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Fowler A, Knaus KR, Khuu S, Khalilimeybodi A, Schenk S, Ward SR, Fry AC, Rangamani P, McCulloch AD. Network model of skeletal muscle cell signalling predicts differential responses to endurance and resistance exercise training. Exp Physiol 2024; 109:939-955. [PMID: 38643471 PMCID: PMC11140181 DOI: 10.1113/ep091712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle adaptations vary based on exercise modality and intensity. We constructed a signalling network model from 87 published studies of human or rodent skeletal muscle cell responses to endurance or resistance exercise in vivo or simulated exercise in vitro. The network comprises 259 signalling interactions between 120 nodes, representing eight membrane receptors and eight canonical signalling pathways regulating 14 transcriptional regulators, 28 target genes and 12 exercise-induced phenotypes. Using this network, we formulated a logic-based ordinary differential equation model predicting time-dependent molecular and phenotypic alterations following acute endurance and resistance exercises. Compared with nine independent studies, the model accurately predicted 18/21 (85%) acute responses to resistance exercise and 12/16 (75%) acute responses to endurance exercise. Detailed sensitivity analysis of differential phenotypic responses to resistance and endurance training showed that, in the model, exercise regulates cell growth and protein synthesis primarily by signalling via mechanistic target of rapamycin, which is activated by Akt and inhibited in endurance exercise by AMP-activated protein kinase. Endurance exercise preferentially activates inflammation via reactive oxygen species and nuclear factor κB signalling. Furthermore, the expected preferential activation of mitochondrial biogenesis by endurance exercise was counterbalanced in the model by protein kinase C in response to resistance training. This model provides a new tool for investigating cross-talk between skeletal muscle signalling pathways activated by endurance and resistance exercise, and the mechanisms of interactions such as the interference effects of endurance training on resistance exercise outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Fowler
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Katherine R. Knaus
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Stephanie Khuu
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Ali Khalilimeybodi
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Samuel R. Ward
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew C. Fry
- Department of Health, Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Andrew D. McCulloch
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of California SanDiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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de Oliveira AA, Priviero F, Tostes RC, Webb RC, Nunes KP. Dissecting the interaction between HSP70 and vascular contraction: role of [Formula: see text] handling mechanisms. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1420. [PMID: 33446873 PMCID: PMC7809064 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-80966-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) is a ubiquitously expressed molecular chaperone with various biological functions. Recently, we demonstrated that HSP70 is key for adequate vascular reactivity. However, the specific mechanisms targeted by HSP70 to assist in this process remain elusive. Since there is a wealth of evidence connecting HSP70 to calcium ([Formula: see text]), a master regulator of contraction, we designed this study to investigate whether blockade of HSP70 disrupts vascular contraction via impairment of [Formula: see text] handling mechanisms. We performed functional studies in aortas isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats in the presence or absence of exogenous [Formula: see text], and we determined the effects of VER155008, an inhibitor of HSP70, on [Formula: see text] handling as well as key mechanisms that regulate vascular contraction. Changes in the intracellular concentration of [Formula: see text] were measured with a biochemical assay kit. We report that blockade of HSP70 leads to [Formula: see text] mishandling in aorta stimulated with phenylephrine, decreasing both phasic and tonic contractions. Importantly, in [Formula: see text] free Krebs' solution, inhibition of HSP70 only reduced the [Formula: see text] of the phasic contraction if the protein was blocked before IP3r-mediated [Formula: see text] release, suggesting that HSP70 has a positive effect towards this receptor. Corroborating this statement, VER155008 did not potentiate an IP3r inhibitor's outcomes, even with partial blockade. In another set of experiments, the inhibition of HSP70 attenuated the amplitude of the tonic contraction independently of the moment VER155008 was added to the chamber (i.e., whether it was before or after IP3r-mediated phasic contraction). More compelling, following