, Jain N. Blockage of lamin-A/C loss diminishes the pro-inflammatory macrophage response. iScience 2022; 25:105528. [PMID: 36465100 PMCID: PMC9708799 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations and defects in nuclear lamins can cause major pathologies, including inflammation and inflammatory diseases. Yet, the underlying molecular mechanisms are not known. We now report that the pro-inflammatory activation of macrophages, as induced by LPS or pathogenic E. coli, reduces Lamin-A/C levels thereby augmenting pro-inflammatory gene expression and cytokine secretion. We show that the activation of bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) causes the phosphorylation and degradation of Lamin-A/C, as mediated by CDK1 and Caspase-6, respectively, necessary for upregulating IFN-β expression. Enhanced IFN-β expression subsequently increases pro-inflammatory gene expression via the IFN-β-STAT axis. Pro-inflammatory gene expression was also amplified in the complete absence of Lamin-A/C. Alternatively, pharmacological inhibition of either Lamin-A/C phosphorylation or degradation significantly downregulated pro-inflammatory gene expression, as did the targeting of IFN-β-STAT pathway members, i.e. phospho-STAT1 and phospho-STAT3. As Lamin-A/C is a previously unappreciated regulator of the pro-inflammatory macrophage response, our findings suggest novel opportunities to treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna L. Mehl
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10, HCI E357.1, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Ashley Earle
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA,Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, York College of Pennsylvania, York, PA, USA
| | - Jan Lammerding
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering & Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Musa Mhlanga
- Radboud Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Viola Vogel
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10, HCI E357.1, Zurich 8093, Switzerland,Corresponding author
| | - Nikhil Jain
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10, HCI E357.1, Zurich 8093, Switzerland,Corresponding author
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McHugh BJ, Stephen J, Robb CT, Fox S, Kipari T, Cartwright JA, Haslett C, Duffin R, Lucas CD, Rossi AG. Inhibition of Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 9 Downregulates Cytokine Production Without Detrimentally Affecting Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Viability. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:905315. [PMID: 35693926 PMCID: PMC9178253 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.905315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor drugs (CDKi), such as R-roscovitine and AT7519, induce neutrophil apoptosis in vitro and enhance the resolution of inflammation in a number of in vivo models. This class of compounds are potential novel therapeutic agents that could promote the resolution of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions where neutrophil activation contributes to tissue damage and aberrant tissue repair. In this study we investigated CDKi effects on macrophage pro-inflammatory mediator production and viability. Treatment of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with the CDKi AT7519 and R-roscovitine at concentrations that induce neutrophil apoptosis had no significant effect on control or LPS-activated MDM apoptosis and viability, and did not detrimentally affect MDM efferocytosis of apoptotic cells. In addition, enhanced efferocytosis, induced by the glucocorticoid dexamethasone, was also unaffected after a short time treatment with R-roscovitine. Macrophage cytokine responses to inflammatory stimuli are also of importance during inflammation and resolution. As a key target of CDKi, CDK9, is involved in protein transcription via the RNA polymerase II complex, we investigated the effect of CDKi drugs on cytokine production. Our data show that treatment with AT7519 significantly downregulated expression and release of key MDM cytokines IL-6, TNF, IL-10 and IL-1β, as well as markers of pro-inflammatory macrophage polarisation. R-Roscovitine was also able to downregulate inflammatory cytokine protein secretion from MDMs. Using siRNA transfection, we demonstrate that genetic knock-down of CDK9 replicates these findings, reducing expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, overexpression of CDK9 in THP-1 cells can promote a pro-inflammatory phenotype in these cells, suggesting that CDK9 plays an important role in the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages. Overall, this study demonstrates that pharmacological and genetic targeting of CDK9 inhibits an inflammatory phenotype in human MDMs. As such these data indicate that CDK9 may be key to therapeutically targeting pro-inflammatory macrophage functions during chronic inflammation.
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Fang J, Zhang P, Zhou Y, Chiang CW, Tan J, Hou Y, Stauffer S, Li L, Pieper AA, Cummings J, Cheng F. Endophenotype-based in silico network medicine discovery combined with insurance record data mining identifies sildenafil as a candidate drug for Alzheimer's disease. NATURE AGING 2021; 1:1175-1188. [PMID: 35572351 PMCID: PMC9097949 DOI: 10.1038/s43587-021-00138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We developed an endophenotype disease module-based methodology for Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug repurposing and identified sildenafil as a potential disease risk modifier. Based on retrospective case-control pharmacoepidemiologic analyses of insurance claims data for 7.23 million individuals, we found that sildenafil usage was significantly associated with a 69% reduced risk of AD (hazard ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.25-0.39, P<1.0×10-8). Propensity score stratified analyses confirmed that sildenafil is significantly associated with a decreased risk of AD across all four drug cohorts we tested (diltiazem, glimepiride, losartan and metformin) after adjusting age, sex, race, and disease comorbidities. We also found that sildenafil increases neurite growth and decreases phospho-tau expression in AD patient-induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neuron models, supporting mechanistically its potential beneficial effect in Alzheimer's disease. The association between sildenafil use and decreased incidence of AD does not establish causality or its direction, which requires a randomized clinical trial approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Fang
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Indiana University
| | - Yadi Zhou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Chien-Wei Chiang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Juan Tan
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Yuan Hou
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Shaun Stauffer
- Center for Therapeutics Discovery, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Lang Li
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew A. Pieper
- Harrington Discovery Institute, University Hospital Case Medical Center; Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Centers, Louis Stokes Cleveland VAMC, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jeffrey Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Feixiong Cheng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA,Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.,Correspondence to: Feixiong Cheng, Ph.D., Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, , Tel: +1-216-4447654; Fax: +1-216-6361609
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Kim M, Cho H, Ahn DG, Jung HG, Seo HY, Kim JS, Lee YJ, Choi JY, Park IH, Shin JS, Kim SJ, Oh JW. In Vitro Replication Inhibitory Activity of Xanthorrhizol against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9111725. [PMID: 34829954 PMCID: PMC8615586 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of the large number of repositioned drugs and direct-acting antivirals in clinical trials for the management of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, there are few cost-effective therapeutic options for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus 2 (SCoV2) infection. In this paper, we show that xanthorrhizol (XNT), a bisabolane-type sesquiterpenoid compound isolated from the Curcuma xanthorrhizza Roxb., a ginger-line plant of the family Zingiberaceae, displays a potent antiviral efficacy in vitro against SCoV2 and other related coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1 (SCoV1) and a common cold-causing human coronavirus. XNT reduced infectious SCoV2 titer by ~3-log10 at 20 μM and interfered with the replication of the SCoV1 subgenomic replicon, while it had no significant antiviral effects against hepatitis C virus and noroviruses. Further, XNT exerted similar antiviral functions against SCoV2 variants, such as a GH clade strain and a delta strain currently predominant worldwide. Neither SCoV2 entry into cells nor the enzymatic activity of viral RNA polymerase (Nsp12), RNA helicase (Nsp13), or the 3CL main protease (Nsp5) was inhibited by XNT. While its CoV replication inhibitory mechanism remains elusive, our results demonstrate that the traditional folk medicine XNT could be a promising antiviral candidate that inhibits a broad range of SCoV2 variants of concern and other related CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Hee Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Dae-Gyun Ahn
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Hae-Gwang Jung
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Han Young Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Ji-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
| | - Youn-Jung Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (Y.-J.L.); (J.Y.C.)
