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Kim G, Lee SE, Yang H, Park HR, Son GW, Park C, Park YS. β
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integrins (CD11/18) are essential for the chemosensory adhesion and migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes on bacterial cellulose. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 103:1809-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gun‐Dong Kim
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversityHoegi‐dong, Dongdaemun‐gu Seoul130‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Lee
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversityHoegi‐dong, Dongdaemun‐gu Seoul130‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hana Yang
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversityHoegi‐dong, Dongdaemun‐gu Seoul130‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Rim Park
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversityHoegi‐dong, Dongdaemun‐gu Seoul130‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Gun Woo Son
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversityHoegi‐dong, Dongdaemun‐gu Seoul130‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Cheung‐Seog Park
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversityHoegi‐dong, Dongdaemun‐gu Seoul130‐701 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Seek Park
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Medicine, Kyung Hee UniversityHoegi‐dong, Dongdaemun‐gu Seoul130‐701 Republic of Korea
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Interactions between neutrophils and non-small cell lung cancer cells: enhancement of tumor proliferation and inflammatory mediator synthesis. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:1297-306. [PMID: 25186613 PMCID: PMC4255085 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1606-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in tumor progression. In lung cancer, both bacterial infections and neutrophilia are associated with a poor prognosis. In this study, we characterized the effect of isolated human neutrophils on proliferation of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell line A549 and analyzed the impact of A549–neutrophil interactions on inflammatory mediator generation in naive and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-exposed cell cultures. Co-incubation of A549 cells with neutrophils induced proliferation of resting and LPS-exposed A549 cells in a dose-dependent manner. In transwell-experiments, this effect was demonstrated to depend on direct cell-to-cell contact. This pro-proliferative effect of neutrophils on A549 cells could be attenuated by inhibition of neutrophil elastase activity, but not by oxygen radical neutralization. Correspondingly, neutrophil elastase secretion, but not respiratory burst, was specifically enhanced in co-cultures of A549 cells and neutrophils. Moreover, interference with COX-2 activity by indomethacin or the specific COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 also blunted the increased A549 proliferation in the presence of neutrophils. In parallel, a massive amplification of COX-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 synthesis was detected in A549–neutrophil co-cultures. These findings suggest that direct cell–cell interactions between neutrophils and tumor cells cause release of inflammatory mediators which, in turn, may enhance tumor growth in NSCLC.
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Howard K, Lo KK, Ao L, Gamboni F, Edil BH, Schulick R, Barnett CC. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediates murine colon adenocarcinoma invasion. J Surg Res 2013; 187:19-23. [PMID: 24360118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) modulates cell-cell adhesion and is a receptor for cognate ligands on leukocytes. Upregulation of ICAM-1 has been demonstrated in malignant transformation of adenomas and is associated with poor prognosis for many malignancies. ICAM-1 is upregulated on the invasive front of pancreatic metastases and melanomas. These data suggest that the upregulated ICAM-1 expression promotes malignant progression. We hypothesize that the downregulation of ICAM-1 will mitigate tumor progression. METHODS Mouse colon adenocarcinoma cells (MC38) were evaluated for the expression of ICAM-1 using Western immunoblot analysis. Short hairpin RNA (shRNA) transduction was used to downregulate ICAM-1. Tumor invasion determined via a modified Boyden chamber was used as a surrogate of tumor progression examining MC38 cells, MC38 ICAM-1 knockdowns, and MC38 transduced with vehicle control. The cells were cultured in full media for 24 h and serum-starved for 24 h. A total of 5 × 10(4) cells were plated and allowed to migrate for 24 h using full media with 10% fetal bovine serum as a chemoattractant. Inserts were fixed and stained with crystal violet. Blinded investigators counted the cells using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed by analysis of variance with Fischer protected least significant difference and a P value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS ICAM-1 was constitutively expressed on MC38 cells. Transduction with anti-ICAM-1 shRNA vector downregulated ICAM-1 protein expression by 30% according to the Western blot analysis (P < 0.03) and decreased ICAM-1 messenger RNA expression by 70% according to the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. shRNA knockdown cells had a significant reduction in invasion >45% (P < 0.03). There were no significant differences between the invasion rates of MC38 and MC38 vehicle controls. CONCLUSIONS Downregulation of ICAM-1 mitigates MC38 invasion. These data suggest that targeted downregulation of tumor ICAM-1 is a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenton Howard
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Karen K Lo
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Fabia Gamboni
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Barish H Edil
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Richard Schulick
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver Campus, Denver, Colorado
| | - Carlton C Barnett
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, University of Colorado, Denver Campus, Denver, Colorado.
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VOTTA-VELIS EG, PIEGELER T, MINSHALL RD, AGUIRRE J, BECK-SCHIMMER B, SCHWARTZ DE, BORGEAT A. Regional anaesthesia and cancer metastases: the implication of local anaesthetics. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2013; 57:1211-29. [PMID: 24134442 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and basic science studies have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory properties of local anaesthetics. Recent studies have begun to unravel molecular pathways linking inflammation and cancer. Regional anaesthesia is associated in some retrospective clinical studies with reduced risk of metastasis and increased long-term survival. The potential beneficial effects of regional anaesthesia have been attributed mainly to the inhibition of the neuroendocrine stress response to surgery and to the reduction in the requirements of volatile anaesthetics and opioids. Because cancer is linked to inflammation and local anaesthetics have anti-inflammatory effects, these agents may participate in reducing the risk of metastasis, but their mechanism of action is unknown. We demonstrated in vitro that amide local anaesthetics attenuate tumour cell migration as well as signalling pathways enhancing tumour growth and metastasis. This has provided the first evidence of a molecular mechanism by which regional anaesthesia might inhibit or reduce cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. G. VOTTA-VELIS
- Department of Anaesthesiology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - T. PIEGELER
- Department of Anaesthesiology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Institute of Anaesthesiology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - R. D. MINSHALL
- Department of Anaesthesiology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
- Center for Lung and Vascular Biology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - J. AGUIRRE
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Balgrist University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - B. BECK-SCHIMMER
- Institute of Anaesthesiology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - D. E. SCHWARTZ
- Department of Anaesthesiology; University of Illinois at Chicago; Chicago IL USA
| | - A. BORGEAT
- Department of Anaesthesiology; Balgrist University Hospital Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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Hyperosmolarity attenuates TNF-α-mediated proinflammatory activation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells. Shock 2013; 39:366-72. [PMID: 23364439 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0b013e3182894016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Firm neutrophil (PMN)-endothelial (EC) adhesion is crucial to the PMN-mediated hyperinflammation observed in acute lung injury. Hypertonic saline (HTS) used for resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock has been associated with a decreased incidence of PMN-mediated lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome. We hypothesize that physiologically accessible hypertonic incubation (170 vs. 140 mM, osmolarity ranging from 360 to 300 mOsm/L) inhibits proinflammatory activation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). Proinflammatory activation of HMVECs was investigated in response to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), including interleukin 8 (IL-8) release, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) surface expression, PMN adhesion, and signaling mechanisms under both isotonic (control) and hypertonic conditions. Hyperosmolarity alone had no effect on either basal IL-8 release or ICAM-1 surface expression but did lead to concentration-dependent decreases in TNF-α-induced IL-8 release, ICAM-1 surface expression, and PMN-HMVEC adhesion. Conversely, HTS activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and enhanced TNF-α activation of p38 MAPK. Despite this basal activation, hyperosmolar incubation attenuated TNF-α-stimulated IL-8 release and ICAM-1 surface expression and subsequent PMN adherence, while p38 MAPK inhibition did not further influence the effects of hyperosmolar conditions on ICAM-1 surface expression. In addition, TNF-α induced nuclear factor-κB DNA binding, but HTS conditions attenuated this by 31% (P < 0.01). In conclusion, HTS reduces PMN-HMVEC adhesion and TNF-α-induced proinflammatory activation of primary HMVECs via attenuation of nuclear factor-κB signaling.
