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Yu S, Liao J, Lin X, Luo Y, Lu G. Crucial role of autophagy in propofol-treated neurological diseases: a comprehensive review. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1274727. [PMID: 37946715 PMCID: PMC10631783 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1274727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability and death globally. Currently, there is a significant concern about the therapeutic strategies that can offer reliable and cost-effective treatment for neurological diseases. Propofol is a widely used general intravenous anesthetic in the clinic. Emerging studies demonstrate that propofol exerts neuroprotective effects on neurological diseases and disorders, while its underlying pathogenic mechanism is not well understood. Autophagy, an important process of cell turnover in eukaryotes, has been suggested to involve in the neuroprotective properties developed by propofol. In this narrative review, we summarized the current evidence on the roles of autophagy in propofol-associated neurological diseases. This study highlighted the effect of propofol on the nervous system and the crucial roles of autophagy. According to the 21 included studies, we found that propofol was a double-edged sword for neurological disorders. Several eligible studies reported that propofol caused neuronal cell damage by regulating autophagy, leading to cognitive dysfunction and other neurological diseases, especially high concentration and dose of propofol. However, some of them have shown that in the model of existing nervous system diseases (e.g., cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, electroconvulsive therapy injury, cobalt chloride-induced injury, TNF-α-induced injury, and sleep deprivation-induced injury), propofol might play a neuroprotective role by regulating autophagy, thus improving the degree of nerve damage. Autophagy plays a pivotal role in the neurological system by regulating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, calcium release, and other mechanisms, which may be associated with the interaction of a variety of related proteins and signal cascades. With extensive in-depth research in the future, the autophagic mechanism mediated by propofol will be fully understood, which may facilitate the feasibility of propofol in the prevention and treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicong Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Jian Liao
- Department of Nephrology, Jiaxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jiaxing, China
| | - Xuezheng Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
| | - Guangtao Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), Taizhou, China
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Yang Y, Ren L, Li W, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Ge B, Yang H, Du G, Tang B, Wang H, Wang J. GABAergic signaling as a potential therapeutic target in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 161:114410. [PMID: 36812710 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
GABA is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. Synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase, GABA could specifically bind with two GABA receptors to transmit inhibition signal stimuli into cells: GABAA receptor and GABAB receptor. In recent years, emerging studies revealed that GABAergic signaling not only participated in traditional neurotransmission but was involved in tumorigenesis as well as regulating tumor immunity. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge of the GABAergic signaling pathway in tumor proliferation, metastasis, progression, stemness, and tumor microenvironment as well as the underlying molecular mechanism. We also discussed the therapeutical advances in targeting GABA receptors to provide the theoretical basis for pharmacological intervention of GABAergic signaling in cancer treatment especially immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Liwen Ren
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wan Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Sen Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Binbin Ge
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Hong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guanhua Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Bo Tang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, China
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, 300060, China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing 100050, China; Key Laboratory of Drug Target Research and Drug Screen, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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Gu L, Pan X, Wang C, Wang L. The benefits of propofol on cancer treatment: Decipher its modulation code to immunocytes. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:919636. [PMID: 36408275 PMCID: PMC9672338 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.919636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are essential for cancer surgery, but accumulated research have proven that some anesthetics promote the occurrence of certain cancers, leading to adverse effects in the lives of patients. Although anesthetic technology is mature, there is no golden drug selection standard for surgical cancer treatment. To afford the responsibility of human health, a more specific regimen for cancer resection is indeed necessary. Immunosuppression in oncologic surgery has an adverse influence on the outcomes of patients. The choice of anesthetic strategies influences perioperative immunity. Among anesthetics, propofol has shown positive effects on immunity. Apart from that, propofol's anticancer effect has been generally reported, which makes it more significant in oncologic surgery. However, the immunoregulative function of propofol is not reorganized well. Herein, we have summarized the impact of propofol on different immunocytes, proposed its potential mechanism for the positive effect on cancer immunity, and offered a conceivable hypothesis on its regulation to postoperative inflammation. We conclude that the priority of propofol is high in oncologic surgery and propofol may be a promising immunomodulatory drug for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Gu
- First Operating Room, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueqi Pan
- Intensive Care Unit, First Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Chongcheng Wang
- Trauma Center, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Selezneva A, Gibb AJ, Willis D. The contribution of ion channels to shaping macrophage behaviour. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:970234. [PMID: 36160429 PMCID: PMC9490177 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.970234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The expanding roles of macrophages in physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms now include normal tissue homeostasis, tissue repair and regeneration, including neuronal tissue; initiation, progression, and resolution of the inflammatory response and a diverse array of anti-microbial activities. Two hallmarks of macrophage activity which appear to be fundamental to their diverse cellular functionalities are cellular plasticity and phenotypic heterogeneity. Macrophage plasticity allows these cells to take on a broad spectrum of differing cellular phenotypes in response to local and possibly previous encountered environmental signals. Cellular plasticity also contributes to tissue- and stimulus-dependent macrophage heterogeneity, which manifests itself as different macrophage phenotypes being found at different tissue locations and/or after different cell stimuli. Together, plasticity and heterogeneity align macrophage phenotypes to their required local cellular functions and prevent inappropriate activation of the cell, which could lead to pathology. To execute the appropriate function, which must be regulated at the qualitative, quantitative, spatial and temporal levels, macrophages constantly monitor intracellular and extracellular parameters to initiate and control the appropriate cell signaling cascades. The sensors and signaling mechanisms which control macrophages are the focus of a considerable amount of research. Ion channels regulate the flow of ions between cellular membranes and are critical to cell signaling mechanisms in a variety of cellular functions. It is therefore surprising that the role of ion channels in the macrophage biology has been relatively overlooked. In this review we provide a summary of ion channel research in macrophages. We begin by giving a narrative-based explanation of the membrane potential and its importance in cell biology. We then report on research implicating different ion channel families in macrophage functions. Finally, we highlight some areas of ion channel research in macrophages which need to be addressed, future possible developments in this field and therapeutic potential.