| | - In Ho Park
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (I.H.P.); (J.-S.S.)
| | - Jeon-Soo Shin
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea; (I.H.P.); (J.-S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea;
| | - Jong-Won Oh
- Department of Biotechnology, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea; (M.K.); (H.C.); (D.-G.A.); (H.-G.J.); (H.Y.S.); (J.-S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2123-2881; Fax: +82-2-362-7265
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Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor roscovitine attenuates liver inflammation and fibrosis by influencing initiating steps of liver injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:925-941. [PMID: 33786590 DOI: 10.1042/cs20201111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver diseases present a significant public health burden worldwide. Although the mechanisms of liver diseases are complex, it is generally accepted that inflammation is commonly involved in the pathogenesis. Ongoing inflammatory responses exacerbate liver injury, or even result in fibrosis and cirrhosis. Here we report that roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor, exerts beneficial effects on acute and chronic liver inflammation as well as fibrosis. Animal models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/d-galactosamine- and acute or chronic CCl4-induced liver injury showed that roscovitine administration markedly attenuated liver injury, inflammation and histological damage in LPS/d-galactosamine- and CCl4-induced acute liver injury models, which is consistent with the results in vitro. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis showed that roscovitine treatment repressed the transcription of a broad set of pro-inflammatory genes involved in many aspects of inflammation, including cytokine production and immune cell proliferation and migration, and inhibited the TGF-β signaling pathway and the biological process of tissue remodeling. For further validation, the beneficial effect of roscovitine against inflammation was evaluated in chronic CCl4-challenged mice. The anti-inflammation effect of roscovitine was observed in this model, accompanied with reduced liver fibrosis. The anti-fibrotic mechanism involved inhibition of profibrotic genes and blocking of hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation. Our data show that roscovitine administration protects against liver diseases through inhibition of macrophage inflammatory actions and HSC activation at the onset of liver injury.
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of R/S-Roscovitine and CDKs Related Inhibition under Both Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Focus on Neurovascular Unit and Immune Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010104. [PMID: 33429982 PMCID: PMC7827530 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, Neurovascular Unit (NVU) inflammation and peripheral leucocytes infiltration are major contributors to the extension of brain lesions. For a long time restricted to neurons, the 10 past years have shown the emergence of an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) on the other cells of NVU, as well as on the leucocytes. The most widely used CDKs inhibitor, (R)-roscovitine, and its (S) isomer both decreased brain lesions in models of global and focal cerebral ischemia. We previously showed that (S)-roscovitine acted, at least, by modulating NVU response to ischemia. Interestingly, roscovitine was shown to decrease leucocytes-mediated inflammation in several inflammatory models. Specific inhibition of roscovitine majors target CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 showed that these CDKs played key roles in inflammatory processes of NVU cells and leucocytes after brain lesions, including ischemic stroke. The data summarized here support the investigation of roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and provide an overview of CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 functions in brain cells and leucocytes during cerebral ischemia.
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Li Z, Chen Y, Li W, Yan F. Cell Division Cycle 2 Protects Neonatal Rats Against Hyperoxia-Induced Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia. Yonsei Med J 2020; 61:679-688. [PMID: 32734731 PMCID: PMC7393293 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2020.61.8.679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Hyperoxia-induced bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a lung disease in preterm infants. We aimed to explore the role of cell division cycle 2 (CDC2) on histopathologic changes of lung tissues, as well as the viability, apoptosis, and inflammation of lung cells in rats with hyperoxia-induced BPD. MATERIALS AND METHODS Hyperoxia-induced BPD in neonatal rats and hyperoxia-induced A549 cells were constructed. The mRNA expression of CDC2 was detected by qRT-PCR. The fibrosis score of lung tissues was evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The viability and apoptosis of A549 cells were detected by cell counting kit-8 assay and flow cytometry. The protein expressions of bcl-2, bax, and caspase-3 were measured by western blot. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β in A549 cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The pcDNA3.1-CDC2 was injected into rats to determine the role of CDC2 in hyperoxia-induced BPD in vivo. RESULTS The expression of CDC2 was decreased in lung tissues of neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced BPD and hyperoxia-induced A549 cells. The fibrosis score was increased in the lung tissues of neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced BPD. Overexpression of CDC2 increased the viability and protein expression of bcl-2; and inhibited the apoptosis, inflammation, and protein expression of bax and caspase-3 in hyperoxia-induced A549 cells. Up-regulation of CDC2 alleviated the histopathologic changes in lung tissues of neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced BPD. CONCLUSION Overexpression of CDC2 promoted the viability and inhibited the apoptosis and inflammation of hyperoxia-induced cells, and alleviated the histopathologic changes of lung tissues in neonatal rats with hyperoxia-induced BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Li
- Department of Pediatric, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Yanhong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Intensive Care, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Wenrong Li
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Rehabilitation, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, China
| | - Fan Yan
- Department of Pediatric II, The First Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin, China.
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Inhibition of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 2 Signaling Prevents Liver Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Transplantation 2019; 103:724-732. [PMID: 30801519 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000002614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Liver ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major complication of liver transplant, hepatectomy, and hemorrhagic shock. The cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) acts as a pivotal regulator of cell cycle and proliferation. METHODS This study evaluated the modulation and therapeutic potential of CDK2 inhibition in a mouse model of partial liver warm IRI. RESULTS Liver IR-triggered intrinsic CDK2 expression, peaking by 0.5 hour of reperfusion and maintaining a high-level throughout 1 to 24 hours. Roscovitine, a specific CDK2 inhibitor, prevented liver IR-mediated damage with abolished serum alanine aminotransferase levels and reserved liver pathology. CDK2 inhibition-mediated liver protection was accompanied by decreased macrophage/neutrophil infiltration, diminished hepatocyte apoptosis, abolished toll like receptor 4 signaling and downstream gene inductions (C-X-C motif ligand-10, Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6), yet augmented interleukin-10 expression. In vitro, CDK2 inhibition by Roscovitine suppressed macrophage TLR4 activation and further depressed downstream inflammatory signaling (myeloid differentiation factor 88, interferon regulatory transcription factor 3, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and extracellular-regulated kinase). CONCLUSIONS Our novel findings revealed the critical role of CDK2 in hepatic cytoprotection and homeostasis against liver IRI. As CDK2 inhibition regulated local immune response and prevented hepatocyte death, this study provided the evidence for new treatment approaches to combat IRI in liver transplant.
