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Becerra Calderon A, Shroff UN, Deepak S, Izuhara A, Trogen G, McDonough AA, Gurley SB, Nelson JW, Peti‐Peterdi J, Gyarmati G. Angiotensin II Directly Increases Endothelial Calcium and Nitric Oxide in Kidney and Brain Microvessels In Vivo With Reduced Efficacy in Hypertension. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033998. [PMID: 38726925 PMCID: PMC11179802 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The vasoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II via type 1 angiotensin II receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells are well established, but the direct effects of angiotensin II on vascular endothelial cells (VECs) in vivo and the mechanisms how VECs may mitigate angiotensin II-mediated vasoconstriction are not fully understood. The present study aimed to explore the molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological relevance of the direct actions of angiotensin II on VECs in kidney and brain microvessels in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS Changes in VEC intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and nitric oxide (NO) production were visualized by intravital multiphoton microscopy of cadherin 5-Salsa6f mice or the endothelial uptake of NO-sensitive dye 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate, respectively. Kidney fibrosis by unilateral ureteral obstruction and Ready-to-use adeno-associated virus expressing Mouse Renin 1 gene (Ren1-AAV) hypertension were used as disease models. Acute systemic angiotensin II injections triggered >4-fold increases in VEC [Ca2+]i in brain and kidney resistance arterioles and capillaries that were blocked by pretreatment with the type 1 angiotensin II receptor inhibitor losartan, but not by the type 2 angiotensin II receptor inhibitor PD123319. VEC responded to acute angiotensin II by increased NO production as indicated by >1.5-fold increase in 4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate fluorescence intensity. In mice with kidney fibrosis or hypertension, the angiotensin II-induced VEC [Ca2+]i and NO responses were significantly reduced, which was associated with more robust vasoconstrictions, VEC shedding, and microthrombi formation. CONCLUSIONS The present study directly visualized angiotensin II-induced increases in VEC [Ca2+]i and NO production that serve to counterbalance agonist-induced vasoconstriction and maintain residual organ blood flow. These direct and endothelium-specific angiotensin II effects were blunted in disease conditions and linked to endothelial dysfunction and the development of vascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Becerra Calderon
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Sachin Deepak
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Audrey Izuhara
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Greta Trogen
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Alicia A. McDonough
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Susan B. Gurley
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | | | - János Peti‐Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and NeuroscienceUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
- Zilkha Neurogenetic InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCA
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Kouhpayeh H, Naderi M, Mohammadghasemipour Z, Bahari G, Elahian N, Taheri M, Hashemi M. Genetic Variations of Angiotensinogen, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, and Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor with the Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis. Prague Med Rep 2024; 125:5-14. [PMID: 38380450 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2024.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
There is little data regarding the impact of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphisms on tuberculosis. The current study designed to survey the possible association between RAS polymorphisms and the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in a sample of the southeast Iranian population. This case-control study was done on 170 PTB patients and 170 healthy subjects. The AGT rs699 C>T, ACE rs4341 C>G and AT1R rs5186 C>A variants were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and ACE rs4646994 (287bp I/D) variant by PCR method. Regarding AT1R rs5186 A>C polymorphism, the findings revealed that AC genotype and C allele significantly decreased the risk of PTB (OR=0.39, 95% CI=0.22-0.67, p=0.001, and OR=0.53, 95% CI=0.25-0.72, p=0.002, C vs. A, respectively). The TC genotype and C allele of AGT rs699 T>C significantly associated with decreased the risk of PTB (OR=0.45, 95% CI=0.28-0.74, p=0.002, TC vs. TT and OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.32-0.80, p=0.005, C vs. T, respectively). The ID genotype of ACE 287bp I/D significantly increased the risk of PTB (OR=1.88, 95% CI=1.12-3.17, p=0.017). Our finding did not support an association between ACE rs4341 C>G variant and the risk of PTB. In summary, the findings revealed an association between AT1R rs5186 A>C, AGT rs699 T>C and ACE 287bp I/D polymorphisms and the risk of PTB in a sample of the southeast Iranian population. Further investigation with higher sample sizes and diverse ethnicities are required to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Kouhpayeh
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Naderi
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Zahra Mohammadghasemipour
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Bahari
- Children and Adolescent Health Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Nastaran Elahian
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Taheri
- Department of Genetic, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hashemi
- Genetics of Non-Communicable Disease Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
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Mulorz J, Ibing W, Cappallo M, Braß SM, Takeuchi K, Raaz U, Schellinger IN, Krott KJ, Schelzig H, Aubin H, Oberhuber A, Elvers M, Wagenhäuser MU. Ethanol Enhances Endothelial Rigidity by Targeting VE-Cadherin-Implications for Acute Aortic Dissection. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4967. [PMID: 37568369 PMCID: PMC10420172 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12154967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is caused by an endothelial entry tear followed by intimomedial delamination of the outer layers of the vessel wall. The established risk factors include hypertension and smoking. Another rising candidate risk factor is excessive alcohol consumption. This experimental study explores the effects of nicotine (Nic), angiotensin II (Ang II), and ethanol (EtOH) on human aortic endothelial cells (hAoEC). (2) Methods: HAoECs were exposed to Nic, Ang II, and EtOH at different dose levels. Cell migration was studied using the scratch assay and live-cell imaging. The metabolic viability and permeability capacity was investigated using the water-soluble tetrazolium (WST)-1 assay and an in vitro vascular permeability assay. Cell adherence was studied by utilizing the hanging drop assay. The transcriptional and protein level changes were analyzed by RT-qPCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry for major junctional complexing proteins. (3) Results: We observed reduced metabolic viability following Ang II and EtOH exposure vs. control. Further, cell adherence was enhanced by EtOH exposure prior to trituration and by all risk factors after trituration, which correlated with the increased gene and protein expression of VE-cadherin upon EtOH exposure. The cell migration capacity was reduced upon EtOH exposure vs. controls. (4) Conclusion: Marked functional changes were observed upon exposure to established and potential risk factors for AAD development in hAoECs. Our findings advocate for an enhanced mechanical rigidity in hAoECs in response to the three substances studied, which in turn might increase endothelial rigidity, suggesting a novel mechanism for developing an endothelial entry tear due to reduced deformability in response to increased shear and pulsatile stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joscha Mulorz
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Wiebke Ibing
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Melanie Cappallo
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- CURE3D Lab, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Sönke Maximilian Braß
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Kiku Takeuchi
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- University Heart Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Nahal Schellinger
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- University Heart Center, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim Jürgen Krott
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hubert Schelzig
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Hug Aubin
- Clinic for Cardiac Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
- CURE3D Lab, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Alexander Oberhuber
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Margitta Elvers
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Markus Udo Wagenhäuser
- Clinic for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
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Fibbi B, Marroncini G, Naldi L, Peri A. The Yin and Yang Effect of the Apelinergic System in Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054745. [PMID: 36902176 PMCID: PMC10003082 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ and has multiple biological activities in human tissues and organs, including the heart, blood vessels, adipose tissue, central nervous system, lungs, kidneys, and liver. This article reviews the crucial role of apelin in regulating oxidative stress-related processes by promoting prooxidant or antioxidant mechanisms. Following the binding of APJ to different active apelin isoforms and the interaction with several G proteins according to cell types, the apelin/APJ system is able to modulate different intracellular signaling pathways and biological functions, such as vascular tone, platelet aggregation and leukocytes adhesion, myocardial activity, ischemia/reperfusion injury, insulin resistance, inflammation, and cell proliferation and invasion. As a consequence of these multifaceted properties, the role of the apelinergic axis in the pathogenesis of degenerative and proliferative conditions (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer) is currently investigated. In this view, the dual effect of the apelin/APJ system in the regulation of oxidative stress needs to be more extensively clarified, in order to identify new potential strategies and tools able to selectively modulate this axis according to the tissue-specific profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Fibbi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Giada Marroncini
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Naldi
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Alessandro Peri
- “Pituitary Diseases and Sodium Alterations” Unit, AOU Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Endocrinology, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences “Mario Serio”, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-05-5794-9275
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Yi W, Chen F, Zhang H, Tang P, Yuan M, Wen J, Wang S, Cai Z. Role of angiotensin II in aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1002138. [PMID: 36533172 PMCID: PMC9755866 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1002138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an inevitable progressive decline in physiological organ function that increases the chance of disease and death. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is involved in the regulation of vasoconstriction, fluid homeostasis, cell growth, fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress. In recent years, unprecedented advancement has been made in the RAS study, particularly with the observation that angiotensin II (Ang II), the central product of the RAS, plays a significant role in aging and chronic disease burden with aging. Binding to its receptors (Ang II type 1 receptor - AT1R in particular), Ang II acts as a mediator in the aging process by increasing free radical production and, consequently, mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition. In this review, we examine the physiological function of the RAS and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sources in detail, highlighting how Ang II amplifies or drives mitochondrial dysfunction and telomere attrition underlying each hallmark of aging and contributes to the development of aging and age-linked diseases. Accordingly, the Ang II/AT1R pathway opens a new preventive and therapeutic direction for delaying aging and reducing the incidence of age-related diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenmin Yi
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Huiji Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Tang
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
| | - Minghao Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Department and Institute of Neurology, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Institute Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Chongqing, China
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6
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Abdellatif AB, Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC. Vascular and hormonal interactions in the adrenal gland. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:995228. [PMID: 36506065 PMCID: PMC9731668 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.995228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is the most common form of secondary arterial hypertension, due to excessive aldosterone production from the adrenal gland. Although somatic mutations have been identified in aldosterone producing adenoma, the exact mechanisms leading to increased cell proliferation and nodule formation remain to be established. One hypothesis is that changes in vascular supply to the adrenal cortex, due to phenomena of atherosclerosis or high blood pressure, may influence the morphology of the adrenal cortex, resulting in a compensatory growth and nodule formation in response to local hypoxia. In this review, we will summarize our knowledge on the mechanisms regulating adrenal cortex development and function, describe adrenal vascularization in normal and pathological conditions and address the mechanisms allowing the cross-talk between the hormonal and vascular components to allow the extreme tissue plasticity of the adrenal cortex in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. We will then address recent evidence suggesting a role for alterations in the vascular compartment that could eventually be involved in nodule formation and the development of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sheerazed Boulkroun
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Maria-Christina Zennaro, ; Sheerazed Boulkroun,
| | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Université Paris Cité, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Maria-Christina Zennaro, ; Sheerazed Boulkroun,
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Emerging role of long non-coding RNAs in endothelial dysfunction and their molecular mechanisms. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 145:112421. [PMID: 34798473 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are the novel class of transcripts involved in transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational regulation of physiology and the pathology of diseases. Studies have evidenced that the impairment of endothelium is a critical event in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications. Endothelial dysfunction is characterized by an imbalance in vasodilation and vasoconstriction, oxidative stress, proinflammatory factors, and nitric oxide bioavailability. Disruption of the endothelial barrier permeability, the first step in developing atherosclerotic lesions is a consequence of endothelial dysfunction. Though several factors interfere with the normal functioning of the endothelium, intrinsic epigenetic mechanisms governing endothelial function are regulated by lncRNAs and perturbations contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. This review comprehensively addresses the biogenesis of lncRNA and molecular mechanisms underlying and regulation in endothelial function. An insight correlating lncRNAs and endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases can positively impact the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets in endothelial dysfunction-associated diseases and treatment strategies.
