Melatonin ameliorates excessive PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy by enhancing SIRT1 expression in granulosa cells of PCOS

PPAR-α inhibits DHEA-induced ferroptosis in granulosa cells through upregulation of FADS2

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a prevalent endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, is characterized by disturbances in hormone levels and ovarian dysfunction. Ferroptosis, a unique form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation. Emerging evidence indicates that ferroptosis may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of PCOS, highlighting the importance of studying this mechanism to better understand the disorder and potentially develop novel therapeutic interventions.

METHODS

To create an in vivo PCOS model, mice were injected with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and the success of the model was confirmed through further assessments. Ferroptosis levels were evaluated through detecting ferroptosis-related indicators. Ferroptosis-related genes were found through bioinformatic analysis and identified by experiments. An in vitro PCOS model was also established using DHEA treated KGN cells. The molecular binding relationship was confirmed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay.

RESULTS

In PCOS model, various ferroptosis-related indicators such as MDA, Fe2+, and lipid ROS showed an increase, while GSH, GPX4, and TFR1 exhibited a decrease. These findings indicate an elevated level of ferroptosis in the PCOS model. The ferroptosis-related gene FADS2 was identified and validated. FADS2 and PPAR-α were shown to be highly expressed in ovarian tissue and primary granulosa cells (GCs) of PCOS mice. Furthermore, the overexpression of both FADS2 and PPAR-α in KGN cells effectively suppressed the DHEA-induced increase in ferroptosis-related indicators (MDA, Fe2+, and lipid ROS) and the decrease in GSH, GPX4, and TFR1 levels. The ferroptosis agonist erastin reversed the suppressive effect, suggesting the involvement of ferroptosis in this process. Additionally, the FADS2 inhibitor SC26196 was found to inhibit the effect of PPAR-α on ferroptosis. Moreover, the binding of PPAR-α to the FADS2 promoter region was predicted and confirmed. This indicates the regulatory relationship between PPAR-α and FADS2 in the context of ferroptosis.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study indicates that PPAR-α may have an inhibitory effect on DHEA-induced ferroptosis in GCs by enhancing the expression of FADS2. This discovery provides valuable insights into the pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets for PCOS.

Mitophagy in mammalian follicle development and health

Mitophagy, the cellular process that removes damaged mitochondria, plays a crucial role in maintaining normal cell functions. It is deeply involved in the entire process of follicle development and is associated with various ovarian diseases. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of mitophagy regulation, emphasizing its role at different stages of follicular development. Additionally, the study illuminates the relationship between mitophagy and ovarian diseases, including ovary aging (OA), primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). A detailed understanding of mitophagy could reveal valuable insights and novel strategies for managing female ovarian reproductive health.

Rhythm gene PER1 mediates ferroptosis and lipid metabolism through SREBF2/ALOX15 axis in polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE

This work aimed to investigate the role of rhythm gene PER1 in mediating granulosa cell ferroptosis and lipid metabolism of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

METHODS

We injected dehydroepiandrosterone and Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) into mice to explore the mechanism of ferroptosis in PCOS. The effect of PER1 on ferroptosis-like changes in granulosa cells was explored by overexpression of PER1 plasmid transfection and Fer-1 treatment.

RESULTS

We found that Fer-1 ameliorated the characteristic polycystic ovary morphology, suppressed ferroptosis in the PCOS mice. PER1 and ALOX15 were highly expressed in PCOS, whereas SREBF2 was lowly expressed. Overexpression of PER1 decreased granulosa cell viability and inhibited proliferation. Meanwhile, overexpression of PER1 increased lipid reactive oxygen species, 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), Malondialdehyde (MDA), total Fe, and Fe2+ levels in granulosa cells and decreased Glutathione (GSH) content. Fer-1, SREBF2 overexpression, or ALOX15 silencing treatment reversed the effects of PER1 overexpression on granulosa cells. PER1 binds to the SREBF2 promoter and represses SREBF2 transcription. SREBF2 binds to the ALOX15 promoter and represses ALOX15 transcription. Correlation analysis of clinical trials showed that PER1 was positively correlated with total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, 4-HNE, MDA, total Fe, Fe2+, and ALOX15. In contrast, PER1 was negatively correlated with SREBF2, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, and GSH.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that the rhythm gene PER1 promotes ferroptosis and dysfunctional lipid metabolism in granulosa cells in PCOS by inhibiting SREBF2/ALOX15 signaling.

Effects of melatonin and metformin on the ovaries of rats with polycystic ovary syndrome

OBJECTIVE

To study the combined and isolated effects of melatonin and metformin in the ovarian tissue of rats with PCOS.

DESIGN

Experimental study using a rat model of PCOS induced by continuous light exposure.

INTERVENTION(S)

Forty adult female rats were divided into 5 groups: physiological estrus phase (Sham); permanente estrus with PCOS induced by continuous lighting exposure for 60 consecutive days (control); with PCOS treated with melatonin; with PCOS treated with metformin; with PCOS treated with melatonin + metformin. After 60 days of treatments, all rats were killed, and ovaries were collected and processed for paraffin-embedding. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or subjected to immunohistochemistry for proliferation (Ki-67) and apoptosis (cleaved caspase 3) detection markers.

SETTING

Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil.

ANIMALS

Forty adult female Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S)

Number of corpus luteum and ovarian cysts, number of ovarian follicles (primary and antral follicles), number of interstitial cells, percentage of ovarian follicles (primary and antral follicles), and of interstitial cells immunostained to cleaved caspase-3 and Ki-67.

RESULTS

Absence of corpus luteum, a higher number of cysts, and increased nuclear volume and area of interstitial cells, along with a decrease in primary and antral follicle numbers, were noticed in the control group compared with the Sham group. Melatonin and metformin treatments attenuated these effects, although the combined treatment did not mitigate the increased number of cysts and ovaries induced by PCOS. An increase in theca interna cell apoptosis was observed in the control group, whereas melatonina and metformin treatments reduced it significantly. A higher percentage of caspase-3-immunostained granulosa cells was noted in the Sham and all treated groups compared with the control group; no aditive effects on ovarian cell apoptosis were observed in the combined treatment. The percentage of Ki-67- immunostained granulosa cells was significantly higher in the control group compared with the Sham group. However, the combined treatment, not melatonin and metformin alone, mitigated this effect. A higher percentage of Ki-67-immunostained interstitial cells was observed in all treated groups compared with the Sham and control groups, whereas no additive effects in that immunoreactivity were observed in the combined treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Melatonin and metformin may improve ovarian function in rats with PCOS. The combined melatonin and metformin treatment is more effective in attenuating excessive granulosa cell proliferation, but it is not more effective in improving ovarian function than these drugs applied alone in rats with PCOS.

LYC inhibits the AKT signaling pathway to activate autophagy and ameliorate TGFB-induced renal fibrosis

Renal fibrosis is a typical pathological change in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the predominant stage. Activation of macroautophagy/autophagy plays a crucial role in the process of EMT. Lycopene (LYC) is a highly antioxidant carotenoid with pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis and mediation of autophagy. In this study, we demonstrated the specific mechanism of LYC in activating mitophagy and improving renal fibrosis. The enrichment analysis results of GO and KEGG showed that LYC had high enrichment values with autophagy. In this study, we showed that LYC alleviated aristolochic acid I (AAI)-induced intracellular expression of PINK1, TGFB/TGF-β, p-SMAD2, p-SMAD3, and PRKN/Parkin, recruited expression of MAP1LC3/LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and ameliorated renal fibrosis in mice. When we simultaneously intervened NRK52E cells using bafilomycin A1 (Baf-A1), AAI, and LYC, intracellular MAP1LC3-II and SQSTM1 expression was significantly increased. A similar result was seen in renal tissue and cells when treated in vitro and in vivo with CQ, AAI, and LYC, and the inhibitory effect of LYC on the AAI-activated SMAD2-SMAD3 signaling pathway was attenuated. Molecular docking simulation experiments showed that LYC stably bound to the AKT active site. After intervention of cells with AAI and GSK-690693, the expression of PINK1, PRKN, MAP1LC3-II, BECN1, p-SMAD2 and p-SMAD3 was increased, and the expression of SQSTM1 was decreased. However, SC79 inhibited autophagy and reversed the inhibitory effect of LYC on EMT. The results showed that LYC could inhibit the AKT signaling pathway to activate mitophagy and reduce renal fibrosis.Abbreviation: AA: aristolochic acid; ACTA2/α-SMA: actin alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTB: actin beta; AKT/protein kinase B: thymoma viral proto-oncogene; BAF-A1: bafilomycin A1; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CCN2/CTGF: cellular communication network factor 2; CDH1/E-Cadherin: cadherin 1; CKD: chronic kidney disease; COL1: collagen, type I; COL3: collagen, type III; CQ: chloroquine; ECM: extracellular matrix; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FN1: fibronectin 1; LYC: lycopene; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MMP: mitochondrial membrane potential; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase ; PI3K: phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PINK1: PTEN induced putative kinase 1; PRKN/Parkin: parkin RBR E3 ubiquitin protein ligase; PPI: protein-protein interaction; SMAD2: SMAD family member 2; SMAD3: SMAD family member 3; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; TGFB/TGFβ: transforming growth factor, beta; VIM: vimentin.