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Pfänder P, Fidan M, Burret U, Lipinski L, Vettorazzi S. Cdk5 Deletion Enhances the Anti-inflammatory Potential of GC-Mediated GR Activation During Inflammation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1554. [PMID: 31354714 PMCID: PMC6635475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The suppression of activated pro-inflammatory macrophages during immune response has a major impact on the outcome of many inflammatory diseases including sepsis and rheumatoid arthritis. The pro- and anti-inflammatory functions of macrophages have been widely studied, whereas their regulation under immunosuppressive treatments such as glucocorticoid (GC) therapy is less well-understood. GC-mediated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) activation is crucial to mediate anti-inflammatory effects. In addition, the anti-cancer drug roscovitine, that is currently being tested in clinical trials, was recently described to regulate inflammatory processes by inhibiting different Cdks such as cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). Cdk5 was identified as a modulator of inflammatory processes in different immune cells and furthermore described to influence GR gene expression in the brain. Whether roscovitine can enhance the immunosuppressive effects of GCs and if the inhibition of Cdk5 affects GR gene regulatory function in innate immune cells, such as macrophages, has not yet been investigated. Here, we report that roscovitine enhances the immunosuppressive Dexamethasone (Dex) effect on the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNos) expression, which is essential for immune regulation. Cdk5 deletion in macrophages prevented iNos protein and nitric oxide (NO) generation after a combinatory treatment with inflammatory stimuli and Dex. Cdk5 deletion in macrophages attenuated the GR phosphorylation on serine 211 after Dex treatment alone and in combination with inflammatory stimuli, but interestingly increased the GR-dependent anti-inflammatory target gene dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (Dusp1, Mkp1). Mkp1 phosphatase activity decreases the activation of its direct target p38Mapk, reduced iNos expression and NO production upon inflammatory stimuli and Dex treatment in the absence of Cdk5. Taken together, we identified Cdk5 as a potential novel regulator of NO generation in inflammatory macrophages under GC treatment. Our data suggest that GC treatment in combination with specific Cdk5 inhibtior(s) provides a stronger suppression of inflammation and could thus replace high-dose GC therapy which has severe side effects in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Pfänder
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Miray Fidan
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ute Burret
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lena Lipinski
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabine Vettorazzi
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology (CME), University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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de Groot AE, Pienta KJ. Epigenetic control of macrophage polarization: implications for targeting tumor-associated macrophages. Oncotarget 2018; 9:20908-20927. [PMID: 29755698 PMCID: PMC5945509 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of cancer is a result of not only the growth of the malignant cells but also the behavior of other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are key components of the TME that influence tumor growth and disease progression. TAMs can either inhibit or support tumor growth depending on their polarization to classically-activated macrophages (M1s) or alternatively-activated macrophages (M2s), respectively. Epigenetic regulation plays a significant role in determining this polarization and manipulating the epigenetic regulation in macrophages would provide a means for selectively targeting M2s thereby eliminating tumor-supporting TAMs while sparing tumor-inhibiting M1 TAMs. Many pharmacologic modulators of epigenetic enzymes are currently used clinically and could be repurposed for treating tumors with high TAM infiltrate. While much research involving epigenetic enzymes and their modulators has been performed in M1s, significantly less is known about the epigenetic regulation of M2s. This review highlights the field’s current knowledge of key epigenetic enzymes and their pharmacologic modulators known to influence macrophage polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E de Groot
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kenneth J Pienta
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wilkaniec A, Gąssowska-Dobrowolska M, Strawski M, Adamczyk A, Czapski GA. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 affects early neuroinflammatory signalling in murine model of amyloid beta toxicity. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:1. [PMID: 29301548 PMCID: PMC5753486 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-017-1027-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) belongs to the family of proline-directed serine/threonine kinases and plays a critical role in neuronal differentiation, migration, synaptogenesis, plasticity, neurotransmission and apoptosis. The deregulation of Cdk5 activity was observed in post mortem analysis of brain tissue of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, suggesting the involvement of Cdk5 in the pathomechanism of this neurodegenerative disease. However, our recent study demonstrated the important function of Cdk5 in regulating inflammatory reaction. METHODS Since the role of Cdk5 in regulation of inflammatory signalling in AD is unknown, we investigated the involvement of Cdk5 in neuroinflammation induced by single intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) oligomers in mouse. The brain tissue was analysed up to 35 days post injection. Roscovitine (intraperitoneal administration) was used as a potent Cdk5 inhibitor. The experiments were also performed on human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y as well as mouse BV2 cell lines treated with exogenous oligomeric Aβ. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that single injection of Aβ oligomers induces long-lasting activation of microglia and astrocytes in the hippocampus. We observed also profound, early inflammatory response in the mice hippocampus, leading to the significant elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression (e.g. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6). Moreover, Aβ oligomers elevated the formation of truncated protein p25 in mouse hippocampus and induced overactivation of Cdk5 in neuronal cells. Importantly, administration of roscovitine reduced the inflammatory processes evoked by Aβ in the hippocampus, leading to the significant decrease of cytokines level. CONCLUSIONS These studies clearly show the involvement of Cdk5 in modulation of brain inflammatory response induced by Aβ and may indicate this kinase as a novel target for pharmacological intervention in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska-Dobrowolska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Strawski
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland.
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14
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Cho YC, Kim BR, Le HTT, Cho S. Anti‑inflammatory effects on murine macrophages of ethanol extracts of Lygodium japonicum spores via inhibition of NF‑κB and p38. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4362-4370. [PMID: 29067444 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The spores of Lygodium japonicum (Thunb.) Sw. (L. japonicum) have been used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying their anti‑inflammatory effects have yet to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the anti‑inflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of L. japonicum spores (ELJ) by measuring the production of inflammatory mediators, and explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of ELJ in murine macrophages in vitro using immunoblotting analyses. At non‑cytotoxic concentrations of (50‑300 µg/ml), ELJ was revealed to significantly suppress the production of nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑stimulated murine RAW 264.7 macrophages; ELJ repressed the production of interleukin (IL)‑6 only at high concentrations (≥200 µg/ml). The ELJ‑mediated decrease in NO production was demonstrated to depend on the downregulation of inducible NO synthase mRNA and protein expression. Conversely, the mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase‑2 were not affected by ELJ. In addition, ELJ was revealed to inhibit the mRNA expression of IL‑6, IL‑1β, and TNF‑α in LPS‑stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. The effects of ELJ on proinflammatory mediators may have been due to the stabilization of inhibitor of κBα and the inhibition of p38 mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK). These results suggested that ELJ may suppress LPS‑induced inflammatory responses in murine macrophages in vitro, through the negative regulation of p38 MAPK and nuclear factor (NF)‑κB. Therefore, ELJ may have potential as a novel candidate for the development of therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Chang Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Ba Reum Kim
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hien Thi Thu Le
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayeon Cho
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacological Cell Biology, College of Pharmacy, Chung‑Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
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15
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Chen LL, Zhang HJ, Chao J, Liu JF. Essential oil of Artemisia argyi suppresses inflammatory responses by inhibiting JAK/STATs activation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 204:107-117. [PMID: 28438564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia argyi is a herbal medicine traditionally used in Asia for the treatment of bronchitis, dermatitis and arthritis. Recent studies revealed the anti-inflammatory effect of essential oil in this plant. However, the mechanisms underlying the therapeutic potential have not been well elucidated. The present study is aimed to verify its anti-inflammatory effect and investigate the probable mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS The essential oil from Artemisia argyi (AAEO) was initially tested against LPS-induced production of inflammatory mediators and cytokines in RAW264.7 macrophages. Protein and mRNA expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were determined by Western blotting and RT-PCR analysis, respectively. The effects on the activation of MAPK/NF-κB/AP-1 and JAK/STATs pathway were also investigated by western blot. Meanwhile, in vivo anti-inflammatory effect was examined by histologic and immunohistochemical analysis in TPA-induced mouse ear edema model. RESULTS The results of in vitro experiments showed that AAEO dose-dependently suppressed the release of pro-inflammatory mediators (NO, PGE2 and ROS) and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-β and MCP-1) in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. It down-regulated iNOS and COX-2 protein and mRNA expression but did not affect the activity of these two enzymes. AAEO significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT1/3, but not the activation of MAPK and NF-κB cascades. In animal model, oral administration of AAEO significantly attenuated TPA-induced mouse ear edema and decreased the protein level of COX-2. CONCLUSION AAEO suppresses inflammatory responses via down-regulation of the JAK/STATs signaling and ROS scavenging, which could contribute, at least in part, to the anti-inflammatory effect of AAEO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, PR China.
