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Liu R, Collier JM, Abdul-Rahman NH, Capuk O, Zhang Z, Begum G. Dysregulation of Ion Channels and Transporters and Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia. Aging Dis 2024; 15:1748-1770. [PMID: 38300642 PMCID: PMC11272208 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.1201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in maintaining ion and fluid homeostasis, essential for brain metabolism and neuronal function. Regulation of nutrient, water, and ion transport across the BBB is tightly controlled by specialized ion transporters and channels located within its unique cellular components. These dynamic transport processes not only influence the BBB's structure but also impact vital signaling mechanisms, essential for its optimal function. Disruption in ion, pH, and fluid balance at the BBB is associated with brain pathology and has been implicated in various neurological conditions, including stroke, epilepsy, trauma, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, knowledge gaps exist regarding the impact of ion transport dysregulation on BBB function in neurodegenerative dementias. Several factors contribute to this gap: the complex nature of these conditions, historical research focus on neuronal mechanisms and technical challenges in studying the ion transport mechanisms in in vivo models and the lack of efficient in vitro BBB dementia models. This review provides an overview of current research on the roles of ion transporters and channels at the BBB and poses specific research questions: 1) How are the expression and activity of key ion transporters altered in AD and vascular dementia (VaD); 2) Do these changes contribute to BBB dysfunction and disease progression; and 3) Can restoring ion transport function mitigate BBB dysfunction and improve clinical outcomes. Addressing these gaps will provide a greater insight into the vascular pathology of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijia Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jenelle M Collier
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | | | - Okan Capuk
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Zhongling Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Gulnaz Begum
- Department of Neurology, The Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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2
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Courjaret R, Prakriya M, Machaca K. SOCE as a regulator of neuronal activity. J Physiol 2024; 602:1449-1462. [PMID: 37029630 DOI: 10.1113/jp283826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Store operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous signalling module with established roles in the immune system, secretion and muscle development. Recent evidence supports a complex role for SOCE in the nervous system. In this review we present an update of the current knowledge on SOCE function in the brain with a focus on its role as a regulator of brain activity and excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Courjaret
- Calcium Signaling Group, Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Murali Prakriya
- Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Khaled Machaca
- Calcium Signaling Group, Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Rezzani R, Favero G, Gianò M, Pinto D, Labanca M, van Noorden CJ, Rinaldi F. Transient Receptor Potential Channels in the Healthy and Diseased Blood-Brain Barrier. J Histochem Cytochem 2024; 72:199-231. [PMID: 38590114 PMCID: PMC11020746 DOI: 10.1369/00221554241246032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The large family of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are integral membrane proteins that function as environmental sensors and act as ion channels after activation by mechanical (touch), physical (heat, pain), and chemical stimuli (pungent compounds such as capsaicin). Most TRP channels are localized in the plasma membrane of cells but some of them are localized in membranes of organelles and function as intracellular Ca2+-ion channels. TRP channels are involved in neurological disorders but their precise role(s) and relevance in these disorders are not clear. Endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) express TRP channels such as TRP vanilloid 1-4 and are involved in thermal detection by regulating BBB permeability. In neurological disorders, TRP channels in the BBB are responsible for edema formation in the brain. Therefore, drug design to modulate locally activity of TRP channels in the BBB is a hot topic. Today, the application of TRP channel antagonists against neurological disorders is still limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Rezzani
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia Favero
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Interdipartimental University Center of Research Adaption and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs - ARTO, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marzia Gianò
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniela Pinto
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Labanca
- Division of Anatomy and Physiopathology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Italian Society for the Study of Orofacial Pain (Società Italiana Studio Dolore Orofacciale - SISDO), Brescia, Italy
| | - Cornelis J.F. van Noorden
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Fabio Rinaldi
- Human Microbiome Advanced Project Institute, Milan, Italy
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Paschou M, Liaropoulou D, Kalaitzaki V, Efthimiopoulos S, Papazafiri P. Knockdown of Amyloid Precursor Protein Increases Ion Channel Expression and Alters Ca 2+ Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032302. [PMID: 36768625 PMCID: PMC9917207 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the physiological role of the full-length Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) and its proteolytic fragments remains unclear, they are definitively crucial for normal synaptic function. Herein, we report that the downregulation of APP in SH-SY5Y cells, using short hairpin RNA (shRNA), alters the expression pattern of several ion channels and signaling proteins that are involved in synaptic and Ca2+ signaling. Specifically, the levels of GluR2 and GluR4 subunits of the alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid glutamate receptors (AMPAR) were significantly increased with APP knockdown. Similarly, the expression of the majority of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) residing proteins, such as the ER Ca2+ channels IP3R (Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate Receptor) and RyR (Ryanodine Receptor), the Ca2+ pump SERCA2 (Sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase 2) and the ER Ca2+ sensor STIM1 (Stromal Interaction Molecule 1) was upregulated. A shift towards the upregulation of p-AKT, p-PP2A, and p-CaMKIV and the downregulation of p-GSK, p-ERK1/2, p-CaMKII, and p-CREB was observed, interconnecting Ca2+ signal transduction from the plasma membrane and ER to the nucleus. Interestingly, we detected reduced responses to several physiological stimuli, with the most prominent being the ineffectiveness of SH-SY5Y/APP- cells to mobilize Ca2+ from the ER upon carbachol-induced Ca2+ release through IP3Rs and RyRs. Our data further support an emerging yet perplexing role of APP within a functional molecular network of membrane and cytoplasmic proteins implicated in Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paschou
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Danai Liaropoulou
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileia Kalaitzaki
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Spiros Efthimiopoulos
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (P.P.)
| | - Panagiota Papazafiri
- Division of Animal and Human Physiology, Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.E.); (P.P.)
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de León A, Gibon J, Barker PA. APP Genetic Deficiency Alters Intracellular Ca 2+ Homeostasis and Delays Axonal Degeneration in Dorsal Root Ganglion Sensory Neurons. J Neurosci 2022; 42:6680-6691. [PMID: 35882556 PMCID: PMC9436018 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0162-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of self-destructive cellular programs helps sculpt the nervous system during development, but the molecular mechanisms used are not fully understood. Prior studies have investigated the role of the APP in the developmental degeneration of sensory neurons with contradictory results. In this work, we sought to elucidate the impact of APP deletion in the development of the sensory nervous system in vivo and in vitro. Our in vivo data show an increase in the number of sciatic nerve axons in adult male and female APP-null mice, consistent with the hypothesis that APP plays a pro-degenerative role in the development of peripheral axons. In vitro, we show that genetic deletion of APP delays axonal degeneration triggered by nerve growth factor deprivation, indicating that APP does play a pro-degenerative role. Interestingly, APP depletion does not affect caspase-3 levels but significantly attenuates the rise of axoplasmic Ca2+ that occurs during degeneration. We examined intracellular Ca2+ mechanisms that could be involved and found that APP-null DRG neurons had increased Ca2+ levels within the endoplasmic reticulum and enhanced store-operated Ca2+ entry. We also observed that DRG axons lacking APP have more mitochondria than their WT counterparts, but these display a lower mitochondrial membrane potential. Finally, we present evidence that APP deficiency causes an increase in mitochondrial Ca2+ buffering capacity. Our results support the hypothesis that APP plays a pro-degenerative role in the developmental degeneration of DRG sensory neurons, and unveil the importance of APP in the regulation of calcium signaling in sensory neurons.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The nervous system goes through a phase of pruning and programmed neuronal cell death during development to reach maturity. In such context, the role played by the APP in the peripheral nervous system has been controversial, ranging from pro-survival to pro-degenerative. Here we present evidence in vivo and in vitro supporting the pro-degenerative role of APP, demonstrating the ability of APP to alter intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and mitochondria, critical players of programmed cell death. This work provides a better understanding of the physiological function of APP and its implication in developmental neuronal death in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés de León
- University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Julien Gibon
- University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Philip A Barker
- University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia V1V 1V7, Canada
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Ammonia induces amyloidogenesis in astrocytes by promoting amyloid precursor protein translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101933. [PMID: 35427648 PMCID: PMC9117890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperammonemia is known to cause various neurological dysfunctions such as seizures and cognitive impairment. Several studies have suggested that hyperammonemia may also be linked to the development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the direct evidence for a role of ammonia in the pathophysiology of AD remains to be discovered. Herein, we report that hyperammonemia increases the amount of mature amyloid precursor protein (mAPP) in astrocytes, the largest and most prevalent type of glial cells in the central nervous system that are capable of metabolizing glutamate and ammonia, and promotes amyloid beta (Aβ) production. We demonstrate the accumulation of mAPP in astrocytes was primarily due to enhanced endocytosis of mAPP from the plasma membrane. A large proportion of internalized mAPP was targeted not to the lysosome, but to the endoplasmic reticulum, where processing enzymes β-secretase BACE1 (beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1) and γ-secretase presenilin-1 are expressed, and mAPP is cleaved to produce Aβ. Finally, we show the ammonia-induced production of Aβ in astrocytic endoplasmic reticulum was specific to Aβ42, a principal component of senile plaques in AD patients. Our studies uncover a novel mechanism of Aβ42 production in astrocytes and also provide the first evidence that ammonia induces the pathogenesis of AD by regulating astrocyte function.