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Yi S, Tao X, Wang Y, Cao Q, Zhou Z, Wang S. Effects of propofol on macrophage activation and function in diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:964771. [PMID: 36059940 PMCID: PMC9428246 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.964771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages work with monocytes and dendritic cells to form a monocyte immune system, which constitutes a powerful cornerstone of the immune system with their powerful antigen presentation and phagocytosis. Macrophages play an essential role in infection, inflammation, tumors and other pathological conditions, but these cells also have non-immune functions, such as regulating lipid metabolism and maintaining homeostasis. Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic in the clinic. Propofol has sedative, hypnotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation effects, and it participates in the body’s immunity. The regulation of propofol on immune cells, especially macrophages, has a profound effect on the occurrence and development of human diseases. We summarized the effects of propofol on macrophage migration, recruitment, differentiation, polarization, and pyroptosis, and the regulation of these propofol-regulated macrophage functions in inflammation, infection, tumor, and organ reperfusion injury. The influence of propofol on pathology and prognosis via macrophage regulation is also discussed. A better understanding of the effects of propofol on macrophage activation and function in human diseases will provide a new strategy for the application of clinical narcotic drugs and the treatment of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyuan Yi
- School of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Central Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinyi Tao
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Central Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qianqian Cao
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Central Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhixia Zhou
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixia Zhou, ; Shoushi Wang,
| | - Shoushi Wang
- Qingdao Central Hospital, Central Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Zhixia Zhou, ; Shoushi Wang,
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Bhattacharya D, Gawali VS, Kallay L, Toukam DK, Koehler A, Stambrook P, Krummel DP, Sengupta S. Therapeutically leveraging GABA A receptors in cancer. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2021; 246:2128-2135. [PMID: 34649481 DOI: 10.1177/15353702211032549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid or GABA is an amino acid that functionally acts as a neurotransmitter and is critical to neurotransmission. GABA is also a metabolite in the Krebs cycle. It is therefore unsurprising that GABA and its receptors are also present outside of the central nervous system, including in immune cells. This observation suggests that GABAergic signaling impacts events beyond brain function and possibly human health beyond neurological disorders. Indeed, GABA receptor subunits are expressed in pathological disease states, including in disparate cancers. The role that GABA and its receptors may play in cancer development and progression remains unclear. If, however, those cancers have functional GABA receptors that participate in GABAergic signaling, it raises an important question whether these signaling pathways might be targetable for therapeutic benefit. Herein we summarize the effects of modulating Type-A GABA receptor signaling in various cancers and highlight how Type-A GABA receptors could emerge as a novel therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Bhattacharya
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Vaibhavkumar S Gawali
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Laura Kallay
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Donatien K Toukam
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Abigail Koehler
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Peter Stambrook
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Daniel Pomeranz Krummel
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Soma Sengupta
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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Cai X, Li Y, Zheng X, Hu R, Li Y, Xiao L, Wang Z. Propofol suppresses microglial phagocytosis through the downregulation of MFG-E8. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:18. [PMID: 33422097 PMCID: PMC7796553 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02061-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are highly motile phagocytic cells in the healthy brain with surveillance and clearance functions. Although microglia have been shown to engulf cellular debris following brain insult, less is known about their phagocytic function in the absence of injury. Propofol can inhibit microglial activity, including phagocytosis. Milk fat globule epidermal growth factor 8 (MFG-E8), as a regulator of microglia, plays an essential role in the phagocytic process. However, whether MFG-E8 affects the alteration of phagocytosis by propofol remains unknown. METHODS Microglial BV2 cells were treated with propofol, with or without MFG-E8. Phagocytosis of latex beads was evaluated by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence. MFG-E8, p-AMPK, AMPK, p-Src, and Src levels were assessed by western blot analysis. Compound C (AMPK inhibitor) and dasatinib (Src inhibitor) were applied to determine the roles of AMPK and Src in microglial phagocytosis under propofol treatment. RESULTS The phagocytic ability of microglia was