| | - Hao-Jun Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jung Chao
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resource and Compound Prescription, Ministry of Education, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, PR China
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Sato S, Nakamura F, Hiroshima Y, Nagashima Y, Kato I, Yamashita N, Goshima Y, Endo I. Caerulein-induced pancreatitis augments the expression and phosphorylation of collapsin response mediator protein 4. JOURNAL OF HEPATO-BILIARY-PANCREATIC SCIENCES 2016; 23:422-31. [PMID: 27207309 DOI: 10.1002/jhbp.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pancreatitis is a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Previously, we demonstrated that the pancreatic cancer cells show enhanced expression of collapsin response mediator protein 4 (CRMP4) that strongly correlates with severe venous invasion, liver metastasis, and poor prognosis. However, involvement of CRMP4 in acute or chronic pancreatitis remains unknown. METHODS Acute and chronic pancreatitis mice models were developed by periodic injection of caerulein. The expression levels of CRMP4 and its phosphorylation were examined. RESULTS Elevated CRMP4 levels were observed in the infiltrated lymphocytes as well as in the pancreas parenchyma of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. The expression pattern of phosphorylated CRMP4 was similar to that of CRMP4. Cdk5 partially co-localized with the phosphorylated CRMP4. CONCLUSIONS Pancreatitis induces CRMP4 expression in the pancreas parenchyma and in the infiltrated lymphocytes. Overlapping expression of CRMP4 and Cdk5 may suggest that the Cdk5 is at least, in part, responsible for the phosphorylation of CRMP4. The results suggest that CRMP4 is involved in the inflammatory response in pancreatitis. Understanding the mechanisms of CRMP4 would help us to develop novel therapeutic strategies against acute or chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Sato
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Fumio Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Hiroshima
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Yoji Nagashima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ikuma Kato
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naoya Yamashita
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-9 Fukuura, Kanazawa Ward, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Itaru Endo
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Meijer L, Nelson DJ, Riazanski V, Gabdoulkhakova AG, Hery-Arnaud G, Le Berre R, Loaëc N, Oumata N, Galons H, Nowak E, Gueganton L, Dorothée G, Prochazkova M, Hall B, Kulkarni AB, Gray RD, Rossi AG, Witko-Sarsat V, Norez C, Becq F, Ravel D, Mottier D, Rault G. Modulating Innate and Adaptive Immunity by (R)-Roscovitine: Potential Therapeutic Opportunity in Cystic Fibrosis. J Innate Immun 2016; 8:330-49. [PMID: 26987072 PMCID: PMC4800827 DOI: 10.1159/000444256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(R)-Roscovitine, a pharmacological inhibitor of kinases, is currently in phase II clinical trial as a drug candidate for the treatment of cancers, Cushing's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. We here review the data that support the investigation of (R)-roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF). (R)-Roscovitine displays four independent properties that may favorably combine against CF: (1) it partially protects F508del-CFTR from proteolytic degradation and favors its trafficking to the plasma membrane; (2) by increasing membrane targeting of the TRPC6 ion channel, it rescues acidification in phagolysosomes of CF alveolar macrophages (which show abnormally high pH) and consequently restores their bactericidal activity; (3) its effects on neutrophils (induction of apoptosis), eosinophils (inhibition of degranulation/induction of apoptosis) and lymphocytes (modification of the Th17/Treg balance in favor of the differentiation of anti-inflammatory lymphocytes and reduced production of various interleukins, notably IL-17A) contribute to the resolution of inflammation and restoration of innate immunity, and (4) roscovitine displays analgesic properties in animal pain models. The fact that (R)-roscovitine has undergone extensive preclinical safety/pharmacology studies, and phase I and II clinical trials in cancer patients, encourages its repurposing as a CF drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Meijer
- Centre de Perharidy, ManRos Therapeutics, Roscoff, France
| | - Deborah J. Nelson
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Vladimir Riazanski
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Aida G. Gabdoulkhakova
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill., USA
| | - Geneviève Hery-Arnaud
- Unité de Bactériologie, Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
- EA3882-LUBEM, Université de Brest, UFR de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Brest, France
| | - Rozenn Le Berre
- EA3882-LUBEM, Université de Brest, UFR de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Brest, France
- Département de Médecine Interne et Pneumologie, CHRU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Nadège Loaëc
- Centre de Perharidy, ManRos Therapeutics, Roscoff, France
| | - Nassima Oumata
- Centre de Perharidy, ManRos Therapeutics, Roscoff, France
| | - Hervé Galons
- Unité de Technologies Chimiques et Biologiques pour la Santé, Université Paris Descartes UMR-S 1022 INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Nowak
- Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1412, Brest, France
| | | | - Guillaume Dorothée
- Immune System, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (DHU i2B), CdR Saint-Antoine, INSERM, UMRS 938, Paris, France
- Hôpital Saint-Antoine, CdR Saint-Antoine, UMRS 938, UPMC University Paris 06, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Md., USA
| | - Bradford Hall
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Md., USA
| | - Ashok B. Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Md., USA
| | - Robert D. Gray
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Adriano G. Rossi
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Caroline Norez
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric Becq
- Laboratoire Signalisation et Transports Ioniques Membranaires, CNRS, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | | | - Dominique Mottier
- Hôpital de la Cavale Blanche, CHRU Brest, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, INSERM CIC 1412, Brest, France
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18
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Czapski GA, Gąssowska M, Wilkaniec A, Chalimoniuk M, Strosznajder JB, Adamczyk A. The mechanisms regulating cyclin-dependent kinase 5 in hippocampus during systemic inflammatory response: The effect on inflammatory gene expression. Neurochem Int 2016; 93:103-12. [PMID: 26806339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is critical for nervous system's development and function, and its aberrant activation contributes to pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. It was recently suggested that Cdk5 may participate in regulation of inflammatory signalling. The aim of this study was to analyse the mechanisms involved in regulating Cdk5 activity in the brain during systemic inflammatory response (SIR) as well as the involvement of Cdk5 in controlling the expression of inflammatory genes. Genetic and biochemical alterations in hippocampus were analysed 3 and 12 h after intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide. We observed an increase in both Cdk5 gene expression and protein level. Moreover, phosphorylation of Cdk5 on Ser159 was significantly enhanced. Also transcription of Cdk5-regulatory protein (p35/Cdk5r1) was augmented, and the level of p25, calpain-dependent cleavage product of p35, was increased. All these results demonstrated rapid activation of Cdk5 in the brain during SIR. Hyperactivity of Cdk5 contributed to enhanced phosphorylation of tau and glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Inhibition of Cdk5 with Roscovitine reduced activation of NF-κB and expression of inflammation-related genes, demonstrating the critical role of Cdk5 in regulation of gene transcription during SIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz A Czapski