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Upregulation of IP 3 receptor mediates APP-induced defects in synaptic downscaling and sleep homeostasis. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110594. [PMID: 35354048 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that impaired synaptic and firing homeostasis represents a driving force of early Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. Here, we examine synaptic and sleep homeostasis in a Drosophila model by overexpressing human amyloid precursor protein (APP), whose duplication and mutations cause familial early-onset AD. We find that APP overexpression induces synaptic hyperexcitability. RNA-seq data indicate exaggerated expression of Ca2+-related signaling genes in APP mutants, including genes encoding Dmca1D, calcineurin (CaN) complex, and IP3R. We further demonstrate that increased CaN activity triggers transcriptional activation of Itpr (IP3R) through activating nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Strikingly, APP overexpression causes defects in synaptic downscaling and sleep deprivation-induced sleep rebound, and both defects could be restored by inhibiting IP3R. Our findings uncover IP3R as a shared signaling molecule in synaptic downscaling and sleep homeostasis, and its dysregulation may lead to synaptic hyperexcitability and AD progression at early stage.
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8
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Wang S, Wang B, Shang D, Zhang K, Yan X, Zhang X. Ion Channel Dysfunction in Astrocytes in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Physiol 2022; 13:814285. [PMID: 35222082 PMCID: PMC8864228 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.814285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes play an important role in the central nervous system (CNS). Ion channels in these cells not only function in ion transport, and maintain water/ion metabolism homeostasis, but also participate in physiological processes of neurons and glial cells by regulating signaling pathways. Increasing evidence indicates the ion channel proteins of astrocytes, such as aquaporins (AQPs), transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channels, and P2X7 receptors (P2X7R), are strongly associated with oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and characteristic proteins in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease (HD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Since ion channel protein dysfunction is a significant pathological feature of astrocytes in neurodegenerative diseases, we discuss these critical proteins and their signaling pathways in order to understand the underlying molecular mechanisms, which may yield new therapeutic targets for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijian Wang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Biyao Wang
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Dehao Shang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Kaige Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Yan
- The VIP Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
| | - Xinwen Zhang
- Center of Implant Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
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9
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Plasma Membrane and Organellar Targets of STIM1 for Intracellular Calcium Handling in Health and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102518. [PMID: 34685498 PMCID: PMC8533710 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Located at the level of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1) undergoes a complex conformational rearrangement after depletion of ER luminal Ca2+. Then, STIM1 translocates into discrete ER-plasma membrane (PM) junctions where it directly interacts with and activates plasma membrane Orai1 channels to refill ER with Ca2+. Furthermore, Ca2+ entry due to Orai1/STIM1 interaction may induce canonical transient receptor potential channel 1 (TRPC1) translocation to the plasma membrane, where it is activated by STIM1. All these events give rise to store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). Besides the main pathway underlying SOCE, which mainly involves Orai1 and TRPC1 activation, STIM1 modulates many other plasma membrane proteins in order to potentiate the influxof Ca2+. Furthermore, it is now clear that STIM1 may inhibit Ca2+ currents mediated by L-type Ca2+ channels. Interestingly, STIM1 also interacts with some intracellular channels and transporters, including nuclear and lysosomal ionic proteins, thus orchestrating organellar Ca2+ homeostasis. STIM1 and its partners/effectors are significantly modulated in diverse acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions. This highlights the importance of further disclosing their cellular functions as they might represent promising molecular targets for neuroprotection.
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Ludewig S, Herrmann U, Michaelsen-Preusse K, Metzdorf K, Just J, Bold C, Müller UC, Korte M. APPsα rescues impaired Ca 2+ homeostasis in APP- and APLP2-deficient hippocampal neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2011506118. [PMID: 34172567 PMCID: PMC8256088 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2011506118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in Ca2+ homeostasis have been reported in several in vitro and in vivo studies using mice expressing the Alzheimer's disease-associated transgenes, presenilin and the amyloid precursor protein (APP). While intense research focused on amyloid-β-mediated functions on neuronal Ca2+ handling, the physiological role of APP and its close homolog APLP2 is still not fully clarified. We now elucidate a mechanism to show how APP and its homolog APLP2 control neuronal Ca2+ handling and identify especially the ectodomain APPsα as an essential regulator of Ca2+ homeostasis. Importantly, we demonstrate that the loss of APP and APLP2, but not APLP2 alone, impairs Ca2+ handling, the refill of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores, and synaptic plasticity due to altered function and expression of the SERCA-ATPase and expression of store-operated Ca2+ channel-associated proteins Stim1 and Stim2. Long-term AAV-mediated expression of APPsα, but not acute application of the recombinant protein, restored physiological Ca2+ homeostasis and synaptic plasticity in APP/APLP2 cDKO cultures. Overall, our analysis reveals an essential role of the APP family and especially of the ectodomain APPsα in Ca2+ homeostasis, thereby highlighting its therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann Ludewig
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Herrmann
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Michaelsen-Preusse
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kristin Metzdorf
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jennifer Just
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Charlotte Bold
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Korte
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany;
- Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Lee K, Jo YY, Chung G, Jung JH, Kim YH, Park CK. Functional Importance of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in Neurological Disorders. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:611773. [PMID: 33748103 PMCID: PMC7969799 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.611773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are transmembrane protein complexes that play important roles in the physiology and pathophysiology of both the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nerve system (PNS). TRP channels function as non-selective cation channels that are activated by several chemical, mechanical, and thermal stimuli as well as by pH, osmolarity, and several endogenous or exogenous ligands, second messengers, and signaling molecules. On the pathophysiological side, these channels have been shown to play essential roles in the reproductive system, kidney, pancreas, lung, bone, intestine, as well as in neuropathic pain in both the CNS and PNS. In this context, TRP channels have been implicated in several neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and epilepsy. Herein, we focus on the latest involvement of TRP channels, with a special emphasis on the recently identified functional roles of TRP channels in neurological disorders related to the disruption in calcium ion homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kihwan Lee
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Youn Yi Jo
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Gehoon Chung
- Department of Oral Physiology and Program in Neurobiology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Hoon Jung
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, Gachon University College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea
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12
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Chami M, Checler F. Alterations of the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Calcium Signaling Molecular Components in Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122577. [PMID: 33271984 PMCID: PMC7760721 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained imbalance in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) entry and clearance alters cellular integrity, ultimately leading to cellular homeostasis disequilibrium and cell death. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Beside the major pathological features associated with AD-linked toxic amyloid beta (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau), several studies suggested the contribution of altered Ca2+ handling in AD development. These studies documented physical or functional interactions of Aβ with several Ca2+ handling proteins located either at the plasma membrane or in intracellular organelles including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), considered the major intracellular Ca2+ pool. In this review, we describe the cellular components of ER Ca2+ dysregulations likely responsible for AD. These include alterations of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors’ (IP3Rs) and ryanodine receptors’ (RyRs) expression and function, dysfunction of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase (SERCA) activity and upregulation of its truncated isoform (S1T), as well as presenilin (PS1, PS2)-mediated ER Ca2+ leak/ER Ca2+ release potentiation. Finally, we highlight the functional consequences of alterations of these ER Ca2+ components in AD pathology and unravel the potential benefit of targeting ER Ca2+ homeostasis as a tool to alleviate AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounia Chami