Melatonin alleviates glyphosate-induced testosterone synthesis inhibition via targeting mitochondrial function in roosters

Glyphosate (GLY) is a widely used herbicide that has been revealed to inhibit testosterone synthesis in humans and animals. Melatonin (MET) is an endogenous hormone that has been demonstrated to promote mammalian testosterone synthesis via protecting mitochondrial function. However, it remains unclear whether MET targets mitochondria to alleviate GLY-inhibited testosterone synthesis in avian. In this study, an avian model using 7-day-old rooster upon chronic exposure to GLY with the treatment of MET was designed to clarify this issue. Data first showed that GLY-induced testicular Leydig cell damage, structural damage of the seminiferous tubule, and sperm quality decrease were mitigated by MET. Transcriptomic analyses of the testicular tissues revealed the potentially critical role of mitophagy and steroid hormone biosynthesis in the process of MET counteracting GLY-induced testicular damage. Also, validation data demonstrated that the inhibition of testosterone synthesis due to GLY-induced mitochondrial dynamic imbalance and concomitant Parkin-dependent mitophagy activation is alleviated by MET. Moreover, GLY-induced oxidative stress in serum and testicular tissue were significantly reversed by MET. In summary, these findings demonstrate that MET effectively ameliorates GLY-inhibited testosterone synthesis by inhibiting mitophagy activation, which provides a promising remedy for the application of MET as a potential therapeutic agent to antagonize reproductive toxicity induced by GLY and similar contaminants.

Curcumin simultaneously improves mitochondrial dynamics and myocardial cell bioenergy after sepsis via the SIRT1-DRP1/PGC-1α pathway

Septic cardiomyopathy (SCM) is associated with an imbalance in mitochondrial quality and high mortality rates, with no effective treatment developed to date. Curcumin provides antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, and mitochondrial protection. However, curcumin has not been confirmed to improve cardiac dysfunction in sepsis. We hypothesized that curcumin can reduce abnormal inflammatory responses by improving mitochondrial function as a novel mechanism to improve SCM. To explore this hypothesis, we used an in vivo male C57BL/6 mouse sepsis model and an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated HL-1 cells. The effects of curcumin on sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction, inflammatory responses, and mitochondrial quality of cardiac cells were observed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, echocardiography, and transmission electron microscopy. Curcumin activated sirtuin 1 (SIRT1); increased expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes Pgc1α, Tfam, and Nrf2; reduced dynamin-related protein 1 translocation from the cytoplasm to mitochondria; and restored the mitochondrial morphology and function in cardiac cells. Accordingly, curcumin protected heart function after septic shock and alleviated the effects of SCM. SIRT1 knockdown reversed the protective effects of curcumin on mitochondria. Therefore, curcumin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis and inhibits mitochondrial fragmentation by activating SIRT1, thereby improving the mitochondrial quality and reducing oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction. These findings provide new evidence supporting the use of curcumin to treat SCM.

Low-dose deoxynivalenol exposure inhibits hepatic mitophagy and hesperidin reverses this phenomenon by activating SIRT1

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is by far the most common mycotoxin contaminating cereal foods and feeds. Furthermore, cleaning up DON from contaminated cereal items is challenging. Low-dose DON consumption poses a danger to humans and agricultural animals. The benefits of hesperidin (HDN) include liver protection, anti-oxidative stress, nontoxicity, and a broad range of sources. The study used immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy to identify factors associated with mitophagy in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrated that low-dose DON exposure inhibited mitophagy in the liver tissue of mice. SIRT1 was a crucial regulator of mitophagy. Moreover, DON stimulated the dephosphorylation of SIRT1 and the acetylation-regulated FOXO3 protein, which resulted in the transcriptional inhibition of FOXO3-driven BNIP3 and compromised the stability of the PINK1 protein mediated by BNIP3. Moreover, HDN's effect was comparable to that of a SIRT1 agonist, which led to a significant decrease in the level of mitophagy inhibition caused by low-dose DON exposure. When combined, these findings suggested that HDN might be a useful treatment approach for liver damage brought on by low-dose DON exposure. Above all, this research will offer fresh perspectives on a viable approach that will encourage further research into risk reduction initiatives for low-dose DON exposure.

A Retrospective Review on Dysregulated Autophagy in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Strategies

The main purpose of this article is to explore the relationship between autophagy and the pathological mechanism of PCOS, and to find potential therapeutic methods that can alleviate the pathological mechanism of PCOS by targeting autophagy. Relevant literatures were searched in the following databases, including: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus. The search terms were "autophagy", "PCOS", "polycystic ovary syndrome", "ovulation", "hyperandrogenemia", "insulin resistance", "inflammatory state", "circadian rhythm" and "treatment", which were combined according to the retrieval methods of different databases. Through analysis, we uncovered that abnormal levels of autophagy were closely related to abnormal ovulation, insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, and low-grade inflammation in patients with PCOS. Lifestyle intervention, melatonin, vitamin D, and probiotics, etc. were able to improve the pathological mechanism of PCOS via targeting autophagy. In conclusion, autophagy disorder is a key pathological mechanism in PCOS and is also a potential target for drug development and design.

Evaluating the potential of daily intake of polystyrene microplastics via drinking water in inducing PCOS and its ovarian fibrosis progression using female zebrafish

Polystyrene microplastics, extensively considered endocrine disrupting chemicals, disturb the reproductive system of living organisms. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the reproductive endocrinopathy, is longstanding concern due to its eternal impacts as reproductive disorder and infertility. Despite several reports in reproductive and endocrine toxicity, there is inadequate literature regarding the daily intake of polystyrene-microplastics via drinking water in causing PCOS and leading to ovarian fibrosis in long-term. The present study investigated whether daily consumption of polystyrene-microplastics at doses equivalent to human exposure can cause PCOS and progress to ovarian fibrosis, using female zebrafish as model. Resembling letrozole-PCOS zebrafish model, daily intake of polystyrene-microplastics displayed hallmark PCOS pathophysiology; like excess body weight and %Gonadosomatic index, decreased Follicle Stimulating Hormone and β-estradiol, increased Luteinising Hormone, brain and ovarian Testosterone (39.3% and 75% respectively). Correspondingly, ovarian histology revealed more developing (stage I and II) oocytes and less mature oocytes alongwith cystic lesions; like follicular membrane disorganization, zona pellucida invagination, theca hypertrophy, basophilic granular accumulation and oocyte buddings. Lipid deposition in intestinal and ovarian tissues was evidenced and increased fasting blood glucose manifesting insulin resistance. The expression of PCOS biomarkers (tox3, dennd1a, fem1a) was significantly disturbed. Polystyrene microplastics played vital role in inducing PCOS further enhancing oxidative stress, which positively influences inflammation and aggravate ovarian mitophagy, shedding light on its ability to harshen PCOS into ovarian fibrosis, which is characterized by collagen deposition and upregulation of pro-fibrogenic biomarker genes. These findings illustrate the potential of daily microplastics intake via drinking water in triggering PCOS and its progression to ovarian fibrosis.

CPEB1 induces autophagy and promotes apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells of polycystic ovary syndrome

Inflammatory damage in ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) is a key mechanism in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein-1 (CPEB1) is important in inflammatory regulation, however, its role in PCOS is unclear. We aim to research the mechanism of CPEB1 in ovarian GCs in PCOS using dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS rat models and testosterone-incubated GC models. The pathophysiology in PCOS rats was analyzed. Quantitative-realtime-PCR, TUNEL, immunohistochemistry, and Western blot were applied for quantification. Additionally, cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and Monodansylcadaverine staining were performed. We found that PCOS rat models exhibited a disrupted estrus cycle, elevated serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), increased LH/FSH ratio, and heightened ovarian index. Furthermore, reduced corpus luteum and increased follicular cysts were observed in ovarian tissue. In ovarian tissue, autophagy and apoptosis were activated and CPEB1 was overexpressed. In vitro, CPEB1 overexpression inhibited cell viability and sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), activated tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 levels, as well as apoptosis and autophagy; however, CPEB1 knockdown had the opposite effect. In conclusion, overexpression of CPEB1 activated autophagy and apoptosis of ovarian GCs in PCOS.

A matter of new life and cell death: programmed cell death in the mammalian ovary

BACKGROUND

The mammalian ovary is a unique organ that displays a distinctive feature of cyclic changes throughout the entire reproductive period. The estrous/menstrual cycles are associated with drastic functional and morphological rearrangements of ovarian tissue, including follicular development and degeneration, and the formation and subsequent atrophy of the corpus luteum. The flawless execution of these reiterative processes is impossible without the involvement of programmed cell death (PCD).

MAIN TEXT

PCD is crucial for efficient and careful clearance of excessive, depleted, or obsolete ovarian structures for ovarian cycling. Moreover, PCD facilitates selection of high-quality oocytes and formation of the ovarian reserve during embryonic and juvenile development. Disruption of PCD regulation can heavily impact the ovarian functions and is associated with various pathologies, from a moderate decrease in fertility to severe hormonal disturbance, complete loss of reproductive function, and tumorigenesis. This comprehensive review aims to provide updated information on the role of PCD in various processes occurring in normal and pathologic ovaries. Three major events of PCD in the ovary-progenitor germ cell depletion, follicular atresia, and corpus luteum degradation-are described, alongside the detailed information on molecular regulation of these processes, highlighting the contribution of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Ultimately, the current knowledge of PCD aberrations associated with pathologies, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, and tumors of ovarian origin, is outlined.