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Wolpe AG, Ruddiman CA, Hall PJ, Isakson BE. Polarized Proteins in Endothelium and Their Contribution to Function. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:65-91. [PMID: 33503620 DOI: 10.1159/000512618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein localization in endothelial cells is tightly regulated to create distinct signaling domains within their tight spatial restrictions including luminal membranes, abluminal membranes, and interendothelial junctions, as well as caveolae and calcium signaling domains. Protein localization in endothelial cells is also determined in part by the vascular bed, with differences between arteries and veins and between large and small arteries. Specific protein polarity and localization is essential for endothelial cells in responding to various extracellular stimuli. In this review, we examine protein localization in the endothelium of resistance arteries, with occasional references to other vessels for contrast, and how that polarization contributes to endothelial function and ultimately whole organism physiology. We highlight the protein localization on the luminal surface, discussing important physiological receptors and the glycocalyx. The protein polarization to the abluminal membrane is especially unique in small resistance arteries with the presence of the myoendothelial junction, a signaling microdomain that regulates vasodilation, feedback to smooth muscle cells, and ultimately total peripheral resistance. We also discuss the interendothelial junction, where tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions all convene and regulate endothelial function. Finally, we address planar cell polarity, or axial polarity, and how this is regulated by mechanosensory signals like blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire A Ruddiman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Phillip J Hall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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Patel S, Hussain T. Synergism between Angiotensin receptors ligands: Role of Angiotensin-(1-7) in modulating AT 2 R agonist response on nitric oxide in kidney cells. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2020; 8:e00667. [PMID: 33197136 PMCID: PMC7668194 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7), an endogenous agonist for the MasR, has been shown to interact with ang-II AT1 R and AT2 R. Earlier we showed a physical and functional interaction between MasR and AT2 R in response to their respective agonists ang-(1-7) and C21. Moreover, ang-(1-7) is cardio-protective via AT1 R and alters ang-II function. Such complex nature of ang-(1-7) function is not clearly understood, particularly in relation to its functional interaction with these receptors. We tested how ang-(1-7) affects AT2 R function by utilizing HK-2 cells. The HK-2 cells were treated with a wide range of concentrations of angiotensin receptor agonists. The generation of NO• in response to agonists was determined as a readout and subjected to Bliss definition (δ score) to assess the nature of functional interaction between these receptors. Preincubation with ang-(1-7) followed by incubation with endogenous AT1 R/AT2 R agonist ang-II (δ = 162) or selective AT2 R agonist C21 (δ = 304) synergized NO• formation. The synergism was also observed when the order of incubation with ang-(1-7)/C21 was reversed (δ = 484), but not when the cells were simultaneously incubated with a mixture of ang-(1-7) and C21 (δ = 76). The synergism with nonpeptidic MasR agonist AVE0991 followed by C21 (δ = 45) was minimal. Ligand binding experiment suggested the binding of ang-(1-7) with these three receptors. However, the synergism observed with ang-(1-7) and ang-II/C21 was sensitive to the antagonists of AT2 R (PD123319) and AT1 R (candesartan), but not MasR (A779). Ang-(1-7) at lower concentrations synergies the AT2 R function in an AT1 R-dependent but MasR-independent manner. This phenomenon may have a physiological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Patel
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
| | - Tahir Hussain
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of PharmacyUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
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Ramirez LA, Gillis EE, Musall JB, Mohamed R, Snyder E, El-Marakby A, Sullivan JC. Hypertensive female Sprague-Dawley rats require an intact nitric oxide synthase system for compensatory increases in renal regulatory T cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 319:F192-F201. [PMID: 32597687 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00228.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that hypertensive female rats have more regulatory T cells (Tregs), which contribute more to blood pressure (BP) control in female versus male rats. Based on known protective properties of Tregs, the goal of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms by which female rats maintain Tregs. The present study was designed to 1) compare the impact of three hypertension models on the percentage of renal Tregs and 2) test the hypothesis that nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition prevents increases in renal Tregs and exacerbates renal damage in female Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats (11-14 wk old) were randomized to one of the following four groups: control, norepinephrine (NE) infusion, angiotensin II infusion, or the NOS inhibitor Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) in drinking water. BP was measured via tail cuff. After 2 wk of treatment, kidneys were isolated and processed to measure Tregs via flow cytometric analysis and renal injury via urinary albumin excretion, plasma creatinine, and histological analyses. Hypertensive treatments increased BP in all experimental animals. Increases in BP in norepinephrine-and angiotensin II-treated rats were associated with increases in renal Tregs versus control. In contrast, l-NAME treatment decreased Tregs compared with all groups. l-NAME treatment modestly increased albumin excretion. However, plasma creatinine was comparable among the groups, and there was no histological evidence of glomerular or tubular injury. This study provides insights into the mechanisms regulating renal Tregs and supports that an intact NOS system is crucial for female rats to have BP-related increases in renal Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey A Ramirez
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ellen E Gillis
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jacqueline B Musall
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Riyaz Mohamed
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Elizabeth Snyder
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Ahmed El-Marakby
- Dental College of Georgia, Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer C Sullivan
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia
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11
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Walker AE, Kronquist EK, Chinen KT, Reihl KD, Li DY, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ. Cerebral and skeletal muscle feed artery vasoconstrictor responses in a mouse model with greater large elastic artery stiffness. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:434-442. [PMID: 30633428 DOI: 10.1113/ep087453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Greater large artery stiffness is associated with dysfunctional resistance artery vasodilatory responses, impaired memory and greater risk of Alzheimer's disease. However, it is unknown whether stiffer large arteries affect cerebral and skeletal muscle feed artery responses to vasoconstrictors. What is the main finding and its importance? In a mouse model with greater large artery stiffness (Eln+/- ), we find an exacerbated vasoconstrictor response to angiotensin II in cerebral arteries, but not skeletal muscle feed arteries, thus implicating altered cerebral artery angiotensin II responsiveness in the poor brain outcomes associated with greater large artery stiffness. ABSTRACT Greater stiffness of the large elastic arteries is associated with end-organ damage and dysfunction. At the same time, resistance artery vasoconstrictor responsiveness influences vascular tone and organ blood flow. However, it is unknown whether large elastic artery stiffness modulates the responsiveness to vasoconstrictors in resistance arteries of the cerebral or skeletal muscle circulations. We previously described the elastin haploinsufficient (Eln+/- ) mouse as a model with greater aortic stiffness, but with similar cerebral and skeletal muscle feed artery stiffness to wild-type (Eln+/+ ) mice. Here, we used this model to examine the relationship between large elastic artery stiffness and resistance artery vasoconstrictor responses. In middle cerebral arteries (MCAs), vasoconstriction in response to angiotensin II (Ang II) was ∼40% greater in Eln+/- compared with Eln+/+ mice (P = 0.02), and this group difference was ameliorated by losartan, indicating a role for Ang II type 1 receptors (AT1Rs). In gastrocnemius feed arteries, Eln+/- and Eln+/+ mice did not differ in the response to Ang II. In addition, the vasoconstrictor responses to noradrenaline, endothelin-1 and potassium chloride were not different between Eln+/- and Eln+/+ mice for either MCAs or gastrocnemius feed arteries. The MCA AT1R gene expression did not differ between groups, whereas Ang II type 2 receptor gene expression was ∼50% lower in MCAs from Eln+/- versus Eln+/+ mice (P = 0.01). In conclusion, greater large elastic artery stiffness is associated with an exacerbated vasoconstriction response to Ang II in cerebral arteries, but is not associated with the responses to other vasoconstrictors in either cerebral or skeletal muscle feed arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Walker
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Elise K Kronquist
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Kerrick T Chinen
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Kelly D Reihl
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Dean Y Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,The Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study of Sichuan Province, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.,Department of Cardiology, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Lisa A Lesniewski
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Anthony J Donato
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.,Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
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12
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Cipolla MJ, Liebeskind DS, Chan SL. The importance of comorbidities in ischemic stroke: Impact of hypertension on the cerebral circulation. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:2129-2149. [PMID: 30198826 PMCID: PMC6282213 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x18800589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidities are a hallmark of stroke that both increase the incidence of stroke and worsen outcome. Hypertension is prevalent in the stroke population and the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke. Hypertensive disorders promote stroke through increased shear stress, endothelial dysfunction, and large artery stiffness that transmits pulsatile flow to the cerebral microcirculation. Hypertension also promotes cerebral small vessel disease through several mechanisms, including hypoperfusion, diminished autoregulatory capacity and localized increase in blood-brain barrier permeability. Preeclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, also increases the risk of stroke 4-5-fold compared to normal pregnancy that predisposes women to early-onset cognitive impairment. In this review, we highlight how comorbidities and concomitant disorders are not only risk factors for ischemic stroke, but alter the response to acute ischemia. We focus on hypertension as a comorbidity and its effects on the cerebral circulation that alters the pathophysiology of ischemic stroke and should be considered in guiding future therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn J Cipolla
- 1 Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - David S Liebeskind
- 2 Neurovascular Imaging Research Core and Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Siu-Lung Chan
- 1 Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont Larner College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA