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4939-53457; Fax: +33-4939-53408
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13
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Zaman S, Begum Y, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Bungau SG, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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14
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Hong C, Jeong B, Park HJ, Chung JY, Lee JE, Kim J, Shin YC, So I. TRP Channels as Emerging Therapeutic Targets for Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Physiol 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32351395 PMCID: PMC7174697 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of treatment for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is facing medical challenges due to the increasingly aging population. However, some pharmaceutical companies have ceased the development of therapeutics for NDs, and no new treatments for NDs have been established during the last decade. The relationship between ND pathogenesis and risk factors has not been completely elucidated. Herein, we review the potential involvement of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels in NDs, where oxidative stress and disrupted Ca2+ homeostasis consequently lead to neuronal apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) -sensitive TRP channels can be key risk factors as polymodal sensors, since progressive late onset with secondary pathological damage after initial toxic insult is one of the typical characteristics of NDs. Recent evidence indicates that the dysregulation of TRP channels is a missing link between disruption of Ca2+ homeostasis and neuronal loss in NDs. In this review, we discuss the latest findings regarding TRP channels to provide insights into the research and quests for alternative therapeutic candidates for NDs. As the structures of TRP channels have recently been revealed by cryo-electron microscopy, it is necessary to develop new TRP channel antagonists and reevaluate existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chansik Hong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Byeongseok Jeong
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Park
- Department of Physiology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Ji Yeon Chung
- Department of Neurology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jung Eun Lee
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinsung Kim
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Cheul Shin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Insuk So
- Department of Physiology and Institute of Dermatological Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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15
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Wypych D, Pomorski P. Calcium Signaling in Glioma Cells: The Role of Nucleotide Receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1202:67-86. [PMID: 32034709 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-30651-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is probably one of the evolutionary oldest and the most common way by which the signal can be transmitted from the cell environment to the cytoplasmic calcium binding effectors. Calcium signal is fast and due to diversity of calcium binding proteins it may have a very broad effect on cell behavior. Being a crucial player in neuronal transmission it is also very important for glia physiology. It is responsible for the cross-talk between neurons and astrocytes, for microglia activation and motility. Changes in calcium signaling are also crucial for the behavior of transformed glioma cells. The present chapter summarizes molecular mechanisms of calcium signal formation present in glial cells with a strong emphasis on extracellular nucleotide-evoked signaling pathways. Some aspects of glioma C6 signaling such as the cross-talk between P2Y1 and P2Y12 nucleotide receptors in calcium signal generation will be discussed in-depth, to show complexity of machinery engaged in formation of this signal. Moreover, possible mechanisms of modulation of the calcium signal in diverse environments there will be presented herein. Finally, the possible role of calcium signal in glioma motility is also discussed. This is a very important issue, since glioma cells, contrary to the vast majority of neoplastic cells, cannot spread in the body with the bloodstream and, at least in early stages of tumor development, may expand only by means of sheer motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Wypych
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Paweł Pomorski
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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16
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Popugaeva E, Bezprozvanny I, Chernyuk D. Reversal of Calcium Dysregulation as Potential Approach for Treating Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 17:344-354. [PMID: 32469698 PMCID: PMC8210816 DOI: 10.2174/1567205017666200528162046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research and effort, there is still no effective disease-modifying treatment for Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Most of the recent AD clinical trials were targeting amyloid pathway, but all these trials failed. Although amyloid pathology is a hallmark and defining feature of AD, targeting the amyloid pathway has been very challenging due to low efficacy and serious side effects. Alternative approaches or mechanisms for our understanding of the major cause of memory loss in AD need to be considered as potential therapeutic targets. Increasing studies suggest that Ca2+ dysregulation in AD plays an important role in AD pathology and is associated with other AD abnormalities, such as excessive inflammation, increased ROS, impaired autophagy, neurodegeneration, synapse, and cognitive dysfunction. Ca2+ dysregulation in cytosolic space, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and mitochondria have been reported in the context of various AD models. Drugs or strategies, to correct the Ca2+ dysregulation in AD, have been demonstrated to be promising as an approach for the treatment of AD in preclinical models. This review will discuss the mechanisms of Ca2+ dysregulation in AD and associated pathology and discuss potential approaches or strategies to develop novel drugs for the treatment of AD by targeting Ca2+ dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Popugaeva
- Department of Medical Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, USA
| | - Daria Chernyuk
- Department of Medical Physics, Laboratory of Molecular Neurodegeneration, Peter the Great St Petersburg Polytechnic University, St Petersburg, Russia
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17
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Verkhratsky A. Astroglial Calcium Signaling in Aging and Alzheimer's Disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2019; 11:cshperspect.a035188. [PMID: 31110130 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the homeostatic and protective cells of the central nervous system (CNS). In neurological diseases, astrocytes undergo complex changes, which are subclassified into (1) reactive astrogliosis, an evolutionary conserved defensive rearrangement of cellular phenotype aimed at neuroprotection; (2) pathological remodeling, when astrocytes acquire new features driving pathology; and (3) astrodegeneration, which is manifested by astroglial atrophy and loss of homeostatic functions. In aging brains as well as in the brains affected by Alzheimer's disease (AD), astrocytes acquire both atrophic and reactive phenotypes in a region- and disease-stage-dependent manner. Prevalence of atrophy overreactivity, observed in certain brain regions and in terminal stages of the disease, arguably facilitates the development of neurological deficits. Astrocytes exhibit ionic excitability mediated by changes in intracellular concentration of ions, most importantly of Ca2+ and Na+, with intracellular ion dynamics triggered by the activity of neural networks. AD astrocytes associated with senile plaques demonstrate Ca2+ hyperactivity in the form of aberrant Ca2+ oscillations and pathological long-range Ca2+ waves. Astroglial Ca2+ signaling originating from Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum is a key factor in initiating astrogliotic response; deficient Ca2+ signaling toolkits observed in entorhinal and prefrontal cortices of AD model animals may account for vulnerability of these regions to the pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom.,Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Familial Alzheimer's disease-linked presenilin mutants and intracellular Ca 2+ handling: A single-organelle, FRET-based analysis. Cell Calcium 2019; 79:44-56. [PMID: 30822648 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance in Ca2+ homeostasis represents an early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin-1 and -2 (PS1 and PS2) mutations, the major cause of familial AD (FAD), have been extensively associated with alterations in different Ca2+ signaling pathways, in particular those handled by storage compartments. However, FAD-PSs effect on organelles Ca2+ content is still debated and the mechanism of action of mutant proteins is unclear. To fulfil the need of a direct investigation of intracellular stores Ca2+ dynamics, we here present a detailed and quantitative single-cell analysis of FAD-PSs effects on organelle Ca2+ handling using specifically targeted, FRET (Fluorescence/Förster Resonance Energy Transfer)-based Ca2+ indicators. In SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and in patient-derived fibroblasts expressing different FAD-PSs mutations, we directly measured Ca2+ concentration within the main intracellular Ca2+ stores, e.g., Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Golgi Apparatus (GA) medial- and trans-compartment. We unambiguously demonstrate that the expression of FAD-PS2 mutants, but not FAD-PS1, in either SH-SY5Y cells or FAD patient-derived fibroblasts, is able to alter Ca2+ handling of ER and medial-GA, but not trans-GA, reducing, compared to control cells, the Ca2+ content within these organelles by partially blocking SERCA (Sarco/Endoplasmic Reticulum Ca2+-ATPase) activity. Moreover, by using a cytosolic Ca2+ probe, we show that the expression of both FAD-PS1 and -PS2 reduces the Ca2+ influx activated by stores depletion (Store-Operated Ca2+ Entry; SOCE), by decreasing the expression levels of one of the key molecules, STIM1 (STromal Interaction Molecule 1), controlling this pathway. Our data indicate that FAD-linked PSs mutants differentially modulate the Ca2+ content of intracellular stores yet leading to a complex dysregulation of Ca2+ homeostasis, which represents a common disease phenotype of AD.
