1
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Ren H, Hu W, Jiang T, Yao Q, Qi Y, Huang K. Mechanical stress induced mitochondrial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: Novel mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116545. [PMID: 38603884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Others and our studies have shown that mechanical stresses (forces) including shear stress and cyclic stretch, occur in various pathological conditions, play significant roles in the development and progression of CVDs. Mitochondria regulate the physiological processes of cardiac and vascular cells mainly through adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, calcium flux and redox control while promote cell death through electron transport complex (ETC) related cellular stress response. Mounting evidence reveal that mechanical stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of many CVDs including heart failure and atherosclerosis. This review summarized mitochondrial functions in cardiovascular system under physiological mechanical stress and mitochondrial dysfunction under pathological mechanical stress in CVDs (graphical abstract). The study of mitochondrial dysfunction under mechanical stress can further our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, identify potential therapeutic targets, and aid the development of novel treatments of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Ren
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China; Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Weiyi Hu
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingping Yao
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yingxin Qi
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Institute of Mechanobiology & Medical Engineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang, Shanghai 200240, China.
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2
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Kureel SK, Blair B, Sheetz MP. Recent Advancement in Elimination Strategies and Potential Rejuvenation Targets of Senescence. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2024; 8:e2300461. [PMID: 37857532 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a state of exiting the cell cycle, resisting apoptosis, and changing phenotype. Senescent cells (SCs) can be identified by large, distorted morphology and irreversible inability to replicate. In early development, senescence has beneficial roles like tissue patterning and wound healing, where SCs are cleared by the immune system. However, there is a steep rise in SC number as organisms age. The issue with SC accumulation stems from the loss of cellular function, alterations of the microenvironment, and secretions of pro-inflammatory molecules, consisting of cytokines, chemokines, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), interleukins, and extracellular matrix (ECM)-associated molecules. This secreted cocktail is referred to as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), a hallmark of cellular senescence. The SASP promotes inflammation and displays a bystander effect where paracrine signaling turns proliferating cells into senescent states. To alleviate age-associated diseases, researchers have developed novel methods and techniques to selectively eliminate SCs in aged individuals. Although studies demonstrated that selectively killing SCs improves age-related disorders, there are drawbacks to SC removal. Considering favorable aspects of senescence in the body, this paper reviews recent advancements in elimination strategies and potential rejuvenation targets of senescence to bring researchers in the field up to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Kumar Kureel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Brandon Blair
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| | - Michael P Sheetz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
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3
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Salazar-Martín AG, Kalluri AS, Villanueva MA, Hughes TK, Wadsworth MH, Dao TT, Balcells M, Nezami FR, Shalek AK, Edelman ER. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals That Adaptation of Human Aortic Endothelial Cells to Antiproliferative Therapies Is Modulated by Flow-Induced Shear Stress. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:2265-2281. [PMID: 37732484 PMCID: PMC10659257 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial cells (ECs) are capable of quickly responding in a coordinated manner to a wide array of stresses to maintain vascular homeostasis. Loss of EC cellular adaptation may be a potential marker for cardiovascular disease and a predictor of poor response to endovascular pharmacological interventions such as drug-eluting stents. Here, we report single-cell transcriptional profiling of ECs exposed to multiple stimulus classes to evaluate EC adaptation. METHODS Human aortic ECs were costimulated with both pathophysiological flows mimicking shear stress levels found in the human aorta (laminar and turbulent, ranging from 2.5 to 30 dynes/cm2) and clinically relevant antiproliferative drugs, namely paclitaxel and rapamycin. EC state in response to these stimuli was defined using single-cell RNA sequencing. RESULTS We identified differentially expressed genes and inferred the TF (transcription factor) landscape modulated by flow shear stress using single-cell RNA sequencing. These flow-sensitive markers differentiated previously identified spatially distinct subpopulations of ECs in the murine aorta. Moreover, distinct transcriptional modules defined flow- and drug-responsive EC adaptation singly and in combination. Flow shear stress was the dominant driver of EC state, altering their response to pharmacological therapies. CONCLUSIONS We showed that flow shear stress modulates the cellular capacity of ECs to respond to paclitaxel and rapamycin administration, suggesting that while responding to different flow patterns, ECs experience an impairment in their transcriptional adaptation to other stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio G. Salazar-Martín
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (A.G.S.-M., M.A.V., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
| | - Aditya S. Kalluri
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
| | - Martin A. Villanueva
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (A.G.S.-M., M.A.V., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Departments of Biology (M.A.V.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Travis K. Hughes
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research (T.K.H., M.H.W., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.K.H., M.H.W., A.K.S.)
| | - Marc H. Wadsworth
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research (T.K.H., M.H.W., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.K.H., M.H.W., A.K.S.)
| | - Tyler T. Dao
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (A.G.S.-M., M.A.V., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Biological Engineering (T.T.D.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
| | - Mercedes Balcells
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
| | - Farhad R. Nezami
- Division of Cardiac Surgery (F.R.N.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Alex K. Shalek
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research (T.K.H., M.H.W., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (A.G.S.-M., M.A.V., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA (M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., A.K.S.)
- Chemistry (A.K.S.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.K.H., M.H.W., A.K.S.)