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Vainer B. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in ulcerative colitis: presence, visualization, and significance. APMIS 2010:1-43. [PMID: 20653648 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2010.02647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Vainer
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Roland CL, Dineen SP, Toombs JE, Carbon JG, Smith CW, Brekken RA, Barnett CC. Tumor-derived intercellular adhesion molecule-1 mediates tumor-associated leukocyte infiltration in orthotopic pancreatic xenografts. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2010; 235:263-70. [PMID: 20404043 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2009.009215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor infiltration of immune cells (polymorphonuclear cells [PMNs] and macrophages) was initially thought to be an attempt by the host organism to combat malignancy. It appears, however, that certain subsets of chronically activated immune cells likely promote tumor growth, facilitate tumor cell survival and aid in metastasis. The association between tumor cells and tumor-associated PMNs has been demonstrated in several types of cancer, but the presence of tumor-associated PMNs in pancreatic cancer has not been well studied in vivo. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) functions in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion and has a physiological role in PMN tight adhesion of leukocytes via interaction with the ligands LFA-1 and Mac-1. Increased ICAM-1 expression correlates with poor prognosis in pancreatic cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the function of ICAM-1 and tumor-associated PMNs in pancreatic cancer progression using ICAM-1-null (ICAM-1(-/-)) mice. We hypothesize that ICAM-1 null mice have decreased pancreatic cancer progression. Surprisingly, there is no significant difference in pancreatic cancer progression in wild-type versus ICAM-1 null mice. Interestingly, we found that tumor-derived ICAM-1 co-localizes with host PMNs at the leading edge of the tumor in ICAM-1 null mice. These results suggest that tumor-derived ICAM-1 is a sufficient ligand for tumor-associated PMNs and may play a role in subsequent tumor growth and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Roland
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
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Zemans RL, Colgan SP, Downey GP. Transepithelial migration of neutrophils: mechanisms and implications for acute lung injury. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2009; 40:519-35. [PMID: 18978300 PMCID: PMC2677434 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2008-0348tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of neutrophils in host defense is to contain and eradicate invading microbial pathogens. This is achieved through a series of swift and highly coordinated responses culminating in ingestion (phagocytosis) and killing of invading microbes. While these tasks are usually performed without injury to host tissues, in pathologic circumstances such as sepsis, potent antimicrobial compounds can be released extracellularly, inducing a spectrum of responses in host cells ranging from activation to injury and death. In the lung, such inflammatory damage is believed to contribute to the pathogenesis of diverse lung diseases, including acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome, chronic obstructive lung disease, and cystic fibrosis. In these disorders, epithelial cells are targets of leukocyte-derived antimicrobial products, including proteinases and oxidants. Herein, we review the mechanisms involved in the physiologic process of neutrophil transepithelial migration, including the role of specific adhesion molecules on the leukocyte and epithelial cells. We examine the responses of the epithelial cells to the itinerant leukocytes and their cytotoxic products and the consequences of this for lung injury and repair. This paradigm has important clinical implications because of the potential for selective blockade of these pathways to prevent or attenuate lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Roland CL, Harken AH, Sarr MG, Barnett CC. ICAM-1 expression determines malignant potential of cancer. Surgery 2007; 141:705-7. [PMID: 17560245 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2006] [Revised: 12/27/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Solid tumor cells bind to ICAM-1 on endothelial surfaces via MUC-1. Tumor binding to ICAM-1 auto-upregulates tumor ICAM-1 at the leading edge of the tumor and promotes release of chemoattractants for circulating macrophages, and circulating macrophages bind to tumor-expressed ICAM-1, invoking propagation of further chemokines and cytokines that recruit neutrophils. Tight adherence between cell surface ligands on neutrophils and tumor-expressed ICAM-1 activates neutrophils to degranulate, releasing elastases, which break down endovascular and endolymphatic barriers permitting transendothelial tumor cell migration. Consequently, tumor cell ICAM-1 expression dictates metastatic potential and metastatic potential determines cancer lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina L Roland
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex., USA
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Kodali P, Wu P, Lahiji PA, Brown EJ, Maher JJ. ANIT toxicity toward mouse hepatocytes in vivo is mediated primarily by neutrophils via CD18. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 291:G355-63. [PMID: 16614373 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00458.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT) is a hepatotoxicant that causes acute cholestatic hepatitis with infiltration of neutrophils around bile ducts and necrotic hepatocytes. The objective of this study was to determine whether the beta2-integrin CD18, which plays an important role in leukocyte invasion and cytotoxicity, contributes to ANIT-induced hepatic inflammation and liver injury. Mice with varying levels of leukocyte CD18 expression were treated with ANIT and monitored for hepatic neutrophil influx and liver injury over 48 h. Mice that were partially deficient in CD18 (30% of normal levels) developed periportal inflammation and widespread hepatic necrosis after ANIT treatment in a pattern identical to that in wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, mice that completely lack CD18 (CD18 null) were resistant to ANIT toxicity. Forty-eight hours after ANIT, CD18-null mice displayed 60% lower serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and 75% less hepatic necrosis, as shown by morphometry, than WT mice. This was true despite evidence that ANIT still provoked hepatic neutrophil influx in CD18-null mice. WT mice could also be protected from ANIT-induced hepatocellular necrosis, by depleting the animals of neutrophils. Notably, neither CD18-null mice nor neutrophil-depleted WT mice exhibited any attenuation of bile duct injury or cholestasis due to ANIT. We conclude from these experiments that neutrophils invade ANIT-treated livers in a CD18-independent fashion but utilize CD18 to induce hepatocellular cytotoxicity. The results emphasize that neutrophil-mediated amplification of ANIT-induced liver injury is directed toward hepatocytes rather than cholangiocytes. In fact, the data indicate that the majority of ANIT toxicity toward hepatocytes in vivo is neutrophil driven.
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Khan SY, Kelher MR, Heal JM, Blumberg N, Boshkov LK, Phipps R, Gettings KF, McLaughlin NJ, Silliman CC. Soluble CD40 ligand accumulates in stored blood components, primes neutrophils through CD40, and is a potential cofactor in the development of transfusion-related acute lung injury. Blood 2006; 108:2455-62. [PMID: 16772606 PMCID: PMC1895564 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-017251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) is a form of posttransfusion acute pulmonary insufficiency that has been linked to the infusion of biologic response modifiers (BRMs), including antileukocyte antibodies and lipids. Soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is a platelet-derived proinflammatory mediator that accumulates during platelet storage. We hypothesized that human polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNs) express CD40, CD40 ligation rapidly primes PMNs, and sCD40L induces PMN-mediated cytotoxicity of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs). Levels of sCD40L were measured in blood components and in platelet concentrates (PCs) implicated in TRALI or control PCs that did not elicit a transfusion reaction. All blood components contained higher levels of sCD40L than fresh plasma, with apheresis PCs evidencing the highest concentration of sCD40L followed by PCs from whole blood, whole blood, and packed red blood cells (PRBCs). PCs implicated in TRALI reactions contained significantly higher sCD40L levels than control PCs. PMNs express functional CD40 on the plasma membrane, and recombinant sCD40L (10 ng/mL-1 mug/mL) rapidly (5 minutes) primed the PMN oxidase. Soluble CD40L promoted PMN-mediated cytotoxicity of HMVECs as the second event in a 2-event in vitro model of TRALI. We concluded that sCD40L, which accumulates during blood component storage, has the capacity to activate adherent PMNs, causing endothelial damage and possibly TRALI in predisposed patients.