re-addition of [Formula: see text], VER155008 amplified the inhibitory effects of a voltage-dependent [Formula: see text] channel blocker, but not of a voltage-independent [Formula: see text] channel inhibitor, indicating that HSP70 has a positive impact on the latter. Lastly, the mechanism by which HSP70 modulates vascular contraction does not involve the [Formula: see text] sensitizer protein, Rho-kinase, nor the SERCA pump, as blockade of these proteins in the presence of VER155008 almost abolished contraction. In summary, our findings shed light on the processes targeted by HSP70 during vascular contraction and open research avenues for potential new mechanisms in vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A. de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, USA
| | - Fernanda Priviero
- Department of Physiology, Augusta University, Augusta, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - R. Clinton Webb
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - Kenia P. Nunes
- Laboratory of Vascular Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Sciences, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, USA
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An additional physiological role for HSP70: Assistance of vascular reactivity. Life Sci 2020; 256:117986. [PMID: 32585245 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS HSP70, a molecular chaperone, helps to maintain proteostasis. In muscle biology, however, evidence suggests HSP70 to have a more versatile range of functions, as genetic deletion of its inducible genes impairs Ca2+ handling, and consequently, cardiac and skeletal muscle contractility. Still, it is unknown whether HSP70 is involved in vascular reactivity, an intrinsic physiological mechanism of blood vessels. Therefore, we designed this study to test the hypothesis that proper vascular reactivity requires the assistance of HSP70. MAIN METHODS We performed functional studies in a wire-myograph using thoracic aorta isolated from male Sprague Dawley rats. Experiments were conducted with and without an HSP70 inhibitor as well as in heat-stressed vessels. The expression levels of HSP70 were evaluated with Western blotting. NO and ROS levels were assessed with fluorescence microscopy. KEY FINDINGS We report that blockade of HSP70 weakens contraction in response to phenylephrine (dose-response) in the aorta. Additionally, we demonstrated that inhibition of HSP70 affects the amplitude of the fast and of the slow components of the time-force curve. Corroborating these findings, we found that inhibition of HSP70, in vessels over-expressing this protein, partly rescues the contractile phenotype of aortic rings. Furthermore, we show that blockade of HSP70 facilitates relaxation in response to acetylcholine and clonidine without affecting the basal levels of NO and ROS. SIGNIFICANCE Our work introduces an additional physiological role for HSP70, the assistance of vascular reactivity, which highlights this protein as a new player in vascular physiology, and therefore, uncovers a promising research avenue for vascular diseases.
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum and calcium signaling in muscle cells: Homeostasis and disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 350:197-264. [PMID: 32138900 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum is an extensive, dynamic and heterogeneous membranous network that fulfills multiple homeostatic functions. Among them, it compartmentalizes, stores and releases calcium within the intracellular space. In the case of muscle cells, calcium released from the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum in the vicinity of the contractile machinery induces cell contraction. Furthermore, sarco/endoplasmic reticulum-derived calcium also regulates gene transcription in the nucleus, energy metabolism in mitochondria and cytosolic signaling pathways. These diverse and overlapping processes require a highly complex fine-tuning that the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum provides by means of its numerous tubules and cisternae, specialized domains and contacts with other organelles. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum also possesses a rich calcium-handling machinery, functionally coupled to both contraction-inducing stimuli and the contractile apparatus. Such is the importance of the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum for muscle cell physiology, that alterations in its structure, function or its calcium-handling machinery are intimately associated with the development of cardiometabolic diseases. Cardiac hypertrophy, insulin resistance and arterial hypertension are age-related pathologies with a common mechanism at the muscle cell level: the accumulation of damaged proteins at the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum induces a stress response condition termed endoplasmic reticulum stress, which impairs proper organelle function, ultimately leading to pathogenesis.