CONCLUSION

PCD is an essential element in ovarian development, functions and pathologies. A thorough understanding of molecular mechanisms regulating PCD events is required for future advances in the diagnosis and management of various disorders of the ovary and the female reproductive system in general.

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) induces apoptosis and autophagy by inhibition of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in human granulosa cell line KGN

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is recognized as an environmental endocrine disruptor with widespread use in industrial manufacturing and daily life, contributing to various public health concerns. However, the precise impacts of PFOS on the ovary and its regulatory mechanisms remain unclear. This study aims to delineate the ovarian toxicity of PFOS and scrutinize its effects on apoptosis and autophagy through modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the human granulosa cell line (KGN). Cell viability, assessed via the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8), revealed a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability upon PFOS exposure. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated an elevated proportion of apoptotic cells following PFOS treatment. Western blot analyses unveiled increased expression of Bax, Cyt c, cleaved caspase-9, and LC3-II/I, coupled with decreased expression of Bcl-2 and p62. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations illustrated a heightened number of autophagosomes induced by PFOS. Molecular docking investigations, in conjunction with Western blot experiments, substantiated PFOS's significant inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. These findings collectively underscore that PFOS induces apoptosis and autophagy in KGN cells through modulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, providing experimental evidence for PFOS-induced ovarian toxicity and elucidating the underlying regulatory mechanisms in KGN cells.

Bushenhuoluo Decoction improves polycystic ovary syndrome by regulating exosomal miR-30a-5p/ SOCS3/mTOR/NLRP3 signaling-mediated autophagy and pyroptosis

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a frequent and complicated endocrine disease that remains a major reason for infertility. Bushenhuoluo Decotion (BSHLD) has been validated to exhibit curative effects on PCOS. This study was aimed to explore the potential mechanism underlying the therapeutic action of BSHLD.

METHODS

PCOS rat model was induced by dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Serum hormone and cytokines levels and ovarian pathological alterations were measured to assess ovarian function. Exosomes (Exos) were identified by Transmission electron microscopy and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis. RT-qPCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, and immunofluorescence staining were performed to detect molecule expressions. Proliferation and pyroptosis of granulosa cells (GCs) were evaluated by CCK-8 and flow cytometry, respectively. The binding relationship between miR-30a-5p and suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 (SOCS3) was verified by dual luciferase reporter and RIP assays.

RESULTS

BSHLD treatment improved serum hormone abnormality, insulin sensitivity, and ovarian morphologic changes of PCOS rats. Moreover, BSHLD treatment restrained the excessive autophagy and pyroptosis in ovarian tissues of PCOS rats. Moreover, BSHLD reduced the expression of miR-30a-5p in serum, serum-derived Exos, and ovarian tissues, thus inhibiting autophagy and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in GCs. Mechanistically, SOCS3 was proved as a target of miR-30a-5p and could activate mTOR/P70S6K pathway to repress autophagy. The inhibitory effect of miR-30a-5p deficiency on autophagy and pyroptosis of GCs was attenuated by rapamycin.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, BSHLD suppressed autophagy and pyroptosis to improve POCS by regulating exosomal miR-30a-5p/SOCS3/mTOR signaling.

Chinese herbal medicine alleviates autophagy and apoptosis in ovarian granulosa cells induced by testosterone through PI3K/AKT1/FOXO1 pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common gynecological endocrine and metabolic disorder. Chinese herbal medicine has some advantages in the treatment of PCOS with its unique theoretical system and rich clinical practice experiences.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The present study was to investigate the potential mechanisms of Bu-Shen-Jian-Pi Formula (BSJPF) on the treatment of PCOS.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The combination of ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS/MS) rapid analysis, network pharmacology, molecular docking analysis and bio-experiments were firstly conducted to identify the main effective components of BSJPF, and to predict the potential mechanisms. The ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN) was treated with testosterone to construct the PCOS model in vitro, and the cells were further treated with the lyophilized powder of BSJPF. The levels of proliferation, autophagy and apoptosis were detected to explore the mechanisms of BSJPF on treating PCOS.

RESULTS

Firstly, thirty-six active compounds were identified in BSJPF and thirty-one potential targets on PCOS were found. Then, PI3K and PDK1 were verified to have good binding activity with the active compounds through molecular docking analysis. In bio-experiments, BSJPF significantly alleviated the arrested proliferation of KGN cells in G0/G1 phase and reduced the active levels of autophagy and apoptosis of KGN cells induced by testosterone. Additionally, the inhibition of autophagy diminished apoptosis, while the repression apoptosis enhanced autophagy. Finally, BSJPF significantly decreased the FOXO1 expression levels induced by testosterone, especially for nuclear FOXO1, and significantly activated the PI3K/AKT pathway.

CONCLUSIONS

BSJPF significantly alleviated the activated autophagy and apoptosis in KGN induced by testosterone through PI3K/AKT1/FOXO1pathway, which is an effective treatment for PCOS.

New insights on mitochondrial heteroplasmy observed in ovarian diseases

BACKGROUND

The reportedly high mutation rate of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) may be attributed to the absence of histone protection and complete repair mechanisms. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy refers to the coexistence of wild-type and mutant mtDNA. Most healthy individuals carry a low point mutation load (<1 %) in their mtDNA, typically without any discernible phenotypic effects. However, as it exceeds a certain threshold, it may cause the onset of various diseases. Since the ovary is a highly energy-intensive organ, it relies heavily on mitochondrial function. Mitochondrial heteroplasmy can potentially contribute to a variety of significant ovarian disorders.

AIM OF REVIEW

In this review, we have elucidated the close relationship between mtDNA heteroplasmy and ovarian diseases, and summarized novel avenues and strategies for the potential treatment of these ovarian diseases.

KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW

Mitochondrial heteroplasmy can potentially contribute to a variety of significant ovarian disorders, including polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian insufficiency, and endometriosis. Current strategies related to mitochondrial heteroplasmy are untargeted and have low bioavailability. Nanoparticle delivery systems loaded with mitochondrial modulators, mitochondrial replacement/transplantation therapy, and mitochondria-targeted gene editing therapy may offer promising paths towards potentially more effective treatments for these diseases, despite ongoing challenges.

BMP4 participates in the pathogenesis of PCOS by regulating glucose metabolism and autophagy in granulosa cells under hyperandrogenic environment

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex reproductive endocrine disease characterized by ovulation dysfunction with multiple etiologies and manifestations, and it is widely believed that the disorders of hyper-androgen and glucose metabolism play a key role in its progression. There has been evidence that bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) is essential for the regulation of granulosa cells, but whether it regulates metabolism level of granulosa cells under hyperandrogenic environment remains unclear. In this study, Gene Expression Omnibus, clinical data and serum of PCOS patient were collected to detect androgen and BMP4 levels. KGN cells exposed to androgens as a model for simulating PCOS granulosa cells. Lactate/pyruvate kits, and Extracellular Acidification Rate and Oxygen Consumption Rate assay were performed to detect glycolysis and autophagy levels of granulosa cells. Lentivirus infection was used to investigate the effects of BMP4 on granulosa cells. RNA-seq were performed to explore the special mechanism. We found that BMP4 was increased in PCOS patients with hyper-androgen and granulosa cells with dihydrotestosterone treatment. Mechanically, on the one hand, hyperandrogenemia can up-regulate BMP4 secretion and induce glycolysis and autophagy levels. On the other hand, we found that hyperandrogenic-induced YAP1 upregulation may mediate BMP4 to increase glycolysis level and decrease autophagy, which plays a protective role in granulosa cells to ensure subsequent energy utilization and mitochondrial function. Overall, we innovated on the protective effect of BMP4 on glycolysis and autophagy disorders induced by excessive androgen in granulosa cells. Our study will provide guidance for future understanding of PCOS from a metabolic perspective and for exploring treatment options.

Melatonin-mediated mitophagy protects against long-term impairments after repeated neonatal sevoflurane exposures

BACKGROUND

Melatonin is known to have protective effects in aging, neurodegenerative disorders and mitochondria-related diseases, while there is a poor understanding of the effects of melatonin treatment on mitophagy in neonatal cognitive dysfunction after repeated sevoflurane exposures. This study explores the protective effects of melatonin on mitophagy and cognition in developing rats exposed to sevoflurane.

METHODS

Postnatal day six (P6) neonatal rats were exposed to 3 % sevoflurane for 2 h daily from P6 to P8. In the intervention groups, rats received 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) intracerebroventricularly from P6 to P8 and melatonin intraperitoneally from P6 to P8 following water drinking once daily from P21 to P41, respectively. Behavioral tests, including open field (OF), novel object recognition (NOR), and fear conditioning (FC) tests, were performed to assess cognitive function during young adulthood. In another experiment, rat brains were harvested for biochemical, histopathological, and electron microscopy studies.