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (A.G.S.-M., A.S.K., M.A.V., T.K.H., M.H.W., T.T.D., M.B., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research (T.K.H., M.H.W., A.K.S., E.R.E.), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (E.R.E.), Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA
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4
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Yamamoto K, Shimogonya Y, Maeno R, Kawabe K, Ando J. Endothelial cells differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows by altering the lipid order of their plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1532-C1544. [PMID: 37927239 PMCID: PMC10861177 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00393.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) experience two different blood flow patterns: laminar and disturbed flow. Their responses to laminar flow contribute to vascular homeostasis, whereas their responses to disturbed flow result in EC dysfunction and vascular diseases. However, it remains unclear how ECs differentially sense laminar and disturbed flow and trigger signaling that elicits different responses. Here, we showed that ECs differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows by altering the lipid order of their plasma and mitochondrial membranes in opposite directions. This results in distinct changes in mitochondrial function, namely, increased adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production for laminar flow and increased hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) release for disturbed flow, leading to ATP- and H2O2-mediated signaling, respectively. When cultured human aortic ECs were subjected to laminar or disturbed flow in flow-loading devices, the lipid order of their plasma membranes immediately decreased in response to laminar flow and increased in response to disturbed flow. Laminar flow also decreased the lipid order of mitochondrial membranes and increased mitochondrial ATP production. In contrast, disturbed flow increased the lipid order of mitochondrial membranes and increased the release of H2O2 from the mitochondria. The addition of cholesterol to the cells increased the lipid order of both membranes and abrogated laminar flow-induced ATP production, while treatment of the cells with a cholesterol-depleting reagent, methyl-β cyclodextrin, decreased the lipid order of both membranes and abolished disturbed flow-induced H2O2 release, indicating that changes in the membrane lipid order and/or cholesterol content are closely linked to flow-induced changes in mitochondrial functions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY How vascular endothelial cells (ECs) differentially sense laminar and disturbed flows and trigger intracellular signaling remains unclear. Here, we show that EC plasma membranes act as mechanosensors to discriminate between laminar and disturbed flows by undergoing opposite changes in their lipid order. Similar lipid order changes occur simultaneously in the mitochondrial membranes, which are linked to changes in mitochondrial function, that is, increased ATP production for laminar flow and increased H2O2 release for disturbed flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Shimogonya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Nihon University, Koriyama, Japan
| | - Ryohei Maeno
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenshiroh Kawabe
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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5
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Patel A, Pietromicca JG, Venkatesan M, Maity S, Bard JE, Madesh M, Alevriadou BR. Modulation of the mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter complex subunit expression by different shear stress patterns in vascular endothelial cells. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15588. [PMID: 36754446 PMCID: PMC9908435 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial calcium (m Ca2+ ) uptake occurs via the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter (MCU) complex and plays a critical role in mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and apoptosis. MCU complex activity is in part modulated by the expression of its regulatory subunits. Cardiovascular disease models demonstrated altered gene/protein expression of one or multiple subunits in different cells, including vascular endothelial cells (ECs). MCU complex activity was found necessary for stable flow (s-flow)-induced mitophagy and promotion of an atheroprotective EC phenotype. Disturbed flow (d-flow) is known to lead to an atheroprone phenotype. Despite the role of MCU in flow-regulated EC function, flow-induced alterations in MCU complex subunit expression are currently unknown. We exposed cultured human ECs to atheroprotective (steady shear stress, SS) or atheroprone flow (oscillatory shear stress, OS) and measured mRNA and protein levels of the MCU complex members. SS and OS differentially modulated subunit expression at gene/protein levels. Protein expression changes of the core MCU, m Ca2+ uptake 1 (MICU1) and MCU regulator 1 (MCUR1) subunits in SS- and OS-exposed, compared to static, ECs suggested an enhanced m Ca2+ influx under each flow and a potential contribution to EC dysfunction under OS. In silico analysis of a single-cell RNA-sequencing dataset was employed to extract transcript values of MCU subunits in mouse carotid ECs from regions exposed to s-flow or d-flow. Mcu and Mcur1 genes showed significant differences in expression after prolonged exposure to each flow. The differential expression of MCU complex subunits indicated a tight regulation of the complex activity under physiological and pathological hemodynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshar Patel
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Julia G. Pietromicca
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Soumya Maity
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - Jonathan E. Bard
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical SciencesUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medicine, Center for Mitochondrial MedicineUniversity of Texas Health San AntonioSan AntonioTexasUSA
| | - B. Rita Alevriadou
- Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue EngineeringUniversity at Buffalo – The State University of New YorkBuffaloNew YorkUSA
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6
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Wilson C, Lee MD, Buckley C, Zhang X, McCarron JG. Mitochondrial ATP Production is Required for Endothelial Cell Control of Vascular Tone. FUNCTION 2022; 4:zqac063. [PMID: 36778749 PMCID: PMC9909368 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqac063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arteries and veins are lined by nonproliferating endothelial cells that play a critical role in regulating blood flow. Endothelial cells also regulate tissue perfusion, metabolite exchange, and thrombosis. It is thought that endothelial cells rely on ATP generated via glycolysis, rather than mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, to fuel each of these energy-demanding processes. However, endothelial metabolism has mainly been studied in the context of proliferative cells, and little is known about energy production in endothelial cells within the fully formed vascular wall. Using intact arteries isolated from rats and mice, we show that inhibiting mitochondrial respiration disrupts endothelial control of vascular tone. Basal, mechanically activated, and agonist-evoked calcium activity in intact artery endothelial cells are each prevented by inhibiting mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Agonist-evoked calcium activity was also inhibited by blocking the transport of pyruvate, the master fuel for mitochondrial energy production, through the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier. The role for mitochondria in endothelial cell energy production is independent of species, sex, or vascular bed. These data show that a mitochondrial ATP supply is necessary for calcium-dependent, nitric oxide-mediated endothelial control of vascular tone, and identifies the critical role of endothelial mitochondrial energy production in fueling perfused blood vessel function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Lee
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
| | - Xun Zhang
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK
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7
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Patel A, Simkulet M, Maity S, Venkatesan M, Matzavinos A, Madesh M, Alevriadou BR. The mitochondrial Ca 2+ uniporter channel synergizes with fluid shear stress to induce mitochondrial Ca 2+ oscillations. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21161. [PMID: 36476944 PMCID: PMC9729216 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial calcium (Ca2+) uniporter (MCU) channel is responsible for mitochondrial Ca2+ influx. Its expression was found to be upregulated in endothelial cells (ECs) under cardiovascular disease conditions. Since the role of MCU in regulating cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis in ECs exposed to shear stress (SS) is unknown, we studied mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics (that is known to decode cytosolic Ca2+ signaling) in sheared ECs. To understand cause-and-effect, we ectopically expressed MCU in ECs. A higher percentage of MCU-transduced ECs exhibited mitochondrial Ca2+ transients/oscillations, and at higher frequency, under SS compared to sheared control ECs. Transients/oscillations correlated with mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) flashes and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) flickers, and depended on activation of the mechanosensitive Piezo1 channel and the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). A positive feedback loop composed of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake/mROS flashes/ΔΨm flickers and endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release, in association with Piezo1 and eNOS, provided insights into the mechanism by which SS, under conditions of high MCU activity, may shape vascular EC energetics and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshar Patel