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Krüger K, Reichel T, Zeilinger C. Role of heat shock proteins 70/90 in exercise physiology and exercise immunology and their diagnostic potential in sports. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:916-927. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01052.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperones facilitating the unfolding or folding of secondary structures of proteins, their client proteins, in cellular stress situations. Various internal and external physiological and mechanical stress factors induce a homeostatic imbalance, followed by an increased expression of HSP70 and HSP90. Exercise is a stress factor, too, and its cumulative physiological perturbation manifests at a cellular level by threatening the protein homeostasis of various cell types. Consequently, an increase of HSP70/90 was described in plasma and mononuclear cells and various organs and tissues, such as muscle, liver, cardiac tissue, and brain, after an acute bout of exercise. The specific response of HSP70/90 seems to be strongly related to the modality of exercise, with several dependent factors such as duration, intensity, exercise type, subjects’ training status, and environmental factors, e.g., temperature. It is suggested that HSP70/90 play a major role in immune regulation and cell protection during exercise and in the efficiency of regeneration and reparation processes. During long-term training, HSP70/90 are involved in preconditioning and adaptation processes that might also be important for disease prevention and therapy. With regard to their highly sensitive and individual response to specific exercise and training modalities, this review discusses whether and how HSP70 and HSP90 can be applied as biomarkers for monitoring exercise and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Exercise and Health, Institute of Sports Science, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carsten Zeilinger
- Center of Biomolecular Drug Research, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Arias-Calderón M, Almarza G, Díaz-Vegas A, Contreras-Ferrat A, Valladares D, Casas M, Toledo H, Jaimovich E, Buvinic S. Characterization of a multiprotein complex involved in excitation-transcription coupling of skeletal muscle. Skelet Muscle 2016; 6:15. [PMID: 27069569 PMCID: PMC4827232 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-016-0087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrical activity regulates the expression of skeletal muscle genes by a process known as "excitation-transcription" (E-T) coupling. We have demonstrated that release of adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) during depolarization activates membrane P2X/P2Y receptors, being the fundamental mediators between electrical stimulation, slow intracellular calcium transients, and gene expression. We propose that this signaling pathway would require the proper coordination between the voltage sensor (dihydropyridine receptor, DHPR), pannexin 1 channels (Panx1, ATP release conduit), nucleotide receptors, and other signaling molecules. The goal of this study was to assess protein-protein interactions within the E-T machinery and to look for novel constituents in order to characterize the signaling complex. METHODS Newborn derived myotubes, adult fibers, or triad fractions from rat or mouse skeletal muscles were used. Co-immunoprecipitation, 2D blue native SDS/PAGE, confocal microscopy z-axis reconstruction, and proximity ligation assays were combined to assess the physical proximity of the putative complex interactors. An L6 cell line overexpressing Panx1 (L6-Panx1) was developed to study the influence of some of the complex interactors in modulation of gene expression. RESULTS Panx1, DHPR, P2Y2 receptor (P2Y2R), and dystrophin co-immunoprecipitated in the different preparations assessed. 2D blue native SDS/PAGE showed that DHPR, Panx1, P2Y2R and caveolin-3 (Cav3) belong to the same multiprotein complex. We observed co-localization and protein-protein proximity between DHPR, Panx1, P2Y2R, and Cav3 in adult fibers and in the L6-Panx1 cell line. We found a very restricted location of Panx1 and Cav3 in a putative T-tubule zone near the sarcolemma, while DHPR was highly expressed all along the transverse (T)-tubule. By Panx1 overexpression, extracellular ATP levels were increased both at rest and after electrical stimulation. Basal mRNA levels of the early gene cfos and the oxidative metabolism markers citrate synthase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1α) were significantly increased by Panx1 overexpression. Interleukin 6 expression evoked by 20-Hz electrical stimulation (270 pulses, 0.3 ms each) was also significantly upregulated in L6-Panx1 cells. CONCLUSIONS We propose the existence of a relevant multiprotein complex that coordinates events involved in E-T coupling. Unveiling the molecular actors involved in the regulation of gene expression will contribute to the understanding and treatment of skeletal muscle disorders due to wrong-expressed proteins, as well as to improve skeletal muscle performance.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Caveolin 3/genetics