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13
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Vassallo DV, Almenara CCP, Broseghini-Filho GB, Teixeira AC, da Silva DCF, Angeli JK, Padilha AS. Preliminary Studies of Acute Cadmium Administration Effects on the Calcium-Activated Potassium (SKCa and BKCa) Channels and Na +/K +-ATPase Activity in Isolated Aortic Rings of Rats. Biol Trace Elem Res 2018; 183:325-334. [PMID: 28905315 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-017-1150-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium is an environmental pollutant closely linked with cardiovascular diseases that seems to involve endothelium dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Knowing that NO causes dilatation through the activation of potassium channels and Na+/K+-ATPase, we aimed to determine whether acute cadmium administration (10 μM) alters the participation of K+ channels, voltage-activated calcium channel, and Na+/K+-ATPase activity in vascular function of isolated aortic rings of rats. Cadmium did not modify the acetylcholine-induced relaxation. After L-NAME addition, the relaxation induced by acetylcholine was abolished in presence or absence of cadmium, suggesting that acutely, this metal did not change NO release. However, tetraethylammonium (a nonselective K+ channels blocker) reduced acetylcholine-induced relaxation but this effect was lower in the preparations with cadmium, suggesting a decrease of K+ channels function in acetylcholine response after cadmium incubation. Apamin (a selective blocker of small Ca2+-activated K+ channels-SKCa), iberiotoxin (a selective blocker of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ channels-BKCa), and verapamil (a blocker of calcium channel) reduced the endothelium-dependent relaxation only in the absence of cadmium. Finally, cadmium decreases Na+/K+-ATPase activity. Our results provide evidence that the cadmium acute incubation unaffected the calcium-activated potassium channels (SKCa and BKCa) and voltage-calcium channels on the acetylcholine vasodilatation. In addition, acute cadmium incubation seems to reduce the Na+/K+-ATPase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton V Vassallo
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Camila C P Almenara
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | - Ariane Calazans Teixeira
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - David Chaves F da Silva
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Jhuli K Angeli
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Padilha
- Federal University of Espírito Santo, Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, CCS/UFES, Av. Marechal Campos, 1468. Maruípe, Vitoria, ES, 29040-091, Brazil.
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14
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Critical role of angiotensin II type 2 receptors in the control of mitochondrial and cardiac function in angiotensin II-preconditioned rat hearts. Pflugers Arch 2018; 470:1391-1403. [PMID: 29748710 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-018-2153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II preconditioning (APC) involves an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R)-dependent translocation of PKCε and survival kinases to the mitochondria leading to cardioprotection after ischemia-reperfusion (IR). However, the role that mitochondrial AT1-Rs and angiotensin II type 2 receptors (AT2-Rs) play in APC is unknown. We investigated whether pretreatment of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts with losartan (L, AT1-R blocker), PD 123,319 (PD, AT2-R blocker), or their combination (L + PD) affects mitochondrial AT1-R, AT2-R, PKCε, PKCδ, Akt, PKG-1, MAPKs (ERK1/2, JNK, p38), mitochondrial respiration, cardiac function, and infarct size (IS). The results indicate that expression of mitochondrial AT1-Rs and AT2-Rs were enhanced by APC 1.91-fold and 2.32-fold, respectively. Expression of AT2-R was abolished by PD but not by L, whereas the AT1-R levels were abrogated by both blockers. The AT1-R response profile to L and PD was also shared by PKCε, Akt, MAPKs, and PKG-1, but not by PKCδ. A marked increase in state 3 (1.84-fold) and respiratory control index (1.86-fold) of mitochondria was observed with PD regardless of L treatment. PD also enhanced the post-ischemic recovery of rate pressure product (RPP) by 74% (p < 0.05) compared with APC alone. Losartan, however, inhibited the (RPP) by 44% (p < 0.05) before IR and reduced the APC-induced increase of post-ischemic cardiac recovery by 73% (p < 0.05). Finally, L enhanced the reduction of IS by APC through a PD-sensitive mechanism. These findings suggest that APC upregulates angiotensin II receptors in mitochondria and that AT2-Rs are cardioprotective through their permissive action on AT1-R signaling and the suppression of cardiac function.
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15
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Natriuretic peptide receptor-C activation attenuates angiotensin II-induced enhanced oxidative stress and hyperproliferation of aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 448:77-89. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Crosstalk between the angiotensin and endothelin system in the cerebrovasculature after experimental induced subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurg Rev 2017; 41:539-548. [DOI: 10.1007/s10143-017-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Melo T, Domingues P, Ribeiro-Rodrigues TM, Girão H, Segundo MA, Domingues MRM. Characterization of phospholipid nitroxidation by LC-MS in biomimetic models and in H9c2 Myoblast using a lipidomic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 106:219-227. [PMID: 28219782 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Under nitroxidative stress conditions, lipids are prone to be modified by reaction with reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and different modifications were reported to occur in fatty acids. However, in the case of phospholipids (PL) studied under nitroxidative stress conditions, only nitroalkene derivatives of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), were reported when using both in vitro biomimetic conditions and in vivo model system of type 1 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, in order to further explore other nitroxidative modifications of PL, a biomimetic model of nitroxidation combined with liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS approaches were used to characterize the nitrated and nitroxidized derivatives of PCs and PEs. Single and multiple nitrated derivatives of phospholipids (PLs) such as nitroso and dinitroso, nitro, dinitro, and nitronitroso derivatives, together with nitroxidized derivatives were identified. Further, the specific MS/MS fragmentation pathways of these products were studied. Product ions arising from loss of HNO and HNO2, from the combined loss of HNO (or HNO2) and polar head groups, [NOn-FA+On+H]+ and [NOn-FA+On-H]- (n=1-2) product ions corresponding to the modified fatty acyl chains were observed, depending on each modification. The knowledge obtained from the study of the MS/MS fragmentation pattern has allowed us to identify nitrated PCs, including NO2-PC, (NO2)2-PCs, (NO2)(NO)-PC, NO-PC; nitrated PEs, NO2-PEs; and nitroxidized PCs, (NO2)(2O)-PC in H9c2 cells under starvation, but not under ischemia or control conditions. The physiological relevance of this nitrated and nitroxidized PCs and PEs species observed exclusively in cardiomyoblast cells (H9c2) under starvation is still unknown but deserves to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Melo
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Pedro Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Teresa M Ribeiro-Rodrigues
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC.IBILI, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marcela A Segundo
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Rosário M Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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18
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Saavedra JM, Ito T, Nishimura Y. Review: The role of angiotensin II AT1-receptors in the regulation of the cerebral blood flow and brain ischaemia. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 2:S102-S109. [DOI: 10.1177/14703203010020011801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Takeshi Ito
- Section on Pharmacology, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda MD 20892,
USA
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19
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Kafami M. The effect of angiotensin II microinjection into the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis on serum lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide metabolite levels. Adv Biomed Res 2016; 5:106. [PMID: 27376045 PMCID: PMC4918206 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.183667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Overactivity of renin-angiotensin system is involved in the pathophysiology of renal and cardiovascular diseases. It is suggested that endothelial cells can release nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species in response to angiotensin II (Ang II). Angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor of Ang II has been found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST). BST is involved in autonomic function. This study was performed to find the role of central Ang II in serum lipid peroxidation product and in releasing NO into circulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one catheterized rats were placed in stereotaxic instrument. A hole was drilled above BST. In the control group, saline 0.9% (100 nl) was microinjected into the BST. In the second group, Ang II (100 μM, 100-150 nl) was microinjected into the BST. In the third group losartan (an AT1 antagonist) was microinjected (100 μM, 200 nl) before Ang II into the BST. Systolic blood pressure was recorded. The NO metabolite (nitrite) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the rat's serum. RESULTS The data indicated that microinjection of Ang II into the BST produced a pressor response (P < 0.0001). It also increased MDA and nitrite levels of the serum significantly (P < 0.001, P < 0.0001). Pretreatment with losartan before Ang II microinjection attenuated serum's levels of MDA and nitrite (P < 0.001, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that central effect of Ang II on blood pressure is accompanied with increased levels of MDA and nitrite in the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Kafami
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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20
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Broseghini-Filho GB, Almenara CCP, Vassallo DV, Padilha AS. Blood Pressure Decreases Following Lead Treatment Cessation: Highest NO Bioavailability Involved. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:410-4. [PMID: 26342820 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0497-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Although lead is known to induce arterial hypertension and vascular damage, it is not clear if after cessation of lead treatment, the increase of blood pressure is sustained and the vascular function is different from untreated rats. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the systolic blood pressure during and following lead-treatment discontinuance and the possible vascular alterations involved with it. Rats received lead acetate (100 mg/L) in the drinking water or distilled water for 14 days. After 14 days, lead acetate solution was substituted by water distilled for more 28 days, as control group. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured weekly by tail plethysmography, and the vascular reactivity to phenylephrine in isolated aortic rings was evaluated at end of treatment time. The increase in SBP induced by lead was reversed after stopping exposure, and it was accompanied by a reduction on vasoconstrictor response to phenylephrine. L-NAME treatment increased the phenylephrine response in both groups, but its effect was greater in lead group. Our findings provide evidence that the increased modulation by NO on contractile response to phenylephrine could be a compensatory mechanism that might contribute to decrease blood pressure after lead treatment cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilson B Broseghini-Filho
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Ave, 1468, Maruípe, 29040-091, Vitória, ES, Brazil.