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Gąssowska
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Wilkaniec
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Chalimoniuk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna B Strosznajder
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agata Adamczyk
- Department of Cellular Signalling, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Sun Y, Li H, Lin Y, Niu L, Wang Q. Integration of poly(3-hexylthiophene) conductive stripe patterns with 3D tubular structures for tissue engineering applications. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
P3HT was self-assembled into large-scale conductive stripe patterns based on confined evaporative self-assembly. These conductive stripe patterns could induce cell alignment and provide spatial electric signals to modulate cellular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Hongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- c/o Engineering Laboratory of Modern Analytical Techniques
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Yuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Li Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry
- c/o Engineering Laboratory of Modern Analytical Techniques
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun
- P. R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Changchun
- P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
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20
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Na YR, Jung D, Gu GJ, Jang AR, Suh YH, Seok SH. The early synthesis of p35 and activation of CDK5 in LPS-stimulated macrophages suppresses interleukin-10 production. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra121. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aab3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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21
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Yaswen P, MacKenzie KL, Keith WN, Hentosh P, Rodier F, Zhu J, Firestone GL, Matheu A, Carnero A, Bilsland A, Sundin T, Honoki K, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Amedei A, Amin A, Helferich B, Boosani CS, Guha G, Ciriolo MR, Chen S, Mohammed SI, Azmi AS, Bhakta D, Halicka D, Niccolai E, Aquilano K, Ashraf SS, Nowsheen S, Yang X. Therapeutic targeting of replicative immortality. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S104-S128. [PMID: 25869441 PMCID: PMC4600408 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of malignant cell populations is the ability to undergo continuous proliferation. This property allows clonal lineages to acquire sequential aberrations that can fuel increasingly autonomous growth, invasiveness, and therapeutic resistance. Innate cellular mechanisms have evolved to regulate replicative potential as a hedge against malignant progression. When activated in the absence of normal terminal differentiation cues, these mechanisms can result in a state of persistent cytostasis. This state, termed “senescence,” can be triggered by intrinsic cellular processes such as telomere dysfunction and oncogene expression, and by exogenous factors such as DNA damaging agents or oxidative environments. Despite differences in upstream signaling, senescence often involves convergent interdependent activation of tumor suppressors p53 and p16/pRB, but can be induced, albeit with reduced sensitivity, when these suppressors are compromised. Doses of conventional genotoxic drugs required to achieve cancer cell senescence are often much lower than doses required to achieve outright cell death. Additional therapies, such as those targeting cyclin dependent kinases or components of the PI3K signaling pathway, may induce senescence specifically in cancer cells by circumventing defects in tumor suppressor pathways or exploiting cancer cells’ heightened requirements for telomerase. Such treatments sufficient to induce cancer cell senescence could provide increased patient survival with fewer and less severe side effects than conventional cytotoxic regimens. This positive aspect is countered by important caveats regarding senescence reversibility, genomic instability, and paracrine effects that may increase heterogeneity and adaptive resistance of surviving cancer cells. Nevertheless, agents that effectively disrupt replicative immortality will likely be valuable components of new combinatorial approaches to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Yaswen
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, United States.
| | - Karen L MacKenzie
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia, Kensington, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | | - Jiyue Zhu
- Washington State University College of Pharmacy, Pullman, WA, United States.
| | | | | | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, HUVR, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Universdad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Amr Amin
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Bill Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | | | - Gunjan Guha
- SASTRA University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Trust, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Asfar S Azmi
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - S Salman Ashraf
- United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates; Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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22
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Ma S, Ma CCH. Recent developments in the effects of nitric oxide-donating statins on cardiovascular disease through regulation of tetrahydrobiopterin and nitric oxide. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 63:63-70. [PMID: 25139660 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the importance of nitric oxide (NO) to the human body three decades ago, numerous laboratory and clinical studies have been done to explore its potential therapeutic actions on many organs. In the cardiovascular system, NO works as a volatile signaling molecule regulating the vascular permeability and vascular tone, preventing thrombosis and inflammation, as well as inhibiting the smooth muscle hyperplasia. Thus, NO is important in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. NO is synthesized by NO synthase (NOS) with tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) as the crucial cofactor. Many studies have been done to form nitric oxide donors so as to deliver NO directly to the vessel walls. In addition, NO moieties have been incorporated into existing therapeutic agents to enhance the NO bioavailability, including statins. Statins are inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme (HMG-CoA), the rate-limiting enzyme of the mevalonate pathway. By inhibiting this pathway, statins lower blood cholesterol and exert their pleiotropic effects through activity in reaction cascades, such as Rho/ROCK and Rac 1/NADPH oxidase pathways. Statins have also been observed to implement their non-lipid effects by promoting BH4 synthesis with increase of NO bioavailability. Furthermore, NO-donating statins in laboratory studies have demonstrated to produce better therapeutic effects than their parent's drugs. They offer better anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and antithrombotic actions on cardiovascular system. They also cause better revascularization in peripheral ischemia and produce greater enhancement in limb reperfusion and salvage. In addition, it has been shown that NO-donating statin caused less myotoxicity, the most common side effect related to treatment with statins. The initial studies have demonstrated the superior therapeutic effects of NO-donating statins while producing fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sze Ma
- Hong Kong Baptist Hospital, Hong Kong; National University Ireland, Ireland; Royal College of Physicians of Ireland, Ireland
| | - Christopher Cheng-Hwa Ma
- NHS Dumfries & Galloway, GMC 7411692, United Kingdom; King's College London School of Medicine, United Kingdom.