- Caveolin 3/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Connexins/genetics
- Connexins/metabolism
- Dystrophin/genetics
- Dystrophin/metabolism
- Electric Stimulation
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiprotein Complexes
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y2/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transcriptional Activation
- Transfection
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Arias-Calderón
- />Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
- />Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Almarza
- />Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
| | - Alexis Díaz-Vegas
- />Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
| | - Ariel Contreras-Ferrat
- />Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
| | - Denisse Valladares
- />Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
| | - Mariana Casas
- />Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
| | - Héctor Toledo
- />Programa de Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- />Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
- />Programa de Biología Molecular y Celular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, 8380453 Chile
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- />Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Sergio Livingstone Pohlhammer 943, 8380492 Santiago, Chile
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Stary CM, Hogan MC. Cytosolic calcium transients are a determinant of contraction-induced HSP72 transcription in single skeletal muscle fibers. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1260-6. [PMID: 26869714 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01060.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic activating factors that induce transcription of heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) in skeletal muscle following exercise remain unclear. We hypothesized that the cytosolic Ca(2+) transient that occurs with depolarization is a determinant. We utilized intact, single skeletal muscle fibers from Xenopus laevis to test the role of the cytosolic Ca(2+) transient and several other exercise-related factors (fatigue, hypoxia, AMP kinase, and cross-bridge cycling) on the activation of HSP72 transcription. HSP72 and HSP60 mRNA levels were assessed with real-time quantitative PCR; cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) was assessed with fura-2. Both fatiguing and nonfatiguing contractions resulted in a significant increase in HSP72 mRNA. As expected, peak [Ca(2+)]cyt remained tightly coupled with peak developed tension in contracting fibers. Pretreatment with N-benzyl-p-toluene sulfonamide (BTS) resulted in depressed peak developed tension with stimulation, while peak [Ca(2+)]cyt remained largely unchanged from control values. Despite excitation-contraction uncoupling, BTS-treated fibers displayed a significant increase in HSP72 mRNA. Treatment of fibers with hypoxia (Po2: <3 mmHg) or AMP kinase activation had no effect on HSP72 mRNA levels. These results suggest that the intermittent cytosolic Ca(2+) transient that occurs with skeletal muscle depolarization provides a sufficient activating stimulus for HSP72 transcription. Metabolic or mechanical factors associated with fatigue development and cross-bridge cycling likely play a more limited role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Creed M Stary
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Michael C Hogan
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California; and
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Boylston JA, Brenner C. A knockdown with smoke model reveals FHIT as a repressor of Heme oxygenase 1. Cell Cycle 2015; 13:2913-30. [PMID: 25486479 DOI: 10.4161/15384101.2014.946858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene deletions are among the earliest and most frequent events in carcinogenesis, particularly in carcinogen-exposed tissues. Though FHIT has been established as an authentic tumor suppressor, the mechanism underlying tumor suppression remains opaque. Most experiments designed to clarify FHIT function have analyzed the consequence of re-expressing FHIT in FHIT-negative cells. However, carcinogenesis occurs in cells that transition from FHIT-positive to FHIT-negative. To better understand cancer development, we induced FHIT loss in human bronchial epithelial cells with RNA interference. Because FHIT is a demonstrated target of carcinogens in cigarette smoke, we combined FHIT silencing with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure and measured gene expression consequences by RNA microarray. The data indicate that FHIT loss enhances the expression of a set of oxidative stress response genes after exposure to CSE, including the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1) at the RNA and protein levels. Data are consistent with a mechanism in which Fhit protein is required for accumulation of the transcriptional repressor of HMOX1, Bach1 protein. We posit that by allowing superinduction of oxidative stress response genes, loss of FHIT creates a survival advantage that promotes carcinogenesis.