RESULTS

Rats exposed to sevoflurane showed disordered mitophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction as revealed by increased mitophagy marker proteins (microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) II/I, and parkin), decreased autophagy marker protein (sequestosome 1 (P62/SQSTM1)), electron transport chain (ETC) proteins and ATP levels. Immunofluorescent staining of LC3 was co-localized mostly with a neuronal marker and microglial marker but was not co-localized with a marker for astrocytes in rats exposed to sevoflurane. These rats had poorer performance in the NOR and FC tests than control rats during young adulthood. Melatonin treatment reversed the abnormal expression of mitophagy proteins, mitochondrial energy metabolism, the activity of microglia, and impaired cognition. These ameliorations were blocked by an autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, except for the activation of microglia.

CONCLUSION

We have demonstrated that melatonin inhibits microglial activation by enhancing mitophagy and finally significantly reduces sevoflurane-induced deficits in cognition in neonatal rats. These results suggest that melatonin might be beneficial if considered when the anesthesia must be administered at a very young age.

Novel roles of PIWI proteins and PIWI-interacting RNAs in human health and diseases

Non-coding RNA has aroused great research interest recently, they play a wide range of biological functions, such as regulating cell cycle, cell proliferation, and intracellular substance metabolism. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are emerging small non-coding RNAs that are 24-31 nucleotides in length. Previous studies on piRNAs were mainly limited to evaluating the binding to the PIWI protein family to play the biological role. However, recent studies have shed more lights on piRNA functions; aberrant piRNAs play unique roles in many human diseases, including diverse lethal cancers. Therefore, understanding the mechanism of piRNAs expression and the specific functional roles of piRNAs in human diseases is crucial for developing its clinical applications. Presently, research on piRNAs mainly focuses on their cancer-specific functions but lacks investigation of their expressions and epigenetic modifications. This review discusses piRNA's biogenesis and functional roles and the recent progress of functions of piRNA/PIWI protein complexes in human diseases. Video Abstract.

Abnormalities in the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis promote myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through ferroptosis caused by silencing the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) is one of the main reasons for poor prognosis in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM). To date, the mechanism remains unknown. As members of the silent information regulator 2 (SIR2) family, both SIRT1 and SIRT3 have been shown to play critical roles in protecting cardiomyocytes against MIRI, but their specific protective mechanism, their interact between the two and their relationship with ferroptosis are still unclear. Hence, in this study, we investigated the interact and specific mechanism of SIRT1 and SIRT3 in protecting cardiomyocytes against MIRI, as well as their association with ferroptosis.

METHODS

Bioinformatics analysis methods were used to explore the expression of SIRT1 and SIRT3 during MIRI, and then a cell hypoxia/reoxygenation injury model was constructed to verify the results. Then, Pearson correlation analysis was further used to explore the relationship between SIRT1 and SIRT3, whose roles in the regulation of ferroptosis were also analysed by gene knock down, Western Blotting and flow cytometry. Several biomarkers, such as Fe2+ concentration, lipid peroxidation marker MDA and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), were used to evaluate changes in ferroptosis.

RESULTS

The expression of SIRT1 and SIRT3 was abnormal during MIRI, and SIRT1 was significantly negatively correlated with SIRT3 in the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis. Further analysis revealed that the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis was closely correlated with ferroptosis, and its silencing effectively increase the incidence of ferroptosis. Furthermore, SIRT1-SIRT3 axis silencing was accompanied by changes in PINK1, Parkin, P62/SQSTM1 and LC3 expression. PINK1 silencing significantly increased the incidence of ferroptosis, while resveratrol (Res) and/or honokiol (HKL) effectively reversed the outcome.

CONCLUSION

Abnormalities in the SIRT1-SIRT3 axis promote MIRI through ferroptosis caused by silencing the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway.

Mitophagy involved the biological processes of hormones

Mitochondria fulfill vital functions in energy production, maintaining ion balance, and facilitating material metabolism. Mitochondria are sacrificed to protect cells or induce apoptosis when the body is under stress. The regulatory pathways of mitophagy include both ubiquitin-dependent and non-dependent pathways. The involvement of mitophagy has been demonstrated in the onset and progression of numerous diseases, highlighting its significant role. Endocrine hormones are chemical substances secreted by endocrine organs or endocrine cells, which participate in the regulation of physiological functions and internal environmental homeostasis of the body. Imbalances in endocrine hormones contribute to the development of various diseases. However, the precise impact of mitophagy on the physiological and pathological processes involving endocrine hormones remains unclear. This article aims to comprehensively overview recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms through which mitophagy regulates endocrine hormones.

Signaling pathways and targeted therapeutic strategies for polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age. Although promising strides have been made in the field of PCOS over the past decades, the distinct etiologies of this syndrome are not fully elucidated. Prenatal factors, genetic variation, epigenetic mechanisms, unhealthy lifestyles, and environmental toxins all contribute to the development of this intricate and highly heterogeneous metabolic, endocrine, reproductive, and psychological disorder. Moreover, interactions between androgen excess, insulin resistance, disruption to the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovary (HPO) axis, and obesity only make for a more complex picture. In this review, we investigate and summarize the related molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS pathogenesis from the perspective of the level of signaling pathways, including PI3K/Akt, TGF-β/Smads, Wnt/β-catenin, and Hippo/YAP. Additionally, this review provides an overview of prospective therapies, such as exosome therapy, gene therapy, and drugs based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and natural compounds. By targeting these aberrant pathways, these interventions primarily alleviate inflammation, insulin resistance, androgen excess, and ovarian fibrosis, which are typical symptoms of PCOS. Overall, we hope that this paper will pave the way for better understanding and management of PCOS in the future.

Advances in mitochondria-centered mechanism behind the roles of androgens and androgen receptor in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism

An increasing number of studies have reported that androgens and androgen receptors (AR) play important roles in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism and the development of obesity-related diseases have been found in either hypogonadal men or male rodents with androgen deficiency. Exogenous androgens supplementation can effectively improve these disorders, but the mechanism by which androgens regulate glucose and lipid metabolism has not been fully elucidated. Mitochondria, as powerhouses within cells, are key organelles influencing glucose and lipid metabolism. Evidence from both pre-clinical and clinical studies has reported that the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by androgens/AR is strongly associated with the impact on the content and function of mitochondria, but few studies have systematically reported the regulatory effect and the molecular mechanism. In this paper, we review the effect of androgens/AR on mitochondrial content, morphology, quality control system, and function, with emphases on molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we discuss the sex-dimorphic effect of androgens on mitochondria. This paper provides a theoretical basis for shedding light on the influence and mechanism of androgens on glucose and lipid metabolism and highlights the mitochondria-based explanation for the sex-dimorphic effect of androgens on glucose and lipid metabolism.

LncRNA AOC4P impacts the differentiation of macrophages and T-lymphocyte by regulating the NF-κB pathways of KGN cells: Potential pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome

BACKGROUND

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multifactorial endocrine disease, which is an important cause of female infertility worldwide. PCOS patients are in a state of chronic low-grade inflammation, and immune imbalance is considered as a potential cause of its pathogenesis.

METHODS

The expression of AOC4P in PCOS and normal ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. KGN cells were induced by dihydrotestosterone at 500 ng/mL to construct the PCOS model. After lentivirus-infected, KGN cells were constructed with AOC4P overexpression cell lines, the proliferation and apoptosis levels of KGN cells in AOC4P and NC groups were detected. Human monocyte cell line (THP-1)-derived macrophages and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were co-cultured with KGN cells for 48 h, respectively, and the differentiation of macrophages and CD4+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry.

RESULTS

Decreased AOC4P expression was found in PCOS patients. After constructing the PCOS cell model, we observed that overexpression of AOC4P promoted KGN cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. After co-culture with AOC4P overexpressed KGN cells, M1 macrophages decreased, M2 macrophages increased, T helper cells type 1 (Th1)/Th2 ratio increased, and regulatory T cell (Treg) cells increased. Finally, we found that AOC4P inhibited the activation of the nuclear factor κ B (NF-κB) pathway in KGN cells.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, we found that AOC4P regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of P65, thereby affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of GCs, altering the differentiation of macrophages and T cells, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of PCOS.

Melatonin Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting Excessive Mitophagy

Background

Epidemiological studies have indicated that lung injury is a frequent complication of sepsis. Mitophagy is vital to multiple pathological processes and diseases; however, its influence on sepsis-induced acute lung injury remains elusive. Melatonin has multiple antioxidant action and anti-inflammatory effects, including regulating mitophagy and inflammatory cytokine expression. Whereas, little is known about the affection of melatonin and mitophagy on CLP-induced ALI.

Methods

The in vivo effect of melatonin on OPTN-mediated mitophagy was studied by CLP-induced ALI in a mouse model using C57BL/6 followed by treatment with vehicle and melatonin (30 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneal injection). ALI was assayed by lung wet /dry ratio, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and immunohistochemical staining. Signaling pathway changes were subsequently determined by Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The effects of melatonin on STAT3 activation and TNF-α production were detected by Western blotting, PCR, and immunohistochemical staining.