| | - Camila C Pereira Almenara
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Ave, 1468, Maruípe, 29040-091, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Dalton V Vassallo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Ave, 1468, Maruípe, 29040-091, Vitória, ES, Brazil
- Health Science Center of Vitoria, EMESCAM, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Alessandra S Padilha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Marechal Campos Ave, 1468, Maruípe, 29040-091, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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21
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Sánchez-Calvo B, Cassina A, Rios N, Peluffo G, Boggia J, Radi R, Rubbo H, Trostchansky A. Nitro-Arachidonic Acid Prevents Angiotensin II-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in a Cell Line of Kidney Proximal Tubular Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150459. [PMID: 26943326 PMCID: PMC4778875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitro-arachidonic acid (NO2-AA) is a cell signaling nitroalkene that exerts anti-inflammatory activities during macrophage activation. While angiotensin II (ANG II) produces an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and mitochondrial dysfunction in renal tubular cells, little is known regarding the potential protective effects of NO2-AA in ANG II-mediated kidney injury. As such, this study examines the impact of NO2-AA on ANG II-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in an immortalized renal proximal tubule cell line (HK-2 cells). Treatment of HK-2 cells with ANG II increases the production of superoxide (O2●-), nitric oxide (●NO), inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) expression, peroxynitrite (ONOO-) and mitochondrial dysfunction. Using high-resolution respirometry, it was observed that the presence of NO2-AA prevented ANG II-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction. Attempting to address mechanism, we treated isolated rat kidney mitochondria with ONOO-, a key mediator of ANG II-induced mitochondrial damage, in the presence or absence of NO2-AA. Whereas the activity of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and ATP synthase (ATPase) were diminished upon exposure to ONOO-, they were restored by pre-incubating the mitochondria with NO2-AA. Moreover, NO2-AA prevents oxidation and nitration of mitochondrial proteins. Combined, these data demonstrate that ANG II-mediated oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction is abrogated by NO2-AA, identifying this compound as a promising pharmacological tool to prevent ANG II–induced renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Sánchez-Calvo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adriana Cassina
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (AT); (AC)
| | - Natalia Rios
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gonzalo Peluffo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - José Boggia
- Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rafael Radi
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Homero Rubbo
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andres Trostchansky
- Departamento de Bioquímica and Center for Free Radical and Biomedical Research, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail: (AT); (AC)
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22
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Ca2+ -regulated lysosome fusion mediates angiotensin II-induced lipid raft clustering in mesenteric endothelial cells. Hypertens Res 2016; 39:227-36. [PMID: 26763850 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It has been reported that intracellular Ca2+ is involved in lysosome fusion and membrane repair in skeletal cells. Given that angiotensin II (Ang II) elicits an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and that lysosome fusion is a crucial mediator of lipid raft (LR) clustering, we hypothesized that Ang II induces lysosome fusion and activates LR formation in rat mesenteric endothelial cells (MECs). We found that Ang II acutely increased intracellular Ca2+ content, an effect that was inhibited by the extracellular Ca2+ chelator ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3)-induced Ca2+ release inhibitor 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate (2-APB). Further study showed that EGTA almost completely blocked Ang II-induced lysosome fusion, the translocation of acid sphingomyelinase (ASMase) to LR clusters, ASMase activation and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) oxidase activation. In contrast, 2-APB had a slight inhibitory effect. Functionally, both the lysosome inhibitor bafilomycin A1 and the ASMase inhibitor amitriptyline reversed Ang II-induced impairment of vasodilation. We conclude that Ca2+ -regulated lysosome fusion mediates the Ang II-induced regulation of the LR-redox signaling pathway and mesenteric endothelial dysfunction.
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Panahpour H, Nekooeian AA, Dehghani GA. Candesartan attenuates ischemic brain edema and protects the blood-brain barrier integrity from ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2015; 18:232-8. [PMID: 25326022 PMCID: PMC4225063 DOI: 10.6091/ibj.13672.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Background: Angiotensin II (Ang II) has an important role on cerebral microcirculation; however, its direct roles in terms of ischemic brain edema need to be clarified. This study evaluated the role of central Ang II by using candesartan, as an AT1 receptor blocker, in the brain edema formation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption caused by ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injuries in rat. Methods: Rats were exposed to 60-min middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion. Vehicle and non-hypotensive doses of candesartan (0.1 mg/kg) were administered one hour before ischemia. Neurological dysfunction scoring was evaluated following 24 h of reperfusion. Animals were then decapitated under deep anesthesia for the assessments of cerebral infarct size, edema formation, and BBB permeability. Results: The outcomes of 24 h reperfusion after 60-min MCA occlusion were severe neurological disability, massive BBB disruption (Evans blue extravasation = 12.5 ± 1.94 µg/g tissue), 4.02% edema, and cerebral infarction (317 ± 21 mm3). Candesartan at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg, without changing arterial blood pressure, improved neurological dysfunction scoring together with significant reductions in BBB disruption (54.9%), edema (59.2%), and cerebral infarction (54.9%). Conclusions: Inactivation of central AT1 receptors, if not accompanied with arterial hypotension, protected cerebral micro-vasculatures from damaging effects of acute stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdollah Panahpour
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Nekooeian
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Dehghani
- Dept. of Physiology, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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de Cavanagh EMV, Inserra F, Ferder L. Angiotensin II blockade: how its molecular targets may signal to mitochondria and slow aging. Coincidences with calorie restriction and mTOR inhibition. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H15-44. [PMID: 25934099 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00459.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Caloric restriction (CR), renin angiotensin system blockade (RAS-bl), and rapamycin-mediated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition increase survival and retard aging across species. Previously, we have summarized CR and RAS-bl's converging effects, and the mitochondrial function changes associated with their physiological benefits. mTOR inhibition and enhanced sirtuin and KLOTHO signaling contribute to the benefits of CR in aging. mTORC1/mTORC2 complexes contribute to cell growth and metabolic regulation. Prolonged mTORC1 activation may lead to age-related disease progression; thus, rapamycin-mediated mTOR inhibition and CR may extend lifespan and retard aging through mTORC1 interference. Sirtuins by deacetylating histone and transcription-related proteins modulate signaling and survival pathways and mitochondrial functioning. CR regulates several mammalian sirtuins favoring their role in aging regulation. KLOTHO/fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) contribute to control Ca(2+), phosphate, and vitamin D metabolism, and their dysregulation may participate in age-related disease. Here we review how mTOR inhibition extends lifespan, how KLOTHO functions as an aging suppressor, how sirtuins mediate longevity, how vitamin D loss may contribute to age-related disease, and how they relate to mitochondrial function. Also, we discuss how RAS-bl downregulates mTOR and upregulates KLOTHO, sirtuin, and vitamin D receptor expression, suggesting that at least some of RAS-bl benefits in aging are mediated through the modulation of mTOR, KLOTHO, and sirtuin expression and vitamin D signaling, paralleling CR actions in age retardation. Concluding, the available evidence endorses the idea that RAS-bl is among the interventions that may turn out to provide relief to the spreading issue of age-associated chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena M V de Cavanagh
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - Felipe Inserra
- Center of Hypertension, Cardiology Department, Austral University Hospital, Derqui, Argentina; School of Biomedical Sciences, Austral University, Buenos Aires, Argentina; and
| | - León Ferder
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Ponce School of Medicine, Ponce, Puerto Rico
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Panahpour H, Dehghani GA, Bohlooli S. Enalapril attenuates ischaemic brain oedema and protects the blood-brain barrier in rats via an anti-oxidant action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:220-6. [PMID: 24471927 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1. In the present study, we investigated the effects of postischaemic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition with enalapril on vasogenic oedema formation and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity following transient focal cerebral ischaemia in rats. 2. Cerebral ischaemia was induced by 60 min occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery, followed by 24 h reperfusion. Vehicle and a non-hypotensive dose of enalapril (0.03 mg/kg) were administered at the beginning of the reperfusion period. A neurological deficit score (NDS) was determined for all rats at the end of the reperfusion period. Then, brain oedema formation was investigated using the wet-dry weight method and BBB permeability was evaluated on the basis of extravasation of Evans blue (EB) dye. In addition, oxidative stress was assessed by measuring reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in brain homogenates. 3. Inhibition of ACE by enalapril significantly reduced NDS and decreased brain oedema formation (P < 0.05 for both). Disruption of the BBB following ischaemia resulted in considerable leakage of EB dye into the brain parenchyma of the ipsilateral hemispheres of vehicle-treated rats. Enalapril significantly (P < 0.05) decreased EB extravasation into the lesioned hemisphere. Enalapril also augmented anti-oxidant activity in ischaemic brain tissue by increasing GSH concentrations and significantly (P < 0.05) attenuating the increased MDA levels in response to ischaemia. 4. In conclusion, inhibition of ACE with a non-hypotensive dose of enalapril may protect BBB function and attenuate oedema formation via anti-oxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdollah Panahpour
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical School, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
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Billaud M, Lohman AW, Johnstone SR, Biwer LA, Mutchler S, Isakson BE. Regulation of cellular communication by signaling microdomains in the blood vessel wall. Pharmacol Rev 2014; 66:513-69. [PMID: 24671377 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.007351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become increasingly clear that the accumulation of proteins in specific regions of the plasma membrane can facilitate cellular communication. These regions, termed signaling microdomains, are found throughout the blood vessel wall where cellular communication, both within and between cell types, must be tightly regulated to maintain proper vascular function. We will define a cellular signaling microdomain and apply this definition to the plethora of means by which cellular communication has been hypothesized to occur in the blood vessel wall. To that end, we make a case for three broad areas of cellular communication where signaling microdomains could play an important role: 1) paracrine release of free radicals and gaseous molecules such as nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species; 2) role of ion channels including gap junctions and potassium channels, especially those associated with the endothelium-derived hyperpolarization mediated signaling, and lastly, 3) mechanism of exocytosis that has considerable oversight by signaling microdomains, especially those associated with the release of von Willebrand factor. When summed, we believe that it is clear that the organization and regulation of signaling microdomains is an essential component to vessel wall function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Billaud
- Dept. of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 801394, Charlottesville, VA 22902.
