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Ross JT, Robles AJ, Mazer MB, Studer AC, Remy KE, Callcut RA. Cell-Free Hemoglobin in the Pathophysiology of Trauma: A Scoping Review. Crit Care Explor 2024; 6:e1052. [PMID: 38352942 PMCID: PMC10863949 DOI: 10.1097/cce.0000000000001052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) is a potent mediator of endothelial dysfunction, organ injury, coagulopathy, and immunomodulation in hemolysis. These mechanisms have been demonstrated in patients with sepsis, hemoglobinopathies, and those receiving transfusions. However, less is known about the role of CFH in the pathophysiology of trauma, despite the release of equivalent levels of free hemoglobin. DATA SOURCES Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection, and BIOSIS Previews were searched up to January 21, 2023, using key terms related to free hemoglobin and trauma. DATA EXTRACTION Two independent reviewers selected studies focused on hemolysis in trauma patients, hemoglobin breakdown products, hemoglobin-mediated injury in trauma, transfusion, sepsis, or therapeutics. DATA SYNTHESIS Data from the selected studies and their references were synthesized into a narrative review. CONCLUSIONS Free hemoglobin likely plays a role in endothelial dysfunction, organ injury, coagulopathy, and immune dysfunction in polytrauma. This is a compelling area of investigation as multiple existing therapeutics effectively block these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Ross
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
- The Blood, Heart, Lung, and Immunology Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
| | - Anamaria J Robles
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Monty B Mazer
- The Blood, Heart, Lung, and Immunology Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH
| | - Amy C Studer
- Blaisdell Medical Library, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
| | - Kenneth E Remy
- The Blood, Heart, Lung, and Immunology Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Cleveland, Cleveland, OH
- Division of Pulmonary Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH
| | - Rachael A Callcut
- Department of Surgery, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA
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Smiianov VV, Fartushok TV, Fedevych YM, Fartushok NV. New view on the compatibility of hemoglobin function in the erythrocytes. WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE (WARSAW, POLAND : 1960) 2024; 77:9-16. [PMID: 38431801 DOI: 10.36740/wlek202401101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim: To study the process of hemoglobin oxidation and the enzymatic reactions associated with it. PATIENTS AND METHODS Materials and Methods: Heparinized human blood (15 IU/ml) was obtained from the clinical department. The concentration of oxy- and methemoglobin, auto-oxidation of hemoglobin was determined spectrophotometrically spectrophotometrically. Autooxidation of hemoglobin was recorded spectrophotometrically, and protein concentration was determined by the Lowry method. Monooxygenase activity of hemoglobin was also measured by the method described by Lowry spectrophotometrically. The concentration of O2 and H2O2 in the reaction media was determined on a biomicroanalyzer OR 210/3 (Redelkis). RESULTS Results: The obtained experimental data allow us to propose a mechanism of "spontaneous autooxidation" of oxyhemoglobin, which can be described by the following equations: Hb2+O2 → Hb3+ + O2 - (1) Hb2+O2 + 2e - + 2H+ →Hb3+ + H2O2 (2) Hb2+O2 + 2e - + 2H+ →Hb2+ + H2O2 (3) Hb2+ + O2 →Hb2+O2 (4) Spectral characteristics of the process of "spontaneous auto-oxidation" indicate the formation of a metform of hemoglobin, the depletion of oxygen by the system was established, at pH 5.6, an increase in the monooxygenase activity of hemoglobin is observed 3-4 times compared to the physiological level. CONCLUSION Сonclusions: In addition to the main, previously known functions of hemoglobin (gas transport, peroxidase, monooxygenase), it catalyzes a two-electron oxidase reaction in which O2 is reduced to H2O2. This is confirmed by experimental data on the formation of one of the products of "spontaneous autoxidation" of oxyhemoglobin _ deoxyform at pH 5.6 _ 8.9.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuri M Fedevych
- DANYLO HALYTSKY LVIV NATIONAL MEDICAL UNIVERSITY, LVIV UKRAINE
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Bejoy J, Farry JM, Qian ES, Dearing CH, Ware LB, Bastarache JA, Woodard LE. Ascorbate protects human kidney organoids from damage induced by cell-free hemoglobin. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm050342. [PMID: 37942584 PMCID: PMC10695115 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury is associated with high morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) is released into the circulation of patients with severe sepsis and the levels of CFH are independently associated with mortality. CFH treatment increased cytotoxicity in the human tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. To better model the intact kidney, we cultured human kidney organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells. We treated human kidney organoids grown using both three-dimensional and transwell protocols with CFH for 48 h. We found evidence for increased tubular toxicity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial fragmentation, endothelial cell injury and injury-associated transcripts compared to those of the untreated control group. To evaluate the protective effect of clinically available small molecules, we co-treated CFH-injured organoids with ascorbate (vitamin C) or acetaminophen for 48 h. We found significantly decreased toxicity, preservation of endothelial cells and reduced mitochondrial fragmentation in the group receiving ascorbate following CFH treatment. This study provides direct evidence that ascorbate or ascorbic acid protects human kidney cells from CFH-induced damage such as that in sepsis-associated acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bejoy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Justin M. Farry
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eddie S. Qian
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Curtis H. Dearing
- Vanderbilt Experimental Research Training Inclusion Community Engagement Skills (VERTICES) program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Lorraine B. Ware
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Julie A. Bastarache
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Lauren E. Woodard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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4
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Suzuki Y, Taguchi K, Okamoto W, Enoki Y, Komatsu T, Matsumoto K. Pharmaceutical stability of methemoglobin-albumin cluster as an antidote for hydrogen sulfide poisoning after one-year storage in freeze-dried form. Int J Pharm 2023; 645:123433. [PMID: 37739098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Long-term stability during storage is an important requirement for pharmaceutical preparations. The methemoglobin (metHb)-albumin cluster, in which bovine metHb is covalently enveloped with an average of three human albumin molecules, is a promising antidote for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) poisoning. In this study, we investigated the pharmaceutical stability of metHb-albumin cluster after storage for one year in solution and as freeze-dried powder. The lyophilized powder of metHb-albumin cluster stored for one year was readily reconstituted in sterile water for injection, yielding a homogeneous brown solution. Physicochemical measurements revealed that the overall structure of the metHb-albumin cluster was still maintained after preservation. Results of the pharmacological study showed that 100 % of the H2S-poisoned mice survived after treatment with the reconstituted solution of metHb-albumin cluster powder. Furthermore, the solution did not cause any toxic reactions. The antidotal efficacy of metHb-albumin cluster for H2S poisoning was preserved in freeze-dried powder form for at least one year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Taguchi
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
| | - Wataru Okamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yuki Enoki
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Komatsu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsumoto
- Division of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
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5
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Wang H, Cheng Q, Bao L, Li M, Chang K, Yi X. Cytoprotective Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Cancer Chemoresistance: Focus on Antioxidant, Antiapoptotic, and Pro-Autophagy Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1217. [PMID: 37371947 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance remains the foremost challenge in cancer therapy. Targeting reactive oxygen species (ROS) manipulation is a promising strategy in cancer treatment since tumor cells present high levels of intracellular ROS, which makes them more vulnerable to further ROS elevation than normal cells. Nevertheless, dynamic redox evolution and adaptation of tumor cells are capable of counteracting therapy-induced oxidative stress, which leads to chemoresistance. Hence, exploring the cytoprotective mechanisms of tumor cells is urgently needed to overcome chemoresistance. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation, acts as a crucial antioxidant defense and cytoprotective molecule in response to cellular stress. Recently, emerging evidence indicated that ROS detoxification and oxidative stress tolerance owing to the antioxidant function of HO-1 contribute to chemoresistance in various cancers. Enhanced HO-1 expression or enzymatic activity was revealed to promote apoptosis resistance and activate protective autophagy, which also involved in the development of chemoresistance. Moreover, inhibition of HO-1 in multiple cancers was identified to reversing chemoresistance or improving chemosensitivity. Here, we summarize the most recent advances regarding the antioxidant, antiapoptotic, and pro-autophagy properties of HO-1 in mediating chemoresistance, highlighting HO-1 as a novel target for overcoming chemoresistance and improving the prognosis of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Lingjie Bao
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Mingqing Li
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Kaikai Chang
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xiaofang Yi
- Department of Gynecology, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
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6
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Rong LQ, Di Franco A, Rahouma M, Dimagli A, Chan J, Lopes AJ, Kim J, Sanna T, Devereux RB, Delgado V, Weinsaft JW, Crea F, Alexander JH, Gillinov M, DiMaio JM, Pryor KO, Girardi L, Gaudino M. Postoperative pericardial effusion, pericardiotomy, and atrial fibrillation: An explanatory analysis of the PALACS trial. Am Heart J 2023; 260:113-123. [PMID: 36934978 PMCID: PMC10164079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Posterior left pericardiotomy for the prevention of atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery (PALACS) trial, posterior pericardiotomy was associated with a significant reduction in postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiac surgery. We aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying this effect. METHODS We included PALACS patients with available echocardiographic data (n = 387/420, 92%). We tested the hypotheses that the reduction in POAF with the intervention was associated with 1) a reduction in postoperative pericardial effusion and/or 2) an effect on left atrial size and function. Spline and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used. RESULTS Most patients (n = 307, 79%) had postoperative pericardial effusions (anterior 68%, postero-lateral 51.9%). The incidence of postero-lateral effusion was significantly lower in patients undergoing pericardiotomy (37% vs 67%; P < .001). The median size of anterior effusion was comparable between patients with and without POAF (5.0 [IQR 3.0-7.0] vs 5.0 [IQR 3.0-7.5] mm; P = .42), but there was a nonsignificant trend towards larger postero-lateral effusion in the POAF group (5.0 [IQR 3.0-9.0] vs 4.0 [IQR 3.0-6.4] mm; P = .06). There was a non-linear association between postero-lateral effusion and POAF at a cut-off at 10 mm (OR 2.70; 95% CI 1.13, 6.47; P = .03) that was confirmed in multivariable analysis (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.17, 10.58; P = 0.02). Left atrial dimension and function did not change significantly after posterior pericardiotomy. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in postero-lateral pericardial effusion is a plausible mechanism for the effect of posterior pericardiotomy in reducing POAF. Measures to reduce postoperative pericardial effusion are a promising approach to prevent POAF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Q Rong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Antonino Di Franco
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mohamed Rahouma
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Arnaldo Dimagli
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - June Chan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Cardiology/Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Tommaso Sanna
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Victoria Delgado
- Department of Cardiology, Heart and Lung Center, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Cardiology, Heart Institute, Hospital University Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Filippo Crea
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Sciences, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - John H Alexander
- Duke Clinical Research Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Marc Gillinov
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Heart and Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - John Michael DiMaio
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Baylor Scott & White The Heart Hospital, Plano, TX
| | - Kane O Pryor
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Leonard Girardi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Mario Gaudino
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY.