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Silliman CC, Wang M. The merits of in vitro versus in vivo modeling in investigation of the immune system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2006; 21:123-134. [PMID: 21783649 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Immunity is vital for determining self and for the recognition and swift eradication of foreign antigens without harming the host. Innate immunity developed in metazoan, multi-cellular organisms under overwhelming selection pressure of invasive microbes and, although imperfect, has performed admirably to enable the evolution of higher eukaryotes. Adaptive immunity developed within an existing innate immune system to more effectively eradicate foreign antigens, whether from pathogens, malignant cells, or microbial toxins, such that repeated stimulations with foreign antigens are more efficiently excluded. Investigation of the immune system requires both in vivo and in vitro experimentation, not only because of the inherent complexity of immunity and the required pertinence of using higher mammals to not falsely disrupt the immune system, but also to use isolates of the specific cellular and humoral components to determine function, signal transduction, and a possible role of these constituents without the complexity and redundancy of immunity in intact animals. The hypotheses of well-designed in vitro experiments must also be tested in intact in vivo models to determine relevance and to discard artifactual findings secondary to the in vitro environment. The following review outlines the basic constituents and functions of both adaptive and innate immunity to demonstrate the importance of both in vivo and in vitro investigation of immunity in our attempt to define host defense and to decrease morbidity and mortality in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Silliman
- Bonfils Blood Center, 717 Yosemite Circle, Denver, CO 80230, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Hasan AS, Scott DA. Mechanisms of action of environmental factors--tobacco smoking. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32 Suppl 6:180-95. [PMID: 16128837 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2005.00786.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To review the potential biological mechanisms underlying the effects of tobacco smoking on periodontitis. MAIN FINDINGS Smoking has major effects on the host response, but there are also a number of studies that show some microbiological differences between smokers and non-smokers. Smoking has a long-term chronic effect on many important aspects of the inflammatory and immune responses. Histological studies have shown alterations in the vasculature of the periodontal tissues in smokers. Smoking induces a significant systemic neutrophilia, but neutrophil transmigration across the periodontal microvasculature is impeded. The suppression of neutrophil cell spreading, chemokinesis, chemotaxis and phagocytosis have been described. Protease release from neutrophils may be an important mechanism in tissue destruction. Tobacco smoke has been found to affect both cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity. Research on gingival crevicular fluid has demonstrated that there are lower levels of cytokines, enzymes and possibly polymorphonuclear cells in smokers. In vitro studies have shown detrimental effects of nicotine and some other tobacco compounds on fibroblast function, including fibroblast proliferation, adhesion to root surfaces and cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Tobacco smoking has widespread systemic effects, many of which may provide mechanisms for the increased susceptibility to periodontitis and the poorer response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Palmer
- King's College London, Guy's Hospital Campus, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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Liu CY, Liu YH, Lin SM, Yu CT, Wang CH, Lin HC, Lin CH, Kuo HP. Apoptotic neutrophils undergoing secondary necrosis induce human lung epithelial cell detachment. J Biomed Sci 2004; 10:746-56. [PMID: 14631114 PMCID: PMC7102366 DOI: 10.1159/000073962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2003] [Accepted: 06/01/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages plays an important role in the resolution phase of lung inflammation. If not cleared, apoptotic neutrophils are postulated to release histotoxic granular contents. Since numerous cellular proteins are degraded during apoptosis, we sought to determine whether functional serine proteinases are indeed released by apoptosing neutrophils in vitro. In a coculture system, cytokine-activated neutrophils induced detachment in the human epithelial cell line, A549. This process was CD18- and serine proteinase-dependent. Early apoptotic neutrophils induced significant detachment, but live, senescent, resting neutrophils and terminal, secondary necrotic neutrophils had a different effect. This detachment process was CD18-independent but serine proteinase-dependent. Similarly, detachment occurred with primary human small airway epithelial cells. Notably, epithelial cell detachment correlated with the transition of early apoptotic neutrophils to secondary necrosis and with the accumulation of elastase in the supernatant. The membrane integrity of lung epithelial cells was damaged in advance of significant cell detachment. These observations suggest that not only live activated neutrophils but also apoptosing neutrophils can reveal functional elastase activities. Furthermore, the rapidity of the transition emphasizes the importance of the prompt clearance of apoptotic neutrophils before they progress to secondary necrosis at the site of lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ying Liu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, 199 Tunhwa N. Road, 105 Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Yun-Hen Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Min Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, 199 Tunhwa N. Road, 105 Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chih-Ten Yu
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, 199 Tunhwa N. Road, 105 Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chun-Hua Wang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, 199 Tunhwa N. Road, 105 Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Horng-Chyuan Lin
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, 199 Tunhwa N. Road, 105 Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
| | - Chien-Huang Lin
- Department of Medical Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Pin Kuo
- Department of Thoracic Medicine II, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang-Gung University, 199 Tunhwa N. Road, 105 Taipei, Taiwan (ROC)
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Apoptotic neutrophils undergoing secondary necrosis induce human lung epithelial cell detachment. J Biomed Sci 2004. [PMID: 14631114 PMCID: PMC7102366 DOI: 10.1007/bf02256327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of apoptotic neutrophils by alveolar macrophages plays an important role in the resolution phase of lung inflammation. If not cleared, apoptotic neutrophils are postulated to release histotoxic granular contents. Since numerous cellular proteins are degraded during apoptosis, we sought to determine whether functional serine proteinases are indeed released by apoptosing neutrophils in vitro. In a coculture system, cytokine-activated neutrophils induced detachment in the human epithelial cell line, A549. This process was CD18- and serine proteinase-dependent. Early apoptotic neutrophils induced significant detachment, but live, senescent, resting neutrophils and terminal, secondary necrotic neutrophils had a different effect. This detachment process was CD18-independent but serine proteinase-dependent. Similarly, detachment occurred with primary human small airway epithelial cells. Notably, epithelial cell detachment correlated with the transition of early apoptotic neutrophils to secondary necrosis and with the accumulation of elastase in the supernatant. The membrane integrity of lung epithelial cells was damaged in advance of significant cell detachment. These observations suggest that not only live activated neutrophils but also apoptosing neutrophils can reveal functional elastase activities. Furthermore, the rapidity of the transition emphasizes the importance of the prompt clearance of apoptotic neutrophils before they progress to secondary necrosis at the site of lung inflammation.