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Cizmeci D, Arkun Y. Regulatory networks and complex interactions between the insulin and angiotensin II signalling systems: models and implications for hypertension and diabetes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83640. [PMID: 24400038 PMCID: PMC3882141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between insulin and angiotensin II signalling pathways plays a significant role in the co-occurrence of diabetes and hypertension. We developed a mathematical model of the system of interactions among the biomolecules that are involved in the cross-talk between the insulin and angiotensin II signalling pathways. We have identified several feedback structures that regulate the dynamic behavior of the individual signalling pathways and their interactions. Different scenarios are simulated and dominant steady-state, dynamic and stability characteristics are revealed. The proposed mechanistic model describes how angiotensin II inhibits the actions of insulin and impairs the insulin-mediated vasodilation. The model also predicts that poor glycaemic control induced by diabetes contributes to hypertension by activating the renin angiotensin aystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Cizmeci
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yaman Arkun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
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Panahpour H, Bohlooli S, Motavallibashi SE. Antioxidant Activity-Mediated Neuroprotective Effects of an Antagonist of AT1 Receptors, Candesartan, against Cerebral Ischemia and Edema in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-013-9391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Dautzenberg M, Just A. Temporal characteristics of nitric oxide-, prostaglandin-, and EDHF-mediated components of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the kidney. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R987-98. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00526.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is mediated by nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandins (PG), and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF). We studied the contributions and temporal characteristics of these components in the renal vasodilator responses to acetylcholine (ACh) and bradykinin (BK) and in the buffering of vasoconstrictor responses to norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (ANG II). Renal blood flow (RBF) and vascular conductance (RVC) were studied in anesthetized rats in response to renal arterial bolus injections before and after inhibition of NO-synthase ( NG-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, l-NAME), cyclooxygenase (indomethacin, INDO), or both. ACh increased RVC peaking at maximal time ( tmax) = 29 s. l-NAME ( n = 8) diminished the integrated response and made it substantially faster ( tmax = 18 s). The point-by-point difference caused by l-NAME (= NO component) integrated to 74% of control and was much slower ( tmax = 38 s). INDO ( n = 9) reduced the response without affecting tmax (36 vs. 30 s). The difference (= PG) reached 21% of the control with tmax = 25 s. l-NAME+INDO ( n = 17) reduced the response to 18% and markedly accelerated tmax to 16s (= EDHF). Results were similar for BK with slightly more PG and less NO contribution than for ACh. Constrictor responses to NE and ANG II were augmented and decelerated by l-NAME and l-NAME+INDO. The calculated difference (= buffering by NO or NO+PG) was slower than the constriction. It is concluded that NO, PG, and EDHF contribute >50%, 20–40%, and <20% to the renal vasodilator effect of ACh and BK, respectively. EDHF acts substantially faster and less sustained ( tmax = 16 s) than NO and PG ( tmax = 30 s). Constrictor buffering by NO and PG is not constant over time, but renders the constriction less sustained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Dautzenberg
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Freiburg, Germany; and
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | - Armin Just
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Freiburg, Germany; and
- Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies (FRIAS), Universität Freiburg, Germany
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Muniyappa R, Yavuz S. Metabolic actions of angiotensin II and insulin: a microvascular endothelial balancing act. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 378:59-69. [PMID: 22684034 PMCID: PMC3478427 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic actions of insulin to promote glucose disposal are augmented by nitric oxide (NO)-dependent increases in microvascular blood flow to skeletal muscle. The balance between NO-dependent vasodilator actions and endothelin-1-dependent vasoconstrictor actions of insulin is regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent (PI3K)--and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-dependent signaling in vascular endothelium, respectively. Angiotensin II acting on AT₂ receptor increases capillary blood flow to increase insulin-mediated glucose disposal. In contrast, AT₁ receptor activation leads to reduced NO bioavailability, impaired insulin signaling, vasoconstriction, and insulin resistance. Insulin-resistant states are characterized by dysregulated local renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). Under insulin-resistant conditions, pathway-specific impairment in PI3K-dependent signaling may cause imbalance between production of NO and secretion of endothelin-1, leading to decreased blood flow, which worsens insulin resistance. Similarly, excess AT₁ receptor activity in the microvasculature may selectively impair vasodilation while simultaneously potentiating the vasoconstrictor actions of insulin. Therapeutic interventions that target pathway-selective impairment in insulin signaling and the imbalance in AT₁ and AT₂ receptor signaling in microvascular endothelium may simultaneously ameliorate endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance. In the present review, we discuss molecular mechanisms in the endothelium underlying microvascular and metabolic actions of insulin and Angiotensin II, the mechanistic basis for microvascular endothelial dysfunction and insulin resistance in RAAS dysregulated clinical states, and the rationale for therapeutic strategies that restore the balance in vasodilator and constrictor actions of insulin and Angiotensin II in the microvasculature.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Blood Flow Velocity
- Capillaries/metabolism
- Capillaries/pathology
- Capillaries/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/physiopathology
- Humans
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Muscle, Skeletal/blood supply
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiopathology
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System
- Vasoconstriction
- Vasodilation
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganath Muniyappa
- Clinical Endocrine Section, Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Obesity Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
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Klychnikova EV, Tazina EV, Solodov AA, Petrikov SS, Godkov MA, Krylov VV. The effects of normobaric hyperoxia on oxidative stress and factors of endogenous vascular regulation in patients who suffered from non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages and remained in critical condition. NEUROCHEM J+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712413030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Zheng H, Liu X, Patel KP. Centrally mediated erectile dysfunction in rats with type 1 diabetes: role of angiotensin II and superoxide. J Sex Med 2013; 10:2165-76. [PMID: 23841890 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erectile dysfunction is a serious complication of diabetes mellitus. Apart from the peripheral actions, central mechanisms are also responsible for penile erection. AIM This study aims to determine the contribution of angiotensin (ANG) II in the dysfunction of central N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)- and nitric oxide (NO)-induced erectile responses in streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic (T1D) rats. METHODS Three weeks after streptozotocin injections, rats were randomly treated with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor-enalapril, or the ANG II type 1 receptor blocker, losartan, or the superoxide dismutase mimetic, tempol, or vehicle via chronic intracerebroventricular infusion by osmotic mini-pump for 2 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Central NMDA receptor stimulation or the administration of the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced penile erectile responses and concurrent behavioral responses were monitored in conscious rats. RESULTS Two weeks of enalapril, losartan, or tempol treatment significantly improved the erectile responses to central microinjection of both NMDA and SNP in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of conscious T1D rats (NMDA responses-T1D+enalapril: 1.7 ± 0.6, T1D+losartan: 2.0 ± 0.3, T1D+tempol: 2.0 ± 0.6 vs. T1D+vehicle: 0.6 ± 0.3 penile erections/rat in the first 20 minutes, P < 0.05; SNP responses-T1D+enalapril: 0.9 ± 0.3, T1D+losartan: 1.3 ± 0.3, T1D+tempol: 1.4 ± 0.4 vs. T1D+vehicle: 0.4 ± 0.2 penile erections/rat in the first 20 minutes, P < 0.05). Concurrent behavioral responses including yawning and stretching, induced by central NMDA and SNP microinjections, were also significantly increased in T1D rats after enalapril, losartan, or tempol treatments. Neuronal NO synthase expression within the PVN was also significantly increased, and superoxide production was reduced in T1D rats after these treatments. CONCLUSIONS These data strongly support the contention that enhanced ANG II mechanism/s within the PVN of T1D rats contributes to the dysfunction of central NMDA-induced erectile responses in T1D rats via stimulation of superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Lin Z, Chen H, Lin JM. Peroxide induced ultra-weak chemiluminescence and its application in analytical chemistry. Analyst 2013; 138:5182-93. [PMID: 23837186 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00910f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemiluminescence (CL), as a sensitive, rapid, and facile analytical method, has been widely applied in environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis and food safety. Recently, the main challenge and research interest in the CL study have been focused on exploring new CL systems and obtaining new insight into the interaction between CL reagents. The peroxide induced ultra-weak CL reactions are some new arising systems that have received great attention and have been successfully applied in many fields. The peroxide includes hydrogen peroxide, peroxynitrite, peroxymonocarbonate, peroxomonosulphate and so on. This review paper covers the mechanism of the peroxide induced ultra-weak CL and the analytical applications of the CL have also been summarized. The future prospects for the peroxide induced ultra-weak