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7
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Conger AK, Tomasek T, Riedmann KJ, Douglas JS, Berkey LE, Ware LB, Bastarache JA, Meegan JE. Hemoglobin increases leukocyte adhesion and initiates lung microvascular endothelial activation via Toll-like receptor 4 signaling. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C665-C673. [PMID: 36717098 PMCID: PMC9970650 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00211.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cell-free hemoglobin is a pathophysiological driver of endothelial injury during sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), but the precise mechanisms are not fully understood. We hypothesized that hemoglobin (Hb) increases leukocyte adhesion and endothelial activation in human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HLMVEC). We stimulated primary HLMVEC, or leukocytes isolated from healthy human donors, with Hb (0.5 mg/mL) and found that leukocyte adhesion to lung endothelium in response to Hb is an endothelial-dependent process. Next, we stimulated HLMVEC with Hb over time (1, 3, 6, and 24 h) and found increased transcription and release of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6). In addition, Hb exposure variably upregulated transcription, total protein expression, and cell-surface localization of adhesion molecules E-selectin, P-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). Since VCAM-1 was most upregulated by Hb, we further tested mechanisms for Hb-mediated upregulation of VCAM-1 in HLMVEC. Although upregulation of VCAM-1 was not prevented by hemoglobin scavenger haptoglobin, heme scavenger hemopexin, or inhibition of nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) signaling, blocking Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) with small molecule inhibitor TAK-242 (1 µM) prevented upregulation of VCAM-1 in response to Hb. Consistently, Hb increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), which were both prevented by TLR4 inhibition. Together, these data demonstrate that Hb increases leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and activates HLMVEC through TLR4 signaling, indicating a potential mechanism for Hb-mediated pulmonary vascular injury during inflammatory and hemolytic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne K Conger
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Toria Tomasek
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kyle J Riedmann
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Joel S Douglas
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Lucia E Berkey
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Julie A Bastarache
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jamie E Meegan
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
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8
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Salgar S, Bolívar BE, Flanagan JM, Anum SJ, Bouchier-Hayes L. The NLRP3 inflammasome fires up heme-induced inflammation in hemolytic conditions. Transl Res 2023; 252:34-44. [PMID: 36041706 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Overactive inflammatory responses are central to the pathophysiology of many hemolytic conditions including sickle cell disease. Excessive hemolysis leads to elevated serum levels of heme due to saturation of heme scavenging mechanisms. Extracellular heme has been shown to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome, leading to activation of caspase-1 and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18. Heme also activates the non-canonical inflammasome pathway, which may contribute to NLRP3 inflammasome formation and leads to pyroptosis, a type of inflammatory cell death. Some clinical studies indicate there is a benefit to blocking the NLRP3 inflammasome pathway in patients with sickle cell disease and other hemolytic conditions. However, a thorough understanding of the mechanisms of heme-induced inflammasome activation is needed to fully leverage this pathway for clinical benefit. This review will explore the mechanisms of heme-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation and the role of this pathway in hemolytic conditions including sickle cell disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suruchi Salgar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Texas
| | - Beatriz E Bolívar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jonathan M Flanagan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Texas
| | - Shaniqua J Anum
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Texas
| | - Lisa Bouchier-Hayes
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; Texas Children's Hospital William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Houston, Texas; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
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9
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Jaffey JA, Wycislo KL. Inflammatory phenotype, clinicopathologic variables, and effects of long-term methylene blue in dogs with hereditary methemoglobinemia caused by cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.22.09.0155. [PMID: 36638001 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.22.09.0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether dogs with cytochrome b5 reductase (CYB5R) deficiency have a constitutive proinflammatory phenotype, characterize hematologic and serum chemistry results, and describe changes in methemoglobin (MetHb) levels and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations after long-term per os (PO) methylene blue (MB) therapy. ANIMALS 21 client-owned dogs (CYB5R deficient, n = 10; healthy controls, 11). PROCEDURES In this prospective, case-control study, methemoglobin levels were measured using a blood gas analyzer with co-oximetry. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentrations were measured using a canine-specific multiplex bead-based assay. Serum CRP concentrations were measured with a canine-specific commercial ELISA kit. Serum CRP concentration and MetHb levels were measured in 6 dogs with CYB5R deficiency after ≥ 60 days of PO MB therapy. RESULTS As expected, MetHb levels were higher in dogs with CYB5R deficiency compared to controls (P < .001). Plasma TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and serum CRP concentrations were no different between CYB5R-deficient and control dogs. Dogs with CYB5R deficiency had lower absolute lymphocyte (P = .005) and eosinophil counts (P = .04) and higher alanine transaminase (P = .04) and alkaline phosphatase activity (P = .02) than controls, but these changes were not clinically relevant. Methemoglobin levels decreased after PO MB therapy (P = .03). CLINICAL RELEVANCE These results suggest that otherwise healthy dogs with CYB5R deficiency do not have a constitutive proinflammatory phenotype and clinically relevant abnormalities in hematologic and serum chemistry panels are not expected. Dogs with decreased quality of life attributed to methemoglobinemia from CYB5R deficiency might benefit from PO MB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared A Jaffey
- Department of Specialty Medicine, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ
| | - Kathryn L Wycislo
- Department of Pathology, Midwestern University College of Veterinary Medicine, Glendale, AZ
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10
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Lu Z, Tang M, Zhang M, Li Y, Shi F, Zhan F, Zhao L, Li J, Lin L, Qin Z. Hemeprotein amplifies the innate immune receptors of Ctenopharyngodon idellus kidney cells through NF-κB- and MAPK-dependent reactive oxygen species generation. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104207. [PMID: 34273355 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bacterial and viral diseases that cause hemolysis are considered life-threatening to grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus), which is a species used in aquaculture worldwide. After heme and hemeproteins (Hb) are released as a result of hemolysis, the effect of excess Hb and heme on tissues remains to be characterized. To decipher the mechanisms, after incubation with Hb, we showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Hb, and heme increased the cytotoxicity and secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in vitro, which was due to stimulation of the expression of innate immune receptors, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD2), toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR 4, and TLR3. The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB were important for increasing the cytokine production to induce heme, Hb, and LPS. Moreover, we confirmed that after LPS, Hb, and heme challenge, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) synthetase (GSS) also caused remarkable destruction. However, catalase (CAT) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were strongly activated. In summary, our research findings present a framework through which heme and Hb concentrations amplify the secretions of inflammatory cytokines, which are induced by pattern recognition receptor (PRR) activation and present possible paths for immune intervention during infection with viral diseases and hemolytic bacterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Meizhen Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Menglan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fanbin Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China; School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, USA
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
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11
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Sharma H, Bose A, Sachdeva R, Malik M, Kumar U, Pal R. Haemoglobin drives inflammation and initiates antigen spread and nephritis in lupus. Immunology 2021; 165:122-140. [PMID: 34549818 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemoglobin (Hb) has well-documented inflammatory effects and is normally efficiently scavenged; clearance mechanisms can be overwhelmed during erythrocyte lysis. Whether Hb is preferentially inflammatory in lupus and triggers broad anti-self responses was assessed. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from SLE patients secreted higher levels of lupus-associated inflammatory cytokines when incubated with human Hb than did PBMCs derived from healthy donors, an effect negated by haptoglobin. Ferric murine Hb triggered the preferential release of lupus-associated cytokines from splenocytes, B cells, CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells isolated from ageing, lupus-prone NZM2410 mice, and also had mitogenic effects on B cells. Pull-downs, followed by mass spectrometry, revealed interactions of Hb with several lupus-associated autoantigens; co-incubation of ferric Hb with apoptotic blebs (structures that contain packaged autoantigens) revealed synergies-in terms of cytokine release and autoantibody production in vitro-that were also restricted to the lupus genotype. Murine ferric Hb activated multiple signalling pathways and, in combination with apoptotic blebs, preferentially triggered MAP kinase signalling specifically in splenocytes isolated from lupus-prone mice. Infusion of murine ferric Hb into lupus-prone mice led to enhanced release of lupus-associated cytokines, the generation of a spectrum of autoantibodies and enhanced-onset glomerulosclerosis. Given that the biased recognition of ferric Hb in a lupus milieu, possibly in concert with lupus-associated autoantigens, triggers inflammatory responses and the generation of lupus-associated cytokines, and also stimulates the generation of potentially pathogenic lupus-associated autoantibodies, neutralization of Hb could have beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hritika Sharma