significantly decreased after propofol treatment for 4 h (P < 0.05). MFG-E8 production was inhibited by propofol in a concentration- and time-dependent manner (P < 0.05). Preadministration of MFG-E8 dose-dependently (from 10 to 100 ng/ml) reversed the suppression of phagocytosis by propofol (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the decline in p-AMPK and p-Src levels induced by propofol intervention was reversed by MFG-E8 activation (P < 0.05). Administration of compound C (AMPK inhibitor) and dasatinib (Src inhibitor) to microglia blocked the trend of enhanced phagocytosis induced by MFG-E8 (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal the intermediate role of MFG-E8 between propofol and microglial phagocytic activity. Moreover, MFG-E8 may reverse the suppression of phagocytosis induced by propofol through the regulation of the AMPK and Src signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyang Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangcan Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhongxing Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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Nájera-Martínez M, López-Tapia BP, Aguilera-Alvarado GP, Madera-Sandoval RL, Sánchez-Nieto S, Giron-Pérez MI, Vega-López A. Sub-basal increases of GABA enhance the synthesis of TNF-α, TGF-β, and IL-1β in the immune system organs of the Nile tilapia. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 348:577382. [PMID: 32919148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cells of the immune and neuronal systems share different receptors for cytokines or neurotransmitters, producing feedback responses between both systems. Cytokines such as IL-1β and TNF-α can induce inflammation; however, the secretion of these molecules can be modulated by anti-inflammatory cytokines, as is the case for TGF-β, as well as by different hormones or neurotransmitters such as the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). In this study, we evaluated the secretion of IL-1β, TNF-α, and TGF-β under basal conditions, in the head of the kidney, spleen, thymus, and serum of the Nile tilapia, as well as their release induced by different sub-basal increases of GABA. We found that at the higher dose of GABA these cytokines were synthesised at a higher concentration compared to the control group. These results may suggest that there is feedback between both systems and that GABA plays a role in the modulation of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minerva Nájera-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Brenda P López-Tapia
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | | | - Ruth L Madera-Sandoval
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México
| | - Sobeida Sánchez-Nieto
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Química, Departamento de Bioquímica, México
| | - Manuel Iván Giron-Pérez
- Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit, Laboratorio Nacional para la Investigación en Inocuidad Alimentaria-Unidad Nayarit, Calle Tres s/n, Cd Industrial, Tepic, Nayarit, México
| | - Armando Vega-López
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental, Av. Wilfrido Massieu s/n, Unidad Profesional Zacatenco, México City, CP 07738 México.
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9
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Shim HS, Park HJ, Woo J, Lee CJ, Shim I. Role of astrocytic GABAergic system on inflammatory cytokine-induced anxiety-like behavior. Neuropharmacology 2019; 160:107776. [PMID: 31513788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.107776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that not only neurons but astrocytes contain a considerable amount of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which can be released and activate the receptors responsive to GABA. The purpose of this study is to test whether gliotransmitters from astrocytes may play a role in etiology of anxiety symptoms. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) infusion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), one of potent inflammatory cytokines, induced anxiety-like behaviors and activated the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. Pretreatment with astrocytes toxin, l-α-aminoadipate (L-AAA) reduced anxiety-like behaviors and the GFAP expression in the PVN. Intraparaventricular nucleus (iPVN) infusion of IL-1β produced markedly anxiety-like behaviors and increased release of GABA from astrocytes. However, treatment of glial cell inhibitor, L-AAA or blocker of Bestrophin-1 (Best1), 5-Nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino) benzoic acid (NPPB) markedly inactivated astrocytes and also reduced the anxiety-like behaviors. Treatment of L-AAA or NPPB decreased IL-1β-induced gliotransmitter GABA release measured by in vivo microdialysis. These results suggest that selective inhibition of astrocytes or astocytic GABA release in the PVN may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy for treating anxiety and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Soo Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongys0daemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea; Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongys0daemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea; Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, 154-42, Gwanggyosan-ro, Youngtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 16227, South Korea
| | - Junsung Woo
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, 02792, South Korea
| | - Insop Shim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongys0daemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, South Korea.