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue Engineering, University at Buffalo – The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Matthew Simkulet
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue Engineering, University at Buffalo – The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
| | - Soumya Maity
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Manigandan Venkatesan
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - Anastasios Matzavinos
- grid.7870.80000 0001 2157 0406Institute for Mathematical and Computational Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- grid.267309.90000 0001 0629 5880Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229 USA
| | - B. Rita Alevriadou
- grid.273335.30000 0004 1936 9887Vascular Mechanobiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Center for Cell, Gene, and Tissue Engineering, University at Buffalo – The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260 USA
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8
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Lai A, Thurgood P, Cox CD, Chheang C, Peter K, Jaworowski A, Khoshmanesh K, Baratchi S. Piezo1 Response to Shear Stress Is Controlled by the Components of the Extracellular Matrix. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40559-40568. [PMID: 36047858 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Piezo1 is a recently discovered Ca2+ permeable ion channel that has emerged as an integral sensor of hemodynamic forces within the cardiovascular system, contributing to vascular development and blood pressure regulation. However, how the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) affects the mechanosensitivity of Piezo1 in response to hemodynamic forces remains poorly understood. Using a combination of microfluidics and calcium imaging techniques, we probe the shear stress sensitivity of single HEK293T cells engineered to stably express Piezo1 in the presence of different ECM proteins. Our experiments show that Piezo1 sensitivity to shear stress is not dependent on the presence of ECM proteins. However, different ECM proteins regulate the sensitivity of Piezo1 depending on the shear stress level. Under high shear stress, fibronectin sensitizes Piezo1 response to shear, while under low shear stress, Piezo1 mechanosensitivity is improved in the presence of collagen types I and IV and laminin. Moreover, we report that α5β1 and αvβ3 integrins are involved in Piezo1 sensitivity at high shear, while αvβ3 and αvβ5 integrins are involved in regulating the Piezo1 response at low shear stress. These results demonstrate that the ECM/integrin interactions influence Piezo1 mechanosensitivity and could represent a mechanism whereby extracellular forces are transmitted to Piezo1 channels, providing new insights into the mechanism by which Piezo1 senses shear stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lai
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
| | - Peter Thurgood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Charles D Cox
- Molecular Cardiology and Biophysics Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Chanly Chheang
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony Jaworowski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
| | | | - Sara Baratchi
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3082, Australia
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria 3004, Australia
- Department of Cardiometabolic Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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9
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Damacena de Angelis C, Endoni BT, Nuno D, Lamping K, Ledolter J, Koval OM, Grumbach IM. Sex‐Specific Differences in Endothelial Function Are Driven by Divergent Mitochondrial Ca
2+
Handling. J Am Heart Assoc 2022; 11:e023912. [PMID: 35766269 PMCID: PMC9333382 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.023912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background
Sex‐specific differences in vasodilation are mediated in part by differences in cytosolic Ca
2+
handling, but how variations in mitochondrial Ca
2+
contributes to this effect remains unknown. Here, we investigated the extent to which mitochondrial Ca
2+
entry via the MCU (mitochondrial Ca
2+
uniporter) drives sex differences in vasoreactivity in resistance arteries.
Methods and Results
Enhanced vasodilation of mesenteric resistance arteries to acetylcholine (ACh) was reduced to larger extent in female compared with male mice in 2 genetic models of endothelial MCU ablation. Ex vivo Ca
2+
imaging of mesenteric arteries with Fura‐2AM confirmed higher cytosolic Ca
2+
transients triggered by ACh in arteries from female mice versus male mice. MCU inhibition both strongly reduced cytosolic Ca
2+
transients and blocked mitochondrial Ca
2+
entry. In cultured human aortic endothelial cells, treatment with physiological concentrations of estradiol enhanced cytosolic Ca
2+
transients, Ca
2+
buffering capacity, and mitochondrial Ca
2+
entry in response to ATP or repeat Ca
2+
boluses. Further experiments to establish the mechanisms underlying these effects did not reveal significant differences in the expression of MCU subunits, at either the mRNA or protein level. However, estradiol treatment was associated with an increase in mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial fusion, and the mitochondrial membrane potential and reduced mitochondrial superoxide production.
Conclusions
Our data confirm that mitochondrial function in endothelial cells differs by sex, with female mice having enhanced Ca
2+
uptake capacity, and that these differences are attributable to the presence of more mitochondria and a higher mitochondrial membrane potential in female mice rather than differences in composition of the MCU complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celio Damacena de Angelis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Benney T. Endoni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Daniel Nuno
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Kathryn Lamping
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
- Department of Pharmacology Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa Iowa City IA
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System Iowa City IA
| | - Johannes Ledolter
- Tippie College of Business University of Iowa Iowa City IA
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Olha M. Koval
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
| | - Isabella M. Grumbach
- Department of Internal Medicine, Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
- Redox and Radiation Biology Program Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center University of Iowa Iowa City IA
- Iowa City VA Healthcare System Iowa City IA
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10
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Coon BG, Timalsina S, Astone M, Zhuang ZW, Fang J, Han J, Themen J, Chung M, Yang-Klingler YJ, Jain M, Hirschi KK, Yamamato A, Trudeau LE, Santoro M, Schwartz MA. A mitochondrial contribution to anti-inflammatory shear stress signaling in vascular endothelial cells. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213278. [PMID: 35695893 PMCID: PMC9198948 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202109144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis, the major cause of myocardial infarction and stroke, results from converging inflammatory, metabolic, and biomechanical factors. Arterial lesions form at sites of low and disturbed blood flow but are suppressed by high laminar shear stress (LSS) mainly via transcriptional induction of the anti-inflammatory transcription factor, Kruppel-like factor 2 (Klf2). We therefore performed a whole genome CRISPR-Cas9 screen to identify genes required for LSS induction of Klf2. Subsequent mechanistic investigation revealed that LSS induces Klf2 via activation of both a MEKK2/3-MEK5-ERK5 kinase module and mitochondrial metabolism. Mitochondrial calcium and ROS signaling regulate assembly of a mitophagy- and p62-dependent scaffolding complex that amplifies MEKK-MEK5-ERK5 signaling. Blocking the mitochondrial pathway in vivo reduces expression of KLF2-dependent genes such as eNOS and inhibits vascular remodeling. Failure to activate the mitochondrial pathway limits Klf2 expression in regions of disturbed flow. This work thus defines a connection between metabolism and vascular inflammation that provides a new framework for understanding and developing treatments for vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian G. Coon
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Correspondence to Brian G. Coon:
| | - Sushma Timalsina
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Matteo Astone
- Department of Biology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Zhen W. Zhuang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jennifer Fang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jinah Han
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Jurgen Themen
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Minhwan Chung