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Bose
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Sachdeva
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Monika Malik
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Uma Kumar
- Department of Rheumatology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Pal
- Immunoendocrinology Lab, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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12
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Meegan JE, Bastarache JA, Ware LB. Toxic effects of cell-free hemoglobin on the microvascular endothelium: implications for pulmonary and nonpulmonary organ dysfunction. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 321:L429-L439. [PMID: 34009034 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00018.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Levels of circulating cell-free hemoglobin are elevated during hemolytic and inflammatory diseases and contribute to organ dysfunction and severity of illness. Though several studies have investigated the contribution of hemoglobin to tissue injury, the precise signaling mechanisms of hemoglobin-mediated endothelial dysfunction in the lung and other organs are not yet completely understood. The purpose of this review is to highlight the knowledge gained thus far and the need for further investigation regarding hemoglobin-mediated endothelial inflammation and injury to develop novel therapeutic strategies targeting the damaging effects of cell-free hemoglobin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie E Meegan
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Julie A Bastarache
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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13
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Allen A, Perera S, Mettananda S, Rodrigo R, Perera L, Darshana T, Moggach F, Jackson Crawford A, Heirene L, Fisher C, Olivieri N, Rees D, Premawardhena A, Allen S. Oxidative status in the β-thalassemia syndromes in Sri Lanka; a cross-sectional survey. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 166:337-347. [PMID: 33677065 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the β-thalassemias, oxidative stress, resulting from chronic hemolysis, globin chain imbalance, iron overload and depleted antioxidant defences, likely contributes to cell death, organ damage, anemia, hypoxia and inflammation. We assessed variations in these parameters in β-thalassemia syndromes in Sri Lanka. Between November 2017 and June 2018, we assessed children and adults attending two thalassemia centres in Sri Lanka: 59 patients with HbE β-thalassemia, 50 β-thalassemia major, 40 β-thalassemia intermedia and 13 HbS β-thalassemia. Median age was 26.0 years (IQR 15.3-38.8), 101 (62.3%) were female and 152 (93.8%) of Sinhalese ethnicity. Methemoglobin, plasma hemoglobin, heme and ferritin were measured as sources of oxidants; plasma total antioxidant capacity, haptoglobin, hemopexin and vitamins C and E assessed antioxidant status; plasma thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine assessed oxidative damage; hemoglobin, plasma erythropoietin and transferrin receptor assessed anemia and hypoxia and plasma interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein assessed inflammation. Fruit and vegetable intake was determined by dietary recall. Physical fitness was investigated using the 6-min walk test and measurement of handgrip strength. Oxidant sources were frequently increased and antioxidants depleted, with consequent oxidative damage, anemia, hypoxia and inflammation. Biomarkers were generally most abnormal in HbE β-thalassemia and least abnormal in β-thalassemia intermedia but also varied markedly between individuals with the same thalassemia syndrome. Oxidative stress and damage were also more severe in splenectomized patients and/or those receiving iron chelation therapy. Less than 15% of patients ate fresh fruits or raw vegetables frequently, and plasma vitamins C and E were deficient in 132/160 (82.5%) and 140/160 (87.5%) patients respectively. Overall, physical fitness was poor in all syndromes and was likely due to anemic hypoxia. Studies of antioxidant supplements to improve outcomes in patients with thalassemia should consider individual patient variation in oxidative status both between and within the thalassemia syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Allen
- Department of Molecular Haematology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Shiromi Perera
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Sachith Mettananda
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Rexan Rodrigo
- Thalassemia Care Unit, North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka
| | - Lakshman Perera
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Thamal Darshana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | - Fiona Moggach
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Macewen Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Castle Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Anthony Jackson Crawford
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Grange University Hospital, Llanyravon, Cwmbran, Gwent, UK
| | - Lesley Heirene
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Aneurin Bevan University Health Board, Grange University Hospital, Llanyravon, Cwmbran, Gwent, UK
| | - Christopher Fisher
- Department of Molecular Haematology, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Nancy Olivieri
- Professor of Pediatrics, Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - David Rees
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Anuja Premawardhena
- Thalassemia Care Unit, North Colombo Teaching Hospital, Ragama, Sri Lanka; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Stephen Allen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
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14
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The Role of Methemoglobin and Carboxyhemoglobin in COVID-19: A Review. J Clin Med 2020; 10:jcm10010050. [PMID: 33375707 PMCID: PMC7795966 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the outbreak of a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) associated with pneumonia in China (Corona Virus Disease 2019, COVID-19) at the end of 2019, the world is currently facing a global pandemic of infections with SARS-CoV-2 and cases of COVID-19. Since severely ill patients often show elevated methemoglobin (MetHb) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentrations in their blood as a marker of disease severity, we aimed to summarize the currently available published study results (case reports and cross-sectional studies) on MetHb and COHb concentrations in the blood of COVID-19 patients. To this end, a systematic literature research was performed. For the case of MetHb, seven publications were identified (five case reports and two cross-sectional studies), and for the case of COHb, three studies were found (two cross-sectional studies and one case report). The findings reported in the publications show that an increase in MetHb and COHb can happen in COVID-19 patients, especially in critically ill ones, and that MetHb and COHb can increase to dangerously high levels during the course of the disease in some patients. The medications given to the patient and the patient’s glucose-6-phospate dehydrogenase (G6PD) status seem to be important factors determining the severity of the methemoglobinemia and carboxyhemoglobinemia. Therefore, G6PD status should be determined before medications such as hydroxychloroquine are administered. In conclusion, MetHb and COHb can be elevated in COVID-19 patients and should be checked routinely in order to provide adequate medical treatment as well as to avoid misinterpretation of fingertip pulse oximetry readings, which can be inaccurate and unreliable in case of elevated MetHb and COHb levels in the blood.
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15
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Bozza MT, Jeney V. Pro-inflammatory Actions of Heme and Other Hemoglobin-Derived DAMPs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1323. [PMID: 32695110 PMCID: PMC7339442 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous molecules originate from damaged cells and tissues with the ability to trigger and/or modify innate immune responses. Upon hemolysis hemoglobin (Hb) is released from red blood cells (RBCs) to the circulation and give a rise to the production of different Hb redox states and heme which can act as DAMPs. Heme is the best characterized Hb-derived DAMP that targets different immune and non-immune cells. Heme is a chemoattractant, activates the complement system, modulates host defense mechanisms through the activation of innate immune receptors and the heme oxygenase-1/ferritin system, and induces innate immune memory. The contribution of oxidized Hb forms is much less studied, but some evidence show that these species might play distinct roles in intravascular hemolysis-associated pathologies independently of heme release. This review aims to summarize our current knowledge about the formation and pro-inflammatory actions of heme and other Hb-derived DAMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo T Bozza
- Laboratório de Inflamação e Imunidade, Departamento de Imunologia, Universidade Federal Do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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16
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P38 MAPK and Nrf2 Activation Mediated Naked Gold Nanoparticle Induced Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Rat Aortic Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. Arch Med Res 2020; 51:388-396. [PMID: 32409143 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) is mainly regulated by the redox-sensitive transcription factor, namely nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). We previously found a physically-made gold nanoparticle (GNP) can affect migration, adhesion, and proliferation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This study was sought to investigate whether the GNP can affect HO-1 expression level in VSMCs. METHODS Cellular fractionation, Western blotting, and immunofluorescence microscopy were used to determine Nrf2 translocation and phosphorylation. SiRNA interference was used to examine role of Nrf2 in GNP-induced HO-1 expression. RESULTS The GNP concentration- and time-dependently enhanced HO-1 protein and mRNA expression; however, the mRNA induction was declined after 16 h treatment. The GNP treatment caused Nrf2 expression level and phosphorylation. In addition, it induced cytosolic Nrf2 translocation into nucleus. The HO-1 induction was inhibited by a ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine (NAC), thiol-containing antioxidants (glutathione [GSH] and dithiothreitol [DTT]), JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors, and nuclear transport inhibitor leptomycin. Meanwhile, the GNP-induced Nrf2 translocation (activation) was also reduced by NAC, JNK and p38 MAPK inhibitors, and nuclear transport inhibitor. Intriguingly, the GNP only enhanced activation of p38 MAPK but not JNK1/2. Finally, introduction of Nrf2 siRNA to cells to knockdown Nrf2 expression significantly inhibited GNP-induced HO-1 protein expression. CONCLUSIONS This study elucidates the action mechanism that the naked physically-made GNP can enhance HO-1 expression in rat aortic VSMCs by inducing Nrf2 expression and phosphorylation and translocation into nucleus. The Nrf2 activation is mediated through a redox-related reaction and p38 MAPK activation.