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de Sousa GC, Cruz FF, Heil LB, Sobrinho CJS, Saddy F, Knibel FP, Pereira JB, Schultz MJ, Pelosi P, Gama de Abreu M, Silva PL, Rocco PRM. Intraoperative immunomodulatory effects of sevoflurane versus total intravenous anesthesia with propofol in bariatric surgery (the OBESITA trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial. Trials 2019; 20:300. [PMID: 31138279 PMCID: PMC6540380 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-019-3399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is associated with a chronic systemic inflammatory process. Volatile or intravenous anesthetic agents may modulate immune function, and may do so differentially in obesity. However, no study has evaluated whether these potential immunomodulatory effects differ according to type of anesthesia in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Methods/design The OBESITA trial is a prospective, nonblinded, single-center, randomized, controlled clinical pilot trial. The trial will include 48 patients with a body mass index ≥ 35 kg/m2, scheduled for laparoscopic bariatric surgery using sleeve or a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass technique, who will be allocated 1:1 to undergo general inhalational anesthesia with sevoflurane or total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol. The primary endpoint is the difference in plasma interleukin (IL)-6 levels when comparing the two anesthetic agents. Blood samples will be collected prior to anesthesia induction (baseline), immediately after anesthetic induction, and before endotracheal extubation. Levels of other proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil chemotaxis, macrophage differentiation, phagocytosis, and occurrence of intraoperative and postoperative complications will also be evaluated. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first randomized clinical trial designed to compare the effects of two different anesthetics on immunomodulation in obese patients undergoing laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Our hypothesis is that anesthesia with sevoflurane will result in a weaker proinflammatory response compared to anesthesia with propofol, with lower circulating levels of IL-6 and other proinflammatory mediators, and increased macrophage differentiation into the M2 phenotype in adipose tissue. Trial registration Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos, RBR-77kfj5. Registered on 25 July 2018. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13063-019-3399-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Carvalho de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G1-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.,Department of Anesthesiology, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Ferreira Cruz
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G1-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Luciana Boavista Heil
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G1-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Saddy
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G1-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.,Institute D'Or of Research and Teaching, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marcus J Schultz
- Department of Intensive Care and Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology (L·E·I·C·A), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit (MORU), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS for Oncology and Neurosciences, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcelo Gama de Abreu
- Pulmonary Engineering Group, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pedro Leme Silva
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G1-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco
- Laboratory of Pulmonary Investigation, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Avenida Carlos Chagas Filho, 373, Bloco G1-014, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902, Brazil.
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11
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Heil LBB, Silva PL, Pelosi P, Rocco PRM. Immunomodulatory effects of anesthetics in obese patients. World J Crit Care Med 2017; 6:140-152. [PMID: 28828299 PMCID: PMC5547428 DOI: 10.5492/wjccm.v6.i3.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anesthesia and surgery have an impact on inflammatory responses, which influences perioperative homeostasis. Inhalational and intravenous anesthesia can alter immune-system homeostasis through multiple processes that include activation of immune cells (such as monocytes, neutrophils, and specific tissue macrophages) with release of pro- or anti-inflammatory interleukins, upregulation of cell adhesion molecules, and overproduction of oxidative radicals. The response depends on the timing of anesthesia, anesthetic agents used, and mechanisms involved in the development of inflammation or immunosuppression. Obese patients are at increased risk for chronic diseases and may have the metabolic syndrome, which features insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. Evidence has shown that obesity has adverse impacts on surgical outcome, and that immune cells play an important role in this process. Understanding the effects of anesthetics on immune-system cells in obese patients is important to support proper selection of anesthetic agents, which may affect postoperative outcomes. This review article aims to integrate current knowledge regarding the effects of commonly used anesthetic agents on the lungs and immune response with the underlying immunology of obesity. Additionally, it identifies knowledge gaps for future research to guide optimal selection of anesthetic agents for obese patients from an immunomodulatory standpoint.
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12
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Propofol Sedation Exacerbates Kidney Pathology and Dissemination of Bacteria during Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.00097-17. [PMID: 28461390 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00097-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is responsible for large numbers of postsurgical nosocomial infections across the United States and worldwide. Propofol anesthesia is widely used in surgery and in intensive care units, and recent evidence indicates that even brief exposure to propofol can substantially increase host susceptibility to microbial infection. Here, we delineate the impact of propofol sedation on MRSA bloodstream infections in mice in the presence and absence of prophylactic antibiotic treatment. Consistent with previous reports, brief periods of anesthesia with propofol were sufficient to significantly increase bacterial burdens and kidney pathology in mice infected with MRSA. Propofol exposure increased neutrophilic infiltrates into the kidney and enhanced bacterial dissemination throughout kidney tissue. Propofol sedation reduced populations of effector phagocytes and mature dendritic cells within the kidney and led to the apparent expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like populations. When propofol was coadministered with vancomycin prophylaxis, it dramatically increased kidney abscess formation and bacterial dissemination throughout kidney tissue at early times post-S. aureus infection compared to antibiotic-treated but nonsedated animals. Taken together, our data indicate that short-term sedation with propofol significantly increases the severity of bloodstream MRSA infection, even when administered in conjunction with vancomycin prophylaxis.