Results

Our results indicated that OPTN, mitophagy adaptors were significantly repressed in CLP-induced ALI, accompanied by overactivation of mitophagy and inflammation. At the same time, we found that melatonin treatment alleviated ALI caused by CLP, and the effect was highly correlated with OPTN-related mitophagy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that OPTN-related mitophagy, which was normalized by melatonin, blocked STAT3 involved epithelial barrier and inflammation in vivo.

Conclusion

Overall, our results confirm that mitophagy is adjusted by melatonin in the CLP-induced ALI. Moreover, manipulation of mitophagy through melatonin could be a possible treatment to reduce sepsis-associated lung injury.

Current Advances in Cellular Approaches for Pathophysiology and Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent gynecological and endocrine disorder that results in irregular menstruation, incomplete follicular development, disrupted ovulation, and reduced fertility rates among affected women of reproductive age. While these symptoms can be managed through appropriate medication and lifestyle interventions, both etiology and treatment options remain limited. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the latest advancements in cellular approaches utilized for investigating the pathophysiology of PCOS through in vitro cell models, to avoid the confounding systemic effects such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy. The primary objective is to enhance the understanding of abnormalities in PCOS-associated folliculogenesis, particularly focusing on the aberrant roles of granulosa cells and other relevant cell types. Furthermore, this article encompasses analyses of the mechanisms and signaling pathways, microRNA expression and target genes altered in PCOS, and explores the pharmacological approaches considered as potential treatments. By summarizing the aforementioned key findings, this article not only allows us to appreciate the value of using in vitro cell models, but also provides guidance for selecting suitable research models to facilitate the identification of potential treatments and understand the pathophysiology of PCOS at the cellular level.

Chemical mitophagy modulators: Drug development strategies and novel regulatory mechanisms

Maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is a potential therapeutic strategy for various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders, and cancer. Selective degradation of mitochondria by autophagy (mitophagy) is a fundamental mitochondrial quality control mechanism conserved from yeast to humans. Indeed, small-molecule modulators of mitophagy are valuable pharmaceutical tools that can be used to dissect complex biological processes and turn them into potential drugs. In the past few years, pharmacological regulation of mitophagy has shown promising therapeutic efficacy in various disease models. However, with the increasing number of chemical mitophagy modulator studies, frequent methodological flaws can be observed, leading some studies to draw unreliable or misleading conclusions. This review attempts (a) to summarize the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy; (b) to propose a Mitophagy Modulator Characterization System (MMCS); (c) to perform a comprehensive analysis of methods used to characterize mitophagy modulators, covering publications over the past 20 years; (d) to provide novel targets for pharmacological intervention of mitophagy. We believe this review will provide a panorama of current research on chemical mitophagy modulators and promote the development of safe and robust mitophagy modulators with therapeutic potential by introducing high methodological standards.

Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction of granulosa cells in polycystic ovarian syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the leading causes of anovulatory infertility in women, affecting 5%-15% of women of reproductive age worldwide. The clinical manifestations of patients include ovulation disorders, amenorrhea, hirsutism, and obesity. Life-threatening diseases, such as endometrial cancer, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, can be distant complications of PCOS. PCOS has diverse etiologies and oxidative stress (OS) plays an important role. Mitochondria, as the core organelles of energy production, are the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The process of follicular growth and development is extremely complex, and the granulosa cells (GCs) are inextricably linked to follicular development. The abnormal function of GCs may directly affect follicular development and alter many symptoms of PCOS. Significantly higher levels of OS markers and abnormal mitochondrial function in GCs have been found in patients with PCOS compared to healthy subjects, suggesting that increased OS is associated with PCOS progression. Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize and discuss the findings suggesting that OS and mitochondrial dysfunction in GCs impair ovarian function and induce PCOS.

Sema3A alleviates viral myocarditis by modulating SIRT1 to regulate cardiomyocyte mitophagy

Viral myocarditis (VMC) is a common myocardial inflammatory disease characterized by inflammatory cell infiltration and cardiomyocyte necrosis. Sema3A was reported to reduce cardiac inflammation and improve cardiac function after myocardial infarction, but its role in VMC remains to be explored. Here, a VMC mouse model was established by infection with CVB3, and Sema3A was overexpressed in vivo by intraventricular injection of an adenovirus-mediated Sema3A expression vector (Ad-Sema3A). We found that Sema3A overexpression attenuated CVB3-induced cardiac dysfunction and tissue inflammation. And Sema3A also reduced macrophage accumulation and NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the myocardium of VMC mice. In vitro, LPS was used to stimulate primary splenic macrophages to mimic the macrophage activation state in vivo. Activated macrophages were co-cultured with primary mouse cardiomyocytes to evaluate macrophage infiltration-induced cardiomyocyte damage. Ectopic expression of Sema3A in cardiomyocytes effectively protected cardiomyocytes from activated macrophage-induced inflammation, apoptosis, and ROS accumulation. Mechanistically, cardiomyocyte-expressed Sema3A mitigated macrophage infiltration-caused cardiomyocyte dysfunction by promoting cardiomyocyte mitophagy and hindering NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Furthermore, NAM (a SIRT1 inhibitor) reversed the protective effect of Sema3A against activated macrophage-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction by suppressing cardiomyocyte mitophagy. In conclusion, Sema3A promoted cardiomyocyte mitophagy and suppressed inflammasome activation by regulating SIRT1, thereby attenuating macrophage infiltration-induced cardiomyocyte injury in VMC.

AZD5438 a GSK-3a/b and CDK inhibitor is antiapoptotic modulates mitochondrial activity and protects human neurons from mitochondrial toxins

We previously reported that kenpaullone, which inhibits GSK-3a/b and CDKs inhibited CCCP mediated mitochondrial depolarisation and augments the mitochondrial network. To investigate the actions of this class of drug further, we compared the ability of kenpaullone, alsterpaullone, 1-azakenapaullone, AZD5438, AT7519 (CDK and GSK-3a/b inhibitors) and dexpramipexole and olesoxime (mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitors) to prevent CCCP mediated mitochondrial depolarisation and found that AZD5438 and AT7519, were the most effective. Furthermore, treatment with AZD5438 alone increased the complexity of the mitochondrial network. We also found that AZD5438 prevented the rotenone induced decrease in PGC-1alpha and TOM20 levels and that it mediated powerful anti-apoptotic effects and promoted glycolytic respiration. Importantly, experiments in human iPSC derived cortical and midbrain neurons showed AZD5438 mediated significant protective effects, preventing the neuronal cell death, and collapse in the neurite and mitochondrial network associated with rotenone treatment. These results suggest drugs that target GSK-3a/b and CDKs should be developed and assessed further as they may have significant therapeutic potential.

E. coli Nissle 1917 ameliorates mitochondrial injury of granulosa cells in polycystic ovary syndrome through promoting gut immune factor IL-22 via gut microbiota and microbial metabolism

Objective

Gut microbiota and its metabolites have regulatory effects on PCOS related ovarian dysfunction and insulin resistance. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is a genetically controlled probiotic with an excellent human safety record for improving gut microbiome metabolic disorders and immune system disorders. Here we focused to explore the application and effect of probiotic EcN on the gut microbiota-metabolism-IL-22-mitochondrial damage axis in PCOS.

Methods

PCOS mice were constructed with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and treated with EcN, FMT or IL-22 inhibitors. Clinically control and PCOS subjects were included for further analysis. Serum and follicular fluid supernatant levels of sex hormones, insulin, glucose, cholesterol, and inflammatory factors were detected by ELISA and biochemical reagents. The pathological changes of ovarian tissues were observed by HE staining. The JC-1 level and COX4 gene expression in granulosa cells was detected by ELISA and RT-qPCR. The expressions of progesterone receptor A (PR-A), LC3II/I, Beclin1, p62 and CytC were detected by western blot. The number of autophagosomes in granulosa cells was observed by electron microscopy. 16S rRNA and LC-MS/MS were used to analyze the changes of gut microbiota and metabolism.

Results

EcN promoted the recovery of sex hormone levels and ovarian tissue morphology, promoted the expression of IL-22, COX4 and PR-A in granulosa cells, and inhibited mitophagy in PCOS mice. EcN decreased the number of gut microbiota, and significantly increased the abundance of Adlercreutzia, Allobaculum, Escherichia-Shigella and Ileibacterium in PCOS mice. EcN improved metabolic disorders in PCOS mice by improving Amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism pathways. IL-22 was positively associated with Ileibacterium, Adlercreutzia and Progesterone, negatively associated with RF39, Luteinizing hormone, Testosterone, N-Acetylglucosamin, L-Fucose and N-Acetylmannosamin. FMT reconfirmed that EcN ameliorated mitochondrial damage in granulosa cells of PCOS mice by gut microbiota, but this process was blocked by IL-22 inhibitor. Clinical trials have further demonstrated reduced IL-22 levels and mitochondrial damage in granulosa cells in PCOS patients.

Conclusion

EcN improved IL-22 level and mitochondrial damage of granulosa cells in PCOS mice by promoting the recovery of sex hormone levels and ovarian tissue morphology, inhibiting the amount of gut microbiota, and promoting amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism.

