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Lodde V, Garcia Barros R, Terzaghi L, Franciosi F, Luciano AM. Insights on the Role of PGRMC1 in Mitotic and Meiotic Cell Division. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235755. [PMID: 36497237 PMCID: PMC9736406 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, chromosome missegregation and cytokinesis defects have been recognized as hallmarks of cancer cells. Cytoskeletal elements composing the spindle and the contractile ring and their associated proteins play crucial roles in the faithful progression of mitotic cell division. The hypothesis that PGRMC1, most likely as a part of a yet-to-be-defined complex, is involved in the regulation of spindle function and, more broadly, the cytoskeletal machinery driving cell division is particularly appealing. Nevertheless, more than ten years after the preliminary observation that PGRMC1 changes its localization dynamically during meiotic and mitotic cell division, this field of research has remained a niche and needs to be fully explored. To encourage research in this fascinating field, in this review, we will recap the current knowledge on PGRMC1 function during mitotic and meiotic cell division, critically highlighting the strengths and limitations of the experimental approaches used so far. We will focus on known interacting partners as well as new putative associated proteins that have recently arisen in the literature and that might support current as well as new hypotheses of a role for PGRMC1 in specific spindle subcompartments, such as the centrosome, kinetochores, and the midzone/midbody.
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2
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Yu H, Li Y, Li L, Huang J, Wang X, Tang R, Jiang Z, Lv L, Chen F, Yu C, Yuan K. Functional reciprocity of proteins involved in mitosis and endocytosis. FEBS J 2020; 288:5850-5866. [PMID: 33300206 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitosis and endocytosis are two fundamental cellular processes essential for maintaining a eukaryotic life. Mitosis partitions duplicated chromatin enveloped in the nuclear membrane into two new cells, whereas endocytosis takes in extracellular substances through membrane invagination. These two processes are spatiotemporally separated and seemingly unrelated. However, recent studies have uncovered that endocytic proteins have moonlighting functions in mitosis, and mitotic complexes manifest additional roles in endocytosis. In this review, we summarize important proteins or protein complexes that participate in both processes, compare their mechanism of action, and discuss the rationale behind this multifunctionality. We also speculate on the possible origin of the functional reciprocity from an evolutionary perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yinshuang Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Xujuan Wang
- The High School Attached to Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruijun Tang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhenghui Jiang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chunhong Yu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kai Yuan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital & Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,The Biobank of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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3
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Rondelet A, Lin YC, Singh D, Porfetye AT, Thakur HC, Hecker A, Brinkert P, Schmidt N, Bendre S, Müller F, Mazul L, Widlund PO, Bange T, Hiller M, Vetter IR, Bird AW. Clathrin's adaptor interaction sites are repurposed to stabilize microtubules during mitosis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:133599. [PMID: 31932847 PMCID: PMC7041688 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201907083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin ensures mitotic spindle stability and efficient chromosome alignment, independently of its vesicle trafficking function. Although clathrin localizes to the mitotic spindle and kinetochore fiber microtubule bundles, the mechanisms by which clathrin stabilizes microtubules are unclear. We show that clathrin adaptor interaction sites on clathrin heavy chain (CHC) are repurposed during mitosis to directly recruit the microtubule-stabilizing protein GTSE1 to the spindle. Structural analyses reveal that these sites interact directly with clathrin-box motifs on GTSE1. Disruption of this interaction releases GTSE1 from spindles, causing defects in chromosome alignment. Surprisingly, this disruption destabilizes astral microtubules, but not kinetochore-microtubule attachments, and chromosome alignment defects are due to a failure of chromosome congression independent of kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability. GTSE1 recruited to the spindle by clathrin stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting the microtubule depolymerase MCAK. This work uncovers a novel role of clathrin adaptor-type interactions to stabilize nonkinetochore fiber microtubules to support chromosome congression, defining for the first time a repurposing of this endocytic interaction mechanism during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Rondelet
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Yu-Chih Lin
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Divya Singh
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Harish C Thakur
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Hecker
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pia Brinkert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Nadine Schmidt
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Shweta Bendre
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Lisa Mazul
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Per O Widlund
- Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tanja Bange
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Systems Biology, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ingrid R Vetter
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Dortmund, Germany
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4
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Rópolo AS, Feliziani C, Touz MC. Unusual proteins in Giardia duodenalis and their role in survival. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2019; 106:1-50. [PMID: 31630755 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of the parasite Giardia duodenalis to perform complex functions with minimal amounts of proteins and organelles has attracted increasing numbers of scientists worldwide, trying to explain how this parasite adapts to internal and external changes to survive. One explanation could be that G. duodenalis evolved from a structurally complex ancestor by reductive evolution, resulting in adaptation to its parasitic lifestyle. Reductive evolution involves the loss of genes, organelles, and functions that commonly occur in many parasites, by which the host renders some structures and functions redundant. However, there is increasing data that Giardia possesses proteins able to perform more than one function. During recent decades, the concept of moonlighting was described for multitasking proteins, which involves only proteins with an extra independent function(s). In this chapter, we provide an overview of unusual proteins in Giardia that present multifunctional properties depending on the location and/or parasite requirement. We also discuss experimental evidence that may allow some giardial proteins to be classified as moonlighting proteins by examining the properties of moonlighting proteins in general. Up to date, Giardia does not seem to require the numerous redundant proteins present in other organisms to accomplish its normal functions, and thus this parasite may be an appropriate model for understanding different aspects of moonlighting proteins, which may be helpful in the design of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S Rópolo
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Constanza Feliziani
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María C Touz
- Instituto de Investigación Médica Mercedes y Martín Ferreyra, INIMEC-CONICET-Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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5
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Wee P, Wang Z. Regulation of EGFR Endocytosis by CBL During Mitosis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7120257. [PMID: 30544639 PMCID: PMC6315415 DOI: 10.3390/cells7120257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The overactivation of epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) is implicated in various cancers. Endocytosis plays an important role in EGFR-mediated cell signaling. We previously found that EGFR endocytosis during mitosis is mediated differently from interphase. While the regulation of EGFR endocytosis in interphase is well understood, little is known regarding the regulation of EGFR endocytosis during mitosis. Here, we found that contrary to interphase cells, mitotic EGFR endocytosis is more reliant on the activation of the E3 ligase CBL. By transfecting HeLa, MCF-7, and 293T cells with CBL siRNA or dominant-negative 70z-CBL, we found that at high EGF doses, CBL is required for EGFR endocytosis in mitotic cells, but not in interphase cells. In addition, the endocytosis of mutant EGFR Y1045F-YFP (mutation at the direct CBL binding site) is strongly delayed. The endocytosis of truncated EGFR Δ1044-YFP that does not bind to CBL is completely inhibited in mitosis. Moreover, EGF induces stronger ubiquitination of mitotic EGFR than interphase EGFR, and mitotic EGFR is trafficked to lysosomes for degradation. Furthermore, we showed that, different from interphase, low doses of EGF still stimulate EGFR endocytosis by non-clathrin mediated endocytosis (NCE) in mitosis. Contrary to interphase, CBL and the CBL-binding regions of EGFR are required for mitotic EGFR endocytosis at low doses. This is due to the mitotic ubiquitination of the EGFR even at low EGF doses. We conclude that mitotic EGFR endocytosis exclusively proceeds through CBL-mediated NCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wee
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
| | - Zhixiang Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Signal Transduction Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada.