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Tarzami ST, Miao W, Mani K, Lopez L, Factor SM, Berman JW, Kitsis RN. Opposing effects mediated by the chemokine receptor CXCR2 on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: recruitment of potentially damaging neutrophils and direct myocardial protection. Circulation 2003; 108:2387-92. [PMID: 14568904 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000093192.72099.9a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The timely reperfusion of ischemic myocardium limits infarction, but components of reperfusion, such as inflammation, may be injurious. The chemokine receptor CXCR2 mediates neutrophil chemotaxis. CXCR2 activation also inhibits hypoxia-induced death of isolated cardiac myocytes. This study assesses whether CXCR2 mediates protection in the intact heart and, if so, the magnitude of this protection relative to CXCR2-mediated chemotaxis of potentially damaging inflammatory cells. METHODS AND RESULTS After ischemia-reperfusion in vivo, CXCR2-/- mice exhibited infarcts that were 50.5% smaller (P<0.05) with 44.3% fewer inflammatory cells (P<0.05) than wild type mice. These data suggest that in this model, CXCR2-mediated chemotaxis may be important in myocardial cell death. To isolate the role of CXCR2 specifically on blood cells, adoptive transfer experiments were performed. After ischemia-reperfusion, infarcts were 53.4% smaller (P<0.05) and contained 65.0% fewer inflammatory cells (P<0.05) in lethally irradiated wild type mice reconstituted with CXCR2-/- compared with wild type bone marrow. Thus, CXCR2 on blood cells is important in myocardial damage, most likely because of CXCR2-mediated chemotaxis. To unmask whether CXCR2 mediates direct myocardial protection in the intact heart, wild type and CXCR2-/- hearts were studied in the absence of blood using Langendorff preparations. In this case, infarcts were 19.7% larger in CXCR2-/- than wild type hearts (P<0.05), revealing a novel CXCR2-mediated cardioprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS CXCR2 exerts opposing effects on myocardial viability during ischemia-reperfusion with recruitment of damaging inflammatory cells predominant over direct tissue protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sima T Tarzami
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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17
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Leite F, Gyles S, Atapattu D, Maheswaran SK, Czuprynski CJ. Prior exposure to Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin or LPS enhances beta(2)-integrin expression by bovine neutrophils and augments LKT cytotoxicity. Microb Pathog 2003; 34:267-75. [PMID: 12782479 DOI: 10.1016/s0882-4010(03)00060-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica serotype1 produces a variety of virulence factors that play an important role during the pathogenesis of bovine pneumonic pasteurellosis. Among these, a leukotoxin (LKT) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) are thought to be the primary virulence factors that contribute to the characteristic pathology of pasteurellosis. Recent evidence suggests that M. haemolytica LKT binding to bovine leukocytes is mediated by the beta(2)-integrin CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1), which subsequently induces activation and death of these cells. Exposure of bovine peripheral blood neutrophils (PMNs) to LKT or LPS induces expression of inflammatory cytokines, which in turn can increase LFA-1 expression and conformational activation. In this study we demonstrated, by flow cytometry and Western blot, that bovine PMNs increased their LFA-1 expression following in vitro exposure to M. haemolytica LKT and LPS. Increased LFA-1 expression by PMNs exposed to LKT and LPS was associated with increased LKT binding and cell death. The results of this study suggest that M. haemolytica LKT and LPS might cooperatively increase LFA-1 expression, and by so doing amplify the lung inflammation that characterizes bovine pasteurellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leite
- Department of Pathological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 2015 Linden Drive West, Madison, WI 53705, USA
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18
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Silliman CC, Elzi DJ, Ambruso DR, Musters RJ, Hamiel C, Harbeck RJ, Paterson AJ, Bjornsen AJ, Wyman TH, Kelher M, England KM, McLaughlin-Malaxecheberria N, Barnett CC, Aiboshi J, Bannerjee A. Lysophosphatidylcholines prime the NADPH oxidase and stimulate multiple neutrophil functions through changes in cytosolic calcium. J Leukoc Biol 2003; 73:511-24. [PMID: 12660226 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0402179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixture of lysophosphatidylcholines (lyso-PCs) are generated during blood storage and are etiologic in models of acute lung injury. We hypothesize that lyso-PCs stimulate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) through Ca(2)(+)-dependent signaling. The lyso-PC mix (0.45-14.5 micro M) and the individual lyso-PCs primed formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) activation of the oxidase (1.8- to 15.7-fold and 1.7- to 14.8-fold; P<0.05). Labeled lyso-PCs demonstrated a membrane association with PMNs and caused rapid increases in cytosolic Ca(2)(+). Receptor desensitization studies implicated a common receptor or a family of receptors for the observed lyso-PC-mediated changes in PMN priming, and cytosolic Ca(2)(+) functions were pertussis toxin-sensitive. Lyso-PCs caused rapid serine phosphorylation of a 68-kD protein but did not activate mitogen-activated protein kinases or cause changes in tyrosine phosphorylation. With respect to alterations in PMN function, lyso-PCs caused PMN adherence, increased expression of CD11b and the fMLP receptor, reduced chemotaxis, provoked changes in morphology, elicited degranulation, and augmented fMLP-induced azurophilic degranulation (P<0.05). Cytosolic Ca(2)(+) chelation inhibited lyso-PC-mediated priming of the oxidase, CD11b surface expression, changes in PMN morphology, and serine phosphorylation of the 68-kD protein. In conclusion, lyso-PCs affect multiple PMN functions in a Ca(2)(+)-dependent manner that involves the activation of a pertussis toxin-sensitive G-protein.