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Key Words
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- ApppA, diadenosine triphosphate
- BACH1
- BACH1, BTB and CNC homology 1 gene
- BMC, bone marrow cell
- CPT, camptothecin
- CSE, cigarette smoke extract
- Cigarette smoke
- FHIT
- FHIT, fragile histidine triad gene
- HMOX1
- HMOX1, heme oxygenase 1 gene
- MMC, mitomycin C
- NRF2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid derived 2-like 2 protein
- Oxidative Stress
- RNAi, RNA interference
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- qRT-PCR, quantitative real time PCR
- siRNA, short interfering RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Boylston
- a Department of Biochemistry and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology; Carver College of Medicine ; University of Iowa ; Iowa City , IA USA
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Bittencourt A, Porto RR. eHSP70/iHSP70 and divergent functions on the challenge: effect of exercise and tissue specificity in response to stress. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2015; 37:99-105. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Bittencourt
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Basic Health Sciences; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
| | - Rossana Rosa Porto
- Department of Neuroscience; Institute of Basic Health Sciences; Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS); Porto Alegre RS Brazil
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Golbach LA, Philippi JG, Cuppen JJ, Savelkoul HF, Verburg-van Kemenade BL. Calcium signalling in human neutrophil cell lines is not affected by low-frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:430-43. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.21924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lieke A. Golbach
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group; Wageningen University; The Netherlands
| | - John G.M. Philippi
- Lab of Biophysics and Wageningen NMR Centre; Wageningen University; The Netherlands
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Díaz-Vegas A, Campos CA, Contreras-Ferrat A, Casas M, Buvinic S, Jaimovich E, Espinosa A. ROS Production via P2Y1-PKC-NOX2 Is Triggered by Extracellular ATP after Electrical Stimulation of Skeletal Muscle Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129882. [PMID: 26053483 PMCID: PMC4460042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During exercise, skeletal muscle produces reactive oxygen species (ROS) via NADPH oxidase (NOX2) while inducing cellular adaptations associated with contractile activity. The signals involved in this mechanism are still a matter of study. ATP is released from skeletal muscle during electrical stimulation and can autocrinely signal through purinergic receptors; we searched for an influence of this signal in ROS production. The aim of this work was to characterize ROS production induced by electrical stimulation and extracellular ATP. ROS production was measured using two alternative probes; chloromethyl-2,7- dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate or electroporation to express the hydrogen peroxide-sensitive protein Hyper. Electrical stimulation (ES) triggered a transient ROS increase in muscle fibers which was mimicked by extracellular ATP and was prevented by both carbenoxolone and suramin; antagonists of pannexin channel and purinergic receptors respectively. In addition, transient ROS increase was prevented by apyrase, an ecto-nucleotidase. MRS2365, a P2Y1 receptor agonist, induced a large signal while UTPyS (P2Y2 agonist) elicited a much smaller signal, similar to the one seen when using ATP plus MRS2179, an antagonist of P2Y1. Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors also blocked ES-induced ROS production. Our results indicate that physiological levels of electrical stimulation induce ROS production in skeletal muscle cells through release of extracellular ATP and activation of P2Y1 receptors. Use of selective NOX2 and PKC inhibitors suggests that ROS production induced by ES or extracellular ATP is mediated by NOX2 activated by PKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Díaz-Vegas
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian A. Campos
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ariel Contreras-Ferrat
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Casas
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonja Buvinic
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Odontológicas, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Programa de Fisiología y Biofísica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Espinosa
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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12
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Escribá PV, Busquets X, Inokuchi JI, Balogh G, Török Z, Horváth I, Harwood JL, Vígh L. Membrane lipid therapy: Modulation of the cell membrane composition and structure as a molecular base for drug discovery and new disease treatment. Prog Lipid Res 2015; 59:38-53. [PMID: 25969421 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays we understand cell membranes not as a simple double lipid layer but as a collection of complex and dynamic protein-lipid structures and microdomains that serve as functional platforms for interacting signaling lipids and proteins. Membrane lipids and lipid structures participate directly as messengers or regulators of signal transduction. In addition, protein-lipid interactions participate in the localization of signaling protein partners to specific membrane microdomains. Thus, lipid alterations change cell signaling that are associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, obesity, neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular pathologies, etc. This article reviews the newly emerging field of membrane lipid therapy which involves the pharmacological regulation of membrane lipid composition and structure for the treatment of diseases. Membrane lipid therapy proposes the use of new molecules specifically designed to modify membrane lipid structures and microdomains as pharmaceutical disease-modifying agents by reversing the malfunction or altering the expression of disease-specific protein or lipid signal cascades. Here, we provide an in-depth analysis of this emerging field, especially its molecular bases and its relevance to the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo V Escribá
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Xavier Busquets
- Department of Biology, University of the Balearic Islands, E-07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Jin-ichi Inokuchi
- Division of Glycopathology, Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Tohoku Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Török
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ibolya Horváth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - John L Harwood
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK.