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17
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Erdei J, Tóth A, Nagy A, Nyakundi BB, Fejes Z, Nagy B, Novák L, Bognár L, Balogh E, Paragh G, Kappelmayer J, Bácsi A, Jeney V. The Role of Hemoglobin Oxidation Products in Triggering Inflammatory Response Upon Intraventricular Hemorrhage in Premature Infants. Front Immunol 2020; 11:228. [PMID: 32210955 PMCID: PMC7069470 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a frequent complication of prematurity that is associated with high neonatal mortality and morbidity. IVH is accompanied by red blood cell (RBC) lysis, hemoglobin (Hb) oxidation, and sterile inflammation. Here we investigated whether extracellular Hb, metHb, ferrylHb, and heme contribute to the inflammatory response after IVH. We collected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (n = 20) from premature infants with grade III IVH at different time points after the onset of IVH. Levels of Hb, metHb, total heme, and free heme were the highest in CSF samples obtained between days 0 and 20 after the onset of IVH and were mostly non-detectable in CSF collected between days 41 and 60 of post-IVH. Besides Hb monomers, we detected cross-linked Hb dimers and tetramers in post-IVH CSF samples obtained in days 0–20 and 21–40, but only Hb tetramers were present in CSF samples obtained after 41–60 days. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) levels were higher in CSF samples obtained between days 0 and 20 than in CSF collected between days 41 and 60 of post-IVH. Concentrations of VCAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), and IL-8 strongly correlated with total heme levels in CSF. Applying the identified heme sources on human brain microvascular endothelial cells revealed that Hb oxidation products and free heme contribute to the inflammatory response. We concluded that RBC lysis, Hb oxidation, and heme release are important components of the inflammatory response in IVH. Pharmacological interventions targeting cell-free Hb, Hb oxidation products, and free heme could have potential to limit the neuroinflammatory response following IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Erdei
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tóth
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Nagy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Benard Bogonko Nyakundi
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Molecular Cell and Immune Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Fejes
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Béla Nagy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Novák
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Bognár
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Enikö Balogh
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Paragh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - János Kappelmayer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Bácsi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Viktória Jeney
- MTA-DE Lendület Vascular Pathophysiology Research Group, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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18
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Rubio-Navarro A, Vázquez-Carballo C, Guerrero-Hue M, García-Caballero C, Herencia C, Gutiérrez E, Yuste C, Sevillano Á, Praga M, Egea J, Cannata P, Cortegano I, de Andrés B, Gaspar ML, Cadenas S, Michalska P, León R, Ortiz A, Egido J, Moreno JA. Nrf2 Plays a Protective Role Against Intravascular Hemolysis-Mediated Acute Kidney Injury. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:740. [PMID: 31333462 PMCID: PMC6619398 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Massive intravascular hemolysis is associated with acute kidney injury (AKI). Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) plays a central role in the defense against oxidative stress by activating the expression of antioxidant proteins. We investigated the role of Nrf2 in intravascular hemolysis and whether Nrf2 activation protected against hemoglobin (Hb)/heme-mediated renal damage in vivo and in vitro. We observed renal Nrf2 activation in human hemolysis and in an experimental model of intravascular hemolysis promoted by phenylhydrazine intraperitoneal injection. In wild-type mice, Hb/heme released from intravascular hemolysis promoted AKI, resulting in decreased renal function, enhanced expression of tubular injury markers (KIM-1 and NGAL), oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER), and cell death. These features were more severe in Nrf2-deficient mice, which showed decreased expression of Nrf2-related antioxidant enzymes, including heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) and ferritin. Nrf2 activation with sulforaphane protected against Hb toxicity in mice and cultured tubular epithelial cells, ameliorating renal function and kidney injury and reducing cell stress and death. Nrf2 genotype or sulforaphane treatment did not influence the severity of hemolysis. In conclusion, our study identifies Nrf2 as a key molecule involved in protection against renal damage associated with hemolysis and opens novel therapeutic approaches to prevent renal damage in patients with severe hemolytic crisis. These findings provide new insights into novel aspects of Hb-mediated renal toxicity and may have important therapeutic implications for intravascular hemolysis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Rubio-Navarro
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Vázquez-Carballo
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Melania Guerrero-Hue
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina García-Caballero
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Herencia
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudia Yuste
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Sevillano
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Praga
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Egea
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain.,Hospital Santa Cristina, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Cannata
- Pathology Department, Fundación Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Cortegano
- Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiologìa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén de Andrés
- Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiologìa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Gaspar
- Immunology Department, Centro Nacional de Microbiologìa, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Cadenas
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patrycja Michalska
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael León
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Egido
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Antonio Moreno
- Renal, Vascular and Diabetes Research Lab, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autónoma University, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
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19
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St-Onge S, Perrault LP, Demers P, Boyle EM, Gillinov AM, Cox J, Melby S. Pericardial Blood as a Trigger for Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Cardiac Surgery. Ann Thorac Surg 2018; 105:321-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Wan Y, Zhang S, Li L, Chen H, Zhou R. Characterization of a novel streptococcal heme-binding protein SntA and its interaction with host antioxidant protein AOP2. Microb Pathog 2017; 111:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Jain S, Bose A, Bastia B, Sharma H, Sachdeva R, Jain AK, Pal R. Oxidized Hemoglobin Is Antigenic and Immunogenic in Lupus. Front Immunol 2017; 8:732. [PMID: 28694810 PMCID: PMC5483465 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemolysis-associated anemia is characteristic of diseases such as atherosclerosis, lupus, malaria, and leishmaniasis; the toxic effects of free hemoglobin (Hb) have been extensively described. This study was based on the premise that release of this sequestered, inflammatory molecule can result in deleterious immunological consequences, particularly in the context of pre-existing lupus. IgG anti-Hb responses were detected in the sera of lupus patients. Lupus-prone mice exhibited heightened plasma Hb levels, and ferric (Fe3+) Hb triggered preferential release of lupus-associated cytokines from splenocytes derived from aging lupus-prone mice. Anti-Hb B cell precursor frequencies were heightened in such mice, which also expressed increased titers of anti-Hb antibodies in serum and in kidney eluates. Fe3+ Hb preferentially increased the functional maturation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) from lupus-prone mice, effects abrogated upon the inhibition of Stat3. Hb interacted with lupus-associated autoantigens extruded during apoptosis and coincubation of Hb and apoptotic blebs had additional maturation-inducing effects on lupus BMDCs. Immunization with Hb in lupus-prone mice induced antigen spreading to lupus-associated moieties; Hb-interacting autoantigens were preferentially targeted and increased complement deposition and glomerulosclerosis were observed. Hb therefore demonstrates both antigenicity and immunogenicity and triggers specific immuno-pathological effects in a lupus milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jain
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Bose
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Banajit Bastia
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Pathology-ICMR, New Delhi, India
| | - Hritika Sharma
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Ruchi Sachdeva
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - Arun K Jain
- Division of Electron Microscopy, National Institute of Pathology-ICMR, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Pal
- Immunoendocrinology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
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Wang T, Weinbaum S, Weinstein AM. Regulation of glomerulotubular balance: flow-activated proximal tubule function. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:643-654. [PMID: 28271233 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize our knowledge and understanding of the physiological importance and the mechanisms underlying flow-activated proximal tubule transport. Since the earliest micropuncture studies of mammalian proximal tubule, it has been recognized that tubular flow is an important regulator of sodium, potassium, and acid-base transport in the kidney. Increased fluid flow stimulates Na+ and HCO3- absorption in the proximal tubule via stimulation of Na/H-exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3) and H+-ATPase. In the proximal tubule, brush border microvilli are the major flow sensors, which experience changes in hydrodynamic drag and bending moment as luminal flow velocity changes and which transmit the force of altered flow to cytoskeletal structures within the cell. The signal to NHE3 depends upon the integrity of the actin cytoskeleton; the signal to the H+-ATPase depends upon microtubules. We have demonstrated that alterations in fluid drag impact tubule function by modulating ion transporter availability within the brush border membrane of the proximal tubule. Beyond that, there is evidence that transporter activity within the peritubular membrane is also modulated by luminal flow. Secondary messengers that regulate the flow-mediated tubule function have also been delineated. Dopamine blunts the responsiveness of proximal tubule transporters to changes in luminal flow velocity, while a DA1 antagonist increases flow sensitivity of solute reabsorption. IP3 receptor-mediated intracellular Ca2+ signaling is critical to transduction of microvillus drag. In this review, we summarize our findings of the regulatory mechanism of flow-mediated Na+ and HCO3- transport in the proximal tubule and review available information about flow sensing and regulatory mechanism of glomerulotubular balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
| | - Sheldon Weinbaum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alan M Weinstein
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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Leucine-enriched essential amino acids attenuate inflammation in rat muscle and enhance muscle repair after eccentric contraction. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2145-55. [PMID: 27168073 PMCID: PMC4989025 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2240-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric exercise results in prolonged muscle damage that may lead to muscle dysfunction. Although inflammation is essential to recover from muscle damage, excessive inflammation may also induce secondary damage, and should thus be suppressed. In this study, we investigated the effect of leucine-enriched essential amino acids on muscle inflammation and recovery after eccentric contraction. These amino acids are known to stimulate muscle protein synthesis via mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which, is also considered to alleviate inflammation. Five sets of 10 eccentric contractions were induced by electrical stimulation in the tibialis anterior muscle of male SpragueDawley rats (8–9 weeks old) under anesthesia. Animals received a 1 g/kg dose of a mixture containing 40 % leucine and 60 % other essential amino acids or distilled water once a day throughout the experiment. Muscle dysfunction was assessed based on isometric dorsiflexion torque, while inflammation was evaluated by histochemistry. Gene expression of inflammatory cytokines and myogenic regulatory factors was also measured. We found that leucine-enriched essential amino acids restored full muscle function within 14 days, at which point rats treated with distilled water had not fully recovered. Indeed, muscle function was stronger 3 days after eccentric contraction in rats treated with amino acids than in those treated with distilled water. The amino acid mix also alleviated expression of interleukin-6 and impeded infiltration of inflammatory cells into muscle, but did not suppress expression of myogenic regulatory factors. These results suggest that leucine-enriched amino acids accelerate recovery from muscle damage by preventing excessive inflammation.