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19
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Montagna E, Crux S, Luckner M, Herber J, Colombo AV, Marinković P, Tahirovic S, Lichtenthaler SF, Wanner G, Müller UC, Sgobio C, Herms J. In vivo
Ca
2+
imaging of astrocytic microdomains reveals a critical role of the amyloid precursor protein for mitochondria. Glia 2019; 67:985-998. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.23584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montagna
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
- Division of Translational Brain Research, Center for Neuropathology and Prion ResearchLudwig–Maximilians University Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilians University Munich Germany
| | - Sophie Crux
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
- Division of Translational Brain Research, Center for Neuropathology and Prion ResearchLudwig–Maximilians University Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilians University Munich Germany
| | - Manja Luckner
- Department Biology I, BiocenterLudwig‐Maximilians University Munich Martinsried Germany
| | - Julia Herber
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar and Institute for Advanced StudyTechnische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Alessio V. Colombo
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
| | - Petar Marinković
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
| | - Sabina Tahirovic
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
| | - Stefan F. Lichtenthaler
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilians University Munich Germany
- Neuroproteomics, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar and Institute for Advanced StudyTechnische Universität München Munich Germany
| | - Gerhard Wanner
- Department Biology I, BiocenterLudwig‐Maximilians University Munich Martinsried Germany
| | - Ulrike C. Müller
- Department of Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Carmelo Sgobio
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Division of Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Munich Germany
- Division of Translational Brain Research, Center for Neuropathology and Prion ResearchLudwig–Maximilians University Munich Germany
- Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy)Ludwig‐Maximilians University Munich Germany
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20
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V, Rodriguez-Arellano JJ, Zorec R. Astroglia in Alzheimer's Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:273-324. [PMID: 31583592 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common cause of dementia. Cellular changes in the brains of the patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease occur well in advance of the clinical symptoms. At the cellular level, the most dramatic is a demise of neurones. As astroglial cells carry out homeostatic functions of the brain, it is certain that these cells are at least in part a cause of Alzheimer's disease. Historically, Alois Alzheimer himself has recognised this at the dawn of the disease description. However, the role of astroglia in this disease has been understudied. In this chapter, we summarise the various aspects of glial contribution to this disease and outline the potential of using these cells in prevention (exercise and environmental enrichment) and intervention of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK. .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jose Julio Rodriguez-Arellano
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza de Cruces 12, 48903, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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21
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Pascual-Caro C, Espinosa-Bermejo N, Pozo-Guisado E, Martin-Romero FJ. Role of STIM1 in neurodegeneration. World J Biol Chem 2018; 9:16-24. [PMID: 30568747 PMCID: PMC6288638 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v9.i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
STIM1 is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein with a key role in Ca2+ mobilization. Due to its ability to act as an ER-intraluminal Ca2+ sensor, it regulates store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), which is a Ca2+ influx pathway involved in a wide variety of signalling pathways in eukaryotic cells. Despite its important role in Ca2+ transport, current knowledge about the role of STIM1 in neurons is much more limited. Growing evidence supports a role for STIM1 and SOCE in the preservation of dendritic spines required for long-term potentiation and the formation of memory. In this regard, recent studies have demonstrated that the loss of STIM1, which impairs Ca2+ mobilization in neurons, risks cell viability and could be the cause of neurodegenerative diseases. The role of STIM1 in neurodegeneration and the molecular basis of cell death triggered by low levels of STIM1 are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Pascual-Caro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Noelia Espinosa-Bermejo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Eulalia Pozo-Guisado
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Martin-Romero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences and Institute of Molecular Pathology Biomarkers, University of Extremadura, Badajoz 06006, Spain
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22
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Wegierski T, Kuznicki J. Neuronal calcium signaling via store-operated channels in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Li M, Liu E, Zhou Q, Li S, Wang X, Liu Y, Wang L, Sun D, Ye J, Gao Y, Yang X, Liu J, Yang Y, Wang JZ. TRPC1 Null Exacerbates Memory Deficit and Apoptosis Induced by Amyloid-β. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 63:761-772. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-180077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengzhu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Enjie Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiuzhi Zhou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shihong Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanchao Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Dongsheng Sun
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinwang Ye
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, and Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, and Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine and the Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Key Laboratory of Hubei Province for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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24
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Secondo A, Bagetta G, Amantea D. On the Role of Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Acute and Chronic Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:87. [PMID: 29623030 PMCID: PMC5874322 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In both excitable and non-excitable cells, calcium (Ca2+) signals are maintained by a highly integrated process involving store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE), namely the opening of plasma membrane (PM) Ca2+ channels following the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Upon depletion of Ca2+ store, the stromal interaction molecule (STIM) senses Ca2+ level reduction and migrates from endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-like sites to the PM where it activates the channel proteins Orai and/or the transient receptor potential channels (TRPC) prompting Ca2+ refilling. Accumulating evidence suggests that SOCE dysregulation may trigger perturbation of intracellular Ca2+ signaling in neurons, glia or hematopoietic cells, thus participating to the pathogenesis of diverse neurodegenerative diseases. Under acute conditions, such as ischemic stroke, neuronal SOCE can either re-establish Ca2+ homeostasis or mediate Ca2+ overload, thus providing a non-excitotoxic mechanism of ischemic neuronal death. The dualistic role of SOCE in brain ischemia is further underscored by the evidence that it also participates to endothelial restoration and to the stabilization of intravascular thrombi. In Parkinson's disease (PD) models, loss of SOCE triggers ER stress and dysfunction/degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Disruption of neuronal SOCE also underlies Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, since both in genetic mouse models and in human sporadic AD brain samples, reduced SOCE contributes to synaptic loss and cognitive decline. Unlike the AD setting, in the striatum from Huntington's disease (HD) transgenic mice, an increased STIM2 expression causes elevated synaptic SOCE that was suggested to underlie synaptic loss in medium spiny neurons. Thus, pharmacological inhibition of SOCE is beneficial to synapse maintenance in HD models, whereas the same approach may be anticipated to be detrimental to cortical and hippocampal pyramidal neurons. On the other hand, up-regulation of SOCE may be beneficial during AD. These intriguing findings highlight the importance of further mechanistic studies to dissect the molecular pathways, and their corresponding targets, involved in synaptic dysfunction and neuronal loss during aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnese Secondo
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giacinto Bagetta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Diana Amantea
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Preclinical and Translational Pharmacology, University of Calabria, Cosenza, Italy
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25
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Gazda K, Kuznicki J, Wegierski T. Knockdown of amyloid precursor protein increases calcium levels in the endoplasmic reticulum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14512. [PMID: 29109429 PMCID: PMC5673940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by mutations in the genes that encode amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilins. Disturbances in calcium homeostasis have been observed in various cellular and animal models of AD and are proposed to underlie the pathogenesis of the disease. Furthermore, wildtype presenilins were shown to regulate endoplasmic reticulum (ER) calcium homeostasis, although their precise mechanism of action remains controversial. To investigate whether APP also affects ER calcium levels, we used RNA interference to target the APP gene in cultured T84 cells in combination with two types of ER calcium sensors. Using a genetically encoded calcium indicator, GEM-CEPIA1er, we found that APP-deficient cells exhibited elevated resting calcium levels in the ER and prolonged emptying of ER calcium stores upon the cyclopiazonic acid-induced inhibition of sarco-endoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase. These effects could be ascribed to lower ER calcium leakage rates. Consistent with these results, translocation of the endogenous ER calcium sensor STIM1 to its target channel Orai1 was delayed following ER calcium store depletion. Our data suggest a physiological function of APP in the regulation of ER calcium levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gazda
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wegierski
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.