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6
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Huntingtin-associated protein-1 (HAP1) regulates endocytosis and interacts with multiple trafficking-related proteins. Cell Signal 2017; 35:176-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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7
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Sasso L, Hosamuddin H, Emanueli C. Extracellular vesicles at the cross-line between basic science and clinical needs. Microcirculation 2017; 24. [DOI: 10.1111/micc.12333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Sasso
- Bristol Heart Institute; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Huma Hosamuddin
- School of Medicine; St. George University of London; Tooting London UK
| | - Costanza Emanueli
- Bristol Heart Institute; School of Clinical Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
- National Health and Lung Institute; Hammersmith campus; Imperial College London; UK
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8
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Robertson MJ, Horatscheck A, Sauer S, von Kleist L, Baker JR, Stahlschmidt W, Nazaré M, Whiting A, Chau N, Robinson PJ, Haucke V, McCluskey A. 5-Aryl-2-(naphtha-1-yl)sulfonamido-thiazol-4(5H)-ones as clathrin inhibitors. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:11266-11278. [PMID: 27853797 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02308h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of a (Z)-5-((6,8-dichloro-4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-yl)methylene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one (2), rhodanine-based lead that led to the Pitstop® 2 family of clathrin inhibitors is described herein. Head group substitution and bioisosteric replacement of the rhodanine core with a 2-aminothiazol-4(5H)-one scaffold eliminated off target dynamin activity. A series of N-substituents gave first phenylglycine (20, IC50 ∼ 20 μM) then phenyl (25, IC50 ∼ 7.1 μM) and 1-napthyl sulfonamide (26, Pitstop® 2 compound, IC50 ∼ 1.9 μM) analogues with good activity, validating this approach. A final library exploring the head group resulted in three analogues displaying either slight improvements or comparable activity (33, 38, and 29 with IC50 ∼ 1.4, 1.6 and 1.8 μM respectively) and nine others with IC50 < 10 μM. These results were rationalized using in silico docking studies. Docking studies predicted enhanced Pitstop® 2 family binding, not a loss of binding, within the Pistop® groove of the reported clathrin mutant invalidating recent assumptions of poor selectivity for this family of clathrin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Robertson
- Chemistry, Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - André Horatscheck
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Samantha Sauer
- Chemistry, Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Lisa von Kleist
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jennifer R Baker
- Chemistry, Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Wiebke Stahlschmidt
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc Nazaré
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ainslie Whiting
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ngoc Chau
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signaling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Chemistry, Priority Research Centre for Chemical Biology, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Robertson MJ, Deane FM, Stahlschmidt W, von Kleist L, Haucke V, Robinson PJ, McCluskey A. Synthesis of the Pitstop family of clathrin inhibitors. Nat Protoc 2014; 9:1592-606. [PMID: 24922269 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2014.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This protocol describes the synthesis of two classes of clathrin inhibitors, Pitstop 1 and Pitstop 2, along with two inactive analogs that can be used as negative controls (Pitstop inactive controls, Pitnot-2 and Pitnot-2-100). Pitstop-induced inhibition of clathrin TD function acutely interferes with clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), synaptic vesicle recycling and cellular entry of HIV, whereas clathrin-independent internalization pathways and secretory traffic proceed unperturbed; these reagents can, therefore, be used to investigate clathrin function, and they have potential pharmacological applications. Pitstop 1 is synthesized in two steps: sulfonation of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride and subsequent reaction with 4-amino(methyl)aniline. Pitnot-1 results from the reaction of 4-amino(methyl)aniline with commercially available 4-sulfo-1,8-naphthalic anhydride potassium salt. Reaction of 1-naphthalene sulfonyl chloride with pseudothiohydantoin followed by condensation with 4-bromobenzaldehyde yields Pitstop 2. The synthesis of the inactive control commences with the condensation of 4-bromobenzaldehyde with the rhodanine core. Thioketone methylation and displacement with 1-napthylamine affords the target compound. Although Pitstop 1-series compounds are not cell permeable, they can be used in biochemical assays or be introduced into cells via microinjection. The Pitstop 2-series compounds are cell permeable. The synthesis of these compounds does not require specialist equipment and can be completed in 3-4 d. Microwave irradiation can be used to reduce the synthesis time. The synthesis of the Pitstop 2 family is easily adaptable to enable the synthesis of related compounds such as Pitstop 2-100 and Pitnot-2-100. The procedures are also simple, efficient and amenable to scale-up, enabling cost-effective in-house synthesis for users of these inhibitor classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Robertson
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. [2]
| | - Fiona M Deane
- 1] Department of Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia. [2]
| | - Wiebke Stahlschmidt
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lisa von Kleist
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Volker Haucke
- Leibniz Institut für Molekulare Pharmakologie & Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Phillip J Robinson
- Cell Signalling Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Adam McCluskey
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Chemical Biology, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
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10
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Zhao J, Wang L, Zhou HX, Liu L, Lu A, Li GP, Schatten H, Liang CG. Clathrin heavy chain 1 is required for spindle assembly and chromosome congression in mouse oocytes. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2013; 19:1364-1373. [PMID: 23816345 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927613001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Clathrin heavy chain 1 (CLTC) has been considered a “moonlighting protein” which acts in membrane trafficking during interphase and in stabilizing spindle fibers during mitosis. However, its roles in meiosis, especially in mammalian oocyte maturation, remain unclear. This study investigated CLTC expression and function in spindle formation and chromosome congression during mouse oocyte meiotic maturation. Our results showed that the expression level of CLTC increased after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) and peaked in the M phase. Immunostaining results showed CLTC distribution throughout the cytoplasm in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Appearance and disappearance of CLTC along with β-tubulin (TUBB) could be observed during spindle dynamic changes. To explore the relationship between CLTC and microtubule dynamics, oocytes at metaphase were treated with taxol or nocodazole. CLTC colocalized with TUBB at the enlarged spindle and with cytoplasmic asters after taxol treatment; it disassembled and distributed into the cytoplasm along with TUBB after nocodazole treatment. Disruption of CLTC function using stealth siRNA caused a decreased first polar body extrusion rate and extensive spindle formation and chromosome congression defects. Taken together, these results show that CLTC plays an important role in spindle assembly and chromosome congression through a microtubule correlation mechanism during mouse oocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of National Education Ministry for Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia 010070, People's Republic of China
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11
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Abstract
Membrane trafficking and mitosis are two essential processes in eukaryotic cells. Surprisingly, many proteins best known for their role in membrane trafficking have additional 'moonlighting' functions in mitosis. Despite having proteins in common, there is insufficient evidence for a specific connection between these two processes. Instead, these phenomena demonstrate the adaptability of the membrane trafficking machinery that allows its repurposing for different cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Clathrin, a protein best known for its role in membrane trafficking, has been recognised for many years as localising to the spindle apparatus during mitosis, but its function at the spindle remained unclear. Recent work has better defined the role of clathrin in the function of the mitotic spindle and proposed that clathrin crosslinks the microtubules (MTs) comprising the kinetochore fibres (K-fibres) in the mitotic spindle. This mitotic function is unrelated to the role of clathrin in membrane trafficking and occurs in partnership with two other spindle proteins: transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3 (TACC3) and colonic hepatic tumour overexpressed gene (ch-TOG; also known as cytoskeleton-associated protein 5, CKAP5). This review summarises the role of clathrin in mitotic spindle organisation with an emphasis on the recent discovery of the TACC3-ch-TOG-clathrin complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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13
