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Asirvatham-Jeyaraj N, Anselmo M, Chantigian DP, Larson M, Lee EJ, Keller-Ross ML. Influence of endogenous and exogenous hormones on the cardiovascular response to lower extremity exercise and group III/IV activation in young females. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2024; 327:R379-R388. [PMID: 39034814 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00017.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Oral contraceptive (OC) use can increase resting blood pressure (BP) in females as well as contribute to greater activation of group III/IV afferents during upper body exercise. It is unknown, however, whether an exaggerated BP response occurs during lower limb exercise in OC users. We sought to elucidate the group III/IV afferent activity-mediated BP and heart rate responses while performing lower extremity tasks during early and late follicular phases in young, healthy females. Females not taking OCs (NOC: n = 8; age: 25 ± 4 yr) and those taking OCs (OC: n = 10; age: 23 ± 2 yr) completed a continuous knee extension/flexion passive stretch (mechanoreflex) and cycling exercise with subsystolic cuff occlusion (exercise pressor reflex), which was followed by a 2-min postexercise circulatory occlusion (PECO) (metaboreflex). Data collection occurred on two occasions: once during the early follicular phase (days 1-4) and once during the late follicular phase (days 10-14) of their menstrual cycle (NOC) or during the placebo and active pill phases (OC). Resting mean arterial BP and heart rate were not different between phases in NOC and OC participants (P > 0.05). Hemodynamic responses to metaboreflex, mechanoreflex, and collective exercise pressor reflex activation were not different between phases in both groups (P > 0.05). In conclusion, although OCs are known to increase BP at rest, our findings indicate that neither endogenous nor exogenous (OC) sex hormones modulate BP during large, lower limb muscle exercise with or without group III/IV afferent activation in young, healthy females.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex differences in the cardiovascular response to exercise have been demonstrated and may be dependent on sex hormone levels. Furthermore, oral contraceptives (OCs) have been shown to exaggerate the blood pressure response to upper extremity exercise. The results of this study indicate that neither endogenous nor exogenous (OC) sex hormones modulate BP during lower extremity dynamic exercise or with group III/IV afferent activation in young, healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninitha Asirvatham-Jeyaraj
- Cardiometabolic and Neuromodulation Research Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Miguel Anselmo
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Daniel P Chantigian
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Mia Larson
- Lillehei Clinical Research Unit, University of Minnesota, Cancer and Cardiovascular Research Center, Minnesota, United States
| | - Emma J Lee
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
| | - Manda L Keller-Ross
- Division of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
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2
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Usselman CW, Lindsey ML, Robinson AT, Habecker BA, Taylor CE, Merryman WD, Kimmerly D, Bender JR, Regensteiner JG, Moreau KL, Pilote L, Wenner MM, O'Brien M, Yarovinsky TO, Stachenfeld NS, Charkoudian N, Denfeld QE, Moreira-Bouchard JD, Pyle WG, DeLeon-Pennell KY. Guidelines on the use of sex and gender in cardiovascular research. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2024; 326:H238-H255. [PMID: 37999647 PMCID: PMC11219057 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00535.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In cardiovascular research, sex and gender have not typically been considered in research design and reporting until recently. This has resulted in clinical research findings from which not only all women, but also gender-diverse individuals have been excluded. The resulting dearth of data has led to a lack of sex- and gender-specific clinical guidelines and raises serious questions about evidence-based care. Basic research has also excluded considerations of sex. Including sex and/or gender as research variables not only has the potential to improve the health of society overall now, but it also provides a foundation of knowledge on which to build future advances. The goal of this guidelines article is to provide advice on best practices to include sex and gender considerations in study design, as well as data collection, analysis, and interpretation to optimally establish rigor and reproducibility needed to inform clinical decision-making and improve outcomes. In cardiovascular physiology, incorporating sex and gender is a necessary component when optimally designing and executing research plans. The guidelines serve as the first guidance on how to include sex and gender in cardiovascular research. We provide here a beginning path toward achieving this goal and improve the ability of the research community to interpret results through a sex and gender lens to enable comparison across studies and laboratories, resulting in better health for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte W Usselman
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Merry L Lindsey
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
- Research Service, Nashville Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Austin T Robinson
- Neurovascular Physiology Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Chloe E Taylor
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - W David Merryman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Derek Kimmerly
- Autonomic Cardiovascular Control and Exercise Laboratory, Division of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jeffrey R Bender
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ludeman Family Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States
- Eastern Colorado Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Aurora, Colorado, United States
| | - Louise Pilote
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Megan M Wenner
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
| | - Myles O'Brien
- School of Physiotherapy and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Timur O Yarovinsky
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Nina S Stachenfeld
- John B. Pierce Laboratory, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Quin E Denfeld
- School of Nursing and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States
| | - Jesse D Moreira-Bouchard
- Q.U.E.E.R. Lab, Programs in Human Physiology, Department of Health Sciences, Boston University College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences: Sargent College, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - W Glen Pyle
- IMPART Team Canada Network, Dalhousie Medicine, Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kristine Y DeLeon-Pennell
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
- Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, United States
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3