Melatonin Protects the Apoptosis of Sheep Granulosa Cells by Suppressing Oxidative Stress via MAP3K8 and FOS Pathway

Melatonin is not only a highly effective active oxygen scavenger but also an important reproductive hormone. Melatonin has a regulatory effect on animal reproduction, especially on the ovaries. It can affect the proliferation and apoptosis of cells in follicles. However, the mechanisms of the dual antioxidation and anti-apoptosis effects of melatonin on granulosa cells are still not clear, especially in sheep. Therefore, we investigated the mechanisms of the protective effect of melatonin against oxidative damage in granulosa cells. At a concentration of 250 µmol/L, H₂O₂ promoted granulosa cell apoptosis; however, 10 ng/mL melatonin effectively alleviated the pro-apoptotic effect of H₂O₂. Furthermore, through the application of high-throughput sequencing technology, we identified 109 significantly differentially expressed genes (35 upregulated and 74 downregulated genes) involved in the protective effect of melatonin against apoptosis. The expression levels of nine related genes, i.e., ATF3, FIBIN, FOS, HSPA6, MAP3K8, FOSB, PET117, DLX2, and TRIB1, changed significantly. MAP3K8 and FOS gene overexpression impacted the protective effect of melatonin in granulosa cells; the two genes exhibited an upstream and downstream regulatory relationship. Our findings indicated that melatonin alleviated H₂O₂-induced apoptosis in sheep granulosa cells through the MAP3K8-FOS pathway.

Molecular mechanism of modified Huanglian Wendan decoction in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome

To investigate the mechanism of modified Huanglian Wendan decoction in the intervention of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) by network pharmacology and molecular docking. The ingredients and targets of modified Huanglian Wendan decoction were retrieved from the traditional Chinese medicine Systems Pharmacology database. Related targets of PCOS were screened by Comparative Toxicogenomics Database database. Cytoscape 3.7.2 (https://cytoscape.org/) was used to draw the target network diagram of "traditional Chinese medicine - ingredient - PCOS," STRING database was used to construct the target protein interaction network. NCA tool of Cystoscape 3.7.2 was used to carried out topology analysis on PPI network, core components and key targets were obtained. Gene ontology and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment analysis were carried out for the intersection targets by David database. AutoDockTools 1.5.6 software (https://autodock.scripps.edu/) was used to conduct molecular docking verification of key components and key targets. Ninety-one ingredients of the modified Huanglian Wendan decoction and 23,075 diseases targets were obtained, 155 Intersection targets of the drug and disease were obtained by R language, Veen plot was drawn. Gene ontology enrichment analysis obtained 432 biological processes, 67 cell components, 106 molecular functions. Fifty-four Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes enrichment pathways (P < .05) including tumor necrosis factor, hypoxia-induced factors-1, calcium, and drug metabolism-cytochrome P450 signaling pathway. Molecular docking showed quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and baicalein were stable in docking with core targets. Network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to preliminarily study the mechanism of action of modified Huanglian Wendan decoction in the treatment of PCOS, which laid foundation for future experimental research and clinical application.

Chito-oligosaccharides and macrophages have synergistic effects on improving ovarian stem cells function by regulating inflammatory factors

BACKGROUND

Chronic low-grade inflammation and ovarian germline stem cells (OGSCs) aging are important reasons for the decline of ovarian reserve function, resulting in ovarian aging and infertility. Regulation of chronic inflammation is expected to promote the proliferation and differentiation of OGSCs, which will become a key means for maintaining and remodeling ovarian function. Our previous study demonstrated that Chitosan Oligosaccharides (Cos) promoted the OGSCs proliferation and remodelled the ovarian function through improving the secretion of immune related factors,but the mechanism remains unclear, and the role of macrophages, the important source of various inflammatory mediators in the ovary needs to be further studied. In this study, we used the method of macrophages and OGSCs co-culture to observe the effect and mechanism of Cos on OGSCs, and explore what contribution macrophages give during this process. Our finding provides new drug treatment options and methods for the prevention and treatment of premature ovarian failure and infertility.

METHODS

We used the method of macrophages and OGSCs co-culture to observe the effect and mechanism of Cos on OGSCs, and explore the important contribution of macrophages in it. The immunohistochemical staining was used to locate the OGSCs in the mouse ovary. Immunofluorescent staining, RT-qPCR and ALP staining were used to identify the OGSCs. CCK-8 and western blot were used to evaluate the OGSCs proliferation. β-galactosidase(SA-β-Gal) staining and western blot were used to detect the changing of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A(P21), P53, Recombinant Sirtuin 1(SIRT1) and Recombinant Sirtuin 3(SIRT3). The levels of immune factors IL-2, IL-10, TNF-α and TGF-β were explored by using Western blot and ELISA.

RESULTS

We found that Cos promoted OGSCs proliferation in a dose-and time-dependent manner, accompanied by IL-2, TNF-α increase and IL-10, TGF-β decrease. Mouse monocyte-macrophages Leukemia cells(RAW) can also produce the same effect as Cos. When combined with Cos, it can enhance the proliferative effect of Cos in OGSCs, and further increase IL-2, TNF-α and further decrease IL-10, TGF-β. The macrophages can enhance the proliferative effect of Cos in OGSCs is also associated with the further increase in IL-2, TNF-α and the further decrease in IL-10, TGF-β. In this study, we determined that the anti-aging genes SIRT-1 and SIRT-3 protein levels were increased by Cos and RAW respectively, whereas the senescence-associated SA-β-Gal and aging genes P21 and P53 were decreased. Cos and RAW had a protective effect on OGSCs delaying aging. Furthermore, RAW can further decrease the SA-β-Gal and aging genes P21 and P53 by Cos, and further increase SIRT1 and SIRT3 protein levels in OGSCs by Cos.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, Cos and macrophages have synergistic effects on improving OGSCs function and delaying ovarian aging by regulating inflammatory factors.

PINK1/Parkin pathway-mediated mitophagy by AS-IV to explore the molecular mechanism of muscle cell damage

BACKGROUND

Functional disorders of mitochondria are closely related to muscle diseases. Many studies have also shown that oxidative stress can stimulate the production of a large number of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have various adverse effects on mitochondria and can damage muscle cells.

PURPOSE

In this study, based on our previous research, we focused on the PINK1/Parkin pathway to explore the mechanism by which AS-IV alleviates muscle injury by inhibiting excessive mitophagy.

METHODS

L6 myoblasts were treated with AS-IV after stimulation with hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Then, we detected the related indices of oxidative stress and mitophagy by different methods. A PINK1 knockdown cell line was established by lentiviral infection to obtain further evidence that AS-IV reduces mitochondrial damage through PINK1/Parkin.

RESULTS

After mitochondrial damage, the expression of malondialdehyde (MDA) and intracellular ROS in L6 myoblasts significantly increased, while the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ATP decreased. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Tom20 and Tim23 were decreased, while those of VDAC1 were increased. PINK1, Parkin, and LC3 II mRNA and protein expression increased, and P62 mRNA and protein expression decreased·H₂O₂ combined with CCCP strongly activated the mitophagy pathway and impaired mitochondrial function. However, abnormal expression of these factors could be reversed after treatment with AS-IV, and excessive mitochondrial autophagy could also be reversed, thus restoring the regulatory function of mitochondria. However, AS-IV-adjusted function was resisted after PINK1 knockdown.

CONCLUSION

AS-IV is a potential drug for myasthenia gravis (MG), and its treatment mechanism is related to mediating mitophagy and restoring mitochondrial function through the PINK1/Parkin pathway.

Regulation of SIRT1 in Ovarian Function: PCOS Treatment

The sirtuin family, a group of NAD+-dependent class 3 histone deacetylases (HDACs), was extensively studied initially as a group of longevity genes that are activated in caloric restriction and act in concert with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides to extend the lifespan. Subsequent studies have found that sirtuins are involved in various physiological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle progression, and insulin signaling, and they have been extensively studied as cancer genes. In recent years, it has been found that caloric restriction increases ovarian reserves, suggesting that sirtuins may play a regulatory role in reproductive capacity, and interest in the sirtuin family has continued to increase. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the existing studies and analyze the role and mechanism of SIRT1, a member of the sirtuin family, in regulating ovarian function. Research and review on the positive regulation of SIRT1 in ovarian function and its therapeutic effect on PCOS syndrome.

BNIP3-mediated autophagy via the mTOR/ULK1 pathway induces primordial follicle loss after ovarian tissue transplantation

PURPOSE

To explore the underlying mechanism of primordial follicle loss in the early period following ovarian tissue transplantation (OTT).

METHODS

BNIP3 was selected through bioinformatic protocols, as the hub gene related to autophagy during OTT. BNIP3 and autophagy in mice ovarian grafts and in hypoxia-mimicking KGN cells were detected using immunohistochemistry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), western blotting, qPCR, and fluorescence staining. The regulatory role played by BNIP3 overexpression and the silencing of KGN cells in autophagy via the mTOR/ULK1 pathway was investigated.