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26
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Piacentini R, Puma DDL, Mainardi M, Lazzarino G, Tavazzi B, Arancio O, Grassi C. Reduced gliotransmitter release from astrocytes mediates tau-induced synaptic dysfunction in cultured hippocampal neurons. Glia 2017; 65:1302-1316. [PMID: 28519902 PMCID: PMC5520670 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Tau is a microtubule-associated protein exerting several physiological functions in neurons. In Alzheimer's disease (AD) misfolded tau accumulates intraneuronally and leads to axonal degeneration. However, tau has also been found in the extracellular medium. Recent studies indicated that extracellular tau uploaded from neurons causes synaptic dysfunction and contributes to tau pathology propagation. Here we report novel evidence that extracellular tau oligomers are abundantly and rapidly accumulated in astrocytes where they disrupt intracellular Ca2+ signaling and Ca2+ -dependent release of gliotransmitters, especially ATP. Consequently, synaptic vesicle release, the expression of pre- and postsynaptic proteins, and mEPSC frequency and amplitude were reduced in neighboring neurons. Notably, we found that tau uploading from astrocytes required the amyloid precursor protein, APP. Collectively, our findings suggests that astrocytes play a critical role in the synaptotoxic effects of tau via reduced gliotransmitter availability, and that astrocytes are major determinants of tau pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Piacentini
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenica Donatella Li Puma
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Mainardi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lazzarino
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Tavazzi
- Institute of Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry, Medical School, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, 630 W 168th St., NY 10032 USA
| | - Claudio Grassi
- Institute of Human Physiology, Medical School, Università Cattolica, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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27
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Montagna E, Dorostkar MM, Herms J. The Role of APP in Structural Spine Plasticity. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:136. [PMID: 28539872 PMCID: PMC5423954 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane protein highly expressed in neurons. The full-length protein has cell-adhesion and receptor-like properties, which play roles in synapse formation and stability. Furthermore, APP can be cleaved by several proteases into numerous fragments, many of which affect synaptic function and stability. This review article focuses on the mechanisms of APP in structural spine plasticity, which encompasses the morphological alterations at excitatory synapses. These occur as changes in the number and morphology of dendritic spines, which correspond to the postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses. Both overexpression and knockout (KO) of APP lead to impaired synaptic plasticity. Recent data also suggest a role of APP in the regulation of astrocytic D-serine homeostasis, which in turn regulates synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Montagna
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Maximilian-University MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Mario M Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University MunichMunich, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Ludwig-Maximilian-University MunichMunich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilian-University MunichMunich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilian-University MunichMunich, Germany
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28
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Sakuragi S, Niwa F, Oda Y, Mikoshiba K, Bannai H. Astroglial Ca 2+ signaling is generated by the coordination of IP 3R and store-operated Ca 2+ channels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:879-885. [PMID: 28336440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play key roles in the central nervous system and regulate local blood flow and synaptic transmission via intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Astrocytic Ca2+ signals are generated by multiple pathways: Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) via the inositol 1, 4, 5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) and Ca2+ influx through various Ca2+ channels on the plasma membrane. However, the Ca2+ channels involved in astrocytic Ca2+ homeostasis or signaling have not been fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate that spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ transients in cultured hippocampal astrocytes were induced by cooperation between the Ca2+ release from the ER and the Ca2+ influx through store-operated calcium channels (SOCCs) on the plasma membrane. Ca2+ imaging with plasma membrane targeted GCaMP6f revealed that spontaneous astroglial Ca2+ transients were impaired by pharmacological blockade of not only Ca2+ release through IP3Rs, but also Ca2+ influx through SOCCs. Loss of SOCC activity resulted in the depletion of ER Ca2+, suggesting that SOCCs are activated without store depletion in hippocampal astrocytes. Our findings indicate that sustained SOCC activity, together with that of the sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase, contribute to the maintenance of astrocytic Ca2+ store levels, ultimately enabling astrocytic Ca2+ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeo Sakuragi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Niwa
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoichi Oda
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Bannai
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Nagoya Research Center for Brain & Neural Circuits, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8602, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency, PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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29
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Kwon J, An H, Sa M, Won J, Shin JI, Lee CJ. Orai1 and Orai3 in Combination with Stim1 Mediate the Majority of Store-operated Calcium Entry in Astrocytes. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:42-54. [PMID: 28243166 PMCID: PMC5326714 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.1.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are non-excitable cells in the brain and their activity largely depends on the intracellular calcium (Ca2+) level. Therefore, maintaining the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis is critical for proper functioning of astrocytes. One of the key regulatory mechanisms of Ca2+ homeostasis in astrocytes is the store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE). This process is mediated by a combination of the Ca2+-store-depletion-sensor, Stim, and the store-operated Ca2+-channels, Orai and TrpC families. Despite the existence of all those families in astrocytes, previous studies have provided conflicting results on the molecular identification of astrocytic SOCE. Here, using the shRNA-based gene-silencing approach and Ca2+-imaging from cultured mouse astrocytes, we report that Stim1 in combination with Orai1 and Orai3 contribute to the major portion of astrocytic SOCE. Gene-silencing of Stim1 showed a 79.2% reduction of SOCE, indicating that Stim1 is the major Ca2+-store-depletion-sensor. Further gene-silencing showed that Orai1, Orai2, Orai3, and TrpC1 contribute to SOCE by 35.7%, 20.3%, 26.8% and 12.2%, respectively. Simultaneous gene-silencing of all three Orai subtypes exhibited a 67.6% reduction of SOCE. Based on the detailed population analysis, we predict that Orai1 and Orai3 are expressed in astrocytes with a large SOCE, whereas TrpC1 is exclusively expressed in astrocytes with a small SOCE. This analytical approach allows us to identify the store operated channel (SOC) subtype in each cell by the degree of SOCE. Our results propose that Stim1 in combination with Orai1 and Orai3 are the major molecular components of astrocytic SOCE under various physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jea Kwon
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Heeyoung An
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Moonsun Sa
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Joungha Won
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Department of Biological Science, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jeong Im Shin
- Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - C Justin Lee
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea.; Center for Neuroscience and Functional Connectomics, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea.; Center for Glia-Neuron Interaction, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Korea
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30
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Astrocytic Pathological Calcium Homeostasis and Impaired Vesicle Trafficking in Neurodegeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020358. [PMID: 28208745 PMCID: PMC5343893 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the central nervous system (CNS) consists of highly heterogeneous populations of neurones and glial cells, clustered into diverse anatomical regions with specific functions, there are some conditions, including alertness, awareness and attention that require simultaneous, coordinated and spatially homogeneous activity within a large area of the brain. During such events, the brain, representing only about two percent of body mass, but consuming one fifth of body glucose at rest, needs additional energy to be produced. How simultaneous energy procurement in a relatively extended area of the brain takes place is poorly understood. This mechanism is likely to be impaired in neurodegeneration, for example in Alzheimer’s disease, the hallmark of which is brain hypometabolism. Astrocytes, the main neural cell type producing and storing glycogen, a form of energy in the brain, also hold the key to metabolic and homeostatic support in the central nervous system and are impaired in neurodegeneration, contributing to the slow decline of excitation-energy coupling in the brain. Many mechanisms are affected, including cell-to-cell signalling. An important question is how changes in cellular signalling, a process taking place in a rather short time domain, contribute to the neurodegeneration that develops over decades. In this review we focus initially on the slow dynamics of Alzheimer’s disease, and on the activity of locus coeruleus, a brainstem nucleus involved in arousal. Subsequently, we overview much faster processes of vesicle traffic and cytosolic calcium dynamics, both of which shape the signalling landscape of astrocyte-neurone communication in health and neurodegeneration.