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Shaver CM, Upchurch CP, Janz DR, Grove BS, Putz ND, Wickersham NE, Dikalov SI, Ware LB, Bastarache JA. Cell-free hemoglobin: a novel mediator of acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L532-41. [PMID: 26773065 PMCID: PMC4796260 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00155.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) have elevated levels of cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) in the air space, but the contribution of CFH to the pathogenesis of acute lung injury is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that levels of CFH in the air space correlate with measures of alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction in humans with ARDS (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and in mice with ventilator-induced acute lung injury (r = 0.89, P < 0.001). To investigate the specific contribution of CFH to ARDS, we studied the impact of purified CFH in the mouse lung and on cultured mouse lung epithelial (MLE-12) cells. Intratracheal delivery of CFH in mice causes acute lung injury with air space inflammation and alveolar-capillary barrier disruption. Similarly, in MLE-12 cells, CFH increases proinflammatory cytokine expression and increases paracellular permeability as measured by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing. Next, to determine whether these effects are mediated by the iron-containing heme moiety of CFH, we treated mice with intratracheal hemin, the chloride salt of heme, and found that hemin was sufficient to increase alveolar permeability but failed to induce proinflammatory cytokine expression or epithelial cell injury. Together, these data identify CFH in the air space as a previously unrecognized driver of lung epithelial injury in human and experimental ARDS and suggest that CFH and hemin may contribute to ARDS through different mechanisms. Interventions targeting CFH and heme in the air space could provide a new therapeutic approach for ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara M Shaver
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cameron P Upchurch
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David R Janz
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Louisiana State University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Brandon S Grove
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nathan D Putz
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Nancy E Wickersham
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sergey I Dikalov
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; and
| | - Lorraine B Ware
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee; Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Julie A Bastarache
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee;
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Lai TH, Shieh JM, Tsou CJ, Wu WB. Gold nanoparticles induce heme oxygenase-1 expression through Nrf2 activation and Bach1 export in human vascular endothelial cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:5925-39. [PMID: 26445536 PMCID: PMC4590552 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s88514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that increased levels and activity of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein ameliorate tissue injuries. In the present study, we investigated the effects and mechanisms of action of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on HO-1 protein expression in human vascular endothelial cells (ECs). The AuNPs induced HO-1 protein and mRNA expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The induction was reduced by the thiol-containing antioxidants, including N-acetylcysteine and glutathione, but not by the non-thiol-containing antioxidants and inhibitors that block the enzymes for intracellular reactive oxygen species generation. The AuNPs enhanced Nrf2 protein levels but did not affect Nrf2 mRNA expression. In response to the AuNP treatment, the cytosolic Nrf2 translocated to the nucleus, and, concomitantly, Bach1 exited the nucleus and its tyrosine phosphorylation increased. The chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that the translocated Nrf2 bound to the antioxidant-response element located in the E2 enhancer region of the HO-1 gene promoter and acted as a transcription factor. Although N-acetylcysteine inhibited the AuNP-induced Nrf2 nuclear translocation, the AuNPs did not promote intracellular reactive oxygen species production or endoplasmic reticulum stress in the ECs. Knockdown of Nrf2 expression by RNA interference significantly inhibited AuNP-induced HO-1 expression at the protein and mRNA levels. In summary, AuNPs enhance the levels and nuclear translocation of the Nrf2 protein and Bach1 export/tyrosine phosphorylation, leading to Nrf2 binding to the HO-1 E2 enhancer promoter region to drive HO-1 expression in ECs. This study, together with our parallel findings, demonstrates that AuNPs can act as an HO-1 inducer, which may partially contribute to their anti-inflammatory bioactivity in human vascular ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsuan Lai
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan ; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ; Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan ; Department of Recreation and Healthcare Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Jen Tsou
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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26
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Modulation by miR-29b of intestinal epithelium homoeostasis through the repression of menin translation. Biochem J 2015; 465:315-23. [PMID: 25317587 DOI: 10.1042/bj20141028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Menin regulates distinct cellular functions by regulating gene transcription through its interaction with partner transcription factors, but the exact mechanisms that control menin levels remain largely unknown. In the present study we report that Men1 mRNA, encoding menin, is a novel target of miR-29b and that miR-29b/Men1 mRNA association regulates menin expression post-transcriptionally in rat intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Overexpression of a miR-29b precursor lowered the levels of Men1 mRNA modestly, but reduced new synthesis of menin robustly; conversely, antagonism of miR-29b enhanced menin protein synthesis and steady-state levels. The repressive effect of miR-29b on menin expression was mediated through a single binding site in the coding region of Men1 mRNA, because point mutation of this site prevented miR-29b-induced repression of menin translation. Increasing cellular polyamines due to overexpression of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) enhanced menin translation by reducing miR-29b, whereas polyamine depletion by inhibiting ODC increased it, thus suppressing menin expression. Moreover, an increase in menin abundance in an miR-29b-silenced population of IECs led to increased sensitivity to apoptosis, which was prevented by silencing menin. These findings indicate that miR-29b represses translation of Men1 mRNA, in turn affecting intestinal epithelial homoeostasis by altering IEC apoptosis.
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Gaucher C, Domingues-Hamdi É, Prin-Mathieu C, Menu P, Baudin-Creuza V. Interaction of recombinant octameric hemoglobin with endothelial cells. C R Biol 2015; 338:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rifkind JM, Mohanty JG, Nagababu E. The pathophysiology of extracellular hemoglobin associated with enhanced oxidative reactions. Front Physiol 2015; 5:500. [PMID: 25642190 PMCID: PMC4294139 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemoglobin (Hb) continuously undergoes autoxidation producing superoxide which dismutates into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and is a potential source for subsequent oxidative reactions. Autoxidation is most pronounced under hypoxic conditions in the microcirculation and for unstable dimers formed at reduced Hb concentrations. In the red blood cell (RBC), oxidative reactions are inhibited by an extensive antioxidant system. For extracellular Hb, whether from hemolysis of RBCs and/or the infusion of Hb-based blood substitutes, the oxidative reactions are not completely neutralized by the available antioxidant system. Un-neutralized H2O2 oxidizes ferrous and ferric Hbs to Fe(IV)-ferrylHb and OxyferrylHb, respectively. FerrylHb further reacts with H2O2 producing heme degradation products and free iron. OxyferrylHb, in addition to Fe(IV) contains a free radical that can undergo additional oxidative reactions. Fe(III)Hb produced during Hb autoxidation also readily releases heme, an additional source for oxidative stress. These oxidation products are a potential source for oxidative reactions in the plasma, but to a greater extent when the lower molecular weight Hb dimers are taken up into cells and tissues. Heme and oxyferryl have been shown to have a proinflammatory effect further increasing their potential for oxidative stress. These oxidative reactions contribute to a number of pathological situations including atherosclerosis, kidney malfunction, sickle cell disease, and malaria. The toxic effects of extracellular Hb are of particular concern with hemolytic anemia where there is an increase in hemolysis. Hemolysis is further exacerbated in various diseases and their treatments. Blood transfusions are required whenever there is an appreciable decrease in RBCs due to hemolysis or blood loss. It is, therefore, essential that the transfused blood, whether stored RBCs or the blood obtained by an Autologous Blood Recovery System from the patient, do not further increase extracellular Hb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Rifkind
- Molecular Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joy G Mohanty
- Molecular Dynamics Section, Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Enika Nagababu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions Baltimore, MD, USA
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Gram M, Sveinsdottir S, Cinthio M, Sveinsdottir K, Hansson SR, Mörgelin M, Åkerström B, Ley D. Extracellular hemoglobin - mediator of inflammation and cell death in the choroid plexus following preterm intraventricular hemorrhage. J Neuroinflammation 2014; 11:200. [PMID: 25441622 PMCID: PMC4269927 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-014-0200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) with post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilatation (PHVD) is a major cause of neurodevelopmental impairment and mortality in preterm infants. The mechanisms leading to PHVD and brain damage remain largely unknown. The choroid plexus and the ependyma, which constitute an essential part of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), are the first structures to encounter the damaging effects of extravasated blood. The breakdown of the BBB is a critical upstream event leading to brain damage following IVH. In this study we investigated the impact of hemorrhage and hemoglobin (Hb) metabolites on the choroid plexus epithelium. METHODS Using a preterm rabbit pup model of IVH, the structural and functional integrity, cellular, inflammatory and oxidative response of the choroid plexus, at 24 and 72 hours following IVH + PHVD, were investigated. In order to further characterize cellular and molecular mechanisms, primary human choroid plexus epithelial cells were exposed to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from preterm infants with IVH as well as to Hb-metabolites. Finally, the blocking effects of the Hb-scavenger haptoglobin (Hp) were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Following IVH + PHVD, an up-regulation of mRNA for the receptor-related genes TLR-4, IL1R1, FAS, the transcription factor NF-Κβ and for the pro-inflammatory and chemotactic effector molecules, IL-1β, TNFα, MCP-1, IL-8, and IL-6 was observed in the choroid plexus at 24 and 72 hours. This was associated with structural disintegration, caspase activation and cell death in the choroid plexus epithelium. In vitro characterization of choroid plexus epithelial cells, following exposure to hemorrhagic CSF and to the Hb-metabolites metHb and heme, displayed apoptotic and necrotic cell death and an up-regulation of receptor-related and inflammatory effector molecules similar to that observed in vivo following IVH + PHVD. Intraventricular injection of the Hb-scavenger Hp in vivo and co-incubation with Hp in vitro reversed or reduced the cellular activation, inflammatory response, structural damage and cell death. CONCLUSION Hb-metabolites are important causal initiators of cell death following IVH and removal or scavenging of Hb-metabolites may present an efficient means to reduce the damage to the immature brain following IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Gram
- Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden. .,Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden.