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19
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Gonzalez RJ, Moore EE, Ciesla DJ, Nieto JR, Johnson JL, Silliman CC. Post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph activates human pulmonary microvascular endothelium for in vitro neutrophil-mediated injury: the role of intercellular adhesion molecule-1. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2003; 54:219-23. [PMID: 12579043 DOI: 10.1097/01.ta.0000047807.12644.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Splanchnic hypoperfusion is believed to be central in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic shock-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Our previous work focused on the portal circulation as the conduit for gut-derived mediators of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Our current focus is the proinflammatory effects of postshock mesenteric lymph. We hypothesize that postshock lymph induces neutrophil (PMN)-mediated endothelial cell damage in an intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1)-dependent fashion, and devised a two-insult model to test this hypothesis. METHODS Rats (n > or = 5) underwent hemorrhagic shock (mean arterial pressure, 40 mm Hg for 30 minutes) and resuscitation (shed blood plus two times crystalloid) with lymph collection. Human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) were divided into three groups and grown to near confluence. Group 1 was incubated for 6 hours in 1% preshock or postshock lymph and ICAM-1 was measured by flow cytometry. Group 2 consisted of coculture of HMVECs and PMNs after endothelial cell activation to determine whether postshock lymph would stimulate PMN adherence. Group 3 was incubated under identical conditions, but PMNs were added for 30 minutes, and then activated with 4.5 micromol/L lysophosphatidylcholine (lyso-PC) for 1 hour to ascertain cytotoxicity. HMVEC density was measured using microscopy and recorded as HMVECs per millimeter squared. ICAM-1-blocking antibody and isotype control were used to assess the effects of ICAM-1 on PMN cytotoxicity. A buffer control was used for comparison using analysis of variance with Tukey's correction. RESULTS Postshock lymph activated HMVECs for increased surface expression of ICAM-1 and stimulated PMNs to adhere to endothelial cell monolayers. Activation of PMNs with lyso-PC in the presence of postshock lymph resulted in marked HMVEC death. The addition of an ICAM-1-blocking antibody abrogated this effect. Neither postshock lymph alone (758 +/- 35 HMVECs/mm(2)), nor postshock lymph in the presence of quiescent PMNs alone (734 +/- 28 HMVECs/mm(2)), nor lymph plus lyso-PC (834 +/- 21 HMVECs/mm(2)) provoked endothelial cell damage. CONCLUSION Postshock mesenteric lymph activates endothelial cells for increased ICAM-1 expression and PMN adherence. Furthermore, postshock lymph acts as an inciting event in a two-event in vitro model of PMN-mediated endothelial cell injury. These findings further substantiate the key mechanistic role of mesenteric lymph in hemorrhagic shock-induced acute lung injury and suggest that ICAM-1 expression is pivotal in the two-event model of multiple organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Gonzalez
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center and University of Colorado, 80204, USA
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20
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Wyman TH, Bjornsen AJ, Elzi DJ, Smith CW, England KM, Kelher M, Silliman CC. A two-insult in vitro model of PMN-mediated pulmonary endothelial damage: requirements for adherence and chemokine release. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283:C1592-603. [PMID: 12388071 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00540.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidylcholines (lyso-PCs), generated during blood storage, are etiologic in a two-insult, sepsis-based model of transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI). Individually, endotoxin (LPS) and lyso-PCs prime but do not activate neutrophils (PMNs). We hypothesized that priming of PMNs alters their reactivity such that a second priming agent causes PMN activation and endothelial cell damage. PMNs were primed or not with LPS and then treated with lyso-PCs, and oxidase activation and elastase release were measured. For coculture experiments, activation of human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) was assessed by ICAM-1 expression and chemokine release. HMVECs were stimulated or not with LPS, PMNs were added, cells were incubated with lyso-PCs, and the number of viable HMVECs was counted. Lyso-PCs activated LPS-primed PMNs. HMVEC activation resulted in increased ICAM-1 and release of ENA-78, GRO alpha, and IL-8. PMN-mediated HMVEC damage was dependent on LPS activation of HMVECs, chemokine release, PMN adhesion, and lyso-PC activation of the oxidase. In conclusion, sequential exposure of PMNs to priming agents activates the microbicidal arsenal, and PMN-mediated HMVEC damage was the result of two insults: HMVEC activation and PMN oxidase assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis H Wyman
- Bonfils Blood Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado 80230, USA
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21
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Silliman CC, Moore EE, Zallen G, Gonzalez R, Johnson JL, Elzi DJ, Meng X, Hanasaki K, Ishizaki J, Arita H, Ao L, England KM, Banerjee A. Presence of the M-type sPLA(2) receptor on neutrophils and its role in elastase release and adhesion. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 283:C1102-13. [PMID: 12225974 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00608.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) produces lipids that stimulate polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs). With the discovery of sPLA(2) receptors (sPLA(2)-R), we hypothesize that sPLA(2) stimulates PMNs through a receptor. Scatchard analysis was used to determine the presence of a sPLA(2) ligand. Lysates were probed with an antibody to the M-type sPLA(2)-R, and the immunoreactivity was localized. PMNs were treated with active and inactive (+EGTA) sPLA(2) (1-100 units of enzyme activity/ml, types IA, IB, and IIA), and elastase release and PMN adhesion were measured. PMNs incubated with inactive, FITC-linked sPLA(2)-IB, but not sPLA(2)-IA, demonstrated the presence of a sPLA(2)-R with saturation at 2.77 fM and a K(d) of 167 pM. sPLA(2)-R immunoreactivity was present at 185 kDa and localized to the membrane. Inactive sPLA(2)-IB activated p38 MAPK, and p38 MAPK inhibition attenuated elastase release. Active sPLA(2)-IA caused elastase release, but inactive type IA did not. sPLA(2)-IB stimulated elastase release independent of activity; inactive sPLA(2)-IIA partially stimulated PMNs. sPLA(2)-IB and sPLA(2)-IIA caused PMN adhesion. We conclude that PMNs contain a membrane M-type sPLA(2)-R that activates p38 MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher C Silliman
- Bonfils Blood Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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22
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Wyman TH, Dinarello CA, Banerjee A, Gamboni‐Robertson F, Hiester AA, England KM, Kelher M, Silliman CC. Physiological levels of interleukin‐18 stimulate multiple neutrophil functions through p38 MAP kinase activation. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.2.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Travis H. Wyman
- Bonfils Blood Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | | | - Anirban Banerjee
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | | | - Andrew A. Hiester
- Bonfils Blood Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Kelly M. England
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Marguerite Kelher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
| | - Christopher C. Silliman
- Bonfils Blood Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver
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23
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Scott DA, Palmer RM. The influence of tobacco smoking on adhesion molecule profiles. Tob Induc Dis 2002; 1:7-25. [PMID: 19570245 PMCID: PMC2671531 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-1-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2001] [Revised: 02/18/2002] [Accepted: 02/19/2002] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential interactions between several adhesion molecules and their ligands regulate lymphocyte circulation and leukocyte recruitment to inflammatory foci. Adhesion molecules are, therefore, central and critical components of the immune and inflammatory system. We review the evidence that tobacco smoking dysregulates specific components of the adhesion cascade, which may be a common factor in several smoking-induced diseases. Smoking causes inappropriate leukocyte activation, leukocyte-endothelial adhesion, and neutrophil entrapment in the microvasculature, which may help initiate local tissue destruction. Appropriate inflammatory reactions may thus be compromised. In addition to smoke-induced alterations to membrane bound endothelial and leukocyte adhesion molecule expression, which may help explain the above phenomena, smoking has a profound influence on circulating adhesion molecule profiles, most notably sICAM-1 and specific sCD44 variants. Elevated concentrations of soluble adhesion molecules may simply reflect ongoing inflammatory processes. However, increasing evidence suggests that specific soluble adhesion molecules are immunomodulatory, and that alterations to soluble adhesion molecule profiles may represent a significant risk factor for several diverse diseases. This evidence is discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Scott
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Manitoba, 780 Bannatyne Ave, Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0W2, Canada.