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Smith CM, Haucke V, McCluskey A, Robinson PJ, Chircop M. Inhibition of clathrin by pitstop 2 activates the spindle assembly checkpoint and induces cell death in dividing HeLa cancer cells. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:4. [PMID: 23327284 PMCID: PMC3567983 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background During metaphase clathrin stabilises the mitotic spindle kinetochore(K)-fibres. Many anti-mitotic compounds target microtubule dynamics. Pitstop 2™ is the first small molecule inhibitor of clathrin terminal domain and inhibits clathrin-mediated endocytosis. We investigated its effects on a second function for clathrin in mitosis. Results Pitstop 2 did not impair clathrin recruitment to the spindle but disrupted its function once stationed there. Pitstop 2 trapped HeLa cells in metaphase through loss of mitotic spindle integrity and activation of the spindle assembly checkpoint, phenocopying clathrin depletion and aurora A kinase inhibition. Conclusions Pitstop 2 is therefore a new tool for investigating clathrin spindle dynamics. Pitstop 2 reduced viability in dividing HeLa cells, without affecting dividing non-cancerous NIH3T3 cells, suggesting that clathrin is a possible novel anti-mitotic drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Smith
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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14
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Smith CM, Chircop M. Clathrin-mediated endocytic proteins are involved in regulating mitotic progression and completion. Traffic 2012; 13:1628-41. [PMID: 22901037 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A few proteins required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) are associated with successful completion of mitosis at distinct mitotic stages. Clathrin heavy chain (CHC) and epsin are required for chromosome segregation independent of their CME function and dynamin II (dynII) functions in the abscission stage of cytokinesis. In this study we screened for mitotic roles of eight CME proteins: CHC, α-adaptin, CALM, epsin, eps15, endophilin II (edpnII), syndapin II (sdpnII) and the GTPase dynII using a small interfering RNA targeting approach. All proteins, except for CALM, are associated with completion of the abscission stage of cytokinesis, suggesting that they function in this process in an endocytic-dependent manner. In support of this concept, overexpression of epsin(S357D), which blocks endocytosis, induced multinucleation. Moreover, six of them have a secondary role at earlier mitotic stages that is not dependent on their endocytic function: CHC, epsin and eps15 in chromosome segregation, and sdpnII, α-adaptin and CALM have a role in furrow ingression. Therefore, the role of endocytic proteins in mitosis is much broader than previously recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M Smith
- Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Sydney, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, NSW, 2145, Australia
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15
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Foraker AB, Camus SM, Evans TM, Majeed SR, Chen CY, Taner SB, Corrêa IR, Doxsey SJ, Brodsky FM. Clathrin promotes centrosome integrity in early mitosis through stabilization of centrosomal ch-TOG. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 198:591-605. [PMID: 22891263 PMCID: PMC3514040 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201205116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin inactivation during S phase destabilizes the microtubule-binding protein
ch-TOG, affecting its centrosomal localization and centrosome integrity during
early mitosis. Clathrin depletion by ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) impairs mitotic
spindle stability and cytokinesis. Depletion of several clathrin-associated
proteins affects centrosome integrity, suggesting a further cell cycle function
for clathrin. In this paper, we report that RNAi depletion of CHC17 (clathrin
heavy chain 17) clathrin, but not the CHC22 clathrin isoform, induced centrosome
amplification and multipolar spindles. To stage clathrin function within the
cell cycle, a cell line expressing SNAP-tagged clathrin light chains was
generated. Acute clathrin inactivation by chemical dimerization of the SNAP-tag
during S phase caused reduction of both clathrin and ch-TOG (colonic, hepatic
tumor overexpressed gene) at metaphase centrosomes, which became fragmented.
This was phenocopied by treatment with Aurora A kinase inhibitor, suggesting a
centrosomal role for the Aurora A–dependent complex of clathrin, ch-TOG,
and TACC3 (transforming acidic coiled-coil protein 3). Clathrin inactivation in
S phase also reduced total cellular levels of ch-TOG by metaphase. Live-cell
imaging showed dynamic clathrin recruitment during centrosome maturation.
Therefore, we propose that clathrin promotes centrosome maturation by
stabilizing the microtubule-binding protein ch-TOG, defining a novel role for
the clathrin–ch-TOG–TACC3 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy B Foraker
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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16
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Sigismund S, Confalonieri S, Ciliberto A, Polo S, Scita G, Di Fiore PP. Endocytosis and signaling: cell logistics shape the eukaryotic cell plan. Physiol Rev 2012; 92:273-366. [PMID: 22298658 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of endocytosis has evolved remarkably in little more than a decade. This is the result not only of advances in our knowledge of its molecular and biological workings, but also of a true paradigm shift in our understanding of what really constitutes endocytosis and of its role in homeostasis. Although endocytosis was initially discovered and studied as a relatively simple process to transport molecules across the plasma membrane, it was subsequently found to be inextricably linked with almost all aspects of cellular signaling. This led to the notion that endocytosis is actually the master organizer of cellular signaling, providing the cell with understandable messages that have been resolved in space and time. In essence, endocytosis provides the communications and supply routes (the logistics) of the cell. Although this may seem revolutionary, it is still likely to be only a small part of the entire story. A wealth of new evidence is uncovering the surprisingly pervasive nature of endocytosis in essentially all aspects of cellular regulation. In addition, many newly discovered functions of endocytic proteins are not immediately interpretable within the classical view of endocytosis. A possible framework, to rationalize all this new knowledge, requires us to "upgrade" our vision of endocytosis. By combining the analysis of biochemical, biological, and evolutionary evidence, we propose herein that endocytosis constitutes one of the major enabling conditions that in the history of life permitted the development of a higher level of organization, leading to the actuation of the eukaryotic cell plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sigismund
- IFOM, Fondazione Istituto FIRC di Oncologia Molecolare, Milan, Italy
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17
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Abstract
During the G2-M transition, the highly organized Golgi apparatus undergoes reversible fragmentation through unstacking of the cisternal ribbon and disassembly into radially dispersed vesicles and tubules. These Golgi-derived fragments redistribute randomly within the cytoplasm, partition stochastically, and in telophase coalesce to generate a functionally and structurally intact Golgi complex. Here we identified a novel step in postmitotic Golgi reassembly that requires the clathrin heavy chain (CHC). We used siRNA-mediated CHC knockdown, biochemistry, and morphological analysis and showed that the spindle- and spindle pole-associated clathrin pools are membrane-bound and required for postmitotic Golgi reassembly. The results presented here show that clathrin remains associated with the spindle poles throughout mitosis and that this clathrin pool is distinct from the previously characterized spindle-associated population. We suggest that clathrin may provide a template for postmitotic Golgi reassembly and cisternal remodeling. In absence of the CHC, the Golgi apparatus remained disconnected and disordered and failed to regain its characteristic perinuclear, lace-like morphology. Our findings build on previous independent reports that clathrin is required for Golgi reassembly following disruption with pharmacological agents and for mitotic chromosome congression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreea E Radulescu
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA.