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13
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Li M, Qiu L, Wang L, Wang W, Xin L, Li Y, Liu Z, Song L. The inhibitory role of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on immunomodulation of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 52:16-22. [PMID: 26975413 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter to suppress the immune-mediated pro-inflammatory reactions, and it has been used in the treatment of many inflammation-related diseases in vertebrates, while its immunomodulatory role in invertebrates has never been reported. In the present study, GABA was found to exist in the hemolymph of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and its concentration decreased slightly from 8.00 ± 0.37 μmol L(-1) at normal condition to 7.73 ± 0.15 μmol L(-1) at 6 h after LPS stimulation, and then increased to 9.34 ± 0.15 μmol L(-1), 8.86 ± 0.68 μmol L(-1) at 12 h and 48 h, respectively. After LPS stimulation, the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (CgIL-17 and CgTNF) and immune effectors (CgSOD and CgBPI), and the protein expression of NOS increased significantly, and these increased trends were remarkably inhibited by GABA stimulation. At the same time, the phagocytosis rate and apoptosis rate of immunocytes also increased obviously after LPS stimulation, whereas the increase was repressed with the addition of GABA. The results collectively demonstrated that GABA was an indispensable inhibitory agent for both humoral and cellular immune response, which mainly functioned at the late phase of immune response to avoid the excess immune reactions and maintain the immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijia Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Limei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Weilin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lusheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiqun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian 116023, China
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14
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Visvabharathy L, Xayarath B, Weinberg G, Shilling RA, Freitag NE. Propofol Increases Host Susceptibility to Microbial Infection by Reducing Subpopulations of Mature Immune Effector Cells at Sites of Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138043. [PMID: 26381144 PMCID: PMC4575148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anesthetics are known to modulate host immune responses, but separating the variables of surgery from anesthesia when analyzing hospital acquired infections is often difficult. Here, the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) was used to assess the impact of the common anesthetic propofol on host susceptibility to infection. Brief sedation of mice with physiologically relevant concentrations of propofol increased bacterial burdens in target organs by more than 10,000-fold relative to infected control animals. The adverse effects of propofol sedation on immune clearance of Lm persisted after recovery from sedation, as animals given the drug remained susceptible to infection for days following anesthesia. In contrast to propofol, sedation with alternative anesthetics such as ketamine/xylazine or pentobarbital did not increase susceptibility to systemic Lm infection. Propofol altered systemic cytokine and chemokine expression during infection, and prevented effective bacterial clearance by inhibiting the recruitment and/or activity of immune effector cells at sites of infection. Propofol exposure induced a marked reduction in marginal zone macrophages in the spleens of Lm infected mice, resulting in bacterial dissemination into deep tissue. Propofol also significantly increased mouse kidney abscess formation following infection with the common nosocomial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. Taken together, these data indicate that even brief exposure to propofol severely compromises host resistance to microbial infection for days after recovery from sedation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bobbi Xayarath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Guy Weinberg
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rebecca A. Shilling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Nancy E. Freitag
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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15
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Auteri M, Zizzo MG, Serio R. GABA and GABA receptors in the gastrointestinal tract: from motility to inflammation. Pharmacol Res 2015; 93:11-21. [PMID: 25526825 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although an extensive body of literature confirmed γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as mediator within the enteric nervous system (ENS) controlling gastrointestinal (GI) function, the true significance of GABAergic signalling in the gut is still a matter of debate. GABAergic cells in the bowel include neuronal and endocrine-like cells, suggesting GABA as modulator of both motor and secretory GI activity. GABA effects in the GI tract depend on the activation of ionotropic GABAA and GABAC receptors and metabotropic GABAB receptors, resulting in a potential noteworthy regulation of both the excitatory and inhibitory signalling in the ENS. However, the preservation of GABAergic signalling in the gut could not be limited to the maintenance of physiologic intestinal activity. Indeed, a series of interesting studies have suggested a potential key role of GABA in the promising field of neuroimmune interaction, being involved in the modulation of immune cell activity associated with different systemic and enteric inflammatory conditions. Given the urgency of novel therapeutic strategies against chronic immunity-related pathologies, i.e. multiple sclerosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease, an in-depth comprehension of the enteric GABAergic system in health and disease could provide the basis for new clinical application of nerve-driven immunity. Hence, in the attempt to drive novel researches addressing both the physiological and pathological importance of the GABAergic signalling in the gut, we summarized current evidence on GABA and GABA receptor function in the different parts of the GI tract, with particular focus on the potential involvement in the modulation of GI motility and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelangelo Auteri
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Zizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, I-90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosa Serio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Laboratorio di Fisiologia generale, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, I-90128 Palermo, Italy.