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24
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Rezavandi K, Palmer RM, Odell EW, Scott DA, Wilson RF. Expression of ICAM-1 and E-selectin in gingival tissues of smokers and non-smokers with periodontitis. J Oral Pathol Med 2002; 31:59-64. [PMID: 11896824 DOI: 10.1046/j.0904-2512.2001.joptest.doc.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco smoking affects systemic concentrations of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, but its effect on local expression of adhesion molecules in gingival tissue has not been studied previously. METHODS E-selectin and ICAM-1 expression on small blood vessel endothelia in gingival biopsies obtained from smokers (n=17) and non-smokers (n=17) with periodontitis was examined with immunohistochemistry. Blood vessels were identified with monoclonal antibody for von Willebrand's factor. RESULTS A significantly larger number of vessels were observed in inflamed tissues of non-smokers than smokers (P<0.05). The number and proportion of vessels expressing both ICAM-1 and E-selectin was greater in sites with inflammation compared to non-inflamed sites in both smokers and non-smokers (P<0.05). The proportion of the total number of vessels expressing ICAM-1 in non-inflamed sites was greater in non-smokers compared with smokers (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the inflammatory response in smokers with periodontitis may not be accompanied by an equivalent increase in vascularity. Reduced ICAM-1 expression in non-inflamed areas of smokers could reflect a systemic effect of tobacco smoking on ICAM-1 independent of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rezavandi
- Department of Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Guy's, King's and St. Thomas' Schools of Medicine, Dentistry, King's College London, London, UK
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25
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Leite F, Sylte MJ, O'Brien S, Schultz R, Peek S, van Reeth K, Czuprynski CJ. Effect of experimental infection of cattle with bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) on the ex vivo interaction of bovine leukocytes with Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica leukotoxin. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2002; 84:97-110. [PMID: 11825601 PMCID: PMC7119861 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2427(01)00397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica A1 produces an extracellular leukotoxin (LKT) that is reported to bind the beta(2)-integrin CD11a/CD18 (LEA-1) on ruminant leukocytes. LKT binding induces activation, and subsequent cytolysis, of these cells. It is well known that active viral infection greatly increases the susceptibility of cattle to pasteurellosis. To better understand the mechanism by which this occurs, we investigated the effects of experimental in vivo infection of cattle with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) on the ex vivo interaction of bovine leukocytes with the M. haemolytica LKT. In this study, we demonstrated that active BHV-1 infection increased the expression of the beta(2)-integrin CD11a/CD18 (as defined by the mAb BAT75) on bovine peripheral blood neutrophils, enhanced the binding of LKT to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) leukocytes and peripheral blood neutrophils, and increased the killing of BAL leukocytes and peripheral blood leukocytes by LKT. In addition, BHV-1 greatly increased the number of BAL, resulting in many more LKT-responsive cells being present in the lungs. These findings might explain in part the increased susceptibility of BHV-1 infected cattle to pneumonic pasteurellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Leite
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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26
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Calkins CM, Heimbach JK, Bensard DD, Song Y, Raeburn CD, Meng X, McIntyre RC. TNF receptor I mediates chemokine production and neutrophil accumulation in the lung following systemic lipopolysaccharide. J Surg Res 2001; 101:232-7. [PMID: 11735280 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha is a critical effector of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury, and its effects are mediated by two structurally related receptors, RI and RII. Cellular adhesion molecules and C-X-C chemokines (Keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) and macrophage inflammatory protein [MIP]-2) regulate tissue neutrophil polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) accumulation in a multitude of inflammatory states. We hypothesized that TNFRI signaling dictates PMN accumulation in the lung via regulation of chemokine molecule production. Therefore, the purposes of this study were to (1) delineate LPS-induced lung TNF-alpha production and (2) characterize the contribution of both TNF receptors to lung chemokine production and neutrophil influx following systemic LPS. METHODS Wild-type or TNFRI and TNFRII knockout (KO) mice were injected with vehicle (saline) or LPS (Escherichia coli 0.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally). After 2, 4, 6, or 24 h, lungs were analyzed for TNF-alpha and chemokine (KC and MIP-2) protein expression (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and PMN accumulation (myeloperoxidase assay). RESULTS There was an increase in total lung TNF-alpha (vehicle, 5.0 +/- 1.2 pg/mg total protein vs LPS, 950 +/- 318; P < 0.05) after LPS. Lung chemokine production and PMN accumulation were also increased compared to vehicle-injected mice. Lung chemokine production and PMN accumulation were significantly lower in TNFRI KO, but not TNFRII KO, mice, despite no difference in TNF-alpha production (TNFRI KO, 925 +/- 301 vs TNFRII KO, 837 +/- 267, P = 0.82). CONCLUSIONS Acute lung injury following systemic LPS administration is characterized by increased lung (1) TNF-alpha production, (2) C-X-C chemokine production, and (3) neutrophil accumulation. The maximal effect of LPS-induced lung neutrophil accumulation appears to be dependent upon the TNFRI receptor but not the TNFRII receptor. .
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Calkins
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and the Veterans Affairs Hospital, Denver 80262, USA.
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27
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Harper L, Savage CO. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions in antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated systemic vasculitis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2001; 27:887-903. [PMID: 11723770 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-857x(05)70241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of ANCA-associated vasculitis is unknown. Currently, it is believed that disease may be triggered by infection with the release of proinflammatory cytokines in genetically susceptible individuals. Priming of PMNs and endothelial cells by these cytokines allows ANCAs to activate PMNs, with damage localized to the endothelium, resulting in early lesions. Damage and activation of endothelial cells produces proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines with influxes of monocytes and T cells that intensify endothelial damage. In the kidney, these changes eventually lead to crescent formation. Antigen-specific memory T cells persist after disease remission with the potential of reactivation and disease relapse. Although our understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ANCA-associated vasculitis is far greater now than when ANCAs were first identified in 1982, more experimental work in combination with clinical observations is required to further elucidate these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Harper
- Department of Renal Immunobiology, Medical Research Council Center for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Medical School, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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28
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Song Y, Ao L, Raeburn CD, Calkins CM, Abraham E, Harken AH, Meng X. A low level of TNF-alpha mediates hemorrhage-induced acute lung injury via p55 TNF receptor. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 281:L677-84. [PMID: 11504696 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.281.3.l677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lung injury after hemorrhagic shock (HS) is associated with the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the lung. However, the role of TNF-alpha and its receptors in this pulmonary disorder remains obscure. This study examined the temporal relationship of pulmonary TNF-alpha production to neutrophil accumulation during HS and determined the role of TNF-alpha in neutrophil accumulation and lung leak. HS was induced in mice by removal of 30% of total blood volume. Lung TNF-alpha was measured by ELISA. Neutrophil accumulation was detected by immunofluorescent staining, and microvascular permeability was assessed using Evans blue dye. Although HS induced a slight and transient increase in lung TNF-alpha, neutrophil accumulation preceded the increase in TNF-alpha. However, lung neutrophil accumulation and lung leak were abrogated in TNF-alpha knockout mice, and both were restored by administration of recombinant TNF-alpha to TNF-alpha knockout mice before HS. Neutrophil accumulation and lung leak were abrogated in mice lacking the p55 TNF-alpha receptor, but neither was influenced by p75 TNF-alpha receptor knockout. This study demonstrates that a low level of pulmonary TNF-alpha is sufficient to mediate HS-induced acute lung injury during HS and that the p55 TNF-alpha receptor plays a dominant role in regulating the pulmonary inflammatory response to HS.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Cell Movement
- Hemorrhage/complications
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Diseases/etiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout/genetics
- Neutrophils/physiology
- Permeability
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/physiology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/pathology
- Shock, Hemorrhagic/physiopathology
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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29
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Fraser HS, Palmer RM, Wilson RF, Coward PY, Scott DA. Elevated systemic concentrations of soluble ICAM-1 (sICAM) are not reflected in the gingival crevicular fluid of smokers with periodontitis. J Dent Res 2001; 80:1643-7. [PMID: 11597025 DOI: 10.1177/00220345010800070901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Raised serum levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) in smokers could have immunomodulatory effects in periodontitis. The aim of this study was to compare serum and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) concentrations of sICAM-1 in smokers and non-smokers with periodontal disease. sICAM-1 in serum and GCF collected from age- and gender-matched smokers (n = 14) and non-smokers (n = 14) with periodontitis were measured by ELISA. Mean serum sICAM-1 concentrations were significantly elevated in smokers (331 ng mL(-1)), compared with non-smokers (238 ng mL(-1), p = 0.008). However, the concentration of sICAM-1 in the GCF was significantly lower in the smokers (83 ng mL(-1)), compared with non-smokers (212 ng mL(-1), p = 0.013). The difference between concentrations of sICAM-1 in GCF and serum was significant only in smokers (p < 0.001). Since GCF is a serum-derived tissue exudate, these results suggest that, in smokers, circulating sICAM-1 molecules are affected either in their passage from the periodontal microvasculature or within the periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Fraser