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18
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Ivanovic T, Boulant S, Ehrlich M, Demidenko AA, Arnold MM, Kirchhausen T, Nibert ML. Recruitment of cellular clathrin to viral factories and disruption of clathrin-dependent trafficking. Traffic 2011; 12:1179-95. [PMID: 21736684 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01233.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The viral factories of mammalian reovirus (MRV) are cytoplasmic structures that serve as sites of viral genome replication and particle assembly. A 721-aa MRV non-structural protein, µNS, forms the factory matrix and recruits other viral proteins to these structures. In this report, we show that µNS contains a conserved C-proximal sequence (711-LIDFS-715) that is similar to known clathrin-box motifs and is required for recruitment of clathrin to viral factories. Clathrin recruitment by µNS occurs independently of infecting MRV particles or other MRV proteins. Ala substitution for a single Leu residue (mutation L711A) within the putative clathrin-binding motif of µNS inhibits clathrin recruitment, but does not prevent formation or expansion of viral factories. Notably, clathrin-dependent cellular functions, including both endocytosis and secretion, are disrupted in cells infected with MRV expressing wild-type, but not L711A, µNS. These results identify µNS as a novel adaptor-like protein that recruits cellular clathrin to viral factories, disrupting normal functions of clathrin in cellular membrane trafficking. To our knowledge, this is the only viral or bacterial protein yet shown to interfere with clathrin functions in this manner. The results additionally establish a new approach for studies of clathrin functions, based on µNS-mediated sequestration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Ivanovic
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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19
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Abstract
In recent years, cell biologists have uncovered a number of new functions for proteins that were previously thought to operate solely in membrane trafficking. These alternative roles, termed moonlighting functions, can occur at distinct intracellular sites or at different stages of the cell cycle. Here, I evaluate the evidence for mitotic moonlighting functions of proteins that have membrane trafficking roles during interphase. The aim is to identify key issues facing the field and to outline important questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- Physiological Laboratory, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK.
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20
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Fu W, Jiang Q, Zhang C. Novel functions of endocytic player clathrin in mitosis. Cell Res 2011; 21:1655-61. [PMID: 21709692 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin has been widely recognized as a pivotal player in endocytosis, in which several adaptors and accessory proteins are involved. Recent studies suggested that clathrin is also essential for cell division. Here this review mainly focuses on the clathrin-dependent mechanisms involved in spindle assembly and chromosome alignment. In mitosis, clathrin forms a complex with phosphorylated TACC3 to ensure spindle stability and proper chromosome alignment. The clathrin-regulated mechanism in mitosis requires the crosstalk among clathrin, spindle assembly factors (SAFs), Ran-GTP and mitotic kinases. Meanwhile, a coordinated mechanism is required for role transitions of clathrin during endocytosis and mitosis. Taken together, the findings of the multiple functions of clathrin besides endocytosis have expanded our understanding of the basic cellular activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Fu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation and the State Key Laboratory of Bio-membrane and Membrane Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Bonner MK, Poole DS, Xu T, Sarkeshik A, Yates JR, Skop AR. Mitotic spindle proteomics in Chinese hamster ovary cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20489. [PMID: 21647379 PMCID: PMC3103581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitosis is a fundamental process in the development of all organisms. The mitotic spindle guides the cell through mitosis as it mediates the segregation of chromosomes, the orientation of the cleavage furrow, and the progression of cell division. Birth defects and tissue-specific cancers often result from abnormalities in mitotic events. Here, we report a proteomic study of the mitotic spindle from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Four different isolations of metaphase spindles were subjected to Multi-dimensional Protein Identification Technology (MudPIT) analysis and tandem mass spectrometry. We identified 1155 proteins and used Gene Ontology (GO) analysis to categorize proteins into cellular component groups. We then compared our data to the previously published CHO midbody proteome and identified proteins that are unique to the CHO spindle. Our data represent the first mitotic spindle proteome in CHO cells, which augments the list of mitotic spindle components from mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Kate Bonner
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Poole
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ali Sarkeshik
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Ahna R. Skop
- Department of Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Blixt MKE, Royle SJ. Clathrin heavy chain gene fusions expressed in human cancers: analysis of cellular functions. Traffic 2011; 12:754-61. [PMID: 21362119 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01183.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin is a protein expressed ubiquitously that has important functions in membrane trafficking and mitosis. Two different gene fusions involving clathrin heavy chain (CHC) have been described in human cancers. These involve either anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) or transcription factor binding to IGHM enhancer 3 (TFE3) and raise the possibility that altered clathrin function in cells expressing the fusion proteins could contribute to oncogenesis. In the present study, we tested the functions of CHC-ALK and CHC-TFE3 in endocytosis and mitosis. CHC-ALK is comparable to full-length CHC in both functions indicating that malignant transformation in cells expressing CHC-ALK is not because of any change in clathrin function. CHC-TFE3 is not functional in endocytosis, but can substitute for CHC in mitosis. CHC-TFE3 causes prolonged interphase that is attributed to the TFE3 portion of the protein. We also describe how CHC-TFE3 is a dimer. This suggests that clathrin's proposed role in intermicrotubule bridging can be fulfilled not only by trimers but also by dimers. Finally, this study shows that the membrane trafficking and mitotic functions of clathrin are independent and separable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K E Blixt
- Physiological Laboratory and Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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23
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A TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin complex stabilises kinetochore fibres by inter-microtubule bridging. EMBO J 2011; 30:906-19. [PMID: 21297582 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2011.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetochore fibres (K-fibres) of the spindle apparatus move chromosomes during mitosis. These fibres are discrete bundles of parallel microtubules (MTs) that are crosslinked by inter-MT 'bridges' that are thought to improve fibre stability during chromosomal movement. The identity of these bridges is unknown. Clathrin is a multimeric protein that has been shown to stabilise K-fibres during early mitosis by a mechanism independent of its role in membrane trafficking. In this study, we show that clathrin at the mitotic spindle is in a transforming acidic colied-coil protein 3 (TACC3)/colonic, hepatic tumour overexpressed gene (ch-TOG)/clathrin complex. The complex is anchored to the spindle by TACC3 and ch-TOG. Ultrastructural analysis of clathrin-depleted K-fibres revealed a selective loss of a population of short inter-MT bridges and a general loss of MTs. A similar loss of short inter-MT bridges was observed in TACC3-depleted K-fibres. Finally, immunogold labelling confirmed that inter-MT bridges in K-fibres contain clathrin. Our results suggest that the TACC3/ch-TOG/clathrin complex is an inter-MT bridge that stabilises K-fibres by physical crosslinking and by reducing rates of MT catastrophe.