| | | | - Magnus Cinthio
- Department of Electrical Measurements, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden.
| | | | - Stefan R Hansson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden.
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden.
| | - Bo Åkerström
- Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden.
| | - David Ley
- Department of Pediatrics, Lund University, Lund, S-221 84, Sweden.
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Alagebrium (ALT-711) improves the anti-hypertensive efficacy of nifedipine in diabetic-hypertensive rats. Hypertens Res 2014; 37:901-7. [PMID: 24965174 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Combining drugs with complementary mechanisms of action may contribute to improved hypertension control in diabetic patients. Advanced glycation end-product (AGE) breakers, a new class of candidate drugs targeting aging-related cardiovascular dysfunction, may be useful as novel adjuvant agents to improve the efficacy of diabetic hypertension (DH) treatment. This study evaluated the effects of alagebrium (ALT-711), an AGE breaker, combined with nifedipine, a Ca(2+) channel blocker, in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced DH. Compared with monotherapy, combination treatment significantly decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, increased the pulse pressure, and decreased the coefficient of variation of the systolic blood pressure. Plasma biochemistry indicated that the concentrations of prostacyclin and nitric oxide were increased. Gene expression analysis showed significantly decreased prepro-endothelin-1expression in the aorta. These results reveal that alagebrium significantly improves the anti-hypertensive actions of nifedipine in a rat model of DH and suggest its potential use in the successful control of clinical DH.
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Lisk C, Kominsky D, Ehrentraut S, Bonaventura J, Nuss R, Hassell K, Nozik-Grayck E, Irwin DC. Hemoglobin-induced endothelial cell permeability is controlled, in part, via a myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88-dependent signaling mechanism. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:619-26. [PMID: 23713977 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0440oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of hemoglobin (Hb) with hemolysis causes vascular dysfunction. New evidence implicates Hb-induced NF-κB and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) activation, which may be under the control of a Toll-like receptor (TLR)-signaling pathway. Nearly all TLR-signaling pathways activate the myeloid differentiation primary response gene-88 (MyD88) that regulates NF-κB. We hypothesized that the differing transition states of Hb influence endothelial cell permeability via NF-κB activation and HIF regulation through a MyD88-dependent pathway. In cultured human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs-1), we examined the effects of Hb in the ferrous (HbFe(2+)), ferric (HbFe(3+)), and ferryl (HbFe(4+)) transition states on NF-κB and HIF activity, HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA up-regulation, and monolayer permeability, in the presence or absence of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB, or HIF inhibition, as well as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. Our data showed that cell-free Hb, in each transition state, induced NF-κB and HIF activity, up-regulated HIF-1α and HIF-2α mRNA, and increased HMEC-1 permeability. The blockade of either MyD88 or NF-κB, but not TLR4, attenuated Hb-induced HIF activity, the up-regulation HIF-1 and HIF-2α mRNA, and HMEC-1 permeability. The inhibition of HIF activity exerted less of an effect on Hb-induced monolayer permeability. Moreover, SOD and catalase attenuated NF-κB, HIF activity, and monolayer permeability. Our results demonstrate that Hb-induced NF-κB and HIF are regulated by two mechanisms, either MyD88 activation or Hb transition state-induced ROS formation, that influence HMEC-1 permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lisk
- 1 Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Group, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine
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32
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Hong S, Jung Y, Yen R, Chan HF, Leong KW, Truskey GA, Zhao X. Magnetoactive sponges for dynamic control of microfluidic flow patterns in microphysiological systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:514-521. [PMID: 24310854 PMCID: PMC3906214 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51076j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed a microfluidic flow-control system capable of dynamically generating various flow patterns on demand. The flow-control system is based on novel magnetoactive sponges embedded in microfluidic flow channels. Applying a non-uniform magnetic field compresses the magnetoactive sponge, significantly reducing porosity and hydraulic conductivity. Tuning the applied magnetic field can dynamically vary the flow rate in the microfluidic channel. Pulsatile and physiological flow patterns with frequency between 1 and 3 Hz, flow rates between 0.5 and 10 μL min(-1) and duration over 3 weeks have been achieved. Smooth muscle cells in engineered blood vessels perfused for 7 days aligned perpendicular to the flow direction under pulsatile but not steady flow, similar to the in vivo orientation. Owing to its various advantages over traditional flow-control methods, the new system potentially has important applications in microfluidic-based microphysiological systems to simulate the physiological nature of blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Hong
- Soft Active Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - Youngmee Jung
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
- Korean Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Korea
| | - Ringo Yen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - Hon Fai Chan
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - Kam W Leong
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - George A Truskey
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Soft Active Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA
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Abstract
Eugénie-Raphaëlle Bérubé has obtained a Bachelor of Science in Biochemistry from Université du Québec à Montréal. She previously worked at the St-Lawrence Center of Environment, Canada, conducting biomarker analysis to measure the impact of contaminants on aquatic species. She has been working in the bioanalysis industry for the past 8 years at Algorithme Pharma, a CRO located in Laval, Canada, becoming a scientist in bioanalytical method development for the quantitation of pharmaceuticals in biological fluids. The presence of hemolyzed plasma samples can negatively impact preclinical and clinical sample analysis. During the method development of morphine, post-extracted instability issues were encountered in human hemolyzed plasma when compared with nonhemolyzed plasma (called normal plasma for simplicity). Investigation revealed that the presence of methemoglobin using a high pH reconstitution solution led to degradation of morphine over time. The degradation probably results from radical oxidation of the ionized phenolic group promoted by the presence of methemoglobin. Pseudomorphine, the product of oxidative dimerization of morphine, was observed as one of the degradation products in hemolyzed plasma. This hypothesis was extended to raloxifene, another phenol-containing compound. On the other hand, no instability was detected for drug products bearing a masked phenol group or carboxylic acid functionality. The issue of morphine instability was resolved by using a reconstitution solution at a pH below the pKa of the phenol moiety.
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Mumby S, Ramakrishnan L, Evans TW, Griffiths MJD, Quinlan GJ. Methemoglobin-induced signaling and chemokine responses in human alveolar epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L88-100. [PMID: 24142518 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00066.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is characterized by the presence of red blood cells and free hemoglobin in the alveoli and complicates a number of serious medical and surgical lung conditions including the pulmonary vasculitides and acute respiratory distress syndrome. In this study we investigated the hypothesis that exposure of human alveolar epithelial cells to hemoglobin and its breakdown products regulates chemokine release via iron- and oxidant-mediated activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. Methemoglobin alone stimulated the release of IL-8 and MCP-1 from A549 cells via activation of the NF-κB pathway; additionally, IL-8 required ERK activation and MCP-1 required JNK activation. Neither antioxidants nor iron chelators and knockdown of ferritin heavy and light chains affected these responses, indicating that iron and reactive oxygen species are not involved in the response of alveolar epithelial cells to methemoglobin. Incubation of primary cultures of human alveolar type 2 cells with methemoglobin resulted in a similar pattern of chemokine release and signaling pathway activation. In summary, we have shown for the first time that methemoglobin induced chemokine release from human lung epithelial cells independent of iron- and redox-mediated signaling involving the activation of the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Decompartmentalization of hemoglobin may be a significant proinflammatory stimulus in a variety of lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Mumby
- Unit of Critical Care, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust Hospital, Sydney St., London SW3 6NP, UK.