- Department of Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' Dental Institute, School of Medicine, King's College London, UK
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30
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Welty-Wolf KE, Carraway MS, Huang YC, Simonson SG, Kantrow SP, Kishimoto TK, Piantadosi CA. Antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (CD54) decreases survival and not lung injury in baboons with sepsis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 163:665-73. [PMID: 11254521 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.2004191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil influx into the lung is an important event in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury in gram-negative sepsis. We hypothesized that administration of a monoclonal antibody to intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, CD54), a molecule mediating neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells, would decrease neutrophil sequestration and transmigration in the lung and attenuate lung injury in Escherichia coli sepsis. Sepsis was induced in 12 baboons primed with heat-killed E. coli (1 x 10(9) CFU/kg) 12 h before infusion of live bacteria (1 x 10(10) CFU/kg). Six animals received monoclonal antibody to CD54 (1 mg/kg) intravenously at the time of live E. coli infusion. After 48 h or when blood pressure could not be maintained, tissues were harvested and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were obtained. Median survival time was decreased in anti-CD54-treated animals. This group also had decreased mean arterial pressure, increased metabolic acidosis, and decreased urine output. Measures of lung injury including gas exchange, lung lavage protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), lung thiobarbituric acid-reactive species, and lung histology, including alveolar neutrophil volumes, were unaffected by treatment. The effect of anti-CD54 on neutrophil influx into tissues as measured by myeloperoxidase was organ specific. These data show that monoclonal antibody to CD54 does not ameliorate acute lung injury in E. coli sepsis, and septic primates given anti-CD54 have worsened metabolic parameters and decreased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Welty-Wolf
- Department of Medicine, Durham VA Medical Center and Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710,
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Calkins CM, Bensard DD, Heimbach JK, Meng X, Shames BD, Pulido EJ, McIntyre RC. L-arginine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced lung chemokine production. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2001; 280:L400-8. [PMID: 11159022 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.2001.280.3.l400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines stimulate the influx of leukocytes into tissues. Their production is regulated by nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), an inducible transcription factor under the control of inhibitory factor kappaB-alpha (IkappaB-alpha). We have previously demonstrated that L-arginine (L-Arg) attenuates neutrophil accumulation and pulmonary vascular injury after administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We hypothesized that L-Arg would attenuate the production of lung chemokines by stabilizing IkappaB-alpha and preventing NF-kappaB DNA binding. We examined the effect of L-Arg on chemokine production, IkappaB-alpha degradation, and NF-kappaB DNA binding in the lung after systemic LPS. To block nitric oxide (NO) production, a NO synthase inhibitor was given before L-Arg. LPS induced the production of chemokine protein and mRNA. L-Arg attenuated the production of chemokine protein and mRNA, prevented the decrease in IkappaB-alpha levels, and inhibited NF-kappaB DNA binding. NO synthase inhibition abolished the effects of L-Arg on all measured parameters. Our results suggest that L-Arg abrogates chemokine protein and mRNA production in rat lung after LPS. This effect is dependent on NO and is mediated by stabilization of IkappaB-alpha levels and inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Calkins
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center and The Veterans Affairs Hospital, Denver, Colorado 80262, USA
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Webb JL, Polak JM, Evans TJ. Effect of adhesion on inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) production in purified human neutrophils. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:42-8. [PMID: 11167996 PMCID: PMC1905968 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01402.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of nitric oxide (NO) within neutrophils is an important element of the innate immune response. We have previously shown that cytokines (IL-1alpha, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interferon-gamma) induce human neutrophils in buffy coat preparations to produce iNOS. In order to define better the exact requirements for iNOS production within human neutrophils, we have studied the conditions needed for the production of iNOS in purified neutrophils. In contrast to buffy coat preparations, purified neutrophils in suspension did not produce an increase in iNOS following addition of cytokines. However, when purified neutrophils were allowed to adhere to glass surfaces either uncoated or coated with fetal calf serum (FCS), plasma, fibronectin or laminin, there was an increase in the percentage of iNOS-positive cells. The addition of cytokines during adhesion of these cells increased this proportion further. This was most marked for glass alone and FCS-coated glass on which the proportion of iNOS-positive cells increased to 22.7% and 35.5%, respectively, a significant increase compared with cytokine-treated neutrophils in suspension. Neither transmigration through activated endothelial monolayers nor the addition of soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 to purified neutrophil suspensions increased the percentage of iNOS-positive cells following cytokine stimulation. Adhesion of neutrophils to surfaces coated with IgG or complement also failed to increase cytokine-induced iNOS production. We conclude that iNOS production in human neutrophils requires not only cytokine stimulation, but also additional stimuli from adhesion to a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Webb
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Chang CC, Rosenson-Schloss RS, Bhoj TD, Moghe PV. Leukocyte chemosensory migration on vascular prosthetic biomaterial is mediated by an integrin beta2 receptor chain. Biomaterials 2000; 21:2305-13. [PMID: 11026637 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(00)00157-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of adherent activated leukocytes to migrate on implanted prosthetic biomaterial surfaces may be an early rate-limiting step in eliminating periprosthetic infection. The goal of this study was to explore the molecular mechanism governing leukocyte migration on the implantable cardiovascular prosthetic biomaterial, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), in response to stimulation by the soluble chemokine, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP). We used a population level migration assay to study the migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) on ePTFE, overlaid by a gelatin/agar composite. A theoretical random walk model was applied to describe fMLP-induced PMN migration on ePTFE in terms of an objective random cell migration coefficient, mu. Our results show that following stimulation with 0-10(-7) M fMLP, the value of mu ranged from 5.43 x 10(-9) to 1.08 x 10(-7) cm2/s, with a maximum value obtained at 10(-8) M fMLP. We probed the expression levels of various beta2 integrin receptor subunits and their contribution to the migratory function of ePTFE-adherent PMN over a wide range of fMLP concentration. We found that the expression of the integrin beta-chain, CD18, was also maximized at 10(-8) M fMLP, along with only slight changes in the expression of integrin alpha-chains (CD11a,b,c). We report that treatment with antibodies against either beta or combined alpha chains, but not individual alpha chains, inhibited PMN attachment to ePTFE at 10(-8) M fMLP, suggesting the likely role of combined beta2 receptor subunits in early adhesion events following stimulation. However, treatment with only anti-CD18 significantly lowered PMN migration on ePTFE (mu = 5.98 x 10(-9) cm2/s), and this degree of inhibition was much greater than that elicited by the combined treatment with antibodies recognizing all possible alpha-chains. Overall, we conclude that migratory behavior of chemokinetically stimulated PMN on ePTFE is mediated by the integrin beta chain pool, and is only weakly regulated by the integrin alpha chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8058, USA
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Scott DA, Todd DH, Coward PY, Wilson RF, Odell EW, Poston RN, Matthews JP, Palmer RM. The acute influence of tobacco smoking on adhesion molecule expression on monocytes and neutrophils and on circulating adhesion molecule levels in vivo. Addict Biol 2000; 5:195-205. [PMID: 20575835 DOI: 10.1080/13556210050003793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Soluble adhesion molecules have been reported as risk markers of a wide range of human diseases and specific adhesion molecules may play a direct role in pathological processes. Serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) is known to be significantly elevated in smokers compared to non-smokers. We examined the acute effects of smoking a standard 2R1 research cigarette on the serum concentration of sICAM-1 and other circulating adhesion molecules (sP-selectin, sE-selectin, sL-selectin, sVCAM-1 and sPECAM-1) in heavy smokers (serum cotinine >/= 100 ng/ml), light smokers (serum cotinine </= 60 ng/ml) and non-smokers (serum cotinine </= 10 ng/ml) by ELISA. Adhesion molecule expression on the cell surface of monocytes and neutrophils in peripheral blood was examined by flow cytometry. The sICAM-1 concentration directly correlated to serum cotinine concentration (p= 0.047) and nicotine load (p= 0.033) in smokers and was significantly elevated compared to non-smokers (p= 0.037). Other than a decrease in the concentration of sP-selectin over 1 hour regardless of smoking, no significant temporal alterations of any adhesion molecule were observed following the smoking experience or in the non-smoking control group. No significant difference in surface expression of ICAM-1, CD18, PECAM-1 or L-selectin on peripheral monocytes or neutrophils was observed over a 1-hour period following smoking. These data suggest that the elevated concentration of sICAM-1 in smokers is not due to an immediate effect of smoking.