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Center, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary.
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13
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Bustamante M, Fernández-Verdejo R, Jaimovich E, Buvinic S. Electrical stimulation induces IL-6 in skeletal muscle through extracellular ATP by activating Ca(2+) signals and an IL-6 autocrine loop. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E869-82. [PMID: 24518675 PMCID: PMC3989743 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00450.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important myokine that is highly expressed in skeletal muscle cells upon exercise. We assessed IL-6 expression in response to electrical stimulation (ES) or extracellular ATP as a known mediator of the excitation-transcription mechanism in skeletal muscle. We examined whether the canonical signaling cascade downstream of IL-6 (IL-6/JAK2/STAT3) also responds to muscle cell excitation, concluding that IL-6 influences its own expression through a positive loop. Either ES or exogenous ATP (100 μM) increased both IL-6 expression and p-STAT3 levels in rat myotubes, a process inhibited by 100 μM suramin and 2 U/ml apyrase. ATP also evoked IL-6 expression in both isolated skeletal fibers and extracts derived from whole FDB muscles. ATP increased IL-6 release up to 10-fold. STAT3 activation evoked by ATP was abolished by the JAK2 inhibitor HBC. Blockade of secreted IL-6 with a neutralizing antibody or preincubation with the STAT3 inhibitor VIII reduced STAT3 activation evoked by extracellular ATP by 70%. Inhibitor VIII also reduced by 70% IL-6 expression evoked by ATP, suggesting a positive IL-6 loop. In addition, ATP increased up to 60% the protein levels of SOCS3, a negative regulator of the IL-6 signaling pathway. On the other hand, intracellular calcium chelation or blockade of IP3-dependent calcium signals abolished STAT3 phosphorylation evoked by either extracellular ATP or ES. These results suggest that expression of IL-6 in stimulated skeletal muscle cells is mediated by extracellular ATP and nucleotide receptors, involving IP3-dependent calcium signals as an early step that triggers a positive IL-6 autocrine loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bustamante
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; and
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14
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Neubauer O, Sabapathy S, Ashton KJ, Desbrow B, Peake JM, Lazarus R, Wessner B, Cameron-Smith D, Wagner KH, Haseler LJ, Bulmer AC. Time course-dependent changes in the transcriptome of human skeletal muscle during recovery from endurance exercise: from inflammation to adaptive remodeling. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 116:274-87. [PMID: 24311745 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00909.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of gene expression is fundamental for skeletal muscle adaptations in response to endurance exercise. This study investigated the time course-dependent changes in the muscular transcriptome after an endurance exercise trial consisting of 1 h of intense cycling immediately followed by 1 h of intense running. Skeletal muscle samples were taken at baseline, 3 h, 48 h, and 96 h postexercise from eight healthy, endurance-trained men. RNA was extracted from muscle. Differential gene expression was evaluated using Illumina microarrays and validated with qPCR. Gene set enrichment analysis identified enriched molecular signatures chosen from the Molecular Signatures Database. Three hours postexercise, 102 gene sets were upregulated [family wise error rate (FWER), P < 0.05], including groups of genes related with leukocyte migration, immune and chaperone activation, and cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) 1 signaling. Forty-eight hours postexercise, among 19 enriched gene sets (FWER, P < 0.05), two gene sets related to actin cytoskeleton remodeling were upregulated. Ninety-six hours postexercise, 83 gene sets were enriched (FWER, P < 0.05), 80 of which were upregulated, including gene groups related to chemokine signaling, cell stress management, and extracellular matrix remodeling. These data provide comprehensive insights into the molecular pathways involved in acute stress, recovery, and adaptive muscular responses to endurance exercise. The novel 96 h postexercise transcriptome indicates substantial transcriptional activity potentially associated with the prolonged presence of leukocytes in the muscles. This suggests that muscular recovery, from a transcriptional perspective, is incomplete 96 h after endurance exercise involving muscle damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Neubauer
- Emerging Field Oxidative Stress and DNA Stability, Research Platform Active Aging, and Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Austria
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15