CL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Lin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Xue Yuan Road, University Town, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Rodrigues ES, Silva RF, Martin RP, Oliveira SM, Nakaie CR, Sabatini RA, Merino VF, Pesquero JB, Bader M, Shimuta SI. Evidence that kinin B2 receptor expression is upregulated by endothelial overexpression of B1 receptors. Peptides 2013; 42:1-7. [PMID: 23306173 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Bradykinin (BK) and des-Arg(9)-bradykinin (DBK) of kallikrein-kinin system exert its effects mediated by the B2 (B2R) and B1 (B1R) receptors, respectively. It was already shown that the deletion of kinin B1R or of B2R induces upregulation of the remaining receptor subtype. However studies on overexpression of B1R or B2R in transgenic animals have supported the importance of the overexpressed receptor but the expression of another receptor subtype has not been determined. Previous study described a marked vasodilatation and increased susceptibility to endotoxic shock which was associated with increased mortality in response to DBK in thoracic aorta from transgenic rat overexpressing the kinin B1R (TGR(Tie2B1)) exclusively in the endothelium. In another study, mice overexpressing B1R in multiple tissues were shown to present high susceptibility to inflammation and to lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxic shock. Therefore the role of B2R was investigated in the thoracic aorta isolated from TGR(Tie2B1) rats overexpressing the B1R exclusively in the vascular endothelium. Our findings provided evidence for highly increased expression level of the B2R in the transgenic rats. It was reported that under endotoxic shock, these rats exhibited exaggerated hypotension, bradycardia and mortality. It can be suggested that the high mortality during the pathogenesis of endotoxic shock provoked in the transgenic TGR(Tie2B1) rats could be due to the enhanced expression of B2R associated with the overexpression of the B1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliete S Rodrigues
- Department of Biophysics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
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Pech V, Thumova M, Dikalov SI, Hummler E, Rossier BC, Harrison DG, Wall SM. Nitric oxide reduces Cl⁻ absorption in the mouse cortical collecting duct through an ENaC-dependent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2013; 304:F1390-7. [PMID: 23515718 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00292.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since nitric oxide (NO) participates in the renal regulation of blood pressure, in part, by modulating transport of Na⁺ and Cl⁻ in the kidney, we asked whether NO regulates net Cl⁻ flux (JCl) in the cortical collecting duct (CCD) and determined the transporter(s) that mediate NO-sensitive Cl⁻ absorption. Cl⁻ absorption was measured in CCDs perfused in vitro that were taken from aldosterone-treated mice. Administration of an NO donor (10 μM MAHMA NONOate) reduced JCl and transepithelial voltage (VT) both in the presence or absence of angiotensin II. However, reducing endogenous NO production by inhibiting NO synthase (100 μM N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester) increased JCl only in the presence of angiotensin II, suggesting that angiotensin II stimulates NO synthase activity. To determine the transport process that mediates NO-sensitive changes in JCl, we examined the effect of NO on JCl following either genetic ablation or chemical inhibition of transporters in the CCD. Since the application of hydrochlorothiazide (100 μM) or bafilomycin (5 nM) to the perfusate or ablation of the gene encoding pendrin did not alter NO-sensitive JCl, NO modulates JCl independent of the Na⁺-dependent Cl⁻/HCO₃⁻ exchanger (NDCBE, Slc4a8), the A cell apical plasma membrane H⁺-ATPase and pendrin. In contrast, both total and NO-sensitive JCl and VT were abolished with application of an epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) inhibitor (3 μM benzamil) to the perfusate. We conclude that NO reduces Cl⁻ absorption in the CCD through a mechanism that is ENaC-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Pech
- Department of Medicine, Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Lim HJ, Lee SK, Lim DY. Influence of Fimasartan (a Novel AT(1) Receptor Blocker) on Catecholamine Release in the Adrenal Medulla of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 17:99-109. [PMID: 23441003 PMCID: PMC3579112 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2013.17.1.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether fimasartan, a newly developed AT1 receptor blocker, can affect the CA release in the isolated perfused model of the adrenal medulla of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Fimasartan (5~50 µM) perfused into an adrenal vein for 90 min produced dose- and time-dependently inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high K+ (56 mM, a direct membrane depolarizer), DMPP (100 µM) and McN-A-343 (100 µM). Fimasartan failed to affect basal CA output. Furthermore, in adrenal glands loaded with fimasartan (15 µM), the CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644 (10 µM, an activator of L-type Ca2+ channels), cyclopiazonic acid (10 µM, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic Ca2+-ATPase), and veratridine (100 µM, an activator of Na+ channels) as well as by angiotensin II (Ang II, 100 nM), were markedly inhibited. In simultaneous presence of fimasartan (15 µM) and L-NAME (30 µM, an inhibitor of NO synthase), the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high K+, DMPP, Ang II, Bay-K-8644, and veratridine was not affected in comparison of data obtained from treatment with fimasartan (15 µM) alone. Also there was no difference in NO release between before and after treatment with fimasartan (15 µM). Collectively, these experimental results suggest that fimasartan inhibits the CA secretion evoked by Ang II, and cholinergic stimulation (both nicotininc and muscarinic receptors) as well as by membrane depolarization from the rat adrenal medulla. It seems that this inhibitory effect of fimasartan may be mediated by blocking the influx of both Na+ and Ca2+ through their ion channels into the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibiting the Ca2+ release from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which is relevant to AT1 receptor blockade without NO release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Jeong Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 710-744, Korea
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Ferder M, Inserra F, Manucha W, Ferder L. The world pandemic of vitamin D deficiency could possibly be explained by cellular inflammatory response activity induced by the renin-angiotensin system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2013; 304:C1027-39. [PMID: 23364265 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00403.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review attempts to show that there may be a relationship between inflammatory processes induced by chronic overstimulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and the worldwide deficiency of vitamin D (VitD) and that both disorders are probably associated with environmental factors. Low VitD levels represent a risk factor for several apparently different diseases, such as infectious, autoimmune, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases, as well as diabetes, osteoporosis, and cancer. Moreover, VitD insufficiency seems to predispose to hypertension, metabolic syndrome, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure, and chronic vascular inflammation. On the other hand, inappropriate stimulation of the RAS has also been associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension, heart attack, stroke, and hypertrophy of the left ventricle and vascular smooth muscle cells. Because VitD receptors (VDRs) and RAS receptors are almost distributed in the same tissues, a possible link between VitD and the RAS is even more plausible. Furthermore, from an evolutionary point of view, both systems were developed simultaneously, actively participating in the regulation of inflammatory and immunological mechanisms. Changes in RAS activity and activation of the VDR seem to be inversely related; thus any changes in one of these systems would have a completely opposite effect on the other, making it possible to speculate that the two systems could have a feedback relationship. In fact, the pandemic of VitD deficiency could be the other face of increased RAS activity, which probably causes lower activity or lower levels of VitD. Finally, from a therapeutic point of view, the combination of RAS blockade and VDR stimulation appears to be more effective than either RAS blockade or VDR stimulation individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Ferder
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Park Y, Prisby RD, Behnke BJ, Dominguez JM, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ, Muller-Delp J, Delp MD. Effects of aging, TNF-α, and exercise training on angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction of rat skeletal muscle arterioles. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:1091-100. [PMID: 22923503 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00292.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle vascular resistance during physical exertion is higher with old age. The purpose of this study was to determine whether 1) aging enhances angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced vasoconstriction; 2) the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α contributes to alterations in ANG II-mediated vasoconstriction with aging; 3) exercise training attenuates putative age-associated increases in ANG II-mediated vasoconstriction; and 4) the mechanism(s) through which aging and exercise training alters ANG II-induced vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle arterioles. Male Fischer 344 rats were assigned to four groups: young sedentary (4 mo), old sedentary (24 mo), young trained, and old trained. In a separate group of young sedentary and old sedentary animals, a TNF type 1 receptor inhibitor was administered subcutaneously for 10 wk. First-order arterioles were isolated from soleus and gastrocnemius muscles for in vitro experimentation. Old age augmented ANG II-induced vasoconstriction in both soleus (young: 27 ± 3%; old: 38 ± 4%) and gastrocnemius (young: 42 ± 6%; old: 64 ± 9%) muscle arterioles; this augmented vasoconstriction was abolished with the removal of the endothelium, N(G)-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, and chronic inhibition of TNF-α. In addition, exercise training ameliorated the age-induced increase in ANG II vasoconstriction. These findings demonstrate that old age enhances and exercise training diminishes ANG II-induced vasoconstrictor responses in skeletal muscle arterioles through an endothelium-dependent nitric oxide synthase signaling pathway. In addition, the enhancement of ANG II vasoconstriction with old age appears to be related to a proinflammatory state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Park