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | | | - Mukesh Jain
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Karen K. Hirschi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT
| | - Ai Yamamato
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Louis-Eric Trudeau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, CNS Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Martin A. Schwartz
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT,Martin A. Schwartz:
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11
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Chehaitly A, Guihot AL, Proux C, Grimaud L, Aurrière J, Legouriellec B, Rivron J, Vessieres E, Tétaud C, Zorzano A, Procaccio V, Joubaud F, Reynier P, Lenaers G, Loufrani L, Henrion D. Altered Mitochondrial Opa1-Related Fusion in Mouse Promotes Endothelial Cell Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061078. [PMID: 35739974 PMCID: PMC9219969 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow (shear stress)-mediated dilation (FMD) of resistance arteries is a rapid endothelial response involved in tissue perfusion. FMD is reduced early in cardiovascular diseases, generating a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. As alteration of mitochondrial fusion reduces endothelial cells’ (ECs) sprouting and angiogenesis, we investigated its role in ECs responses to flow. Opa1 silencing reduced ECs (HUVECs) migration and flow-mediated elongation. In isolated perfused resistance arteries, FMD was reduced in Opa1+/− mice, a model of the human disease due to Opa1 haplo-insufficiency, and in mice with an EC specific Opa1 knock-out (EC-Opa1). Reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress restored FMD in EC-Opa1 mice. In isolated perfused kidneys from EC-Opa1 mice, flow induced a greater pressure, less ATP, and more H2O2 production, compared to control mice. Opa1 expression and mitochondrial length were reduced in ECs submitted in vitro to disturbed flow and in vivo in the atheroprone zone of the mouse aortic cross. Aortic lipid deposition was greater in Ldlr−/--Opa1+/- and in Ldlr−/--EC-Opa1 mice than in control mice fed with a high-fat diet. In conclusion, we found that reduction in mitochondrial fusion in mouse ECs altered the dilator response to shear stress due to excessive superoxide production and induced greater atherosclerosis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Chehaitly
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Coralyne Proux
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Linda Grimaud
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Jade Aurrière
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Benoit Legouriellec
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Jordan Rivron
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Clément Tétaud
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac, 10–12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biologie, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, C/ de Monforte de Lemos, 5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vincent Procaccio
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France;
| | - Françoise Joubaud
- University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France;
| | - Pascal Reynier
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France;
| | - Guy Lenaers
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France;
| | - Laurent Loufrani
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Department, Team 2 (CarMe), ICAT SFR, University of Angers, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France; (A.C.); (A.-L.G.); (C.P.); (L.G.); (J.A.); (B.L.); (J.R.); (E.V.); (C.T.); (V.P.); (P.R.); (G.L.); (L.L.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1083, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 6015, 3 rue Roger Amsler, F-49500 Angers, France
- University Hospital (CHU) of Angers, 4 rue Larrey, F-49933 Angers, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-41-73-58-45
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12
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Early Inactivation of Membrane Estrogen Receptor Alpha (ERα) Recapitulates the Endothelial Dysfunction of Aged Mouse Resistance Arteries. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052862. [PMID: 35270003 PMCID: PMC8911509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of resistance arteries is essential for tissue perfusion but it decreases with ageing. As estrogen receptor alpha (Erα encoded by Esr1), and more precisely membrane ERα, plays an important role in FMD in young mice in a ligand-independent fashion, we evaluated its influence on this arteriolar function in ageing. We first confirmed that in young (6-month-old) mice, FMD of mesenteric resistance arteries was reduced in Esr1−/− (lacking ERα) and C451A-ERα (lacking membrane ERα). In old (24-month-old) mice, FMD was reduced in WT mice compared to young mice, whereas it was not further decreased in Esr1−/− and C451A-ERα mice. Markers of oxidative stress were similarly increased in old WT and C451A-ERα mice. Reduction in oxidative stress with superoxide dismutase plus catalase or Mito-tempo, which reduces mitochondrial superoxide restored FMD to a normal control level in young C451A-ERα mice as well as in old WT mice and old C451A-ERα mice. Estradiol-mediated dilation was absent in old WT mice. We conclude that oxidative stress is a key event in the decline of FMD, and that an early defect in membrane ERα recapitulates phenotypically and functionally ageing of these resistance arteries. The loss of this function could take part in vascular ageing.
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13
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Li J, Fang Y, Wu D. Mechanical forces and metabolic changes cooperate to drive cellular memory and endothelial phenotypes. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 87:199-253. [PMID: 34696886 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the innermost layer of arterial, venous, and lymphatic vascular tree and accordingly are subject to hemodynamic, stretch, and stiffness mechanical forces. Normally quiescent, endothelial cells have a hemodynamic set point and become "activated" in response to disturbed hemodynamics, which may signal impending nutrient or gas depletion. Endothelial cells in the majority of tissue beds are normally inactivated and maintain vessel barrier functions, are anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, and anti-thrombotic. However, under aberrant mechanical forces, endothelial signaling transforms in response, resulting cellular changes that herald pathological diseases. Endothelial cell metabolism is now recognized as the primary intermediate pathway that undergirds cellular transformation. In this review, we discuss the various mechanical forces endothelial cells sense in the large vessels, microvasculature, and lymphatics, and how changes in environmental mechanical forces result in changes in metabolism, which ultimately influence cell physiology, cellular memory, and ultimately disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Wu
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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14
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Craps S, Van Wauwe J, De Moudt S, De Munck D, Leloup AJ, Boeckx B, Vervliet T, Dheedene W, Criem N, Geeroms C, Jones EA, Zwijsen A, Lambrechts D, Fransen P, Beerens M, Luttun A. Prdm16 Supports Arterial Flow Recovery by Maintaining Endothelial Function. Circ Res 2021; 129:63-77. [PMID: 33902304 PMCID: PMC8221541 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.120.318501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta/metabolism
- Aorta/physiopathology
- Calcium/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Cells, Cultured
- Collateral Circulation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Femoral Artery/metabolism
- Femoral Artery/physiopathology
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Ischemia/genetics
- Ischemia/metabolism
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Regional Blood Flow
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Sander Craps
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jore Van Wauwe
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie De Moudt
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (S.D.M., D.D.M., A.J.A.L., P.F.)
| | - Dorien De Munck
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (S.D.M., D.D.M., A.J.A.L., P.F.)
| | - Arthur J.A. Leloup
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (S.D.M., D.D.M., A.J.A.L., P.F.)
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics (B.B., D.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium (B.B., D.L.)
| | - Tim Vervliet
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Signaling, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine (T.V.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Dheedene
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathan Criem
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carla Geeroms
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering (C.G.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, Department of Development and Regeneration (C.G.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth A.V. Jones
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Zwijsen
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics (B.B., D.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB Center for Cancer Biology, Leuven, Belgium (B.B., D.L.)
| | - Paul Fransen
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium (S.D.M., D.D.M., A.J.A.L., P.F.)
| | - Manu Beerens
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA (M.B.)