RESULTS

Ultrastructure examination showed that autophagic vacuoles increased after mice ovarian auto-transplantation. The BNIP3 and autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, LC3B, and SQSTM1/p62) in mice ovarian granulosa cells of primordial follicle from ovarian grafts were altered compared with the control. Administration of an autophagy inhibitor in mice decreased the depletion of primordial follicles. In vitro experiments indicated that BNIP3 and autophagy activity were upregulated in KGN cells treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl2). The overexpression of BNIP3 activated autophagy, whereas the silencing of BNIP3 suppressed it and reversed the autophagy induced by CoCl2 in KGN cells. Western blotting analysis showed the inhibition of mTOR and activation of ULK1 in KGN cells treated with CoCl2 and in the overexpression of BNIP3, and the opposite results following BNIP3 silencing. The activation of mTOR reversed the autophagy induced by BNIP3 overexpression.

CONCLUSIONS

BNIP3-induced autophagy is crucial in primordial follicle loss during OTT procedure, and BNIP3 is a potential therapeutic target for primordial follicle loss after OTT.

Reproductive aging: biological pathways and potential interventive strategies

Reproductive aging is a natural process conserved across species and is well-known in females. It shows age-related follicle depletion and reduction of oocyte quality, eventually causing reproductive senescence and menopause. Although reproductive aging in males is not well noticed as in females, it also causes infertility and has deleterious consequences on the offspring. Various factors have been suggested to contribute to reproductive aging, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial defects, telomere shortening, meiotic chromosome segregation errors and genetic alterations. With the increasing trend of pregnancy age, it is particularly crucial to find interventions to preserve or extend human fertility. Studies in humans and model organisms have provided insights into the biological pathways associated with reproductive aging, and a series of potential interventive strategies have been tested. Here, we review factors affecting reproductive aging in females and males and summarize interventive strategies that may help delay or rescue the aging phenotypes of reproduction.

Comparison of pregnancy outcomes of letrozole-induced frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles in PCOS women with two different abnormal ovulation patterns: A retrospective cohort study

No studies have been conducted on the impact of different types of ovulatory dysfunction on the outcomes of frozen-thawed embryo transfers (FETs) in a letrozole-stimulated cycle in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). This study aimed to compare whether pregnancy outcomes of the letrozole-induced protocol in FET cycles differed between oligo-ovulatory and anovulatory women with PCOS. In a retrospective cohort study, women with PCOS who had undergone letrozole-induced FET at a university-affiliated fertility clinic from February 2014 to October 2020 were identified. The primary end point was live birth rate (LBR) per embryo transfer. Propensity score matching and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to control for the relevant confounders. A total of 652 women with PCOS undergoing letrozole-induced FET were included in the final analysis. Three hundred sixty-three of these women had oligo-ovulatory periods, while 289 had anovulatory periods. Propensity score matching analysis showed that LBR did not differ between groups (36.8% in oligo-ovulatory group vs 32.8% in anovulatory group, P = .431). Nevertheless, after controlling for potential confounding factors, LBR was significantly lower in anovulatory than oligo-ovulatory women (adjusted odds ratio 1.57, 95% confidence interval 1.08-2.29, P = .018). Furthermore, the pregnancy loss rate among the oligo-ovulatory group remained lower than those among the anovulatory group (adjusted odds ratio 0.23, 95% confidence interval 0.12-0.44, P < .001). Despite adjustment for confounding factors, those with oligo-ovulatory PCOS had a higher LBR and lower pregnancy loss rate compared with those with anovulatory PCOS. This may indicate that when oligo-ovulation is detected, PCOS patients should be intervened in time to conceive as soon as possible. Prospective studies must be conducted in the future to verify our findings.

Carnosol inhibits KGN cells oxidative stress and apoptosis and attenuates polycystic ovary syndrome phenotypes in mice through Keap1-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 activation

Excessive oxidative stress and apoptosis of ovarian granulosa cells lead to abnormal follicular development and ovulation disorders in polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Carnosol is a plant-derived polyphenol that has been proven to exhibit several cell protective effects. In this study, we established hyperandrogenic PCOS models both in vitro and in vivo. In the human ovarian granulosa cell line, KGN cells, decreased viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, and upregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and apoptosis induced by DHT were partly reversed by carnosol. Western blotting results showed that carnosol treatment inhibited the DHT-activated mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by activating nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Knockdown of Nrf2 by transfecting with siRNA or inhibiting HO-1 by zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP) blocked the protective effects of carnosol. Computational modeling and pull-down assay results confirmed the direct binding of carnosol to kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). In vivo results showed that the intraperitoneal administration of carnosol (50 and 100 mg/kg) improved estrous cycle disorders, polycystic ovary, and decreased elevated androgen in the PCOS mice. In summary, Carnosol has an effective role in inhibiting oxidative stress and apoptosis in DHT-treated KGN cells and protecting against mouse PCOS phenotypes through the Keap1-mediated activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling.

Kisspeptin regulates the proliferation and apoptosis of ovary granulosa cells in polycystic ovary syndrome by modulating the PI3K/AKT/ERK signalling pathway

BACKGROUND

The development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is closely correlated with apoptosis and oxidative stress in ovarian granulosa cells. Kisspeptin plays an important role in reproductive organ function. This study aimed to explore the role of kisspeptin in PCOS and oxidative stress-triggered apoptosis of ovarian granular cells.

METHODS

A PCOS rat model was established by injecting dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and feeding the rats a high-fat diet. The RNA and protein levels of kisspeptin were analysed by quantitative PCR, western blotting, and histological staining. Tissue damage was evaluated using haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining. The viability and proliferation of human granulosa cell KGN were measured using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analysed by flow cytometry. Oxidative stress was analysed by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) levels.

RESULTS

Kisspeptin was downregulated in the ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS rats compared to those of control rats. Kisspeptin overexpression enhanced KGN cell proliferation and inhibited apoptosis. ROS generation was suppressed by kisspeptin, along with decreased levels of MDA and increased levels of the antioxidants GSH, SOD, and CAT. Kisspeptin activates PI3K/AKT and ERK signalling, and inactivation of ERK1/2 suppresses the protective role of kisspeptin in ovarian granulosa cells.

CONCLUSION

Kisspeptin improves proliferation and alleviates apoptosis and oxidative stress in ovarian granulosa cells by activating PI3K/AKT and ERK signalling.

Chitosan oligosaccharide improves ovarian granulosa cells inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Introduction

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is the most common reproductive endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, which is one of the main causes of anovulatory infertility. Even though the rapidly developed assisted reproductive technology (ART) could effectively solve fertility problems, some PCOS patients still have not obtained satisfactory clinical outcomes. The poor quality of oocytes caused by the abnormal follicular development of PCOS may directly contribute to the failure of ART treatment. Ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) are the most closely related cells to oocytes, and changes in their functional status have a direct impact on oocyte formation. Previous studies have shown that changes in the ovarian microenvironment, like oxidative stress and inflammation, may cause PCOS-related aberrant follicular development by impairing the physiological state of the GCs. Therefore, optimizing the ovarian microenvironment is a feasible method for enhancing the development potential of PCOS oocytes.

Methods

In this study, we first detected the expression of inflammatory-related factors (TGF-β1, IL-10, TNFα, IL-6) and oxidative stress-related factors (HIF-1α and VEGFA), as well as the proliferation ability and apoptosis level of GCs, which were collected from control patients (non-PCOS) and PCOS patients, respectively. Subsequently, human ovarian granulosa cell line (KGN) cells were used to verify the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) on GCs, as well as to investigate the optimal culture time and concentration of COS. The optimal culture conditions were then used to culture GCs from PCOS patients and control patients.

Results

The results showed that GCs from PCOS patients exhibited obvious inflammation and oxidative stress and significantly reduced proliferation and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, COS can increase the expression of anti-inflammatory factors (TGF-β1 and IL-10) and decrease the expression of pro-inflammatory factors (TNFα and IL-6), as well as promote the proliferation of GCs. Moreover, we found that COS can reduce the level of reactive oxygen species in GCs under oxidative stress by inhibiting the expression of HIF-1α and VEGFA and by suppressing the apoptosis of GCs induced by oxidative stress.

Conclusion

We find that inflammation and oxidative stress exist in the GCs of PCOS patients, and COS can reduce these factors, thereby improving the function of GCs.

Melatonin suppresses serum starvation-induced autophagy of ovarian granulosa cells in premature ovarian insufficiency

OBJECTIVES

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to the decline and cessation of ovarian functions in women under 40 years of age. Melatonin (MT) acts as a protective for the ovary. This study elucidated the role of MT in autophagy of granulosa cells (GCs) in POI via modulating the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway.

METHODS

The expression levels of microRNA (miR)-15a-5p, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3), and relevant hormones in the clinically collected serum samples of POI patients and healthy controls were examined. Human ovarian granulosa-like tumor cells (KGN) underwent serum starvation (SS) treatment to induce POI cell models and then received MT treatment. The expression levels of miR-15a-5p, Stat3, p-PI3K/PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and p-mTOR/mTOR in KGN cells were tested via quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. KGN cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and the protein levels of autophagy-related markers Beclin-1, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 II/I, and p62 were detected by Western blotting. The binding relation between miR-15a-5p and Stat3 was verified via the dual-luciferase reporter gene assay. Functional rescue experiments were performed to probe the underlying role of miR-15a-5p/Stat3/the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway in KGN cell autophagy.