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23
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Selective inhibition of CDK7 ameliorates experimental arthritis in mice. Clin Exp Med 2014; 15:269-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10238-014-0305-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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24
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Idowu MA. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases as Drug Targets for Cell Growth and Proliferation Disorders. A Role for Systems Biology Approach in Drug Development. Part II—CDKs as Drug Targets in Hypertrophic Cell Growth. Modelling of Drugs Targeting CDKs. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2014. [DOI: 10.5504/bbeq.2011.0142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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25
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Du J, Li Z, Li QZ, Guan T, Yang Q, Xu H, Pritchard KA, Camara AKS, Shi Y. Enoyl coenzyme a hydratase domain-containing 2, a potential novel regulator of myocardial ischemia injury. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000233. [PMID: 24108764 PMCID: PMC3835224 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background We reported previously that Brown Norway (BN) rats are more resistant to myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury than are Dahl S (SS) rats. To identify the unique genes differentially expressed in the hearts of these rats, we used DNA microarray analysis and observed that enoyl coenzyme A hydratase–containing domain 2 (ECHDC2) is highly expressed (≈18‐fold) in the SS hearts compared with the BN hearts. Methods and Results RT‐PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry analyses verified that ECHDC2 was highly expressed in SS hearts compared with the BN hearts. ECHDC2 gene locates at chromosome 5 of rat and is expressed in mitochondria of the heart, mainly in cardiomyocytes but not in cardiofibroblasts. Overexpression of ECHDC2 in cells increased susceptibility to I/R injury while knockdown of ECHDC2 enhanced resistance to I/R injury. Furthermore, we observed that left anterior descending coronary artery ligation–induced myocardial infarction was more severe in the SS hearts than in the BN hearts or SSBN5 hearts, which was built on SS rats but had the substitution of chromosome 5 from BN rats. We also demonstrated that ECHDC2 did not alter mitochondrial O2 consumption, metabolic intermediates and ATP production. By gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, we found that ECHDC2 overexpression increased the levels of the cellular branched chain amino acids leucine and valine. Conclusion ECHDC2, a mitochondrial protein, may be involved in regulating cell death and myocardial injury. Its deficiency in BN rats contributes to their increased resistance to myocardial I/R compared with SS rats. ECHDC2 increases branched chain amino acid metabolism and appears to be a novel regulator linking cell metabolism with cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Du
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
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26
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Gu Y, Gong Y, Zhang H, Dong X, Zhao T, Burczynski FJ, Wang G, Sun S, Zhu B, Han W, Wang H, Li P. Regulation of transforming growth factor beta 1 gene expression by dihydropteridine reductase in kidney 293T cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2012; 91:187-93. [PMID: 23668792 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2012-0087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinoid dihydropteridine reductase (QDPR) is an enzyme involved in the metabolic pathway of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). BH4 is an essential cofactor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and can catalyze arginine to citrulline to release nitric oxide. Point mutations of QDPR have been found in the renal cortex of spontaneous Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) diabetic rats. However, the role of QDPR in DN is not clear. This study investigates the effects of QDPR overexpression and knockdown on gene expression in the kidney. Rat QDPR cDNA was cloned into pcDNA3.1 vector and transfected in human kidney cells (293T). The expression of NOS, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), Smad3, and NADPH oxidase were examined by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. BH4 was assayed by using ELISA. Expression of QDPR was significantly decreased and TGF-β1 and Smad3 were increased in the renal cortex of diabetic rats. Transfection of QDPR into 293T cells increased the abundance of QDPR in cytoplasm and significantly reduced the expression of TGF-β1, Smad3, and the NADPH oxidases NOX1 and NOX4. Moreover, abundance of neuronal NOS (nNOS) mRNA and BH4 content were significantly increased. Furthermore, inhibition of QDPR resulted in a significant increase in TGF-β1 expression. In conclusion, QDPR might be an important factor mediating diabetic nephropathy through its regulation of TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling and NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Gu
- Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100730, China
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27
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Hoogendijk AJ, Roelofs JJTH, Duitman J, van Lieshout MHP, Blok DC, van der Poll T, Wieland CW. R-roscovitine reduces lung inflammation induced by lipoteichoic acid and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Mol Med 2012; 18:1086-95. [PMID: 22692577 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pneumonia remains associated with high morbidity and mortality. The gram-positive pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an important proinflammatory component of the gram-positive bacterial cell wall. R-roscovitine, a purine analog, is a potent cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)-1, -2, -5 and -7 inhibitor that has the ability to inhibit the cell cycle and to induce polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) apoptosis. We sought to investigate the effect of R-roscovitine on LTA-induced activation of cell lines with relevance for lung inflammation in vitro and on lung inflammation elicited by either LTA or viable S. pneumoniae in vivo. In vitro R-roscovitine enhanced apoptosis in PMNs and reduced tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) production in MH-S (alveolar macrophage) and MLE-12/MLE-15 (respiratory epithelial) cell lines. In vivo R-roscovitine treatment reduced PMN numbers in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid during LTA-induced lung inflammation; this effect was reversed by inhibiting apoptosis. Postponed treatment with R-roscovitine (24 and 72 h) diminished PMN numbers in lung tissue during gram-positive pneumonia; this step was associated with a transient increase in pulmonary bacterial loads. R-roscovitine inhibits proinflammatory responses induced by the gram-positive stimuli LTA and S. pneumoniae. R-roscovitine reduces PMN numbers in lungs upon LTA administration by enhancing apoptosis. The reduction in PMN numbers caused by R-roscovitine during S. pneumoniae pneumonia may hamper antibacterial defense.
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Arif A. Extraneuronal activities and regulatory mechanisms of the atypical cyclin-dependent kinase Cdk5. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 84:985-93. [PMID: 22795893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk5, is an atypical but essential member of the Cdk family of proline-directed serine/threonine kinases with no evident role in cell cycle progression. Cdk5 is present in post-mitotic and terminally differentiated neuronal/glial cells and is also known to arrest cell cycle. Also atypical is the activation of Cdk5 by binding of a non-cyclin activator protein, namely, the Cdk5 regulatory proteins Cdk5R1 (p35), truncated Cdk5R1 (p25), or Cdk5R2 (p39). Despite its ubiquitous presence in all cells and tissues, Cdk5 is often referred to as a neuron-specific kinase largely due to the abundant presence of the activator proteins in neuronal cells. Recently, this concept of a canonical neuronal function of Cdk5 has been extended, if not challenged, by the observation of p35 and p39 expression, as well as Cdk5 activity, in multiple non-neuronal cells. Extraneuronal Cdk5 regulates critical biological processes including transcript-selective translation control for regulation of macrophage gene expression, glucose-inducible insulin secretion, hematopoietic cell differentiation, vascular angiogenesis, cell migration, senescence, and wound-healing, among others. Recent advances in the extraneuronal functions of Cdk5 are reviewed and discussed here in the context of their physiological activities and pathophysiological implications with some speculative comments on the endogenous control mechanisms that might "turn on" Cdk5 activity. The potential importance of targeted inhibition of Cdk5 as therapeutic agents against glucotoxicity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Arif
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Egea J, Martín-de-Saavedra MD, Parada E, Romero A, Del Barrio L, Rosa AO, García AG, López MG. Galantamine elicits neuroprotection by inhibiting iNOS, NADPH oxidase and ROS in hippocampal slices stressed with anoxia/reoxygenation. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1082-90. [PMID: 22085833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 10/25/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Galantamine is a drug currently used to treat Alzheimer's disease (AD); in this group of patients it has been observed that concomitant ischemic brain injury can accelerate their cognitive deficit. We have previously shown that galantamine can afford neuroprotection on in vitro and in vivo models related to brain ischemia. In this context, this study was planned to investigate the intracellular signaling pathways implicated in the protective effect of galantamine on an in vitro brain ischemia-reperfusion model, namely rat hippocampal slices subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation. Galantamine protected hippocampal slices subjected to OGD in a concentration-dependent manner; at 15 μM, cell death was reduced to almost control levels. The neuroprotective effects of galantamine were reverted by mecamylamine and AG490, but not by atropine, indicating that nicotinic receptors and Jak2 participated in this action. Galantamine also prevented p65 translocation into the nucleus induced by OGD; this effect was also linked to nicotinic receptors and Jak2. Furthermore, galantamine reduced iNOS induction and production of NO caused by OGD via Jak2. ROS production by NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation was also inhibited by galantamine. In conclusion, galantamine afforded neuroprotection under OGD-reoxygenation conditions by activating a signaling pathway that involves nicotinic receptors, Jak2 and the consequent inhibition of NOX and NFκB/iNOS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Egea
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain.