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16
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Johnston GAR. Advantages of an antagonist: bicuculline and other GABA antagonists. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:328-36. [PMID: 23425285 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The convulsant alkaloid bicuculline continues to be investigated more than 40 years after the first publication of its action as an antagonist of receptors for the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. This historical perspective highlights key aspects of the discovery of bicuculline as a GABA antagonist and the sustained interest in this and other GABA antagonists. The exciting advances in the molecular biology, pharmacology and physiology of GABA receptors provide a continuing stimulus for the discovery of new antagonists with increasing selectivity for the myriad of GABA receptor subclasses. Interesting GABA antagonists not structurally related to bicuculline include gabazine, salicylidene salicylhydrazide, RU5135 and 4-(3-biphenyl-5-(4-piperidyl)-3-isoxazole. Bicuculline became the benchmark antagonist for what became known as GABAA receptors, but not all ionotropic GABA receptors are susceptible to bicuculline. In addition, not all GABAA receptor antagonists are convulsants. Thus there are still surprises in store as the study of GABA receptors evolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A R Johnston
- Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Panneerselvam K, Mena-Hernando S, Teo BM, Goldie KN, Städler B. Liposomes equipped with poly(N-isopropyl acryl amide)-containing coatings as potential drug carriers. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra07720b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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18
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Zhang X, Du Z, Liu J, He J. Γ-aminobutyric acid receptors affect the progression and migration of tumor cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2014; 34:431-9. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.856918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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19
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Paul AM, Branton WG, Walsh JG, Polyak MJ, Lu JQ, Baker GB, Power C. GABA transport and neuroinflammation are coupled in multiple sclerosis: regulation of the GABA transporter-2 by ganaxolone. Neuroscience 2014; 273:24-38. [PMID: 24814730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between neurotransmitters and the immune system represent new prospects for understanding neuroinflammation and associated neurological disease. GABA is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter but its actions on immune pathways in the brain are unclear. In the present study, we investigated GABAergic transport in conjunction with neuroinflammation in models of multiple sclerosis (MS). Protein and mRNA levels of γ-amino butyric acid transporter 2 (GAT-2) were examined in cerebral white matter from MS and control (Non-MS) patients, in cultured human macrophages, microglia and astrocytes, and in spinal cords from mice with and without experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) using western blotting, immunocytochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). GABA levels were measured by HPLC. The GAT-2's expression was increased in MS patients' (n=6) white matter, particularly in macrophage lineage cells, compared to Non-MS patients (n=6) (p<0.05). Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) stimulation of human macrophage lineage cells induced GAT-2 expression and reduced extracellular GABA levels (p<0.05) but soluble GABA treatment suppressed HLA-DRα, GAT-2 and XBP-1/s expression in stimulated macrophage lineage cells (p<0.05). Similarly, the synthetic allopregnanolone analog, ganaxolone (GNX), repressed GAT-2, JAK-1 and STAT-1 expression in activated macrophage lineage cells (p<0.05). In vivo GNX treatment reduced Gat-2, Cd3ε, MhcII, and Xbp-1/s expression in spinal cords following EAE induction (p<0.05), which was correlated with improved neurobehavioral outcomes and reduced neuroinflammation, demyelination and axonal injury. These findings highlight altered GABAergic transport through GAT-2 induction during neuroinflammation. GABA transport and neuroinflammation are closely coupled but regulated by GNX, pointing to GABAergic pathways as therapeutic targets in neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Paul
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - W G Branton
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J G Walsh
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M J Polyak
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - J-Q Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - G B Baker
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - C Power
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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20
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Yang SC, Chung PJ, Ho CM, Kuo CY, Hung MF, Huang YT, Chang WY, Chang YW, Chan KH, Hwang TL. Propofol inhibits superoxide production, elastase release, and chemotaxis in formyl peptide-activated human neutrophils by blocking formyl peptide receptor 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:6511-9. [PMID: 23670191 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play a critical role in acute and chronic inflammatory processes, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury, sepsis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Binding of formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) by N-formyl peptides can activate neutrophils and may represent a new therapeutic target in either sterile or septic inflammation. Propofol, a widely used i.v. anesthetic, has been shown to modulate immunoinflammatory responses. However, the mechanism of propofol remains to be established. In this study, we showed that propofol significantly reduced superoxide generation, elastase release, and chemotaxis in human neutrophils activated by fMLF. Propofol