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Silva MC, Amaral MD, Morimoto RI. Neuronal reprograming of protein homeostasis by calcium-dependent regulation of the heat shock response. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003711. [PMID: 24009518 PMCID: PMC3757039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control requires constant surveillance to prevent misfolding, aggregation, and loss of cellular function. There is increasing evidence in metazoans that communication between cells has an important role to ensure organismal health and to prevent stressed cells and tissues from compromising lifespan. Here, we show in C. elegans that a moderate increase in physiological cholinergic signaling at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) induces the calcium (Ca(2+))-dependent activation of HSF-1 in post-synaptic muscle cells, resulting in suppression of protein misfolding. This protective effect on muscle cell protein homeostasis was identified in an unbiased genome-wide screening for modifiers of protein aggregation, and is triggered by downregulation of gei-11, a Myb-family factor and proposed regulator of the L-type acetylcholine receptor (AChR). This, in-turn, activates the voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel, EGL-19, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum ryanodine receptor in response to acetylcholine signaling. The release of calcium into the cytoplasm of muscle cells activates Ca(2+)-dependent kinases and induces HSF-1-dependent expression of cytoplasmic chaperones, which suppress misfolding of metastable proteins and stabilize the folding environment of muscle cells. This demonstrates that the heat shock response (HSR) can be activated in muscle cells by neuronal signaling across the NMJ to protect proteome health.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Catarina Silva
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida D. Amaral
- Faculty of Sciences, Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), University of Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Richard I. Morimoto
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Rice Institute for Biomedical Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Balogh G, Péter M, Glatz A, Gombos I, Török Z, Horváth I, Harwood JL, Vígh L. Key role of lipids in heat stress management. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:1970-80. [PMID: 23684645 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is a common and, therefore, an important environmental impact on cells and organisms. While much attention has been paid to severe heat stress, moderate temperature elevations are also important. Here we discuss temperature sensing and how responses to heat stress are not necessarily dependent on denatured proteins. Indeed, it is clear that membrane lipids have a pivotal function. Details of membrane lipid changes and the associated production of signalling metabolites are described and suggestions made as to how the interconnected signalling network could be modified for helpful intervention in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Balogh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, H-6701 Szeged, Hungary
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17
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Valdés JA, Flores S, Fuentes EN, Osorio-Fuentealba C, Jaimovich E, Molina A. IGF-1 induces IP3-dependent calcium signal involved in the regulation of myostatin gene expression mediated by NFAT during myoblast differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:1452-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Kobayashi K, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Dysferlin and animal models for dysferlinopathy. J Toxicol Pathol 2012; 25:135-47. [PMID: 22907980 PMCID: PMC3392904 DOI: 10.1293/tox.25.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysferlin (DYSF) is involved in the membrane-repair process, in the intracellular vesicle system and in T-tubule development in skeletal muscle. It interacts with mitsugumin 53, annexins, caveolin-3, AHNAK, affixin, S100A10, calpain-3, tubulin and dihydropyridine receptor. Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (LGMD2B) and Miyoshi myopathy (MM) are muscular dystrophies associated with recessively inherited mutations in the DYSF gene. The diseases are characterized by weakness and muscle atrophy that progress slowly and symmetrically in the proximal muscles of the limb girdles. LGMD2B and MM, which are collectively termed “dysferlinopathy”, both lead to abnormalities in vesicle traffic and membrane repair at the plasma membrane in muscle fibers. SJL/J (SJL) and A/J mice are naturally occurring animal models for dysferlinopathy. Since there has been no an approach to therapy for dysferlinopathy, the immediate development of a therapeutic method for this genetic disorder is desirable. The murine models are useful in verification experiments for new therapies and they are valuable tools for identifying factors that accelerate dystrophic changes in skeletal muscle. It could be possible that the genetic or immunological background in SJL or A/J mice could modify muscle damage in experiments involving these models, because SJL and A/J mice show differences in the progress and prevalent sites of skeletal muscle lesions as well as in the gene-expression profiles of their skeletal muscle. In this review, we provide up-to-date information on the function of dysferlin, the development of possible therapies for muscle dystrophies (including dysferlinopathy) and the detection of new therapeutic targets for dysferlinopathy by means of experiments using animal models for dysferlinopathy.