RESULTS

miR-15a-5p was increased whilst Stat3 was decreased in the serum of POI patients and SS-induced KGN cells. MT inhibited miR-15a-5p and Stat3, activated the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, and repressed cell autophagy in SS-induced KGN cells. miR-15a-5p targeted and repressed Stat3 expression. Upregulation of miR-15a-5p or downregulation of Stat3 or the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway promoted KGN cell autophagy.

CONCLUSION

MT suppressed miR-15a-5p and activated Stat3 and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, finally impeding SS-induced autophagy of GCs.

A novel link between silent information regulator 1 and autophagy in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion

Cerebral ischemia is one of the leading causes of death and disability worldwide. Although revascularization via reperfusion combined with advanced anticoagulant therapy is currently a gold standard treatment for patients, the reperfusion itself also results in a serious dysfunction termed cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Silent information regulator 1 (sirtuin 1, SIRT1), is a classic NAD⁺-dependent deacetylase, which has been proposed as an important mediator in the alleviation of cerebral ischemia through modulating multiple physiological processes, including apoptosis, inflammation, DNA repair, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Recent growing evidence suggests that SIRT1-mediated autophagy plays a key role in the pathophysiological process of cerebral I/R injury. SIRT1 could both activate and inhibit the autophagy process by mediating different autophagy pathways, such as the SIRT1-FOXOs pathway, SIRT1-AMPK pathway, and SIRT1-p53 pathway. However, the autophagic roles of SIRT1 in cerebral I/R injury have not been systematically summarized. Here, in this review, we will first introduce the molecular mechanisms and effects of SIRT1 in cerebral ischemia and I/R injury. Next, we will discuss the involvement of autophagy in the pathogenesis of cerebral I/R injury. Finally, we will summarize the latest advances in the interaction between SIRT1 and autophagy in cerebral I/R injury. A good understanding of these relationships would serve to consolidate a framework of mechanisms underlying SIRT1's neuroprotective effects and provides evidence for the development of drugs targeting SIRT1.

Mechanism of Mitochondrial Homeostasis Controlling Ovarian Physiology

Ovarian cells, including oocytes, granulosa/cumulus cells, theca cells, and stromal cells, contain abundant mitochondria, which play indispensable roles in the processes of ovarian follicle development. Ovarian function is closely controlled by mitochondrial proteostasis and mitostasis. While mitochondrial proteostasis and mitostasis are disturbed by several factors, leading to dysfunction of ovarian function and initiating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) and mitophagy to maintain or recover ovarian function and mitochondrial function, clear interactions between the 2 pathways in the ovary have not been fully elucidated. Here, we comprehensively summarize the molecular networks or regulatory mechanisms behind further mitochondrial research in the ovary. This review provides novel insights into the interactions between the UPRmt and mitophagy in ovarian functions.

Multi-omics analyses reveal the specific changes in gut metagenome and serum metabolome of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the specific alterations in gut microbiome and serum metabolome and their interactions in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Methods

The stool samples from 32 PCOS patients and 18 healthy controls underwent the intestinal microbiome analysis using shotgun metagenomics sequencing approach. Serum metabolome was analyzed by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. An integrative network by combining metagenomics and metabolomics datasets was constructed to explore the possible interactions between gut microbiota and circulating metabolites in PCOS, which was further assessed by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in a rat trial.

Results

Fecal metagenomics identified 64 microbial strains significantly differing between PCOS and healthy subjects, half of which were enriched in patients. These changed species showed an ability to perturb host metabolic homeostasis (including insulin resistance and fatty acid metabolism) and inflammatory levels (such as PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways) by expressing sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factor-1, serine/threonine-protein kinase mTOR, and 3-oxoacyl-[acyl-cattier-protein] synthase III, possibly suggesting the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota underlying PCOS. By integrating multi-omics datasets, the panel comprising seven strains (Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Pseudomonas sp. M1, Aquitalea pelogenes, Porphyrobacter sp. HL-46, Vibrio fortis, Leisingera sp. ANG-Vp, and Sinorhizobium meliloti) and three metabolites [ganglioside GM3 (d18:0/16:0), ceramide (d16:2/22:0), and 3Z,6Z,9Z-pentacosatriene] showed the highest predictivity of PCOS (AUC: 1.0) with sensitivity of 0.97 and specificity of 1.0. Moreover, the intestinal microbiome modifications by FMT were demonstrated to regulate PCOS phenotypes including metabolic variables and reproductive hormones.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed key microbial and metabolite features and their interactions underlying PCOS by integrating multi-omics approaches, which may provide novel insights into discovering clinical diagnostic biomarkers and developing efficient therapeutic strategies for PCOS.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multi-causal condition. Among the genetic causes, variations in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are increasingly recognised as causative. PCOS not only occurs in known syndromic mitochondrial disorders due to pathogenic variants in the mtDNA but also in non-syndromic mitochondrial disorders. Additionally, mtDNA variants not causing a multi-system mitochondrial disorder but exclusively PCOS have been reported. Among the syndromic mitochondrial disorders, PCOS has been described in myoclonic epilepsy with ragged-red fibre (MERRF) syndrome. Among the non-syndromic mitochondrial disorders, PCOS has been described in association with insulin resistance. Several other studies suggest that mtDNA point mutations or mtDNA deletions can be associated with PCOS without manifesting in organs other than the ovaries. Evidence from animal studies suggests that function, morphology, and biogenesis of mitochondria in ovarian tissue are generally impaired in PCOS patients. In conclusion, there is increasing evidence that mtDNA variants play a pathophysiological role in the development of PCOS. Further studies are needed to establish the causal link between mtDNA variants and PCOS.

Redox Biology of Melatonin: Discriminating Between Circadian and Noncircadian Functions

Melatonin has not only to be seen as a regulator of circadian clocks. In addition to its chronobiotic functions, it displays other actions, especially in cell protection. This includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and mitochondria-protecting effects. Although protection is also modulated by the circadian system, the respective actions of melatonin can be distinguished and differ with regard to dose requirements in therapeutic settings. It is the aim of this article to outline these differences in terms of function, signaling, and dosage. Focus has been placed on both the nexus and the dissecting properties between circadian and noncircadian mechanisms. This has to consider details beyond the classic view of melatonin's role, such as widespread synthesis in extrapineal tissues, formation in mitochondria, effects on the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, and secondary signaling, for example, via upregulation of sirtuins and by regulating noncoding RNAs, especially microRNAs. The relevance of these findings, the differences and connections between circadian and noncircadian functions of melatonin shed light on the regulation of inflammation, including macrophage/microglia polarization, damage-associated molecular patterns, avoidance of cytokine storms, and mitochondrial functions, with numerous consequences to antioxidative protection, that is, aspects of high actuality with regard to deadly viral and bacterial diseases. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 704-725.

Oocyte Casein kinase 1α deletion causes defects in primordial follicle formation and oocyte loss by impairing oocyte meiosis and enhancing autophagy in developing mouse ovary

Casein kinase 1α is a member of CK1 family, which is ubiquitously expressed and plays multiple functions, including its potential roles in regulating cell division. But the functions of CK1α in mammalian oogenesis and folliculogenesis remain elusive. In this study, we assayed the cell type of CK1α expression in the developing mouse ovary and confirmed that CK1α was highly expressed in ovaries after birth. The oocyte-specific CK1α knockout (cKO) mouse model was then established by crossing Ddx4-Cre mice with Csnk1a1-floxp mice, and the effects of CK1α deletion on oogenesis and folliculogenesis were identified. The results showed that oocyte CK1α deletion impaired the progression of oocyte meiosis and primordial follicle formation during meiotic prophase I, which subsequently caused oocyte loss and mouse infertility. Further, the in vivo CK1α deletion and in vitro inhibition of CK1 activity resulted in the defects of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, whereas apoptosis and autophagy were enhanced in the developing ovary. These may contribute to oocyte loss and infertility in cKO mice. It is thus concluded that CK1α is essential for mouse oogenesis and folliculogenesis by involving in regulating the processes of oocyte meiosis and DNA DSB repair during meiotic prophase I of mouse oocytes. However, the related signaling pathway and molecular mechanisms need to be elucidated further.

The role of Sirtuin 1 in the pathophysiology of polycystic ovary syndrome

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common multifactor heterogeneous endocrine and metabolic disease in women of childbearing age. PCOS is a group of clinical syndromes characterized by reproductive disorders, metabolic disorders, and mental health problems that seriously impact the physical and mental health of patients. At present, new studies suggest that human evolution leads to the body changes and the surrounding environment mismatch adaptation, but the understanding of the disease is still insufficient, the pathogenesis is still unclear. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), a member of the Sirtuin family, is expressed in various cells and plays a crucial role in cell energy conversion and physiological metabolism. Pathophysiological processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis, autophagy, metabolism, inflammation, antioxidant stress and insulin resistance play a crucial role. Moreover, SIRT1 participates in the pathophysiological processes of oxidative stress, autophagy, ovulation disturbance and insulin resistance, which may be a vital link in the occurrence of PCOS. Hence, the study of the role of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of PCOS and related complications will contribute to a more thorough understanding of the pathogenesis of PCOS and supply a basis for the treatment of patients.