did not alter superoxide generation or elastase release in a cell-free system. Neither inhibitors of γ-aminobutyric acid receptors nor an inhibitor of protein kinase A reversed the inhibitory effects of propofol. In addition, propofol showed less inhibitory effects in non-FPR1-induced cell responses. The signaling pathways downstream from FPR1, involving calcium, AKT, and ERK1/2, were also competitively inhibited by propofol. These results show that propofol selectively and competitively inhibits the FPR1-induced human neutrophil activation. Consistent with the hypothesis, propofol inhibited the binding of N-formyl-Nle-Leu-Phe-Nle-Tyr-Lys-fluorescein, a fluorescent analog of fMLF, to FPR1 in human neutrophils, differentiated THP-1 cells, and FPR1-transfected human embryonic kidney-293 cells. To our knowledge, our results identify, for the first time, a novel anti-inflammatory mechanism of propofol by competitively blocking FPR1 in human neutrophils. Considering the importance of N-formyl peptides in inflammatory processes, our data indicate that propofol may have therapeutic potential to attenuate neutrophil-mediated inflammatory diseases by blocking FPR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Chin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Jin Z, Mendu SK, Birnir B. GABA is an effective immunomodulatory molecule. Amino Acids 2011; 45:87-94. [PMID: 22160261 PMCID: PMC3680704 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-1193-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that there is an extensive cross-talk between the nervous and the immune system. Somewhat surprisingly, the immune cells themselves do express components of the neuronal neurotransmitters systems. What role the neurotransmitters, their ion channels, receptors and transporters have in immune function and regulation is an emerging field of study. Several recent studies have shown that the immune system is capable of synthesizing and releasing the classical neurotransmitter GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid). GABA has a number of effects on the immune cells such as activation or suppression of cytokine secretion, modification of cell proliferation and GABA can even affect migration of the cells. The immune cells encounter GABA when released by the immune cells themselves or when the immune cells enter the brain. In addition, GABA can also be found in tissues like the lymph nodes, the islets of Langerhans and GABA is in high enough concentration in blood to activate, e.g., GABA-A channels. GABA appears to have a role in autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis, type 1 diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis and may modulate the immune response to infections. In the near future, it will be important to work out what specific effects GABA has on the function of the different types of immune cells and determine the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we discuss some of the recent findings revealing the role of GABA as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Jin
- Department of Neuroscience, Molecular Physiology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, BMC, BOX 593, 75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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Propofol's effects on phagocytosis, proliferation, nitrate production, and cytokine secretion in pressure-stimulated microglial cells. Surgery 2011; 150:887-96. [PMID: 21676422 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracranial hypertension complicates severe traumatic brain injury frequently and might be associated with poor outcomes. Traumatic brain injury induces a neuroinflammatory response by microglial activation and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-6. To elucidate the effect of increased intracranial pressure on microglial function, we studied the effects of increased extracellular pressure on primary human microglial cell phagocytosis, proliferation, cytokine secretion, and total nitrate production. In addition, because many patients receive propofol during anesthesia or intensive care unit sedation, we evaluated whether propofol alters the effects of pressure. METHODS Human microglial cells were pretreated with (2.5-20 μg/mL) propofol or Intralipid as a vehicle control were incubated at ambient atmospheric pressure or at 15 or 30 mm Hg increased pressure for 2 h for phagocytosis assays or 24 h for proliferation, cytokine secretion, and total nitrate production studies. Phagocytosis was determined by incorporation of intracellular fluorescent latex beads. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were assayed by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and total nitrate by Greiss reagent. RESULTS Increased extracellular pressure stimulated phagocytosis versus untreated microglial cells or cells treated with an Intralipid vehicle control. Propofol also stimulated microglial phagocytosis at ambient pressure. Increased pressure, however, decreased phagocytosis in the presence of propofol. Pressure also increased microglial tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β secretion and propofol pretreatment blocked the pressure-stimulated effect. Interleukin-6 production was not altered either by pressure or by propofol. Pressure also induced total nitrate secretion, and propofol pretreatment decreased basal as well as pressure-induced microglial nitrate production. CONCLUSION Extracellular pressures consistent with increased intracranial pressure after a head injury activate inflammatory signals in human primary microglial cells in vitro, stimulating phagocytosis, proliferation, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and total nitrate secretion but not affecting interleukin-6. Such inflammatory events may contribute to the worsened prognosis of traumatic brain injury after increased intracranial pressure. Because propofol alleviated these potentially proinflammatory effects, these results suggest that the inflammatory cascade activated by intracranial pressure might be targeted by propofol in patients with increased intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury.