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19
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Measurement of calcium release due to inositol trisphosphate receptors in skeletal muscle. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 798:383-93. [PMID: 22130849 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-343-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcium transients elicited by IP(3) receptors upon electrical stimulation of skeletal muscle cells (slow calcium signals) are often hard to visualize due to their relatively small amplitude compared to the large transient originated from ryanodine receptors associated to excitation-contraction coupling. The study of slow calcium transients, however, is relevant due to their function in regulation of muscle gene expression and in the process of excitation-transcription coupling. Discussed here are the procedures used to record slow calcium signals from both cultured mouse myotubes and from cultured adult skeletal muscle fibers.
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20
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Kobayashi K, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Comparative Gene Expression Analysis in the Skeletal Muscles of Dysferlin-deficient SJL/J and A/J Mice. J Toxicol Pathol 2011; 24:49-62. [PMID: 22272044 PMCID: PMC3234620 DOI: 10.1293/tox.24.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis was conducted to
determine whether or not there are interstrain or site-dependent differences in the gene
expression profiles of skeletal muscles in SJL/J and A/J mice as dysferlinopathy models.
Upon analysis by qRT-PCR, SJL/J mice showed a trend of increased gene expression level of
uncoupling protein 2 in the rectus femoris and longissimus lumborum at 30 weeks of age
when dystrophic lesions became histopathologically pronounced. Heme oxygenase 1 and S100
calcium binding protein A4 were upregulated in the rectus femoris, longissimus lumborum
and abdominal muscles, in which dystrophic lesions occur more commonly in SJL mice. The
gene expression levels of heat shock protein 70 in most muscles of A/J mice were lower
than those of BALB/c mice as control. SJL/J mice exhibited a marked lowering of
decay-accelerating factor 1/CD55 gene expression level in all studied muscles except for
the heart at all ages compared with that of BALB/c mice. This study showed that there were
some interstrain differences in the gene expres sion profiles of skeletal muscles between
SJL/J and A/J mice. Further investigation is required to reveal whether these alterations
of the expression levels are the cause of dystrophic changes or occur subsequent to muscle
damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Division of Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-58 Rinku-ourai-kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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21
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Cárdenas C, Juretić N, Bevilacqua JA, García IE, Figueroa R, Hartley R, Taratuto AL, Gejman R, Riveros N, Molgó J, Jaimovich E. Abnormal distribution of inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptors in human muscle can be related to altered calcium signals and gene expression in Duchenne dystrophy‐derived cells. FASEB J 2010; 24:3210-21. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- César Cárdenas
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Nevenka Juretić
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jorge A. Bevilacqua
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Programa de Anatomía y Biología del DesarrolloInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Departamento de Neurología y NeurocirugíaHospital Clínico Universidad de Chile Independencia Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Isaac E. García
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Reinaldo Figueroa
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Ricardo Hartley
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Ana L. Taratuto
- Departamento de NeuropatologíaInstituto de Investigaciones NeurológicasFLENI Buenos Aires Argentina
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Roger Gejman
- Departamento de Anatomía PatológicaFacultad de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Nora Riveros
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Jordi Molgó
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
| | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la CélulaInstituto de Ciencias BiomédicasFacultad de MedicinaUniversidad de Chile Santiago Chile
- Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueInstitut de Neurobiologie Alfred FessardFRC2118Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire UPR9040 Gif sur Yvette France
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