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Gram M, Sveinsdottir S, Ruscher K, Hansson SR, Cinthio M, Akerström B, Ley D. Hemoglobin induces inflammation after preterm intraventricular hemorrhage by methemoglobin formation. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:100. [PMID: 23915174 PMCID: PMC3750409 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is a major cause of severe neurodevelopmental impairment in preterm infants. To date, no therapy is available that prevents infants from developing serious neurological disability following IVH. Thus, to develop treatment strategies for IVH, it is essential to characterize the initial sequence of molecular events that leads to brain damage. In this study, we investigated extracellular hemoglobin (Hb) as a causal initiator of inflammation in preterm IVH. Methods Using a preterm rabbit pup model, we investigated the molecular mechanisms and events following IVH. We also characterized the concentrations of cell-free Hb metabolites and pro-inflammatory mediators in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of preterm human infants and rabbit pups. Finally, Hb metabolites were evaluated as causal initiators of inflammation in primary rabbit astrocyte cell cultures. Results Following IVH in preterm rabbit pups, the intraventricular CSF concentration of cell-free methemoglobin (metHb) increased from 24 to 72 hours and was strongly correlated with the concentration of TNFα at 72 hours (r2 = 0.896, P <0.001). Also, the mRNA expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and Toll-like receptor-4 and TNFα protein levels were significantly increased in periventricular tissue at 72 hours, which was accompanied by extensive astrocyte activation (that is, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)staining). Furthermore, exposure of primary rabbit astrocyte cell cultures to metHb caused a dose-dependent increase in TNFα mRNA and protein levels, which was not observed following exposure to oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) or hemin. Finally, a positive correlation (r2 = 0.237, P <0.03) between metHb and TNFα concentrations was observed in the CSF of preterm human infants following IVH. Conclusions Following preterm IVH, increased metHb formation in the intraventricular space induces expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Thus, the formation of metHb might be a crucial initial event in the development of brain damage following preterm IVH. Accordingly, removal, scavenging, or neutralization of Hb could present a therapeutic opportunity and plausible approach to decreasing the damage in the immature brain following preterm IVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Gram
- Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, S-221 84 Lund, Sweden.
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Balaji SN, Trivedi V. Extracellular methemoglobin primes red blood cell aggregation in malaria: an in vitro mechanistic study. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:350-7. [PMID: 23313944 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2012] [Revised: 12/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxic byproducts from infected RBC cause rheological alteration and RBC aggregation. Malaria culture supernatant has the ability to exhibit RBC aggregation. Ammonium sulfate fractionation and immunodepletion of methemoglobin from culture supernatant confirms methemoglobin as a major aggregant. In vitro treatment of RBC with methemoglobin induces irreversible high order RBC aggregates, resistant to shear stress and physical forces. Methemoglobin-mediated ROS generation in the external micro-environment to develop oxidative stress close to RBC membrane seems to be responsible for initiating and forming high order RBC aggregates through phosphatidyl-serine externalization. Removal of oxidative stress through antioxidant treatment abolishes high order RBC aggregate formation. In conclusion, we discovered a novel pathway of methemoglobin-mediated RBC aggregation and its potential role in patho-physiological effects during malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Balaji
- Malaria Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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Methemoglobinemia and ascorbate deficiency in hemoglobin E β thalassemia: metabolic and clinical implications. Blood 2012; 120:2939-44. [PMID: 22885163 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During investigations of the phenotypic diversity of hemoglobin (Hb) E β thalassemia, a patient was encountered with persistently high levels of methemoglobin associated with a left-shift in the oxygen dissociation curve, profound ascorbate deficiency, and clinical features of scurvy; these abnormalities were corrected by treatment with vitamin C. Studies of erythropoietin production before and after treatment suggested that, as in an ascorbate-deficient murine model, the human hypoxia induction factor pathway is not totally dependent on ascorbate levels. A follow-up study of 45 patients with HbE β thalassemia showed that methemoglobin levels were significantly increased and that there was also a significant reduction in plasma ascorbate levels. Haptoglobin levels were significantly reduced, and the high frequency of the 2.2 haptoglobin genotype may place an additional pressure on ascorbate as a free-radical scavenger in this population. There was, in addition, a highly significant correlation between methemoglobin levels, splenectomy, and factors that modify the degree of globin-chain imbalance. Because methemoglobin levels are modified by several mechanisms and may play a role in both adaptation to anemia and vascular damage, there is a strong case for its further study in other forms of thalassemia and sickle-cell anemia, particularly when splenic function is defective.
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Perry MM, Hui CK, Whiteman M, Wood ME, Adcock I, Kirkham P, Michaeloudes C, Chung KF. Hydrogen sulfide inhibits proliferation and release of IL-8 from human airway smooth muscle cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2011; 45:746-52. [PMID: 21297080 PMCID: PMC3577139 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2010-0304oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is synthesized intracellularly by the enzymes cystathionine-γ-lyase and cystathionine-β-synthase (CBS), and is proposed to be a gasotransmitter with effects in modulating inflammation and cellular proliferation. We determined a role of H(2)S in airway smooth muscle (ASM) function. ASM were removed from resection or transplant donor lungs and were placed in culture. Proliferation of ASM was induced by FCS and the proinflammatory cytokine, IL-1β. Proliferation of ASM and IL-8 release were measured by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and ELISA, respectively. Exposure of ASM to H(2)S "donors" inhibited this proliferation and IL-8 release. Methemoglobin, a scavenger of endogenous H(2)S, increased DNA synthesis induced by FCS and IL-1β. In addition, methemoglobin increased IL-8 release induced by FCS, but not by IL-1β, indicating a role for endogenous H(2)S in these systems. Inhibition of CBS, but not cystathionine-γ-lyase, reversed the inhibitory effect of H(2)S on proliferation and IL-8 release, indicating that this is dependent on CBS. CBS mRNA and protein expression were inhibited by H(2)S donors, and were increased by methemoglobin, indicating that CBS is the main enzyme responsible for endogenous H(2)S production. Finally, we found that exogenous H(2)S inhibited the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and p38, which could represent a mechanism by which H(2)S inhibited cellular proliferation and IL-8 release. In summary, H(2)S production provides a novel mechanism for regulation of ASM proliferation and IL-8 release. Therefore, regulation of H(2)S may represent a novel approach to controlling ASM proliferation and cytokine release that is found in patients with asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M. Perry
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher K. Hui
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Whiteman
- Peninsula Medical School, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Synthetic Chemistry Facility, School of Biosciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Wood
- Synthetic Chemistry Facility, School of Biosciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, Hatherly Laboratories, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Adcock
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Kirkham
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Charalambos Michaeloudes
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- Experimental Studies, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Andrades MÉ, Morina A, Spasić S, Spasojević I. Bench-to-bedside review: sepsis - from the redox point of view. Crit Care 2011; 15:230. [PMID: 21996422 PMCID: PMC3334726 DOI: 10.1186/cc10334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of sepsis and its progression to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and septic shock have been the subject of investigations for nearly half a century. Controversies still exist with regard to understanding the molecular pathophysiology of sepsis in relation to the complex roles played by reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, complements and cytokines. In the present review we categorise the key turning points in sepsis development and outline the most probable sequence of events leading to cellular dysfunction and organ failure under septic conditions. We have applied an integrative approach in order to fuse current state-of-the-art knowledge about redox processes involving hydrogen peroxide, nitric oxide, superoxide, peroxynitrite and hydroxyl radical, which lead to mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction. Finally, from this point of view, the potential of redox therapy targeting sepsis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Éverton Andrades
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Research Centre, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Rua Ramiro Barcelos 2350, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Arian Morina
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Snežana Spasić
- IChTM, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, PO Box 473, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivan Spasojević
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Profumo E, Buttari B, Riganò R. Oxidative stress in cardiovascular inflammation: its involvement in autoimmune responses. Int J Inflam 2011; 2011:295705. [PMID: 21755027 PMCID: PMC3132615 DOI: 10.4061/2011/295705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, it has become clear that atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in which inflammation and immune responses play a key role. Accelerated atherosclerosis has been reported in patients with autoimmune diseases, suggesting an involvement of autoimmune mechanisms in atherogenesis. Different self-antigens or modified self-molecules have been identified as target of humoral and cellular immune responses in patients with atherosclerotic disease. Oxidative stress, increasingly reported in these patients, is the major event causing structural modification of proteins with consequent appearance of neoepitopes. Self-molecules modified by oxidative events can become targets of autoimmune reactions, thus sustaining the inflammatory mechanisms involved in endothelial dysfunction and plaque development. In this paper, we will summarize the best characterized autoantigens in atherosclerosis and their possible role in cardiovascular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Profumo
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Parassitarie ed Immunomediate, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