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Ciesla DJ, Moore EE, Zallen G, Biffl WL, Silliman CC. Hypertonic saline attenuation of polymorphonuclear neutrophil cytotoxicity: timing is everything. THE JOURNAL OF TRAUMA 2000; 48:388-95. [PMID: 10744274 DOI: 10.1097/00005373-200003000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potential to modulate the inflammatory response has renewed interest in hypertonic saline (HTS) resuscitation of injured patients. However, the effect of the timing of HTS treatment with respect to polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) priming and activation remains unexplored. We hypothesized that HTS attenuation of PMN functions requires HTS exposure before priming and activation. METHODS Isolated PMN were incubated in HTS (180 mM Na+) before L-alpha-phosphatidylcholine, beta-acetyl-gamma-O-alkyl (PAF)/N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) priming/activation, after priming, or after priming/activation. Superoxide production was measured by the reduction cytochrome c, elastase release by cleavage of AAPV-pNA, and beta2-integrin expression by flow cytometry. RESULTS HTS before priming or activation decreased beta2-integrin expression, superoxide production, and elastase release. In contrast, HTS after priming/activation augmented superoxide production and elastase release. CONCLUSION The timing of HTS is a key variable in the attenuation of PMN cytotoxic functions. Maximal attenuation of cytotoxicity is achieved before priming, whereas HTS exposure after activation augments cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Ciesla
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Colorado 80204, USA
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Stefanec T. Endothelial apoptosis: could it have a role in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease? Chest 2000; 117:841-54. [PMID: 10713015 DOI: 10.1378/chest.117.3.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial apoptosis can be found in a number of diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the causes and consequences of endothelial apoptosis, and analyzes its possible role in the pathogenesis and treatment of several diseases. Novel forms of therapy based on the proposed pathophysiologic mechanisms are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Stefanec
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Saint Vincent Hospital and Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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Abstract
The aetiology of primary systemic vasculitides remains unknown. Recent advances have been made in the understanding of relevant mechanisms of inflammation, particularly the role of the endothelium and interactions with inflammatory mediators and immune effector cells. In Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis the evidence suggests an autoimmune inflammatory process, characterized by an early lesion involving neutrophils and endothelial cells as both targets and active participants; priming of neutrophils and endothelial cells allows ANCA to activate neutrophils with damage localized to the endothelium. In the absence of immune complex deposition, the role of the ANCA is particularly intriguing. Endothelial cell damage and activation produces pro-inflammatory mediators with influx monocytes and T cells intensifying damage. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis of systemic vasculitis is likely to provide the basis for the use of more selective immunomodulatory therapies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Harper
- MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Al-Haddawi MH, Jasni S, Zamri-Saad M, Mutalib AR, Sheikh-Omar AR. Ultrastructural pathology of the upper respiratory tract of rabbits experimentally infected with Pasteurella multocida A:3. Res Vet Sci 1999; 67:163-70. [PMID: 10502487 DOI: 10.1053/rvsc.1998.0299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-four 8 to 9 week-old Pasteurella multocida -free rabbits were divided into three equal groups, the first group was pretreated with hydrocortisone and inoculated intranasally with pasteurella multocida serotype A:3. The second group was inoculated intranasally with P. multocida without hydrocortisone treatment. The third group was inoculated with phosphate buffered saline only and used as a control group. Pasteurella multocida was isolated from the nasal cavity of all infected rabbits in group 1 and 2 and from the trachea of seven rabbits in group 1 and five rabbits in group 2. This study was conducted to observe the ultrastructural changes of the upper respiratory tract of hydrocortisone treated and non-treated rabbits infected with P. multocida serotype A:3. The ultrastructural changes detected in infected rabbits were ciliary destruction and deciliation of the ciliated epithelial cells, cellular swelling, goblet cell hyperplasia and endothelial cell damage. Pasteurella multocida was observed attached to the degenerated cilia, microvilli and mucus. Pasteurella multocida infection was associated with inflammatory responses, which may have caused tissue damage. It is possible that hydrocortisone modulates the severity of infection as an immune suppressor and an inhibitor of goblet cell secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Al-Haddawi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology & Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 43400 UPM, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Partrick DA, Moore EE, Fullerton DA, Barnett CC, Meldrum DR, Silliman CC. Cardiopulmonary bypass renders patients at risk for multiple organ failure via early neutrophil priming and late neutrophil disability. J Surg Res 1999; 86:42-9. [PMID: 10452867 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.1999.5702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and these patients are recognized to be at increased risk for delayed infectious complications. We have documented that circulating neutrophils (PMNs) from patients manifesting SIRS have evidence of early postinjury priming for cytotoxicity. Consequently, we hypothesized that CPB would result in early postoperative PMN hyperresponsiveness (priming). MATERIALS AND METHODS Six patients (mean age 50 +/- 2.9 years) who underwent CPB for CABG had sequential blood samples obtained perioperatively. PMNs were isolated and superoxide anion (O(-)(2)) generation (nmol O(-)(2)/3.75 x 10(5) PMNs/min) was measured by reduction of cytochrome c after exposure to fMLP, C5a, or PMA; elastase release (% total PMN elastase content) was measured by cleavage of AAPV-pNA after exposure to fMLP or C5a. RESULTS PMNs were activated for increased elastase release 6 h after initiation of CPB. Significant PMN priming for O(-)(2) production was discovered at 3, 6, and 12 h following CPB and for elastase release at 3 and 6 h after CPB. At 2 to 3 days after CPB, O(-)(2) generation was significantly less than that of the preoperative control. Neutrophil primability with PAF was detected at 6 h after CPB. A similar defect in PAF-primable O(-)(2) production was seen 2 and 3 days post-CPB. Direct PMN interrogation with the receptor-independent activator PMA revealed loss of integrity of the NADPH oxidase at 2 and 3 days following CPB. CONCLUSIONS A vulnerable window exists between 3 and 12 h after CPB when PMNs are primed for enhanced cytotoxicity via O(-)(2) production and elastase release. Paradoxically, PMN oxidase integrity becomes deficient 48 h post-CPB, while protease degranulation remains intact. These events render the bypass patient at risk for multiple organ failure via both early PMN-mediated tissue injury and delayed infectious complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Partrick
- Department of Surgery, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80204, USA
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