- Department of Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Kim MY, Cho MY, Baik SK, Jeong PH, Suk KT, Jang YO, Yea CJ, Kim JW, Kim HS, Kwon SO, Yoo BS, Kim JY, Eom MS, Cha SH, Chang SJ. Beneficial effects of candesartan, an angiotensin-blocking agent, on compensated alcoholic liver fibrosis - a randomized open-label controlled study. Liver Int 2012; 32:977-87. [PMID: 22364262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2012.02774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the renin-angiotensin system is implicated in hepatic fibrogenesis in vitro and in vivo. However, no study was done in humans with alcoholic liver disease. AIM To investigate the antifibrotic effect of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1-R) blocking agents (ARB) in patients with alcoholic liver disease. METHODS The primary outcome was improvement in patients' histological features. Eighty-five patients with compensated alcoholic liver fibrosis (≥ F2) which was confirmed by baseline liver biopsy were randomized (intention-to-treat (ITT)) to receive either ARB, candesartan (8 mg/day) with ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) (600 mg/day) (n = 42) or UDCA alone (n = 43) as control for 6 months and follow-up liver biopsies were conducted. RESULTS According to the Laennec fibrosis system, candesartan showed significantly higher rates of histological improvements (ITT, 33.3% vs. 11.6%, P = 0.020). In addition, the fibrosis score was significantly reduced from 3.4 ± 1.4 to 3.1 ± 1.5 (P = 0.005) in the candesartan group. Candesartan also reduced the area of fibrosis and α-smooth muscle actin positive from 11.3 ± 6.0 to 8.3 ± 4.7 and 28.7 ± 10.5 to 23.9 ± 10.3 (%), and the hydroxyproline levels (μg/g liver tissue) from 7.8 ± 2.4 to 6.3 ± 1.7 respectively (P < 0.05). In addition, the relative expression of transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1), collagen-1, AT1-R, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), metalloproteinases2 (MMP2), Rac1 and p22phox by real-time RT-PCR decreased in the candesartan group (P < 0.05). Mean arterial blood pressure in the candesartan group decreased mildly but significantly (P < 0.001). No significant complications and side effects were observed during the present study. CONCLUSIONS Administration of ARB in compensated alcoholic liver disease induces improvement of fibrosis in histological and quantitative measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, South Korea
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Nistri S, Di Cesare Mannelli L, Mazzetti L, Feil R, Bani D, Failli P. Restoring nitric oxide cytosolic calcium regulation by cyclic guanosine monophosphate protein kinase I alpha transfection in coronary endothelial cells of spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Vasc Res 2012; 49:221-30. [PMID: 22433666 DOI: 10.1159/000332911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In microcoronary endothelial cells (RCEs) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), the nitric oxide (NO)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-dependent proteinkinase I (cGKI) pathway cannot regulate the cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) dynamic as in RCEs from Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). We investigated the altered downstream NO target in SHR cells and, since cGKI expression was low, whether the re-expression of cGKIα in SHR RCEs could restore NO calcium responsiveness. We measured [Ca2+]i dynamic by fura-2 imaging analysis and the cGKI level by RT-PCR and Western blot in SHR and WKY RCEs. Plasmids encoding for enhanced green fluorescence protein or cGKIα-enhanced green fluorescence protein were transiently transfected in SHR RCEs, and [Ca2+]i was evaluated. Angiotensin-II (AT-II) increased [Ca2+]i in a concentration-dependent way in both strains. Whereas in WKY, endogenously produced NO and cyclic GMP analog decreased the AT-II-induced [Ca2+]i transient, they were ineffective in SHR RCEs. The cGKI level was low in SHR cells. However, after cGKIα re-expression, endogenous NO decreased the AT-II-induced [Ca2+]i transient, while endothelial NO synthase and cGKI inhibition prevented it. The low expression of cGKI in SHR accounts for the absent regulation of the agonist-induced [Ca2+]i transient by the NO/cyclic GMP pathway. Studies on cGKI in humans could contribute to a better understanding of cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Nistri
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Yang J, Tan Y, Zhao F, Ma Z, Wang Y, Zheng S, Epstein PN, Yu J, Yin X, Zheng Y, Li X, Miao L, Cai L. Angiotensin II plays a critical role in diabetic pulmonary fibrosis most likely via activation of NADPH oxidase-mediated nitrosative damage. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 301:E132-44. [PMID: 21487074 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00629.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic patients have a high risk of pulmonary disorders that are usually associated with restrictive impairment of lung function, suggesting a fibrotic process (van den Borst B, Gosker HR, Zeegers MP, Schols AM. Chest 138: 393-406, 2010; Ehrlich SF, Quesenberry CP Jr, Van Den Eeden SK, Shan J, Ferrara A. Diabetes Care 33: 55-60, 2010). The present study was undertaken to define whether and how diabetes causes lung fibrosis. Lung samples from streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic mice, spontaneously developed type 1 diabetic OVE26 mice, and their age-matched controls were investigated with histopathological and biochemical analysis. Signaling mechanism was investigated with cultured normal human lung fibroblasts in vitro. In both diabetes models, histological examination with Sirius red and hemotoxylin and eosin stains showed fibrosis along with massive inflammatory cell infiltration. The fibrotic and inflammatory processes were confirmed by real-time PCR and Western blotting assays for the increased fibronectin, CTGF, PAI-1, and TNFα mRNA and protein expressions. Diabetes also significantly increased NADPH oxidase (NOX) expression and protein nitration along with upregulation of angiotensin II (Ang II) and its receptor expression. In cell culture, exposure of lung fibroblasts to Ang II increased CTGF expression in a dose- and time-dependent manner, which could be abolished by inhibition of superoxide, NO, and peroxynitrite accumulation. Furthermore, chronic infusion of Ang II to normal mice at a subpressor dose induced diabetes-like lung fibrosis, and Ang II receptor AT1 blocker (losartan) abolished the lung fibrotic and inflammatory responses in diabetic mice. These results suggest that Ang II plays a critical role in diabetic lung fibrosis, which is most likely caused by NOX activation-mediated nitrosative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Scalia R, Gong Y, Berzins B, Freund B, Feather D, Landesberg G, Mishra G. A novel role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by activation of angiotensin II type 1 receptor signaling. Circ Res 2011; 108:1102-11. [PMID: 21415394 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.110.229393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The cytosolic protease calpain has been recently implicated in the vascular remodeling of angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (AT(1)R) signaling. The role of Ang II/AT(1)R/calpain signaling on endothelial function, an important and early determinant of vascular pathology, remains though totally unknown. Accordingly, we investigated the role of calpain in the endothelial dysfunction of Ang II. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate a mechanistic role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction induced by Ang II/AT(1)R signaling. To establish endothelial-expressed calpains as an important target of AT(1)R signaling. METHODS AND RESULTS Subchronic administration of nonpressor doses of Ang II to rats and mice significantly increased vascular calpain activity via AT(1)R signaling. Intravital microscopy studies revealed that activation of vascular expressed calpains causes endothelial dysfunction with increased leukocyte-endothelium interactions and albumin permeability in the microcirculation. Western blot and immunohistochemistry studies confirmed that Ang II/AT(1)R signaling preferentially activates the constitutively expressed μ-calpain isoform and demonstrated a calpain-dependent degradation of IκBα, along with upregulation of nuclear factor κB-regulated endothelial cell adhesion molecules. These physiological and biochemical parameters were nearly normalized following inhibition of AT(1)R or calpain in vivo. RNA silencing studies in microvascular endothelial cells, along with knockout and transgenic mouse studies, further confirmed the role of μ-calpain in the endothelial adhesiveness induced by Ang II. CONCLUSIONS This study uncovers a novel role for calpain in the endothelial dysfunction of Ang II/AT(1)R signaling and establishes the calpain system as a novel molecular target of the vascular protective action of renin-angiotensin system inhibition. Our results may have significant clinical implications in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Scalia
- Department of Physiology, and The Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Fiorim J, Ribeiro Júnior RF, Silveira EA, Padilha AS, Vescovi MVA, de Jesus HC, Stefanon I, Salaices M, Vassallo DV. Low-level lead exposure increases systolic arterial pressure and endothelium-derived vasodilator factors in rat aortas. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17117. [PMID: 21364929 PMCID: PMC3045404 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lead exposure induces hypertension and alters endothelial function. However, treatment with low lead concentrations was not yet explored. We analyzed the effects of 7 day exposure to low lead concentrations on endothelium-dependent responses. Wistar rats were treated with lead (1st dose 4 µg/100 g, subsequent dose 0.05 µg/100 g, i.m. to cover daily loss) or vehicle; blood levels attained at the end of treatment were 9.98 µg/dL. Lead treatment had the following effects: increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP); reduction of contractile response to phenylephrine (1 nM–100 µM) of aortic rings; unaffected relaxation induced by acetylcholine (0.1 nM–300 µM) or sodium nitroprusside (0.01 nM–0.3 µM). Endothelium removal, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (100 µM) and tetraethylammonium (2 mM) increased the response to phenylephrine in treated rats more than in untreated rats. Aminoguanidine (50 µM) increased but losartan (10 µM) and enalapril (10 µM) reduced the response to phenylephrine in treated rats. Lead treatment also increased aortic Na+/K+-ATPase functional activity, plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity, protein expression of the Na+/K+-ATPase alpha-1 subunit, phosphorylated endothelial nitric oxide synthase (p-eNOS), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Our results suggest that on initial stages of lead exposure, increased SBP is caused by the increase in plasma ACE activity. This effect is accompanied by increased p-eNOS, iNOS protein expression and Na+/K+-ATPase functional activity. These factors might be a compensatory mechanism to the increase in SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonaina Fiorim