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology (S.C., J.V.W., W.D., N.C., E.A.V.J., A.Z., M.B., A.L.), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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15
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Alevriadou BR, Patel A, Noble M, Ghosh S, Gohil VM, Stathopulos PB, Madesh M. Molecular nature and physiological role of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter channel. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C465-C482. [PMID: 33296287 PMCID: PMC8260355 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00502.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) signaling is critical for cell function and cell survival. Mitochondria play a major role in regulating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake is an important determinant of cell fate and governs respiration, mitophagy/autophagy, and the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake occurs via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) complex. This review summarizes the present knowledge on the function of MCU complex, regulation of MCU channel, and the role of MCU in Ca2+ homeostasis and human disease pathogenesis. The channel core consists of four MCU subunits and essential MCU regulators (EMRE). Regulatory proteins that interact with them include mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake 1/2 (MICU1/2), MCU dominant-negative β-subunit (MCUb), MCU regulator 1 (MCUR1), and solute carrier 25A23 (SLC25A23). In addition to these proteins, cardiolipin, a mitochondrial membrane-specific phospholipid, has been shown to interact with the channel core. The dynamic interplay between the core and regulatory proteins modulates MCU channel activity after sensing local changes in [Ca2+]i, reactive oxygen species, and other environmental factors. Here, we highlight the structural details of the human MCU heteromeric assemblies and their known roles in regulating mitochondrial Ca2+ homeostasis. MCU dysfunction has been shown to alter mitochondrial Ca2+ dynamics, in turn eliciting cell apoptosis. Changes in mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake have been implicated in pathological conditions affecting multiple organs, including the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. However, our structural and functional knowledge of this vital protein complex remains incomplete, and understanding the precise role for MCU-mediated mitochondrial Ca2+ signaling in disease requires further research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rita Alevriadou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Akshar Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences and School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University at Buffalo-State University of New York, Buffalo, New York
| | - Megan Noble
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sagnika Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Vishal M Gohil
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology Division, Center for Precision Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
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16
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Ca 2+ homeostasis in brain microvascular endothelial cells. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 362:55-110. [PMID: 34253298 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Blood brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) lining the wall of brain capillaries. Its integrity is regulated by multiple mechanisms, including up/downregulation of tight junction proteins or adhesion molecules, altered Ca2+ homeostasis, remodeling of cytoskeleton, that are confined at the level of BMVECs. Beside the contribution of BMVECs to BBB permeability changes, other cells, such as pericytes, astrocytes, microglia, leukocytes or neurons, etc. are also exerting direct or indirect modulatory effects on BBB. Alterations in BBB integrity play a key role in multiple brain pathologies, including neurological (e.g. epilepsy) and neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis etc.). In this review, the principal Ca2+ signaling pathways in brain microvascular endothelial cells are discussed and their contribution to BBB integrity is emphasized. Improving the knowledge of Ca2+ homeostasis alterations in BMVECa is fundamental to identify new possible drug targets that diminish/prevent BBB permeabilization in neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
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17
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Moses SR, Adorno JJ, Palmer AF, Song JW. Vessel-on-a-chip models for studying microvascular physiology, transport, and function in vitro. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2021; 320:C92-C105. [PMID: 33176110 PMCID: PMC7846973 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00355.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
To understand how the microvasculature grows and remodels, researchers require reproducible systems that emulate the function of living tissue. Innovative contributions toward fulfilling this important need have been made by engineered microvessels assembled in vitro with microfabrication techniques. Microfabricated vessels, commonly referred to as "vessels-on-a-chip," are from a class of cell culture technologies that uniquely integrate microscale flow phenomena, tissue-level biomolecular transport, cell-cell interactions, and proper three-dimensional (3-D) extracellular matrix environments under well-defined culture conditions. Here, we discuss the enabling attributes of microfabricated vessels that make these models more physiological compared with established cell culture techniques and the potential of these models for advancing microvascular research. This review highlights the key features of microvascular transport and physiology, critically discusses the strengths and limitations of different microfabrication strategies for studying the microvasculature, and provides a perspective on current challenges and future opportunities for vessel-on-a-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah R Moses
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan J Adorno
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Andre F Palmer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jonathan W Song
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
- The Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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18
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Shear stress activates mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation by reducing plasma membrane cholesterol in vascular endothelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:33660-33667. [PMID: 33318210 PMCID: PMC7776821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014029117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanotransduction of shear stress in vascular endothelial cells is still not completely understood. We show a pathway of shear stress signal transduction mediated by plasma membrane cholesterol-dependent mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The latest imaging technology using domain 4 mutant-derived cholesterol biosensors and a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based adenosine triphosphate (ATP) biosensor revealed that shear stress rapidly decreases cholesterol levels in the plasma membrane via both efflux and internalization, and reduction in plasma membrane cholesterol was linked to the activation of mitochondrial ATP production. The addition of cholesterol blocked these shear stress effects. Increased mitochondrial ATP production led to ATP release from the endothelial cells, thereby activating purinoceptors in the plasma membrane and leading to purinergic Ca2+ signaling in response to shear stress. Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) sense and respond to hemodynamic shear stress, which is critical for circulatory homeostasis and the pathophysiology of vascular diseases. The mechanisms of shear stress mechanotransduction, however, remain elusive. We previously demonstrated a direct role of mitochondria in the purinergic signaling of shear stress: shear stress increases mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, triggering ATP release and Ca2+ signaling via EC purinoceptors. Here, we showed that shear stress rapidly decreases cholesterol in the plasma membrane, thereby activating mitochondrial ATP production. Imaging using domain 4 mutant-derived cholesterol biosensors showed that the application of shear stress to cultured ECs markedly decreased cholesterol levels in both the outer and inner plasma membrane bilayers. Flow cytometry showed that the cholesterol levels in the outer bilayer decreased rapidly after the onset of shear stress, reached a minimum (around 60% of the control level) at 10 min, and plateaued thereafter. After the shear stress ceased, the decreased cholesterol levels returned to those seen in the control. A biochemical analysis showed that shear stress caused both the efflux and the internalization of plasma membrane cholesterol. ATP biosensor imaging demonstrated that shear stress significantly increased mitochondrial ATP production. Similarly, the treatment of cells with methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), a membrane cholesterol-depleting agent, increased mitochondrial ATP production. The addition of cholesterol to cells inhibited the increasing effects of both shear stress and MβCD on mitochondrial ATP production in a dose-dependent manner. These findings indicate that plasma membrane cholesterol dynamics are closely coupled to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in ECs.