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31
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease in the world. The "amyloid hypothesis" is one of the predominant hypotheses for the pathogenesis of AD. Besides, tau protein accumulation, calcium homeostasis disruption, and glial cell activation are also remarkable features in AD. Recently, there are some reports showing that TRPC channels may function in AD development, especially TRPC6. In this chapter, we will discuss the evidence for the involvement of TRPC channels in Alzheimer's disease and the potential of therapeutics for AD based on TRPC channels.
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32
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Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Rodriguez JJ, Parpura V. Neuroglia: Functional Paralysis and Reactivity in Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Pathologies. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 15:427-449. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57193-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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33
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Wegierski T, Gazda K, Kuznicki J. Microscopic analysis of Orai-mediated store-operated calcium entry in cells with experimentally altered levels of amyloid precursor protein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 478:1087-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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34
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Zou C, Crux S, Marinesco S, Montagna E, Sgobio C, Shi Y, Shi S, Zhu K, Dorostkar MM, Müller UC, Herms J. Amyloid precursor protein maintains constitutive and adaptive plasticity of dendritic spines in adult brain by regulating D-serine homeostasis. EMBO J 2016; 35:2213-2222. [PMID: 27572463 PMCID: PMC5069548 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic synapses facilitate activity-dependent remodeling of neural circuits, thereby providing the structural substrate for adaptive behaviors. However, the mechanisms governing dynamic synapses in adult brain are still largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that in the cortex of adult amyloid precursor protein knockout (APP-KO) mice, spine formation and elimination were both reduced while overall spine density remained unaltered. When housed under environmental enrichment, APP-KO mice failed to respond with an increase in spine density. Spine morphology was also altered in the absence of APP The underlying mechanism of these spine abnormalities in APP-KO mice was ascribed to an impairment in D-serine homeostasis. Extracellular D-serine concentration was significantly reduced in APP-KO mice, coupled with an increase of total D-serine. Strikingly, chronic treatment with exogenous D-serine normalized D-serine homeostasis and restored the deficits of spine dynamics, adaptive plasticity, and morphology in APP-KO mice. The cognitive deficit observed in APP-KO mice was also rescued by D-serine treatment. These data suggest that APP regulates homeostasis of D-serine, thereby maintaining the constitutive and adaptive plasticity of dendritic spines in adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Zou
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Sophie Crux
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephane Marinesco
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, team TIGER and AniRA Neurochem Technological platform, Lyon, France
| | - Elena Montagna
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Carmelo Sgobio
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Yuan Shi
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Song Shi
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Kaichuan Zhu
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario M Dorostkar
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike C Müller
- Department of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen Herms
- Department for Translational Brain Research, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany .,Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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35
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Astroglial calcium signalling in Alzheimer's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 483:1005-1012. [PMID: 27545605 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.08.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglial contribution to Alzheimer's disease (AD) is pathologically relevant and highly heterogeneous. Reactive astrogliosis and activation of microglia contribute to neuroinflammation, whereas astroglial and oligodendroglial atrophy affect synaptic transmission and underlie the overall disruption of the central nervous system (CNS) connectome. Astroglial function is tightly integrated with the intracellular ionic signalling mediated by complex dynamics of cytosolic concentrations of free Ca2+ and Na+. Astroglial ionic signalling is mediated by plasmalemmal ion channels, mainly associated with ionotropic receptors, pumps and solute carrier transporters, and by intracellular organelles comprised of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. The relative contribution of these molecular cascades/organelles can be plastically remodelled in development and under environmental stress. In AD astroglial Ca2+ signalling undergoes substantial reorganisation due to an abnormal regulation of expression of Ca2+ handling molecular cascades.
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36
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Astrocytes in physiological aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 2016; 323:170-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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37
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Astrogliosis: An integral player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:121-41. [PMID: 26797041 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the main cause of dementia in the elderly and begins with a subtle decline in episodic memory followed by a more general decline in overall cognitive abilities. Though the exact trigger for this cascade of events remains unknown the presence of the misfolded amyloid-beta protein triggers reactive gliosis, a prominent neuropathological feature in the brains of Alzheimer's patients. The cytoskeletal and morphological changes of astrogliosis are its evident features, while changes in oxidative stress defense, cholesterol metabolism, and gene transcription programs are less manifest. However, these latter molecular changes may underlie a disruption in homeostatic regulation that keeps the brain environment balanced. Astrocytes in Alzheimer's disease show changes in glutamate and GABA signaling and recycling, potassium buffering, and in cholinergic, purinergic, and calcium signaling. Ultimately the dysregulation of homeostasis maintained by astrocytes can have grave consequences for the stability of microcircuits within key brain regions. Specifically, altered inhibition influenced by astrocytes can lead to local circuit imbalance with farther reaching consequences for the functioning of larger neuronal networks. Healthy astrocytes have a role in maintaining and modulating normal neuronal communication, synaptic physiology and energy metabolism, astrogliosis interferes with these functions. This review considers the molecular and functional changes occurring during astrogliosis in Alzheimer's disease, and proposes that astrocytes are key players in the development of dementia.
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38
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"TRP inflammation" relationship in cardiovascular system. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 38:339-56. [PMID: 26482920 PMCID: PMC4851701 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable advances in the research and treatment, the precise relationship between inflammation and cardiovascular (CV) disease remains incompletely understood. Therefore, understanding the immunoinflammatory processes underlying the initiation, progression, and exacerbation of many cardiovascular diseases is of prime importance. The innate immune system has an ancient origin and is well conserved across species. Its activation occurs in response to pathogens or tissue injury. Recent studies suggest that altered ionic balance, and production of noxious gaseous mediators link to immune and inflammatory responses with altered ion channel expression and function. Among plausible candidates for this are transient receptor potential (TRP) channels that function as polymodal sensors and scaffolding proteins involved in many physiological and pathological processes. In this review, we will first focus on the relevance of TRP channel to both exogenous and endogenous factors related to innate immune response and transcription factors related to sustained inflammatory status. The emerging role of inflammasome to regulate innate immunity and its possible connection to TRP channels will also be discussed. Secondly, we will discuss about the linkage of TRP channels to inflammatory CV diseases, from a viewpoint of inflammation in a general sense which is not restricted to the innate immunity. These knowledge may serve to provide new insights into the pathogenesis of various inflammatory CV diseases and their novel therapeutic strategies.