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Wheeler DW, Thompson AJ, Corletto F, Reckless J, Loke JCT, Lapaque N, Grant AJ, Mastroeni P, Grainger DJ, Padgett CL, O'Brien JA, Miller NGA, Trowsdale J, Lummis SCR, Menon DK, Beech JS. Anaesthetic impairment of immune function is mediated via GABA(A) receptors. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17152. [PMID: 21390329 PMCID: PMC3044756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background GABAA receptors are members of the Cys-loop family of neurotransmitter receptors, proteins which are responsible for fast synaptic transmission, and are the site of action of wide range of drugs [1]. Recent work has shown that Cys-loop receptors are present on immune cells, but their physiological roles and the effects of drugs that modify their function in the innate immune system are currently unclear [2]. We are interested in how and why anaesthetics increase infections in intensive care patients; a serious problem as more than 50% of patients with severe sepsis will die [3]–[6]. As many anaesthetics act via GABAA receptors [7], the aim of this study was to determine if these receptors are present on immune cells, and could play a role in immunocompromising patients. Principal Findings We demonstrate, using RT-PCR, that monocytes express GABAA receptors constructed of α1, α4, β2, γ1 and/or δ subunits. Whole cell patch clamp electrophysiological studies show that GABA can activate these receptors, resulting in the opening of a chloride-selective channel; activation is inhibited by the GABAA receptor antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin, but not enhanced by the positive modulator diazepam. The anaesthetic drugs propofol and thiopental, which can act via GABAA receptors, impaired monocyte function in classic immunological chemotaxis and phagocytosis assays, an effect reversed by bicuculline and picrotoxin. Significance Our results show that functional GABAA receptors are present on monocytes with properties similar to CNS GABAA receptors. The functional data provide a possible explanation as to why chronic propofol and thiopental administration can increase the risk of infection in critically ill patients: their action on GABAA receptors inhibits normal monocyte behaviour. The data also suggest a potential solution: monocyte GABAA receptors are insensitive to diazepam, thus the use of benzodiazepines as an alternative anesthetising agent may be advantageous where infection is a life threatening problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W. Wheeler
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Federico Corletto
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Reckless
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Justin C. T. Loke
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Lapaque
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Grant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Mastroeni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Grainger
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L. Padgett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John A. O'Brien
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel G. A. Miller
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C. R. Lummis
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Neurobiology Division, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - David K. Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Beech
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Wheeler DW, Thompson AJ, Corletto F, Reckless J, Loke JCT, Lapaque N, Grant AJ, Mastroeni P, Grainger DJ, Padgett CL, O'Brien JA, Miller NGA, Trowsdale J, Lummis SCR, Menon DK, Beech JS. Anaesthetic impairment of immune function is mediated via GABA(A) receptors. PLoS One 2011. [PMID: 21390329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017152.g001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GABA(A) receptors are members of the Cys-loop family of neurotransmitter receptors, proteins which are responsible for fast synaptic transmission, and are the site of action of wide range of drugs. Recent work has shown that Cys-loop receptors are present on immune cells, but their physiological roles and the effects of drugs that modify their function in the innate immune system are currently unclear. We are interested in how and why anaesthetics increase infections in intensive care patients; a serious problem as more than 50% of patients with severe sepsis will die. As many anaesthetics act via GABA(A) receptors, the aim of this study was to determine if these receptors are present on immune cells, and could play a role in immunocompromising patients. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We demonstrate, using RT-PCR, that monocytes express GABA(A) receptors constructed of α1, α4, β2, γ1 and/or δ subunits. Whole cell patch clamp electrophysiological studies show that GABA can activate these receptors, resulting in the opening of a chloride-selective channel; activation is inhibited by the GABA(A) receptor antagonists bicuculline and picrotoxin, but not enhanced by the positive modulator diazepam. The anaesthetic drugs propofol and thiopental, which can act via GABA(A) receptors, impaired monocyte function in classic immunological chemotaxis and phagocytosis assays, an effect reversed by bicuculline and picrotoxin. SIGNIFICANCE Our results show that functional GABA(A) receptors are present on monocytes with properties similar to CNS GABA(A) receptors. The functional data provide a possible explanation as to why chronic propofol and thiopental administration can increase the risk of infection in critically ill patients: their action on GABA(A) receptors inhibits normal monocyte behaviour. The data also suggest a potential solution: monocyte GABA(A) receptors are insensitive to diazepam, thus the use of benzodiazepines as an alternative anesthetising agent may be advantageous where infection is a life threatening problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Wheeler
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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