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19
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Chehaitly A, Vessieres E, Guihot AL, Henrion D. Flow-mediated outward arterial remodeling in aging. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111416. [PMID: 33333130 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on the effect of aging on flow-mediated outward remodeling (FMR) via alterations in estrogen metabolism, oxidative stress and inflammation. In ischemic disorders, the ability of the vasculature to adapt or remodel determines the quality of the recovery. FMR, which has a key role in revascularization, is a complex phenomenon that recruits endothelial and smooth muscle cells as well as the immune system. FMR becomes progressively less with age as a result of an increase in inflammation and oxidative stress, in part of mitochondrial origin. The alteration in FMR is greater in older individuals with risk factors and thus the therapy cannot merely amount to exercise with or without a mild vasodilating drug. Interestingly, the reduction in FMR occurs later in females. Estrogen and its alpha receptor (ERα) play a key role in FMR through the control of dilatory pathways including the angiotensin II type 2 receptor, thus providing possible tools to activate FMR in older subjects although only experimental data is available. Indeed, the main issue is the reversibility of the vascular damage induced over time, and to date promoting prevention and limiting exposure to the risk factors remain the best options in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Chehaitly
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Emilie Vessieres
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Anne-Laure Guihot
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- MITOVASC Laboratory and CARFI Facility, INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6015, University of Angers, Angers, France.
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20
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Modeling the role of endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria microdomains in calcium dynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17072. [PMID: 31745211 PMCID: PMC6864103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon inositol trisphosphate (IP3) stimulation of non-excitable cells, including vascular endothelial cells, calcium (Ca2+) shuttling between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, facilitated by complexes called Mitochondria-Associated ER Membranes (MAMs), is known to play an important role in the occurrence of cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]Cyt) oscillations. A mathematical compartmental closed-cell model of Ca2+ dynamics was developed that accounts for ER-mitochondria Ca2+ microdomains as the µd compartment (besides the cytosol, ER and mitochondria), Ca2+ influx to/efflux from each compartment and Ca2+ buffering. Varying the distribution of functional receptors in MAMs vs. the rest of ER/mitochondrial membranes, a parameter called the channel connectivity coefficient (to the µd), allowed for generation of [Ca2+]Cytoscillations driven by distinct mechanisms at various levels of IP3 stimulation. Oscillations could be initiated by the transient opening of IP3 receptors facing either the cytosol or the µd, and subsequent refilling of the respective compartment by Ca2+ efflux from the ER and/or the mitochondria. Only under conditions where the µd became the oscillation-driving compartment, silencing the Mitochondrial Ca2+ Uniporter led to oscillation inhibition. Thus, the model predicts that alternative mechanisms can yield [Ca2+]Cyt oscillations in non-excitable cells, and, under certain conditions, the ER-mitochondria µd can play a regulatory role.
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21
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Soman SK, Bazała M, Keatinge M, Bandmann O, Kuznicki J. Restriction of mitochondrial calcium overload by mcu inactivation renders a neuroprotective effect in zebrafish models of Parkinson's disease. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio044347. [PMID: 31548178 PMCID: PMC6826286 DOI: 10.1242/bio.044347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of dopaminergic neurons (DA) is a pathological hallmark of sporadic and familial forms of Parkinson's disease (PD). We have previously shown that inhibiting mitochondrial calcium uniporter (mcu) using morpholinos can rescue DA neurons in the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (pink1)-/- zebrafish model of PD. In this article, we show results from our studies in mcu knockout zebrafish, which was generated using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Functional assays confirmed impaired mitochondrial calcium influx in mcu -/- zebrafish. We also used in vivo calcium imaging and fluorescent assays in purified mitochondria to investigate mitochondrial calcium dynamics in a pink1 -/- zebrafish model of PD. Mitochondrial morphology was evaluated in DA neurons and muscle fibers using immunolabeling and transgenic lines, respectively. We observed diminished mitochondrial area in DA neurons of pink1 -/- zebrafish, while deletion of mcu restored mitochondrial area. In contrast, the mitochondrial volume in muscle fibers was not restored after inactivation of mcu in pink1 -/- zebrafish. Mitochondrial calcium overload coupled with depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential leads to mitochondrial dysfunction in the pink1 -/- zebrafish model of PD. We used in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical labeling of DA neurons to evaluate the effect of mcu deletion on DA neuronal clusters in the ventral telencephalon of zebrafish brain. We show that DA neurons are rescued after deletion of mcu in pink1 -/- and the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) zebrafish model of PD. Thus, inactivation of mcu is protective in both genetic and chemical models of PD. Our data reveal that regulating mcu function could be an effective therapeutic target in PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smijin K Soman
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Księcia Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Bazała
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Księcia Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcus Keatinge
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Oliver Bandmann
- Medical Research Council Centre for Developmental and Biomedical Genetics, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, 385a Glossop Road, Sheffield, S10 2HQ, UK
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Księcia Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Microfluidic models of physiological or pathological flow shear stress for cell biology, disease modeling and drug development. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Dela Paz NG, Frangos JA. Rapid flow-induced activation of Gα q/11 is independent of Piezo1 activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C741-C752. [PMID: 30811222 PMCID: PMC6580164 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00215.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell (EC) mechanochemical transduction is the process by which mechanical stimuli are sensed by ECs and transduced into biochemical signals and ultimately into physiological responses. Identifying the mechanosensor/mechanochemical transducer(s) and describing the mechanism(s) by which they receive and transmit the signals has remained a central focus within the field. The heterotrimeric G protein, Gαq/11, is proposed to be part of a macromolecular complex together with PECAM-1 at EC junctions and may constitute the mechanochemical transducer as it is rapidly activated within seconds of flow onset. The mechanically activated cation channel Piezo1 has recently been implicated due to its involvement in mediating early responses, such as calcium and ATP release. Here, we investigate the role of Piezo1 in rapid shear stress-induced Gαq/11 activation. We show that flow-induced dissociation of Gαq/11 from PECAM-1 in ECs at 15 s is abrogated by BIM-46187, a selective inhibitor of Gαq/11 activation, suggesting that Gαq/11 activation is required for PECAM-1/Gαq/11 dissociation. Although siRNA knockdown of Piezo1 caused a dramatic decrease in PECAM-1/Gαq/11 association in the basal condition, it had no effect on flow-induced dissociation. Interestingly, siRNA knockdown of Piezo1 caused a marked decrease in PECAM-1 expression. Additionally, selective blockade of Piezo1 with ion channel inhibitors had no effect on flow-induced PECAM-1/Gαq/11 dissociations. Lastly, flow onset caused increased association of Gβ1 with Piezo1 as well as with the p101 subunit of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which were both blocked by the Gβγ inhibitor gallein. Together, our results indicate that flow-induced activation of Piezo1 is not upstream of G protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John A Frangos
- La Jolla Bioengineering Institute , La Jolla, California
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24