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Abstract
Stromal interaction molecules (STIM) 1 and 2 are sensors of the calcium concentration in the endoplasmic reticulum. Depletion of endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores activates STIM proteins which, in turn, bind and open calcium channels in the plasma membrane formed by the proteins ORAI1, ORAI2, and ORAI3. The resulting store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), mostly controlled by the principal components STIM1 and ORAI1, has been particularly characterized in immune cells. In the nervous system, all STIM and ORAI homologs are expressed. This review summarizes current knowledge on distribution and function of STIM and ORAI proteins in central neurons and glial cells, i.e. astrocytes and microglia. STIM2 is required for SOCE in hippocampal synapses and cortical neurons, whereas STIM1 controls calcium store replenishment in cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In microglia, STIM1, STIM2, and ORAI1 regulate migration and phagocytosis. The isoforms ORAI2 and ORAI3 are candidates for SOCE channels in neurons and astrocytes, respectively. Due to the role of SOCE in neuronal and glial calcium homeostasis, dysfunction of STIM and ORAI proteins may have consequences for the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kraft
- a Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig ; Leipzig , Germany
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40
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Zhao N, Ma D, Leong WY, Han J, VanDongen A, Chen T, Goh ELK. The methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) is crucial for MeCP2's dysfunction-induced defects in adult newborn neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:158. [PMID: 25964742 PMCID: PMC4408855 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human X-linked gene MECP2 are responsible for most Rett syndrome (RTT) cases, predominantly within its methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD). To examine the role of MBD in the pathogenesis of RTT, we generated two MeCP2 mutant constructs, one with a deletion of MBD (MeCP2-ΔMBD), another mimicking a mutation of threonine 158 within the MBD (MeCP2-T158M) found in RTT patients. MeCP2 knockdown resulted in a decrease in total dendrite length, branching, synapse number, as well as altered spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations in vitro, which could be reversed by expression of full length human MeCP2 (hMeCP2-FL). However, the expression of hMeCP2-ΔMBD in MeCP2-silenced neurons did not rescue the changes in neuronal morphology and spontaneous Ca(2+) oscillations, while expression of hMeCP2-T158M in these neurons could only rescue the decrease in dendrite length and branch number. In vivo over expression of hMeCP2-FL but not hMeCP2-ΔMBD in adult newborn neurons of the dentate gyrus also rescued the cell autonomous effect caused by MeCP2 deficiency in dendrites length and branching. Our results demonstrate that an intact and functional MBD is crucial for MeCP2 functions in cultured hippocampal neurons and adult newborn neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhao
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore ; Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Department of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dongliang Ma
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Ying Leong
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ju Han
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore
| | - Antonius VanDongen
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Forensic Science, Department of Forensic Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Medicine Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Eyleen L K Goh
- Programme in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorder, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, Singapore ; Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore ; KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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41
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Abstract
The most accredited (and fashionable) hypothesis of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer Disease (AD) sees accumulation of β-amyloid protein in the brain (in both soluble and insoluble forms) as a leading mechanism of neurotoxicity. How β-amyloid triggers the neurodegenerative disorder is at present unclear, but growing evidence suggests that a deregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and deficient Ca(2+) signalling may represent a fundamental pathogenic factor. Given that symptoms of AD are most likely linked to synaptic dysfunction (at the early stages) followed by neuronal loss (at later and terminal phases of the disease), the effects of β-amyloid have been mainly studied in neurones. Yet, it must be acknowledged that neuroglial cells, including astrocytes, contribute to pathological progression of most (if not all) neurological diseases. Here, we review the literature pertaining to changes in Ca(2+) signalling in astrocytes exposed to exogenous β-amyloid or in astrocytes from transgenic Alzheimer disease animals models, characterized by endogenous β-amyloidosis. Accumulated experimental data indicate deregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis and signalling in astrocytes in AD, which should be given full pathogenetic consideration. Further studies are warranted to comprehend the role of deficient astroglial Ca(2+) signalling in the disease progression.
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42
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Abstract
Astrocytes have been found to play important roles in physiology being fundamental for ionic homeostasis and glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft by their plasma membrane glutamate transporters. Astrocytes are electrically non-excitable, but they exhibit Ca(2+) signaling, which now has been demonstrated to serve as an indirect mediator of neuron-glia bidirectional interactions through gliotransmission via tripartite synapses and to modulate synaptic function and plasticity. Spontaneous astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling was observed in vivo. Intercellular Ca(2+) waves in astrocytes can be evoked by a variety of stimulations. Astrocytes are critically involved in many pathological conditions including ischemic stroke. For example, it is well known that astrocytes become reactive and form glial scar after stroke. In animal models of some brain disorders, astrocytes have been shown to exhibit enhanced Ca(2+) excitability featured as regenerative intercellular Ca(2+) waves. This chapter briefly summarizes astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling pathways under normal conditions and in experimental in vitro and in vivo ischemic models. It discusses the possible mechanisms and therapeutic implication underlying the enhanced astrocytic Ca(2+) excitability in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Bioengineering, University of Missouri-Columbia, 134 Research Park Drive, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA,
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43
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Jo WK, Law ACK, Chung SK. The neglected co-star in the dementia drama: the putative roles of astrocytes in the pathogeneses of major neurocognitive disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:159-67. [PMID: 24393807 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia are the major causes of cognitive disorders worldwide. They are characterized by cognitive impairments along with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and that their pathogeneses show overlapping multifactorial mechanisms. Although AD has long been considered the most common cause of dementia, individuals afflicted with AD commonly exhibit cerebral vascular abnormalities. The concept of mixed dementia has emerged to more clearly identify patients with neurodegenerative phenomena exhibiting both AD and cerebral vascular pathologies-vascular damage along with β-amyloid (Aβ)-associated neurotoxicity and τ-hyperphosphorylation. Cognitive impairment has long been commonly explained through a 'neuro-centric' perspective, but emerging evidence has shed light over the important roles that neurovascular unit dysfunction could have in neuronal death. Moreover, accumulating data have been demonstrating astrocytes being the essential cell type in maintaining proper central nervous system functioning. In relation to dementia, the roles of astrocytes in Aβ deposition and clearance are unclear. This article emphasizes the multiple events triggered by ischemia and the cytotoxicity exerted by Aβ either alone or in association with endothelin-1 and receptor for advanced glycation end products, thereby leading to neurodegeneration in an 'astroglio-centric' perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- W K Jo
- Neural Dysfunction Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - A C K Law
- 1] Neural Dysfunction Research Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [2] Research Centre of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [3] State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
| | - S K Chung
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong [2] Department of Anatomy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong
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44
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Sheng L, Leshchyns'ka I, Sytnyk V. Cell adhesion and intracellular calcium signaling in neurons. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:94. [PMID: 24330678 PMCID: PMC3878801 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play indispensable roles in the developing and mature brain by regulating neuronal migration and differentiation, neurite outgrowth, axonal fasciculation, synapse formation and synaptic plasticity. CAM-mediated changes in neuronal behavior depend on a number of intracellular signaling cascades including changes in various second messengers, among which CAM-dependent changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels play a prominent role. Ca2+ is an essential secondary intracellular signaling molecule that regulates fundamental cellular functions in various cell types, including neurons. We present a systematic review of the studies reporting changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels in response to activation of the immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs, cadherins and integrins in neurons. We also analyze current experimental evidence on the Ca2+ sources and channels involved in intracellular Ca2+ increases mediated by CAMs of these families, and systematically review the role of the voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs) in neurite outgrowth induced by activation of these CAMs. Molecular mechanisms linking CAMs to VDCCs and intracellular Ca2+ stores in neurons are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Vladimir Sytnyk