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitoria, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Shoja MM, Agutter PS, Tubbs RS, Payner TD, Ghabili K, Cohen-Gadol AA. The role of the renin—angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2011; 12:262-73. [DOI: 10.1177/1470320310387845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Recent work has begun to elucidate the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysms (IA) and has shown that many genes are involved in the risk for this condition. There has also been increasing research interest in the renin—angiotensin system (RAS) in the brain and its involvement in a range of cardiovascular and neurological disorders. The possibility that the RAS is implicated in the pathogenesis of IA merits further investigation. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the pathogenesis of IA and the pathophysiological significance of the brain RAS, and to identify directions for research into their association. Methods and results : A survey of the literature in these fields shows that although factors contributing to systemic hypertension predispose to IA, a large number of genes involved in endothelial cell adhesion, smooth muscle activity, extracellular matrix dynamics and the inflammatory and immune responses are also implicated. The brain RAS has a significant role in regulating blood pressure and in maintaining cerebrovascular autoregulation, but angiotensin II receptors are also involved in the maintenance of endothelial cell and vascular smooth muscle function and in the inflammatory response in the brain. Conclusions: There is strong, albeit largely circumstantial, evidence in the literature for a relationship between the brain RAS and the formation of IA. Research on the association between polymorphisms in RAS-related genes and the incidence of unruptured and ruptured IA is indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadali M Shoja
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paul S Agutter
- Theoretical Medicine and Biology Group, Glossop, Derbyshire, UK
| | - R Shane Tubbs
- Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's Hospital, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Troy D Payner
- Clarian Neuroscience Institute, Indianapolis Neurosurgical Group and Indiana University Department of Neurosurgery, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Kamyar Ghabili
- Tuberculosis and Lung Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Aaron A Cohen-Gadol
- Clarian Neuroscience Institute, Indianapolis Neurosurgical Group and Indiana University Department of Neurosurgery, Indianapolis, USA,
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Csibi A, Communi D, Müller N, Bottari SP. Angiotensin II inhibits insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation and Akt activation through tyrosine nitration-dependent mechanisms. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10070. [PMID: 20383279 PMCID: PMC2850936 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) plays a major role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes by inhibiting insulin's metabolic and potentiating its trophic effects. Whereas the precise mechanisms involved remain ill-defined, they appear to be associated with and dependent upon increased oxidative stress. We found Ang II to block insulin-dependent GLUT4 translocation in L6 myotubes in an NO- and O2.−-dependent fashion suggesting the involvement of peroxynitrite. This hypothesis was confirmed by the ability of Ang II to induce tyrosine nitration of the MAP kinases ERK1/2 and of protein kinase B/Akt (Akt). Tyrosine nitration of ERK1/2 was required for their phosphorylation on Thr and Tyr and their subsequent activation, whereas it completely inhibited Akt phosphorylation on Ser473 and Thr308 as well as its activity. The inhibitory effect of nitration on Akt activity was confirmed by the ability of SIN-1 to completely block GSK3α phosphorylation in vitro. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase and NAD(P)Hoxidase and scavenging of free radicals with myricetin restored insulin-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation in the presence of Ang II. Similar restoration was obtained by inhibiting the ERK activating kinase MEK, indicating that these kinases regulate Akt activation. We found a conserved nitration site of ERK1/2 to be located in their kinase domain on Tyr156/139, close to their active site Asp166/149, in agreement with a permissive function of nitration for their activation. Taken together, our data show that Ang II inhibits insulin-mediated GLUT4 translocation in this skeletal muscle model through at least two pathways: first through the transient activation of ERK1/2 which inhibit IRS-1/2 and second through a direct inhibitory nitration of Akt. These observations indicate that not only oxidative but also nitrative stress play a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. They underline the role of protein nitration as a major mechanism in the regulation of Ang II and insulin signaling pathways and more particularly as a key regulator of protein kinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Csibi
- Laboratoire de Bioénergétique Fondamentale et Appliquée, INSERM U884, Grenoble Universités, Grenoble, France
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Pereira TMC, Balarini CM, Silva IV, Cabral AM, Vasquez EC, Meyrelles SS. Endogenous angiotensin II modulates nNOS expression in renovascular hypertension. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 42:685-91. [PMID: 19578649 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2009000700014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) influences renal blood flow mainly as a result of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Nevertheless, it is unclear how nNOS expression is modulated by endogenous angiotensin II, an inhibitor of NO function. We tested the hypothesis that the angiotensin II AT1 receptor and oxidative stress mediated by NADPH oxidase contribute to the modulation of renal nNOS expression in two-kidney, one-clip (2K1C) hypertensive rats. Experiments were performed on male Wistar rats (150 to 170 g body weight) divided into 2K1C (N = 19) and sham-operated (N = 19) groups. nNOS expression in kidneys of 2K1C hypertensive rats (N = 9) was compared by Western blotting to that of 2K1C rats treated with low doses of the AT1 antagonist losartan [10 mg x kg(-1) x day(-1); N = 5] or the superoxide scavenger tempol [0.2 mmol x kg(-1) x day(-1); N = 5], which still remain hypertensive. After 28 days, nNOS expression was significantly increased by 1.7-fold in the clipped kidneys of 2K1C rats and by 3-fold in the non-clipped kidneys of 2K1C rats compared with sham rats, but was normalized by losartan. With tempol treatment, nNOS expression increased 2-fold in the clipped kidneys and 1.4-fold in the non-clipped kidneys compared with sham rats. The changes in nNOS expression were not followed by changes in the enzyme activity, as measured indirectly by the cGMP method. In conclusion, AT1 receptors and oxidative stress seem to be primary stimuli for increased nNOS expression, but this up-regulation does not result in higher enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M C Pereira
- Laboratório de Transgenes e Controle Cardiovascular, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 29043-900 Vitória, ES, Brasil
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Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the major causes of morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes. Macroangiopathy in diabetes is manifested by more accelerated and progressive atherosclerosis, which is more widely distributed. The pathogenesis of this accelerated atherosclerosis is multifactorial and includes very complex interactions. Several abnormalities - such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, hypertension, endothelial dysfunction, renin-angiotensin system activation and chronic subclinical inflammation - all appear to play important roles in the development of diabetes-induced atherosclerosis. Treatment of the residual risk, other than glycemia, blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, remains important as the rate of diabetes increases worldwide. A synergistic multifactorial approach against both conventional cardiovascular risk factors and emerging risk factors, such as vasoactive systems, the AGE-RAGE axis, novel proteins, such as TRAIL, and the complement system, as well as oxidative stress and inflammation, may be a promising way to prevent macrovascular disease in diabetes. In this review we focus on the major causes and mechanisms of atherosclerotic disease in patients with diabetes and highlight emerging targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Candido
- a Diabetic Centre, Azienda per i Servizi Sanitari n. 1 "Triestina", Via Puccini 48/50, 34148 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Stella Bernardi
- b Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, JDRF Centre for Diabetes Complications, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia.
| | - Terri J Allen
- c Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, JDRF Centre for Diabetes Complications, 75 Commercial Road, Melbourne, 3004 Victoria, Australia.
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Abraham NG, Cao J, Sacerdoti D, Li X, Drummond G. Heme oxygenase: the key to renal function regulation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2009; 297:F1137-52. [PMID: 19570878 PMCID: PMC2781329 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.90449.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) plays a critical role in attenuating the production of reactive oxygen species through its ability to degrade heme in an enzymatic process that leads to the production of equimolar amounts of carbon monoxide and biliverdin/bilirubin and the release of free iron. The present review examines the beneficial role of HO-1 (inducible form of HO) that is achieved by increased expression of this enzyme in renal tissue. The influence of the HO system on renal physiology, obesity, vascular dysfunction, and blood pressure regulation is reviewed, and the clinical potential of increased levels of HO-1 protein, HO activity, and HO-derived end products of heme degradation is discussed relative to renal disease. The use of pharmacological and genetic approaches to investigate the role of the HO system in the kidney is key to the development of therapeutic approaches to prevent the adverse effects that accrue due to an impairment in renal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader G Abraham
- New York Medical College, Department of Pharmacology, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Lee J, Cho HS, Park S, Kim WK. Regular Exercise Produced Cardioprotective Effects on Rat's Heart with Hypertension Induced by L-NAME Administration. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 31:364-75. [DOI: 10.1080/10641960902977924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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