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Fang Y, Wu D, Birukov KG. Mechanosensing and Mechanoregulation of Endothelial Cell Functions. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:873-904. [PMID: 30873580 PMCID: PMC6697421 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) form a semiselective barrier for macromolecules and cell elements regulated by dynamic interactions between cytoskeletal elements and cell adhesion complexes. ECs also participate in many other vital processes including innate immune reactions, vascular repair, secretion, and metabolism of bioactive molecules. Moreover, vascular ECs represent a unique cell type exposed to continuous, time-dependent mechanical forces: different patterns of shear stress imposed by blood flow in macrovasculature and by rolling blood cells in the microvasculature; circumferential cyclic stretch experienced by the arterial vascular bed caused by heart propulsions; mechanical stretch of lung microvascular endothelium at different magnitudes due to spontaneous respiration or mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. Accumulating evidence suggests that vascular ECs contain mechanosensory complexes, which rapidly react to changes in mechanical loading, process the signal, and develop context-specific adaptive responses to rebalance the cell homeostatic state. The significance of the interactions between specific mechanical forces in the EC microenvironment together with circulating bioactive molecules in the progression and resolution of vascular pathologies including vascular injury, atherosclerosis, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome has been only recently recognized. This review will summarize the current understanding of EC mechanosensory mechanisms, modulation of EC responses to humoral factors by surrounding mechanical forces (particularly the cyclic stretch), and discuss recent findings of magnitude-specific regulation of EC functions by transcriptional, posttranscriptional and epigenetic mechanisms using -omics approaches. We also discuss ongoing challenges and future opportunities in developing new therapies targeting dysregulated mechanosensing mechanisms to treat vascular diseases. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:873-904, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Fang
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA,Correspondence to
| | - David Wu
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland Baltimore School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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25
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Wilson C, Lee MD, Heathcote HR, Zhang X, Buckley C, Girkin JM, Saunter CD, McCarron JG. Mitochondrial ATP production provides long-range control of endothelial inositol trisphosphate-evoked calcium signaling. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:737-758. [PMID: 30498088 PMCID: PMC6341391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are reported to be glycolytic and to minimally rely on mitochondria for ATP generation. Rather than providing energy, mitochondria in endothelial cells may act as signaling organelles that control cytosolic Ca2+ signaling or modify reactive oxygen species (ROS). To control Ca2+ signaling, these organelles are often observed close to influx and release sites and may be tethered near Ca2+ transporters. In this study, we used high-resolution, wide-field fluorescence imaging to investigate the regulation of Ca2+ signaling by mitochondria in large numbers of endothelial cells (∼50 per field) in intact arteries from rats. We observed that mitochondria were mostly spherical or short-rod structures and were distributed widely throughout the cytoplasm. The density of these organelles did not increase near contact sites with smooth muscle cells. However, local inositol trisphosphate (IP3)-mediated Ca2+ signaling predominated near these contact sites and required polarized mitochondria. Of note, mitochondrial control of Ca2+ signals occurred even when mitochondria were far from Ca2+ release sites. Indeed, the endothelial mitochondria were mobile and moved throughout the cytoplasm. Mitochondrial control of Ca2+ signaling was mediated by ATP production, which, when reduced by mitochondrial depolarization or ATP synthase inhibition, eliminated local IP3-mediated Ca2+ release events. ROS buffering did not significantly alter local Ca2+ release events. These results highlight the importance of mitochondrial ATP production in providing long-range control of endothelial signaling via IP3-evoked local Ca2+ release in intact endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum Wilson
- From the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Matthew D Lee
- From the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Helen R Heathcote
- From the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Xun Zhang
- From the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - Charlotte Buckley
- From the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom and
| | - John M Girkin
- the Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Saunter
- the Centre for Advanced Instrumentation, Biophysical Sciences Institute, Department of Physics, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - John G McCarron
- From the Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, SIPBS Building, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, United Kingdom and
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26
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Yamamoto K, Imamura H, Ando J. Shear stress augments mitochondrial ATP generation that triggers ATP release and Ca 2+ signaling in vascular endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1477-H1485. [PMID: 30141983 PMCID: PMC6297820 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00204.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) sense and transduce hemodynamic shear stress into intracellular biochemical signals, and Ca2+ signaling plays a critical role in this mechanotransduction, i.e., ECs release ATP in the caveolae in response to shear stress and, in turn, the released ATP activates P2 purinoceptors, which results in an influx into the cells of extracellular Ca2+. However, the mechanism by which the shear stress evokes ATP release remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that cellular mitochondria play a critical role in this process. Cultured human pulmonary artery ECs were exposed to controlled levels of shear stress in a flow-loading device, and changes in the mitochondrial ATP levels were examined by real-time imaging using a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based ATP biosensor. Immediately upon exposure of the cells to flow, mitochondrial ATP levels increased, which was both reversible and dependent on the intensity of shear stress. Inhibitors of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and ATP synthase as well as knockdown of caveolin-1, a major structural protein of the caveolae, abolished the shear stress-induced mitochondrial ATP generation, resulting in the loss of ATP release and influx of Ca2+ into the cells. These results suggest the novel role of mitochondria in transducing shear stress into ATP generation: ATP generation leads to ATP release in the caveolae, triggering purinergic Ca2+ signaling. Thus, exposure of ECs to shear stress seems to activate mitochondrial ATP generation through caveola- or caveolin-1-mediated mechanisms. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanism of how vascular endothelial cells sense shear stress generated by blood flow and transduce it into functional responses remains unclear. Real-time imaging of mitochondrial ATP demonstrated the novel role of endothelial mitochondria as mechanosignaling organelles that are able to transduce shear stress into ATP generation, triggering ATP release and purinoceptor-mediated Ca2+ signaling within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of System Physiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Hiromi Imamura
- Laboratory of Functional Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University , Kyoto , Japan
| | - Joji Ando
- Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Dokkyo Medical University , Tochigi , Japan
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27
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Alevriadou BR, Shanmughapriya S, Patel A, Stathopulos PB, Madesh M. Mitochondrial Ca 2+ transport in the endothelium: regulation by ions, redox signalling and mechanical forces. J R Soc Interface 2017; 14:rsif.2017.0672. [PMID: 29237825 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) transport by mitochondria is an important component of the cell Ca2+ homeostasis machinery in metazoans. Ca2+ uptake by mitochondria is a major determinant of bioenergetics and cell fate. Mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake occurs via the mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter (MCU) complex, an inner mitochondrial membrane protein assembly consisting of the MCU Ca2+ channel, as its core component, and the MCU complex regulatory/auxiliary proteins. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular nature of the MCU complex and its regulation by intra- and extramitochondrial levels of divalent ions and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), mitochondrial Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]m) and mitochondrial ROS (mROS) are intricately coupled in regulating MCU activity. Here, we highlight the contribution of MCU activity to vascular endothelial cell (EC) function. Besides the ionic and oxidant regulation, ECs are continuously exposed to haemodynamic forces (either pulsatile or oscillatory fluid mechanical shear stresses, depending on the precise EC location within the arteries). Thus, we also propose an EC mechanotransduction-mediated regulation of MCU activity in the context of vascular physiology and atherosclerotic vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rita Alevriadou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Santhanam Shanmughapriya