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Haemoglobin triggers chemotaxis of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells: Possible role in atherosclerotic lesion instability. Atherosclerosis 2011; 215:316-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Schmittner MD, Faulhaber J, Kemler B, Koenen W, Thumfart JO, Weiss C, Neumaier M, Beck GC. Influence of high dose tumescent local anaesthesia with prilocaine on systemic interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis factor-α. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 24:1400-5. [PMID: 20384691 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Tumescent local anaesthesia (TLA) with high prilocaine doses leads to formation of methemoglobin (MHb) which is known to be a potent activator of pro-inflammatory endothelial cell response in vitro. As TLA is widely used for large dermatological resections, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high prilocaine doses on the systemic inflammatory response in vivo and its clinical relevance. METHODS This prospective study examines the influence of MHb on serum interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8 and tumour necrosis tumour necrosis (TNF)-α levels up to 72 h after application of TLA with prilocaine in doses higher than 600 mg. RESULTS A total of 30 patients received prilocaine in a median dose of 1500 mg (range: 880-4160 mg) for large resections. Peak prilocaine serum concentration was reached 4 h (0.72 ± 0.07 μg/mL), the maximum concentration of MHb (7.43 ± 0.87%) and IL-6 (28.4 ± 4.1 U/L) 12 h after TLA application. TNF-α and IL-8 release were not found significantly increased. Three patients developed MHb concentrations >15%. CONCLUSIONS This clinical study shows for the first time that a high prilocaine serum concentration leads in vivo to elevated systemic levels of IL-6 but not of IL-8 and TNF-α because of initial high MHb levels. Because of possible and unpredictable high MHb concentrations, TLA should only be performed with prilocaine in doses of 2.5 mg/kg. In general, new solutions of TLA are necessary to achieve adequate anaesthesia for large dermatological resections to decrease the risk of methemoglobinaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Schmittner
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Medicine, University Medical Center Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
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Bhatnagar H, Kala S, Sharma L, Jain S, Kim KS, Pal R. Serum and organ-associated anti-hemoglobin humoral autoreactivity: association with anti-Sm responses and inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2010; 41:537-48. [PMID: 21268022 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Revised: 10/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The release of hemoglobin (Hb) occurs in some infectious and autoimmune diseases characterized by inflammation. As levels of haptoglobin (Hp) fall, free Hb can cause pathology. Humoral autoreactivity to human Hb was demonstrated in the sera of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), leishmania and malaria patients. Serum anti-murine Hb antibody levels in lupus-prone mice also exhibited an age-dependent increase, with progressive organ sequestration; significant isotypic correlation was observed with anti-dsDNA antibodies. A suggestive link between anti-Hb and anti-Sm responses was observed: Human lupus sera expressing anti-Sm antibody reactivity preferentially contained heightened levels of anti-Hb autoantibodies, and immunization of lupus-prone mice with Sm led to enhanced anti-murine Hb reactivity. Human and murine anti-Hb monoclonal antibodies were generated, some of which were preferentially reactive toward disease-associated methemoglobin. Epitope-mapping studies revealed evidence of intra-molecular cross-reactivity. One such autoantibody synergized with Hb to enhance the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines while eliciting the increased production of monocyte migratory signals from endothelial cells. Preferential usage of specific variable region gene segments was not observed, although somatic mutations were documented. These studies reveal that, while the etiology, specificity and sequences of anti-Hb autoreactive antibodies can vary, they occur quite frequently and can have inflammatory consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshita Bhatnagar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, JNU Complex, New Delhi, India
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Makó V, Czúcz J, Weiszhár Z, Herczenik E, Matkó J, Prohászka Z, Cervenak L. Proinflammatory activation pattern of human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by IL-1β, TNF-α, and LPS. Cytometry A 2010; 77:962-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Paine A, Eiz-Vesper B, Blasczyk R, Immenschuh S. Signaling to heme oxygenase-1 and its anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential. Biochem Pharmacol 2010; 80:1895-903. [PMID: 20643109 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 07/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is the inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation. Induction of HO-1 protects against the cytotoxicity of oxidative stress and apoptotic cell death. More recently, HO-1 has been recognized to have major immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, which have been demonstrated in HO-1 knockout mice and a human case of genetic HO-1 deficiency. Beneficial protective effects of HO-1 in inflammation are not only mediated via enzymatic degradation of proinflammatory free heme, but also via production of the anti-inflammatory compounds bilirubin and carbon monoxide. The immunomodulatory role of HO-1 is associated with its cell type-specific functions in myeloid cells (eg. macrophages and monocytes) and in endothelial cells, as both cell types are crucially involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses. This review covers the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that are involved in HO-1 gene expression. In particular, it is discussed how redox-dependent transcriptional activators such as NF-E2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), NF-κB and AP-1 along with the transcription repressor BTB and CNC homologue 1 (Bach1) control the inducible HO-1 gene expression. The role of central pro- and anti-inflammatory cellular signaling cascades including p38 MAPK and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt in HO-1 regulation is highlighted. Finally, emerging strategies that apply targeted pharmacological induction of HO-1 for therapeutic interventions in inflammatory conditions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananta Paine
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Vijayan V, Mueller S, Baumgart-Vogt E, Immenschuh S. Heme oxygenase-1 as a therapeutic target in inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. World J Gastroenterol 2010; 16:3112-9. [PMID: 20593496 PMCID: PMC2896748 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i25.3112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO)-1 is the inducible isoform of the first and rate-limiting enzyme of heme degradation. HO-1 not only protects against oxidative stress and apoptosis, but has received a great deal of attention in recent years because of its potent anti-inflammatory functions. Studies with HO-1 knockout animal models have led to major advances in the understanding of how HO-1 might regulate inflammatory immune responses, although little is known on the underlying mechanisms. Due to its beneficial effects the targeted induction of this enzyme is considered to have major therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. This review discusses current knowledge on the mechanisms that mediate anti-inflammatory protection by HO-1. More specifically, the article deals with the role of HO-1 in the pathophysiology of viral hepatitis, inflammatory bowel disease, and pancreatitis. The effects of specific HO-1 modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy in experimental cell culture and animal models of these gastrointestinal disorders are summarized. In conclusion, targeted regulation of HO-1 holds major promise for future clinical interventions in inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.
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Blood cell oxidative stress precedes hemolysis in whole blood–liver slice co-cultures of rat, dog, and human tissues. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 244:354-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Widmer CC, Pereira CP, Gehrig P, Vallelian F, Schoedon G, Buehler PW, Schaer DJ. Hemoglobin can attenuate hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress by acting as an antioxidative peroxidase. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 12:185-98. [PMID: 19702440 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.2826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Hemoglobin is considered a potentially toxic molecule when released from erythrocytes during hemolysis, inflammation, or tissue injury. The mechanisms of toxicity involve reduced nitric oxide bioavailability and oxidative processes both occurring at the heme prosthetic groups. When the endogenous oxidant H(2)O(2) reacts with Hb, transient radicals are generated during the peroxidative consumption of H(2)O(2). If not neutralized, these radicals can lead to tissue toxicity. The net biologic effect of extracellular Hb in an H(2)O(2)-rich environment will therefore be determined by the balance of H(2)O(2) decomposition (potential protective effect) and radical generation (potential damaging effect). Here we show that Hb can protect different cell types from H(2)O(2)-mediated cell death and the associated depletion of intracellular glutathione and ATP. Importantly, Hb blunts the transcriptional oxidative-stress response induced by H(2)O(2) in human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Based on spectrophotometric and quantitative mass spectrometry analysis, we suggested a novel mechanism in which Hb redox-cycles H(2)O(2) and simultaneously internalizes the radical burden, with irreversible structural globin changes starting with specific amino acid oxidation involving the heme proximate betaCys93 and ultimately ending with protein precipitation. Our results suggest that complex interactions determine whether extracellular Hb, under certain circumstances, acts a protective or a damaging factor during peroxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne C Widmer
- Division of Internal Medicine, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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Jang KJ, Suh KY. A multi-layer microfluidic device for efficient culture and analysis of renal tubular cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2010; 10:36-42. [PMID: 20024048 DOI: 10.1039/b907515a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a simple multi-layer microfluidic device by integrating a polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) microfluidic channel and a porous membrane substrate to culture and analyze the renal tubular cells. As a model cell type, primary rat inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells were cultured inside the channel. To generate in vivo-like tubular environments for the cells, a fluidic shear stress of 1 dyn/cm(2) was applied for 5 hours, allowing for optimal fluidic conditions for the cultured cells, as verified by enhanced cell polarization, cytoskeletal reorganization, and molecular transport by hormonal stimulations. These results suggest that the microfluidic device presented here is useful for resembling an in vivo renal tubule system and has potential applications in drug screening and advanced tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Jin Jang
- Interdisciplinary Program in Nano-Science and Technology, Seoul, 151-747, Korea
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50
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Ogasawara N, Oguro T, Sakabe T, Matsushima M, Takikawa O, Isobe KI, Nagase F. Hemoglobin induces the expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in dendritic cells through the activation of PI3K, PKC, and NF-kappaB and the generation of reactive oxygen species. J Cell Biochem 2009; 108:716-25. [PMID: 19693771 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway of tryptophan (Trp) metabolism. IDO is immunosuppressive and is induced by inflammation in macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Previous studies have shown the serum Kyn/Trp levels in patients with hemolytic anemia to be notably high. In the present study, we demonstrated that hemoglobin (Hb), but not hemin or heme-free globin (Apo Hb), induced IDO expression in bone marrow-derived myeloid DCs (BMDCs). Hb induced the phosphorylation and degradation of I kappaB alpha. Hb-induced IDO expression was inhibited by inhibitors of PI3-kinase (PI3K), PKC and nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB. Hb translocated both RelA and p52 from the cytosol to the nucleus and induced the intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Hb-induced IDO expression was inhibited by anti-oxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) or mixtures of SOD and catalase, however, IDO expression was enhanced by 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole, an inhibitor of catalase, suggesting that the generation of ROS such as O(2) (-), H(2)O(2), and hydroxyl radical is required for the induction of IDO expression. The generation of ROS was inhibited by a PKC inhibitor, and this action was further enhanced by addition of a PI3K inhibitor. Hb induced Akt phosphorylation, which was inhibited by a PI3K inhibitor and enhanced by a PKC inhibitor. These results suggest that the activation of NF-kappaB through the PI3K-PKC-ROS and PI3K-Akt pathways is required for the Hb-induced IDO expression in BMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Ogasawara
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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