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Berberich N, Uhl B, Joore J, Schmerwitz UK, Mayer BA, Reichel CA, Krombach F, Zahler S, Vollmar AM, Fürst R. Roscovitine blocks leukocyte extravasation by inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases 5 and 9. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 163:1086-98. [PMID: 21391976 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01309.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Roscovitine, a cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor that induces tumour cell death, is under evaluation as an anti-cancer drug. By triggering leukocyte apoptosis, roscovitine can also enhance the resolution of inflammation. Beyond death-inducing properties, we tested whether roscovitine affects leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction, a vital step in the onset of inflammation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions were evaluated in venules of mouse cremaster muscle, using intravital microscopy. In primary human endothelial cells, we studied the influence of roscovitine on adhesion molecules and on the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. A cellular kinome array, in vitro CDK profiling and RNAi methods were used to identify targets of roscovitine. KEY RESULTS In vivo, roscovitine attenuated the tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-induced leukocyte adherence to and transmigration through, the endothelium. In vitro, roscovitine strongly inhibited TNF-α-evoked expression of endothelial adhesion molecules (E-selectin, intercellular cell adhesion molecule, vascular cell adhesion molecule). Roscovitine blocked NF-κB-dependent gene transcription, but not the NF-κB activation cascade [inhibitor of κB (IκB) kinase activity, IκB-α degradation, p65 translocation]. Using a cellular kinome array and an in vitro CDK panel, we found that roscovitine inhibited protein kinase A, ribosomal S6 kinase and CDKs 2, 5, 7 and 9. Experiments using kinase inhibitors and siRNA showed that the decreased endothelial activation was due solely to blockade of CDK5 and CDK9 by roscovitine. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our study highlights a novel mode of action for roscovitine, preventing endothelial activation and leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction by inhibition of CDK5 and 9. This might expand its usage as a promising anti-inflammatory compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Berberich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
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31
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Erguven M, Bilir A, Yazihan N, Korkmaz S, Aktas E, Ovalioglu C, Dundar T, Seyithanoglu H. Imatinib mesylate decreases the cytotoxic effect of roscovitine on human glioblastoma cells in vitro and the role of midkine. Oncol Lett 2011; 3:200-208. [PMID: 22740881 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2011.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to overcome resistance to imatinib (IM) by combining it with roscovitine (ROSC) and to investigate whether or not midkine (MK) had an effect on this combination in the treatment of glioblastoma (GBL). Human T98 GBL cells were used to evaluate the effects of IM (10 μM), ROSC (200 μM) and their combination on the cell proliferation index, apoptotic index, the apoptotic protein and anti-apoptotic protein levels, and ultrastructure. All applications decreased the cell proliferation index and increased the apoptotic index, but ROSC was the most efficient drug and the second most efficient drug was IM. Notably, ROSC increased anti-apoptotic proteins levels (PDGFR-α, AQP-4, hTERT), COX-1 activity and ribosome numbers. The effects of ROSC on hTERT, MK, AQP-4 and MRP-1 levels and COX-1 activity were reported for the first time. ROSC induced the highest increase in caspase-3 levels. Autophagy was not involved in the activity of ROSC in GBL spheroids. The combination of IM with ROSC showed an antagonist effect in the treatment of human GBL cells. The combination group decreased certain anti-apoptotic protein levels (PDGFR-α, EGFR, p-gp, MRP-1 and MK), cAMP levels, COX-1 activity and apoptotic protein levels (caspase-3). However, it induced the highest increase in hTERT levels and COX-2 activity. Ribosome numbers were much lower than those in the ROSC group and no autophagic vacuole was observed. In conclusion, more investigations are required to identify the key regulatory components that are responsible for this antagonism; however, the determination of this combination therapy as a failure therapy may be precautionary for oncologists in the treatment of GBL patients and potentially may contribute to the efficacy of new therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mine Erguven
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Yeni Yüzyıl University, Istanbul
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Contreras-Vallejos E, Utreras E, Gonzalez-Billault C. Going out of the brain: non-nervous system physiological and pathological functions of Cdk5. Cell Signal 2011; 24:44-52. [PMID: 21924349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) is a proline-directed serine/threonine kinase that is mostly active in the nervous system, where it regulates several processes such as neuronal migration, actin and microtubule dynamics, axonal guidance, and synaptic plasticity, among other processes. In addition to these known functions, in the past few years, novel roles for Cdk5 outside of the nervous system have been proposed. These include roles in gene transcription, vesicular transport, apoptosis, cell adhesion, and migration in many cell types and tissues such as pancreatic cells, muscle cells, neutrophils, and others. In this review, we will summarize the recently studied non-neuronal functions of Cdk5, with a thorough analysis of the biological consequences of these novel roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Contreras-Vallejos
- Department of Biology and Institute for Cell Dynamics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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Teng RJ, Du J, Xu H, Bakhutashvili I, Eis A, Shi Y, Pritchard KA, Konduri GG. Sepiapterin improves angiogenesis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells with in utero pulmonary hypertension by recoupling endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L334-45. [PMID: 21622842 PMCID: PMC3174740 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00316.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is associated with decreased blood vessel density that contributes to increased pulmonary vascular resistance. Previous studies showed that uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) activity and increased NADPH oxidase activity resulted in marked decreases in NO bioavailability and impaired angiogenesis in PPHN. In the present study, we hypothesize that loss of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4), a critical cofactor for eNOS, induces uncoupled eNOS activity and impairs angiogenesis in PPHN. Pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC) isolated from fetal lambs with PPHN (HTFL-PAEC) or control lambs (NFL-PAEC) were used to investigate the cellular mechanisms impairing angiogenesis in PPHN. Cellular mechanisms were examined with respect to BH4 levels, GTP-cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH-1) expression, eNOS dimer formation, and eNOS-heat shock protein 90 (hsp90) interactions under basal conditions and after sepiapterin (Sep) supplementation. Cellular levels of BH4, GCH-1 expression, and eNOS dimer formation were decreased in HTFL-PAEC compared with NFL-PAEC. Sep supplementation decreased apoptosis and increased in vitro angiogenesis in HTFL-PAEC and ex vivo pulmonary artery sprouting angiogenesis. Sep also increased cellular BH4 content, NO production, eNOS dimer formation, and eNOS-hsp90 association and decreased the superoxide formation in HTFL-PAEC. These data demonstrate that Sep improves NO production and angiogenic potential of HTFL-PAEC by recoupling eNOS activity. Increasing BH4 levels via Sep supplementation may be an important therapy for improving eNOS function and restoring angiogenesis in PPHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru-Jeng Teng
- Division of Neonatology, Dept. of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Suite C410, Children Corporate Center, 999N 92nd St., Wauwatosa, WI 53226, USA.