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24
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Medendorp K, Vreede L, van Groningen JJM, Hetterschijt L, Brugmans L, Jansen PAM, van den Hurk WH, de Bruijn DRH, van Kessel AG. The mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B interacts with the clathrin light chain A during mitosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15128. [PMID: 21152103 PMCID: PMC2994903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 10/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the mitotic arrest deficient protein MAD2B (MAD2L2) is thought to inhibit the anaphase promoting complex (APC) by binding to CDC20 and/or CDH1 (FZR1), its exact role in cell cycle control still remains to be established. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using a yeast two-hybrid interaction trap we identified the human clathrin light chain A (CLTA) as a novel MAD2B binding protein. A direct interaction was established in mammalian cells via GST pull-down and endogenous co-immunoprecipitation during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Through subsequent confocal laser scanning microscopy we found that MAD2B and CLTA co-localize at the mitotic spindle. Clathrin forms a trimeric structure, i.e., the clathrin triskelion, consisting of three heavy chains (CLTC), each with an associated light chain. This clathrin structure has previously been shown to be required for the function of the mitotic spindle through stabilization of kinetochore fibers. Upon siRNA-mediated MAD2B depletion, we found that CLTA was no longer concentrated at the mitotic spindle but, instead, diffusely distributed throughout the cell. In addition, we found a marked increase in the percentage of misaligned chromosomes. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Previously, we identified MAD2B as an interactor of the renal cell carcinoma (RCC)-associated protein PRCC. In addition, we found that fusion of PRCC with the transcription factor TFE3 in t(X;1)(p11;q21)-positive RCCs results in an impairment of this interaction and a concomitant failure to shuttle MAD2B to the nucleus. Our current data show that MAD2B interacts with CLTA during the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and that depletion of MAD2B leads to a marked increase in the percentage of misaligned chromosomes and a redistribution of CLTA during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Medendorp
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lilian Vreede
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan J. M. van Groningen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisette Hetterschijt
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Linda Brugmans
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick A. M. Jansen
- Department of Dermatology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wilhelmina H. van den Hurk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Diederik R. H. de Bruijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Geurts van Kessel
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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25
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Mittelman K, Ziv K, Maoz T, Kleinberger T. The cytosolic tail of the Golgi apyrase Ynd1 mediates E4orf4-induced toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15539. [PMID: 21124936 PMCID: PMC2989921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus E4 open reading frame 4 (E4orf4) protein contributes to regulation of the progression of virus infection. When expressed individually, E4orf4 was shown to induce non-classical transformed cell-specific apoptosis in mammalian cells. At least some of the mechanisms underlying E4orf4-induced toxicity are conserved from yeast to mammals, including the requirement for an interaction of E4orf4 with protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). A genetic screen in yeast revealed that the Golgi apyrase Ynd1 associates with E4orf4 and contributes to E4orf4-induced toxicity, independently of Ynd1 apyrase activity. Ynd1 and PP2A were shown to contribute additively to E4orf4-induced toxicity in yeast, and to interact genetically and physically. A mammalian orthologue of Ynd1 was shown to bind E4orf4 in mammalian cells, confirming the evolutionary conservation of this interaction. Here, we use mutation analysis to identify the cytosolic tail of Ynd1 as the protein domain required for mediation of the E4orf4 toxic signal and for the interaction with E4orf4. We also show that E4orf4 associates with cellular membranes in yeast and is localized at their cytoplasmic face. However, E4orf4 is membrane-associated even in the absence of Ynd1, suggesting that additional membrane proteins may mediate E4orf4 localization. Based on our results and on a previous report describing a collection of Ynd1 protein partners, we propose that the Ynd1 cytoplasmic tail acts as a scaffold, interacting with a multi-protein complex, whose targeting by E4orf4 leads to cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Mittelman
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Keren Ziv
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsofnat Maoz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Kleinberger
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- * E-mail:
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26
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Chetrit D, Barzilay L, Horn G, Bielik T, Smorodinsky NI, Ehrlich M. Negative regulation of the endocytic adaptor disabled-2 (Dab2) in mitosis. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:5392-403. [PMID: 21097498 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.161851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic cells undergo extensive changes in shape and size through the altered regulation and function of their membrane trafficking machinery. Disabled 2 (Dab2), a multidomain cargo-specific endocytic adaptor and a mediator of signal transduction, is a potential integrator of trafficking and signaling. Dab2 binds effectors of signaling and trafficking that localize to different intracellular compartments. Thus, differential localization is a putative regulatory mechanism of Dab2 function. Furthermore, Dab2 is phosphorylated in mitosis and is thus regulated in the cell cycle. However, a detailed description of the intracellular localization of Dab2 in the different phases of mitosis and an understanding of the functional consequences of its phosphorylation are lacking. Here, we show that Dab2 is progressively displaced from the membrane in mitosis. This phenomenon is paralleled by a loss of co-localization with clathrin. Both phenomena culminate in metaphase/anaphase and undergo partial recovery in cytokinesis. Treatment with 2-methoxyestradiol, which arrests cells at the spindle assembly checkpoint, induces the same effects observed in metaphase cells. Moreover, 2-methoxyestradiol also induced Dab2 phosphorylation and reduced Dab2/clathrin interactions, endocytic vesicle motility, clathrin exchange dynamics, and the internalization of a receptor endowed with an NPXY endocytic signal. Serine/threonine to alanine mutations, of residues localized to the central region of Dab2, attenuated its phosphorylation, reduced its membrane displacement, and maintained its endocytic abilities in mitosis. We propose that the negative regulation of Dab2 is part of an accommodation of the cell to the altered physicochemical conditions prevalent in mitosis, aimed at allowing endocytic activity throughout the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chetrit
- Department of Cell Research and Immunology, George S Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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27
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Neumann-Staubitz P, Hall SL, Kuo J, Jackson AP. Characterization of a temperature-sensitive vertebrate clathrin heavy chain mutant as a tool to study clathrin-dependent events in vivo. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12017. [PMID: 20700507 PMCID: PMC2917355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Clathrin and clathrin-dependent events are evolutionary conserved although it is believed that there are differences in the requirement for clathrin in yeast and higher vertebrates. Clathrin is a long-lived protein and thus, with clathrin knockdowns only long-term consequences of clathrin depletion can be studied. Here, we characterize the first vertebrate temperature-sensitive clathrin heavy chain mutant as a tool to investigate responses to rapid clathrin inactivation in higher eukaryotes. Although we created this mutant using a clathrin cryo-electron microscopy model and a yeast temperature-sensitive mutant as a guide, the resulting temperature-sensitive clathrin showed an altered phenotype compared to the corresponding yeast temperature-sensitive clathrin. First, it seemed to form stable triskelions at the non-permissive temperature although endocytosis was impaired under these conditions. Secondly, as a likely consequence of the stable triskelions at the non-permissive temperature, clathrin also localized correctly to its target membranes. Thirdly, we did not observe missorting of the lysosomal enzyme beta-glucuronidase which could indicate that the temperature-sensitive clathrin is still operating at the non-permissive temperature at the Golgi or, that, like in yeast, more than one TGN trafficking pathway exists. Fourthly, in contrast to yeast, actin does not appear to actively compensate in general endocytosis. Thus, there seem to be differences between vertebrates and yeast which can be studied in further detail with this newly created tool.