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Akshar Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.,Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Peter B Stathopulos
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5C1
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Department of Medical Genetics and Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA .,Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
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28
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Baltatu OC, Amaral FG, Campos LA, Cipolla-Neto J. Melatonin, mitochondria and hypertension. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3955-3964. [PMID: 28791422 PMCID: PMC11107636 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2613-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin, due to its multiple means and mechanisms of action, plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the organismal physiology by fine tunning several functions. The cardiovascular system is an important site of action as melatonin regulates blood pressure both by central and peripheral interventions, in addition to its relation with the renin-angiotensin system. Besides, the systemic management of several processes, melatonin acts on mitochondria regulation to maintain a healthy cardiovascular system. Hypertension affects target organs in different ways and cellular energy metabolism is frequently involved due to mitochondrial alterations that include a rise in reactive oxygen species production and an ATP synthesis decrease. The discussion that follows shows the role played by melatonin in the regulation of mitochondrial physiology in several levels of the cardiovascular system, including brain, heart, kidney, blood vessels and, particularly, regulating the renin-angiotensin system. This discussion shows the putative importance of using melatonin as a therapeutic tool involving its antioxidant potential and its action on mitochondrial physiology in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovidiu C Baltatu
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE) at Anhembi Morumbi University-Laureate International Universities, 500 Dr. Altino Bondensan Ave, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Fernanda G Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, 862 Botucatu St, 5th Floor, São Paulo, SP, 04023-901, Brazil
| | - Luciana A Campos
- Center of Innovation, Technology and Education (CITE) at Anhembi Morumbi University-Laureate International Universities, 500 Dr. Altino Bondensan Ave, São José dos Campos, SP, 12247-016, Brazil
| | - Jose Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Lineu Prestes, 1524, room 115/118, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Abstract
This brief review assesses the role of Ca2+ signaling in lung endothelium in regulation of endothelial permeability. The disconnect between experimental and clinical outcomes to date may be due, in part, to the use of tools which yield information about aggregate permeability or Ca2+ responses in lung or in endothelial monolayers. The teaching point of this review is to “unpack the box,” i.e. consider the many potential issues which could impact interpretation of outcomes. These include phenotypic heterogeneity and resultant segment-specific permeability responses, methodologic issues related to permeability measures, contributions from Ca2+ channels in cells other than endothelium—such as alveolar macrophages or blood leukocytes), Ca2+ dynamic patterns, rather than averaged Ca2+ responses to channel activation, and the background context, such as changes in endothelial bioenergetics with sepsis. Any or all of these issues might color interpretation of permeability and Ca2+ signaling in lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary I Townsley
- 12214 Department of Physiology & Cell Biology, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
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30
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Focal adhesion kinase signaling regulates anti-inflammatory function of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells induced by biomechanical force. Cell Signal 2017. [PMID: 28647573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have tremendous potential for use in regenerative medicine due to their multipotency and immune cell regulatory functions. Biomimetic physical forces have been shown to direct differentiation and maturation of MSCs in tissue engineering applications; however, the effect of force on immunomodulatory activity of MSCs has been largely overlooked. Here we show in human bone marrow-derived MSCs that wall shear stress (WSS) equivalent to the fluid frictional force present in the adult arterial vasculature significantly enhances expression of four genes that mediate MSC immune regulatory function, PTGS2, HMOX1, IL1RN, and TNFAIP6. Several mechanotransduction pathways are stimulated by WSS, including calcium ion (Ca2+) flux and activation of Akt, MAPK, and focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Inhibition of PI3K-Akt by LY294002 or Ca2+ signaling with chelators, ion channel inhibitors, or Ca2+ free culture conditions failed to attenuate WSS-induced COX2 expression. In contrast, the FAK inhibitor PF-562271 blocked COX2 induction, implicating focal adhesions as critical sensory components upstream of this key immunomodulatory factor. In co-culture assays, WSS preconditioning stimulates MSC anti-inflammatory activity to more potently suppress TNF-α production by activated immune cells, and this improved potency depended upon the ability of FAK to stimulate COX2 induction. Taken together, our data demonstrate that biomechanical force potentiates the reparative and regenerative properties of MSCs through a FAK signaling cascade and highlights the potential for innovative force-based approaches for enhancement in MSC therapeutic efficacy.
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31
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Vanhoutte PM, Zhao Y, Xu A, Leung SWS. Thirty Years of Saying NO: Sources, Fate, Actions, and Misfortunes of the Endothelium-Derived Vasodilator Mediator. Circ Res 2017; 119:375-96. [PMID: 27390338 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells control vascular tone by releasing nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase. The activity of endothelial NO synthase is modulated by the calcium concentration and by post-translational modifications (eg, phosphorylation). When NO reaches vascular smooth muscle, soluble guanylyl cyclase is its primary target producing cGMP. NO production is stimulated by circulating substances (eg, catecholamines), platelet products (eg, serotonin), autacoids formed in (eg, bradykinin) or near (eg, adiponectin) the vascular wall and physical factors (eg, shear stress). NO dysfunction can be caused, alone or in combination, by abnormal coupling of endothelial cell membrane receptors, insufficient supply of substrate (l-arginine) or cofactors (tetrahydrobiopterin), endogenous inhibitors (asymmetrical dimethyl arginine), reduced expression/presence/dimerization of endothelial NO synthase, inhibition of its enzymatic activity, accelerated disposition of NO by reactive oxygen species and abnormal responses (eg, biased soluble guanylyl cyclase activity producing cyclic inosine monophosphate) of the vascular smooth muscle. Major culprits causing endothelial dysfunction, irrespective of the underlying pathological process (aging, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension), include stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors, activation of endothelial Rho-kinase, augmented presence of asymmetrical dimethyl arginine, and exaggerated oxidative stress. Genetic and pharmacological interventions improve dysfunctional NO-mediated vasodilatations if protecting the supply of substrate and cofactors for endothelial NO synthase, preserving the presence and activity of the enzyme and reducing reactive oxygen species generation. Common achievers of such improvement include maintained levels of estrogens and increased production of adiponectin and induction of silent mating-type information regulation 2 homologue 1. Obviously, endothelium-dependent relaxations are not the only beneficial action of NO in the vascular wall. Thus, reduced NO-mediated responses precede and initiate the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Vanhoutte
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yingzi Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan W S Leung
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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