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Twice switched at birth: cell cycle-independent roles of the "neuron-specific" cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in non-neuronal cells. Cell Signal 2011; 23:1698-707. [PMID: 21741478 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5 or initially NCLK for neuronal CDC2-like kinase) was switched twice at its birth nearly twenty years ago: first it was thought to be cyclin-dependent, second it was assumed to be primarily of importance in neuronal cells-both turned out not to be the case. In this review we want to discuss issues of pharmacological inhibition, to highlight the versatile roles, and to summarize the growing evidence for the functional importance of Cdk5 in non-neuronal tissues, such as blood cells, tumor cells, epithelial cells, the vascular endothelium, testis, adipose and endocrine tissues. The organizing principles we follow are apoptosis/cell death, migration/motility, aspects of inflammation, and, finally, secretion/metabolism.
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Chang CH, Peng HY, Wu HC, Lai CY, Hsieh MC, Lin TB. Cyclophosphamide induces NR2B phosphorylation-dependent facilitation on spinal reflex potentiation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 300:F692-9. [PMID: 21106858 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00531.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-established that cyclophosphamide (CYP) can sensitize the pelvic afferent nerve arising from the urinary bladder and therefore induce suprapubic pain. To test the possibility that CYP might mediate the development of visceral hypereflexia/hyperalgesia by facilitating spinal activity-dependent neural plasticity, we compared the pelvic-urethra reflex activity and spinal N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR2B subunit (NR2B) phosphorylation in rats treated with vehicle solution and CYP. Compared with vehicle solution, when accompanied by upregulation of phosphorylated NR2B expression in the lumbosacral (L6–S2) dorsal horn, CYP increased the evoked spikes in spinal reflex potentiation induced by repetitive stimulation (1 stimulation/1 s). Moreover, intraperitoneal pretreatments with NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester and roscovitine, nitric oxide synthase and cyclin-dependent protein kinase 5 (Cdk5) antagonists, respectively, overwrote CYP-enhanced reflex potentiation and NR2B phosphorylation. When compared with the untreated group, the treatment with small-interfering RNA of NR2B, which decreased the expression of NR2B expression, abolished CYP-dependent reflex facilitation and spinal NR2B phosphorylation. These results suggested that CYP might facilitate spinal reflex potentiation mediated by N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and participate in the development of visceral hypereflexia/hyperalgesia through nitric oxide- and Cdk5-dependent NR2B phosphorylation at the lumbosacral dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hsien-Yu Peng
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital and
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
| | - Hsi-Chin Wu
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital and
| | - Cheng-Yuan Lai
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung; and
| | - Ming-Chun Hsieh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung; and
| | - Tzer-Bin Lin
- Department of Urology, China Medical University Hospital and
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Electronics and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Jung HJ, Nam KN, Son MS, Kang H, Hong JW, Kim JW, Lee EH. Indirubin-3'-oxime inhibits inflammatory activation of rat brain microglia. Neurosci Lett 2010; 487:139-43. [PMID: 20946938 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2010] [Revised: 09/24/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells play critical roles in the immune and inflammatory responses of the brain. Under pathological conditions, the activation of microglia helps to restore brain homeostasis. However, chronic microglial activation endangers neuronal survival through the release of various proinflammatory and neurotoxic factors. As such, regulators of microglial activation have been considered as potential therapeutic candidates to reduce the risk of neurodegeneration associated with neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and, Parkinson's diseases. Indirubin-3'-oxime, a potent inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases and glycogen synthase kinase-3β, has been shown to have neuroprotective potential. The specific aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of indirubin-3'-oxime in the repression of microglial activation. Indirubin-3'-oxime was shown to effectively inhibit lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide release from cultured rat brain microglia. This compound reduced the LPS-stimulated productions of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, prostaglandin E(2), and intracellular reactive oxygen species and also effectively reduced LPS-elicited NF-κB activation. In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures, indirubin-3'-oxime blocked LPS-related hippocampal cell death. These results suggest that indirubin-3'-oxime provides neuroprotection by reducing the productions of various neurotoxic molecules in activated microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon-Ji Jung
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 446-701, Republic of Korea
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Support Palliat Care 2010; 4:111-20. [DOI: 10.1097/spc.0b013e32833a1dfc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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An J, Du J, Wei N, Xu H, Pritchard KA, Shi Y. Role of tetrahydrobiopterin in resistance to myocardial ischemia in Brown Norway and Dahl S rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1783-91. [PMID: 19717731 PMCID: PMC2781371 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00364.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously we showed that Brown Norway (BN/Mcw) rats are more resistant to myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury than Dahl S (SS/Mcw) rats due to increased nitric oxide (x NO) generation secondary to increased heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) association with endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3). Here we determined whether increased resistance to I/R injury in BN/Mcw hearts is also related to tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) and GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH-1), the rate-limiting enzyme for BH(4) synthesis. We observed that BH(4) supplementation via sepiapterin (SP) and inhibition of GCH-1 via 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine (DAHP) differentially modulate cardioprotection and that SP alters the association of HSP90 with NOS3. BH(4) levels were significantly higher and 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH(2)) levels were significantly lower in BN/Mcw than in SS/Mcw hearts. The BH(4)-to-BH(2) ratio in BN/Mcw was more than two times that in SS/Mcw hearts. After I/R, BH(4) decreased and BH(2) increased in hearts from both strains compared with their preischemia levels. However, the increase in BH(2) in SS/Mcw hearts was significantly higher than in BN/Mcw hearts. Real-time PCR revealed that BN/Mcw hearts contained more GCH-1 transcripts than SS/Mcw hearts. SP increased recovery of left ventricular developed pressure (rLVDP) following I/R as well as decreased superoxide (O(2)(x-)) and increased x NO in SS/Mcw hearts but not in BN/Mcw hearts. DAHP decreased rLVDP as well as increased O(2)(x-) and decreased x NO in BN/Mcw hearts compared with controls but not in SS/Mcw hearts. SP increased the association of HSP90 with NOS3. These data indicate that BH(4) mediates resistance to I/R by acting as a cofactor and enhancing HSP90-NOS3 association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong An
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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