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28
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:739-54. [PMID: 20479470 PMCID: PMC2872919 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
QUBIC, a specific and highly sensitive method for detection of protein–protein interactions, is used to identify new partners for the mitotic spindle components pericentrin and TACC3. Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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29
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Lin CH, Hu CK, Shih HM. Clathrin heavy chain mediates TACC3 targeting to mitotic spindles to ensure spindle stability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 189:1097-105. [PMID: 20566684 PMCID: PMC2894451 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
CHC binds specifically to aurora A–phosphorylated TACC3, recruiting it
to the spindle during mitosis. Mitotic spindles play essential roles in chromosome congression and segregation
during mitosis. Aurora A regulates spindle assembly in part via phosphorylating
human TACC3 on S558, which triggers TACC3 relocalization to mitotic spindles and
stabilizes microtubules (MTs). In this study, we identified clathrin heavy chain
(CHC) as an adaptor protein to recruit S558-phosphorylated TACC3 onto the
spindle during mitosis for MT stabilization. CHC binds phospho-S558 TACC3 via
its linker domain and first CHC repeat. CHC depletion or mutation on
phospho-TACC3 binding abrogates TACC3 spindle relocalization. Depletion of
either or both CHC and TACC3 yields similar defective phenotypes: loss of ch-TOG
on spindles, disorganized spindles, and chromosome misalignment with comparable
mitotic delay. Our findings elucidate the association between aurora A
phosphorylation and spindle apparatus and demonstrate that regulation from
aurora A is mediated by CHC in recruiting phospho-TACC3 and subsequently ch-TOG
to mitotic spindles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiou-Hong Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
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30
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Hölzenspies JJ, Roelen BAJ, Colenbrander B, Romijn RAP, Hemrika W, Stoorvogel W, van Haeften T. Clathrin is essential for meiotic spindle function in oocytes. Reproduction 2010; 140:223-33. [PMID: 20522479 DOI: 10.1530/rep-10-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian ovary, oocytes are arrested at prophase of meiosis I until a hormonal stimulus triggers resumption of meiosis. During the subsequent meiotic maturation process, which includes completion of the first meiotic division and formation of the second metaphase spindle, oocytes acquire competence for fertilization. Recently, it was shown that clathrin, a cytosolic protein complex originally defined for its role in intracellular membrane traffic, is also involved in the stabilization of kinetochore fibers in mitotic spindles of dividing somatic cells. However, whether clathrin has a similar function in meiotic spindles in oocytes has not been investigated previously. Our results show that endogenous clathrin associates with the meiotic spindles in oocytes. To study the function of clathrin during meiotic maturation, we microinjected green fluorescent protein-tagged C-terminal and N-terminal dominant-negative clathrin protein constructs into isolated porcine oocytes prior to in vitro maturation. Both protein constructs associated with meiotic spindles similar to endogenous clathrin, but induced misalignment and clumping of chromosomes, occurrence of cytoplasmic chromatin and failure of polar body extrusion. These data demonstrate that clathrin plays a crucial role in meiotic spindle function in maturing oocytes, possibly through spindle stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurriaan J Hölzenspies
- Departments of Farm Animal Health Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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31
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. J Cell Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091 and 1880=1880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Bird
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Splettstoesser
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Hyman
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. J Cell Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091 order by 1-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Bird
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Splettstoesser
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Hyman
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091 order by 1-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Bird
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Splettstoesser
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Hyman
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. J Cell Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091 order by 8029-- awyx] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Bird
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Splettstoesser
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Hyman
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091 order by 8029-- #] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Bird
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Splettstoesser
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Hyman
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. J Cell Biol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091 order by 8029-- -] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Bird
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Splettstoesser
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Hyman
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Hubner NC, Bird AW, Cox J, Splettstoesser B, Bandilla P, Poser I, Hyman A, Mann M. Quantitative proteomics combined with BAC TransgeneOmics reveals in vivo protein interactions. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911091 order by 1-- gadu] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein interactions are involved in all cellular processes. Their efficient and reliable characterization is therefore essential for understanding biological mechanisms. In this study, we show that combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) TransgeneOmics with quantitative interaction proteomics, which we call quantitative BAC–green fluorescent protein interactomics (QUBIC), allows specific and highly sensitive detection of interactions using rapid, generic, and quantitative procedures with minimal material. We applied this approach to identify known and novel components of well-studied complexes such as the anaphase-promoting complex. Furthermore, we demonstrate second generation interaction proteomics by incorporating directed mutational transgene modification and drug perturbation into QUBIC. These methods identified domain/isoform-specific interactors of pericentrin- and phosphorylation-specific interactors of TACC3, which are necessary for its recruitment to mitotic spindles. The scalability, simplicity, cost effectiveness, and sensitivity of this method provide a basis for its general use in small-scale experiments and in mapping the human protein interactome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina C. Hubner
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander W. Bird
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jürgen Cox
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bianca Splettstoesser
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Bandilla
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ina Poser
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Hyman
- Department of Microtubules and Cell Division, Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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Cyclin G-associated kinase promotes microtubule outgrowth from chromosomes during spindle assembly. Chromosoma 2010; 119:415-24. [PMID: 20237935 PMCID: PMC2919828 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-010-0267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
During mitosis, all chromosomes must attach to microtubules of the mitotic spindle to ensure correct chromosome segregation. Microtubule attachment occurs at specialized structures at the centromeric region of chromosomes, called kinetochores. These kinetochores can generate microtubule attachments through capture of centrosome-derived microtubules, but in addition, they can generate microtubules themselves, which are subsequently integrated with centrosome-derived microtubules to form the mitotic spindle. Here, we have performed a large scale RNAi screen and identify cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK) as a novel regulator of microtubule generation at kinetochores/chromatin. This function of GAK requires its C-terminal J-domain, which is essential for clathrin recycling from endocytic vesicles. Consistently, cells lacking GAK show strongly reduced levels of clathrin on the mitotic spindle, and reduction of clathrin levels also inhibits microtubule generation at kinetochores/chromosomes. Finally, we present evidence that association of clathrin with the spindle is promoted by a signal coming from the chromosomes. These results identify a role for GAK and clathrin in microtubule outgrowth from kinetochores/chromosomes and suggest that GAK acts through clathrin to control microtubule outgrowth around chromosomes.