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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Li D, Agulhon C, Schmidt E, Oheim M, Ropert N. New tools for investigating astrocyte-to-neuron communication. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:193. [PMID: 24194698 PMCID: PMC3810613 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gray matter protoplasmic astrocytes extend very thin processes and establish close contacts with synapses. It has been suggested that the release of neuroactive gliotransmitters at the tripartite synapse contributes to information processing. However, the concept of calcium (Ca2+)-dependent gliotransmitter release from astrocytes, and the release mechanisms are being debated. Studying astrocytes in their natural environment is challenging because: (i) astrocytes are electrically silent; (ii) astrocytes and neurons express an overlapping repertoire of transmembrane receptors; (iii) the size of astrocyte processes in contact with synapses are below the resolution of confocal and two-photon microscopes (iv) bulk-loading techniques using fluorescent Ca2+ indicators lack cellular specificity. In this review, we will discuss some limitations of conventional methodologies and highlight the interest of novel tools and approaches for studying gliotransmission. Genetically encoded Ca2+ indicators (GECIs), light-gated channels, and exogenous receptors are being developed to selectively read out and stimulate astrocyte activity. Our review discusses emerging perspectives on: (i) the complexity of astrocyte Ca2+ signaling revealed by GECIs; (ii) new pharmacogenetic and optogenetic approaches to activate specific Ca2+ signaling pathways in astrocytes; (iii) classical and new techniques to monitor vesicle fusion in cultured astrocytes; (iv) possible strategies to express specifically reporter genes in astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Li
- Biophysics of Gliotransmitter Release Team, Laboratory of Neurophysiology and New Microscopies, INSERM U603, CNRS UMR 8154, University Paris Descartes Paris, France
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Abstract
Astrocytes are the predominant glial cell type in the CNS. Although astrocytes are electrically nonexcitable, their excitability is manifested by their Ca2+ signaling, which serves as a mediator of neuron-glia bidirectional interactions via tripartite synapses. Studies from in vivo two-photon imaging indicate that in healthy animals, the properties of spontaneous astrocytic Ca2+ signaling are affected by animal species, age, wakefulness and the location of astrocytes in the brain. Intercellular Ca2+ waves in astrocytes can be evoked by a variety of stimulations. In animal models of some brain disorders, astrocytes can exhibit enhanced Ca2+ excitability featured as regenerative intercellular Ca2+ waves. This review first briefly summarizes the astrocytic Ca2+ signaling pathway and the procedure of in vivo two-photon Ca2+ imaging of astrocytes. It subsequently summarizes in vivo astrocytic Ca2+ signaling in health and brain disorders from experimental studies of animal models, and discusses the possible mechanisms and therapeutic implications underlying the enhanced Ca2+ excitability in astrocytes in brain disorders. Finally, this review summarizes molecular genetic approaches used to selectively manipulate astrocyte function in vivo and their applications to study the role of astrocytes in synaptic plasticity and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinghua Ding
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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Zeiger W, Vetrivel KS, Buggia-Prévot V, Nguyen PD, Wagner SL, Villereal ML, Thinakaran G. Ca2+ influx through store-operated Ca2+ channels reduces Alzheimer disease β-amyloid peptide secretion. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:26955-66. [PMID: 23902769 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.473355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia, is characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptides (Aβ) in senile plaques in the brains of affected patients. Many cellular mechanisms are thought to play important roles in the development and progression of AD. Several lines of evidence point to the dysregulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis as underlying aspects of AD pathogenesis. Moreover, direct roles in the regulation of Ca(2+) homeostasis have been demonstrated for proteins encoded by familial AD-linked genes such as PSEN1, PSEN2, and APP, as well as Aβ peptides. Whereas these studies support the hypothesis that disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis contributes to AD, it is difficult to disentangle the effects of familial AD-linked genes on Aβ production from their effects on Ca(2+) homeostasis. Here, we developed a system in which cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis could be directly manipulated to study the effects on amyloid precursor protein metabolism and Aβ production. We overexpressed stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and Orai1, the components of the store-operated Ca(2+) entry pathway, to generate cells with constitutive and store depletion-induced Ca(2+) entry. We found striking effects of Ca(2+) entry induced by overexpression of the constitutively active STIM1(D76A) mutant on amyloid precursor protein metabolism. Specifically, constitutive activation of Ca(2+) entry by expression of STIM1(D76A) significantly reduced Aβ secretion. Our results suggest that disruptions in Ca(2+) homeostasis may influence AD pathogenesis directly through the modulation of Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Zeiger
- From the Departments of Neurobiology, Neurology, and Pathology and
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Linde CI, Feng B, Wang JB, Golovina VA. Histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) regulates Ca(2+) signaling in mouse fibroblasts and neuronal cells via store-operated Ca(2+) entry pathway. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C1098-104. [PMID: 23576580 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00073.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) is implicated in the pathophysiology of certain psychiatric disorders and also exhibits tumor suppressor properties. However, the authentic functions of HINT1 in cellular physiology and especially its role in Ca(2+) signaling remain unclear. Here, we studied Ca(2+) signaling in cultured embryonic fibroblasts derived from wild-type control and HINT1 knockout (KO) mice. The resting cytosolic Ca(2+) level (measured with fura-2) was not altered in fibroblasts lacking HINT1. The stored Ca(2+) evaluated by measuring peak amplitude of ATP (10 μM)-induced Ca(2+) transients in Ca(2+)-free medium was significantly larger in HINT1 KO fibroblasts than in wild-type cells. Ca(2+) influx after external Ca(2+) restoration, likely via store- and receptor-operated channels (SOCs and ROCs, respectively), was greatly (by 2-fold) reduced in HINT1 KO fibroblasts. This correlated with a downregulated expression of Orai1 and stromal interacting molecule 1 (STIM1), essential components of store-operated Ca(2+) entry pathway. Expression of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC)3 and TRPC6, which function as ROCs, was not altered in HINT1 KO fibroblasts. Immunoblots also revealed that Orai1 was downregulated by twofold in brain lysates of HINT1 KO mice compared with the wild-type littermates. Importantly, silencer RNA knockdown of HINT1 in Neuro-2A cells markedly downregulated Orai1 and STIM1 protein expression and significantly (by 2.5-fold) reduced ATP-induced Ca(2+) influx, while ATP-evoked Ca(2+) release was not changed. Thus the study demonstrates a novel function of HINT1 that involves the regulation of SOC-mediated Ca(2+) entry pathway (Orai1 and STIM1), essential for regulation of cellular Ca(2+) homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina I Linde
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Verkhratsky A, Reyes RC, Parpura V. TRP channels coordinate ion signalling in astroglia. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 166:1-22. [PMID: 23784619 DOI: 10.1007/112_2013_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial excitability is based on highly spatio-temporally coordinated fluctuations of intracellular ion concentrations, among which changes in Ca(2+) and Na(+) take the leading role. Intracellular signals mediated by Ca(2+) and Na(+) target numerous molecular cascades that control gene expression, energy production and numerous homeostatic functions of astrocytes. Initiation of Ca(2+) and Na(+) signals relies upon plasmalemmal and intracellular channels that allow fluxes of respective ions down their concentration gradients. Astrocytes express several types of TRP channels of which TRPA1 channels are linked to regulation of functional expression of GABA transporters, whereas TRPV4 channels are activated following osmotic challenges and are up-regulated in ischaemic conditions. Astrocytes also ubiquitously express several isoforms of TRPC channels of which heteromers assembled from TRPC1, 4 and/or 5 subunits that likely act as stretch-activated channels and are linked to store-operated Ca(2+) entry. The TRPC channels mediate large Na(+) fluxes that are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) signalling machinery and hence coordinate Na(+) and Ca(2+) signalling in astroglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK,
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Calcium signaling in glioma cells--the role of nucleotide receptors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 986:61-79. [PMID: 22879064 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4719-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Calcium signaling is probably one of the evolutionary oldest and the most common way by which the signal can be transmitted from the cell environment to the cytoplasmic calcium binding effectors. Calcium signal is fast and due to diversity of calcium binding proteins it may have a very broad effect on cell behavior. Being a crucial player in neuronal transmission it is also very important for glia physiology. It is responsible for the cross-talk between neurons and astrocytes, for microglia activation and motility. Changes in calcium signaling are also crucial for the behavior of transformed glioma cells. The present Chapter summarizes molecular mechanisms of calcium signal formation present in glial cells with a strong emphasis on extracellular nucleotide-evoked signaling pathways. Some aspects of glioma C6 signaling such as the cross-talk between P2Y(1) and P2Y(12) nucleotide receptors in calcium signal generation will be discussed in-depth, to show complexity of machinery engaged in formation of this signal. Moreover, possible mechanisms of modulation of the calcium signal in diverse environments there will be presented herein. Finally, the possible role of calcium signal in glioma motility is also discussed. This is a very important issue, since glioma cells, contrary to the vast majority of neoplastic cells, cannot spread in the body with the bloodstream and, at least in early stages of tumor development, may expand only by means of sheer motility.
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