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Hood FE, Royle SJ. Functional equivalence of the clathrin heavy chains CHC17 and CHC22 in endocytosis and mitosis. J Cell Sci 2009; 122:2185-90. [PMID: 19509056 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.046177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin is crucial for endocytosis and plays a recently described role in mitosis. Two clathrin heavy chains (CHCs) are found in humans: the ubiquitous CHC17, and CHC22, a CHC that is enriched in skeletal muscle. Functional differences have been proposed for these clathrins despite high sequence similarity. Here, we compared each paralogue in functional assays of endocytosis and mitosis. We find that CHC17 and CHC22 are functionally equivalent. We also describe how previous work on CHC22 has involved a splice variant that is not usually expressed in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona E Hood
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Abstract
Although most brain cells are postmitotic, small populations of progenitor or stem cells can divide throughout life. These cells are believed to be the most likely source for primary brain malignancies including gliomas. Such tumors share many common features with nonmalignant glial cells but, because of their insidious growth, form cancers that are typically incurable. In studying the growth regulation of these tumors, we recently discovered that glioma cell division is preceded by a cytoplasmic condensation that we called premitotic condensation (PMC). PMC represents an obligatory step in cell replication and is linked to chromatin condensation. If perturbed, the time required to complete a division is significantly prolonged. We now show that PMC is a feature shared more commonly among normal and malignant cells and that the reduction of cell volume is accomplished by Cl(-) efflux through ClC3 Cl(-) channels. Patch-clamp electrophysiology demonstrated a significant upregulation of chloride currents at M phase of the cell cycle. Colocalization studies and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed the channel on the plasma membrane and at the mitotic spindle. To demonstrate a mechanistic role for ClC3 in PMC, we knocked down ClC3 expression using short hairpin RNA constructs. This resulted in a significant reduction of chloride currents at M phase that was associated with a decrease in the rate of PMC and a similar impairment of DNA condensation. These data suggest that PMC is an integral part of cell division and is dependent on ClC3 channel function.
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Rajasekaran SA, Christiansen JJ, Schmid I, Oshima E, Ryazantsev S, Sakamoto K, Weinstein J, Rao NP, Rajasekaran AK. Prostate-specific membrane antigen associates with anaphase-promoting complex and induces chromosomal instability. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:2142-51. [PMID: 18645024 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is a transmembrane protein highly expressed in advanced and metastatic prostate cancers. The pathologic consequence of elevated PSMA expression in not known. Here, we report that PSMA is localized to a membrane compartment in the vicinity of mitotic spindle poles and associates with the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). PSMA-expressing cells prematurely degrade cyclin B and exit mitosis due to increased APC activity and incomplete inactivation of APC by the spindle assembly checkpoint. Further, expression of PSMA in a karyotypically stable cell line induces aneuploidy. Thus, these findings provide the first evidence that PSMA has a causal role in the induction of aneuploidy and might play an etiologic role in the progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sigrid A Rajasekaran
- Nemours Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Alfred I. DuPont Hospital for Children, Rockland Center I, 1701 Rockland Road, Wilmington, DE 19803, USA
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Clathrin is spindle-associated but not essential for mitosis. PLoS One 2008; 3:e3115. [PMID: 18769625 PMCID: PMC2518958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Clathrin is a multimeric protein involved in vesicle coat assembly. Recently clathrin distribution was reported to change during the cell cycle and was found to associate with the mitotic spindle. Here we test whether the recruitment of clathrin to the spindle is indicative of a critical functional contribution to mitosis. Methodology/Principal Findings Previously a chicken pre-B lymphoma cell line (DKO-R) was developed in which the endogenous clathrin heavy chain alleles were replaced with the human clathrin heavy chain under the control of a tetracycline-regulatable promoter. Receptor-mediated and fluid-phase endocytosis were significantly inhibited in this line following clathrin knockout, and we used this to explore the significance of clathrin heavy chain expression for cell cycle progression. We confirmed using confocal microscopy that clathrin colocalised with tubulin at mitotic spindles. Using a propidium iodide flow cytometric assay we found no statistical difference in the cell cycle distribution of the knockout cells versus the wild-type. Additionally, we showed that the ploidy and the recovery kinetics following cell cycle arrest with nocodazole were unchanged by repressing clathrin heavy chain expression. Conclusions/Significance We conclude that the association of clathrin with the mitotic spindle and the contribution of clathrin to endocytosis are evolutionarily conserved. However we find that the contribution of clathrin to mitosis is less robust and dependent on cellular context. In other cell-lines silencing RNA has been used by others to knockdown clathrin expression resulting in an increase in the mitotic index of the cells. We show an effect on the G2/M phase population of clathrin knockdown in HEK293 cells but show that repressing clathrin expression in the DKO-R cell-line has no effect on the size of this population. Consequently this work highlights the need for a more detailed molecular understanding of the recruitment and function of clathrin at the spindle, since the localisation but not the impact of clathrin on mitosis appears to be robust in plants, mammalian and chicken B-cells.
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A B-Myb complex containing clathrin and filamin is required for mitotic spindle function. EMBO J 2008; 27:1852-62. [PMID: 18548008 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2008.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
B-Myb is one member of the vertebrate Myb family of transcription factors and is ubiquitously expressed. B-Myb activates transcription of a group of genes required for the G2/M cell cycle transition by forming the dREAM/Myb-MuvB-like complex, which was originally identified in Drosophila. Mutants of zebrafish B-myb and Drosophila myb exhibit defects in cell cycle progression and genome instability. Although the genome instability caused by a loss of B-Myb has been speculated to be due to abnormal cell cycle progression, the precise mechanism remains unknown. Here, we have purified a B-Myb complex containing clathrin and filamin (Myb-Clafi complex). This complex is required for normal localization of clathrin at the mitotic spindle, which was previously reported to stabilize kinetochore fibres. The Myb-Clafi complex is not tightly associated with the mitotic spindles, suggesting that this complex ferries clathrin to the mitotic spindles. Thus, identification of the Myb-Clafi complex reveals a previously unrecognized function of B-Myb that may contribute to its role in chromosome stability, possibly, tumour suppression.
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Young A. Structural insights into the clathrin coat. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2007; 18:448-58. [PMID: 17702618 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2007.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin is a cytoplasmic protein best known for its role in endocytosis and intracellular trafficking. The diverse nature of clathrin has recently become apparent, with strong evidence available suggesting roles in both chromosome segregation and reassembly of the Golgi apparatus during mitosis. Clathrin functions as a heterohexamer, adopting a three-legged triskelion structure of three clathrin light chains and three heavy chains. During endocytosis clathrin forms a supportive network about the invaginating membrane, interacting with itself and numerous adapter proteins. Advances in the field of structural biology have led us to a greater understanding of clathrin in its assembled state, the clathrin lattice. Combining techniques such as X-ray crystallography, NMR, and cryo-electron microscopy has allowed us to piece together the intricate nature of clathrin-coated vesicles and the interactions of clathrin with its many binding partners. In this review I outline the roles of clathrin within the cell and the recent structural advances that have improved our understanding of clathrin-clathrin and clathrin-protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Young
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, West Midlands, UK.
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Tahara H, Yokota E, Igarashi H, Orii H, Yao M, Sonobe S, Hashimoto T, Hussey PJ, Shimmen T. Clathrin is involved in organization of mitotic spindle and phragmoplast as well as in endocytosis in tobacco cell cultures. PROTOPLASMA 2007; 230:1-11. [PMID: 17351731 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-006-0226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 04/18/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
We previously identified a 175 kDa polypeptide in Lilium longiflorum germinating pollen using a monoclonal antibody raised against myosin II heavy chain from Physarum polycephalum. In the present study, the equivalent polypeptide was also found in cultured tobacco BY-2 cells. Analysis of the amino acid sequences revealed that the 175 kDa polypeptide is clathrin heavy chain and not myosin heavy chain. After staining of BY-2 cells, punctate clathrin signals were distributed throughout the cytoplasm at interphase. During mitosis and cytokinesis, clathrin began to accumulate in the spindle and the phragmoplast and then was intensely concentrated in the cell plate. Expression of the C-terminal region of clathrin heavy chain, in which light chain binding and trimerization domains reside, induced the suppression of endocytosis and the formation of an aberrant spindle, phragmoplast, and cell plate, the likely cause of the observed multinucleate cells. These data strongly suggest that clathrin is intimately involved in the formation of the spindle and phragmoplast, as well as in endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tahara
- Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, Harima Science Park City, Hyogo, Japan.
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Radulescu AE, Siddhanta A, Shields D. A role for clathrin in reassembly of the Golgi apparatus. Mol Biol Cell 2006; 18:94-105. [PMID: 17065556 PMCID: PMC1751329 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e06-06-0532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Golgi apparatus is a highly dynamic organelle whose organization is maintained by a proteinaceous matrix, cytoskeletal components, and inositol phospholipids. In mammalian cells, disassembly of the organelle occurs reversibly at the onset of mitosis and irreversibly during apoptosis. Several pharmacological agents including nocodazole, brefeldin A (BFA), and primary alcohols (1-butanol) induce reversible fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus. To dissect the mechanism of Golgi reassembly, rat NRK and GH3 cells were treated with 1-butanol, BFA, or nocodazole. During washout of 1-butanol, clathrin, a ubiquitous coat protein implicated in vesicle traffic at the trans-Golgi network and plasma membrane, and abundant clathrin coated vesicles were recruited to the region of nascent Golgi cisternae. Knockdown of endogenous clathrin heavy chain showed that the Golgi apparatus failed to reform efficiently after BFA or 1-butanol removal. Instead, upon 1-butanol washout, it maintained a compact, tight morphology. Our results suggest that clathrin is required to reassemble fragmented Golgi elements. In addition, we show that after butanol treatment the Golgi apparatus reforms via an initial compact intermediate structure that is subsequently remodeled into the characteristic interphase lace-like morphology and that reassembly requires clathrin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dennis Shields
- *Departments of Developmental and Molecular Biology and
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
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Royle SJ, Lagnado L. Trimerisation is important for the function of clathrin at the mitotic spindle. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:4071-8. [PMID: 16968737 PMCID: PMC3475310 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin is a triskelion consisting of three heavy chains each with an associated light chain. During mitosis, clathrin contributes to kinetochore fibre stability. As the N-terminal domain at the foot of each leg can bind to the mitotic spindle, we proposed previously a ;bridge hypothesis' wherein clathrin acts as a brace between two or three microtubules within a kinetochore fibre to increase fibre stability. Here, we have tested this hypothesis by replacing endogenous clathrin heavy chain in human cells with a panel of clathrin constructs. Mutants designed to abolish trimerisation were unable to rescue the mitotic defects caused by depletion of endogenous clathrin. By contrast, stunted triskelia with contracted legs could partially rescue normal mitosis. These results indicate that the key structural features of clathrin that are necessary for its function in mitosis are a trimeric molecule with a spindle interaction domain at each end, supporting the bridge hypothesis for clathrin function in mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK.
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48
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Abstract
Membranes and proteins are moved around the cell in small vesicles. A protein coat aids the budding of such vesicles from donor membranes. The major type of coat used by the cell is composed of clathrin, a three-legged protein that can form lattice-like coats on membranes destined for trafficking. In this review, I outline what we know about clathrin and discuss some recent advances in understanding the basic biology of this fascinating molecule, which include building a molecular model of a clathrin lattice and discovery of a new function for clathrin that occurs during mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Royle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, United Kingdom.
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Wakeham DE, Abi-Rached L, Towler MC, Wilbur JD, Parham P, Brodsky FM. Clathrin heavy and light chain isoforms originated by independent mechanisms of gene duplication during chordate evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:7209-14. [PMID: 15883369 PMCID: PMC1091751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0502058102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, there are two isoforms each of clathrin heavy chain (CHC17 and CHC22) and light chain (LCa and LCb) subunits, all encoded by separate genes. CHC17 forms the ubiquitous clathrin-coated vesicles that mediate membrane traffic. CHC22 is implicated in specialized membrane organization in skeletal muscle. CHC17 is bound and regulated by LCa and LCb, whereas CHC22 does not functionally interact with either light chain. The imbalanced interactions between clathrin subunit isoforms suggest a distinct evolutionary history for each isoform pair. Phylogenetic and sequence analysis placed both heavy and light chain gene duplications during chordate evolution, 510-600 million years ago. Genes encoding CHC22 orthologues were found in several vertebrate species, with only a pseudogene present in mice. Multiple paralogons surrounding the CHC genes (CLTC and CLTD) were identified, evidence that genomic or large-scale gene duplication produced the two CHC isoforms. In contrast, clathrin light chain genes (CLTA and CLTB) apparently arose by localized duplication, within 1-11 million years of CHC gene duplication. Analysis of sequence divergence patterns suggested that structural features of the CHCs were maintained after gene duplication, but new interactions with regulatory proteins evolved for the CHC22 isoform. Thus, independent mechanisms of gene duplication expanded clathrin functions, concomitant with development of neuromuscular sophistication in chordates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane E Wakeham
- The G. W. Hooper Foundation and Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0552, USA
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50
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Royle SJ, Bright NA, Lagnado L. Clathrin is required for the function of the mitotic spindle. Nature 2005; 434:1152-7. [PMID: 15858577 PMCID: PMC3492753 DOI: 10.1038/nature03502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Clathrin has an established function in the generation of vesicles that transfer membrane and proteins around the cell. The formation of clathrin-coated vesicles occurs continuously in non-dividing cells, but is shut down during mitosis, when clathrin concentrates at the spindle apparatus. Here, we show that clathrin stabilizes fibres of the mitotic spindle to aid congression of chromosomes. Clathrin bound to the spindle directly by the amino-terminal domain of clathrin heavy chain. Depletion of clathrin heavy chain using RNA interference prolonged mitosis; kinetochore fibres were destabilized, leading to defective congression of chromosomes to the metaphase plate and persistent activation of the spindle checkpoint. Normal mitosis was rescued by clathrin triskelia but not the N-terminal domain of clathrin heavy chain, indicating that stabilization of kinetochore fibres was dependent on the unique structure of clathrin. The importance of clathrin for normal mitosis may be relevant to understanding human cancers that involve gene fusions of clathrin heavy chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Royle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QH, UK.
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