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Hogwood AC, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Kruse K, De Guzman J, Buckley M, Weltman A, Allen JD. The effects of inorganic nitrate supplementation on exercise economy and endurance capacity across the menstrual cycle. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:1167-1175. [PMID: 37732374 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00221.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral inorganic nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been shown to increase bioavailable NO and provide potential ergogenic benefits in males; however, data in females is scarce. Estrogen is known to increase endogenous NO bioavailability and to fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle (MC), being lowest in the early follicular (EF) phase and highest during the late follicular (LF) phase. This study examined the effects of oral NO3- supplementation on exercise economy, endurance capacity, and vascular health in young females across the MC. Ten normally menstruating females' MCs were tested in a double-blinded, randomized design during both the EF and LF phases of the MC. Participants consumed ∼13 mmol NO3-, in the form of 140 mL beetroot juice (BRJ) or an identical NO3--depleted placebo (PL) for ∼3 days before lab visits and 2 h before testing on lab visits. Plasma nitrate, nitrite, and estradiol were assessed, as was blood pressure and pulse wave velocity. Moderate-intensity exercise economy and severe intensity time to exhaustion (TTE) were tested on a cycle ergometer. As expected, plasma estradiol was elevated in the LF phase, and plasma nitrite and nitrate were elevated in the BRJ condition. Exercise economy was unaltered by BRJ or the MC, however TTE was significantly worsened by 48 s (∼10%) after BRJ supplementation (P = 0.04), but was not different across the MC with no interaction effects. In conclusion, NO3- supplementation did not affect exercise economy or vascular health and worsened aerobic endurance capacity (TTE), suggesting healthy females should proceed with caution when considering supplementation with BRJ.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although inorganic nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has increased in popularity as a means of improving exercise performance, data in females at different phases of the menstrual cycle are lacking despite known interactions of estrogen with NO. This study revealed neither NO3- supplementation nor the menstrual cycle influenced exercise economy or vascular health in healthy young naturally menstruating females, while NO3- supplementation significantly worsened endurance capacity (10%) independent of the menstrual cycle phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin C Hogwood
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Ka'eo Kruse
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Jeison De Guzman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Meredith Buckley
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Jason D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
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Gloe LM, Russman Block S, Klump KL, Beltz AM, Moser JS. Determining menstrual cycle phase: An empirical examination of methodologies and recommendations for improvement in behavioral and brain sciences. Horm Behav 2023; 155:105421. [PMID: 37666081 PMCID: PMC10714354 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2023.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent decade has brought an exciting proliferation of behavioral, psychological and neuroscientific research involving the menstrual cycle. However, the reliability and validity of many popular methodologies for determining menstrual cycle phase lack empirical examination. These under-investigated methods include: (1) predicting menstrual cycle phase using self-report information only (e.g., "count" methods), (2) utilizing ovarian hormone ranges to determine menstrual cycle phase, and (3) using ovarian hormone changes from limited measurements (e.g., two time points) to determine menstrual cycle phase. In the current study, we examine the accuracy of these methods for menstrual cycle phase determination using 35-day within-person assessments of circulating ovarian hormones from 96 females across the menstrual cycle. Findings indicate that all three common methods are error-prone, resulting in phases being incorrectly determined for many participants, with Cohen's kappa estimates ranging from -0.13 to 0.53 indicating disagreement to only moderate agreement depending on the comparison. Such methodological challenges are surmountable through careful study design, more frequent hormone assays (when possible), and utilization of sophisticated statistical methods. With increased methodological rigor in behavioral, psychological and neuroscientific research, the field will be poised to detect biobehavioral correlates of ovarian hormone fluctuations for the betterment of the mental health and wellbeing of millions of females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilianne M Gloe
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Stefanie Russman Block
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kelly L Klump
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Adriene M Beltz
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Jason S Moser
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
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5
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Jacob DW, Morgenthaler LD, Harper JL, Limberg JK. The forearm vascular response to sympathetic activation is attenuated in female, but not male, participants following acute intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:352-361. [PMID: 37410902 PMCID: PMC10396222 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00760.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute exposure to hypoxia promotes both an increase in sympathetic nervous system activity (SNA) and local vasodilation. In rodents, intermittent hypoxia (IH)-mediated increases in SNA are associated with an increase in blood pressure in males but not females; notably, the protective effect of female sex is lost following ovariectomy. These data suggest the vascular response to hypoxia and/or SNA following IH may be sex- and/or hormone specific-although mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that hypoxia-mediated vasodilation and SNA-mediated vasoconstriction would be unchanged following acute IH in male adults. We further hypothesized that hypoxic vasodilation would be augmented and SNA-mediated vasoconstriction would be attenuated in female adults following acute IH, with the greatest effect when endogenous estradiol was high. Twelve male (25 ± 1 yr) and 10 female (25 ± 1 yr) participants underwent 30 min of IH. Females were studied in a low (early follicular) and high (late follicular) estradiol state. Preceding and following IH, participants completed two trials [steady-state hypoxia and cold pressor test (CPT)], where forearm blood flow and blood pressure were measured and used to determine forearm vascular conductance (FVC). The FVC response to hypoxia (P = 0.67) and sympathetic activation (P = 0.73) were unchanged following IH in males. There was no effect of IH on hypoxic vasodilation in females, regardless of estradiol state (P = 0.75). In contrast, the vascular response to sympathetic activation was attenuated in females following IH (P = 0.02), independent of estradiol state (P = 0.65). Present data highlight sex-related differences in neurovascular responsiveness following acute IH.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the effects of acute intermittent hypoxia (AIH) on the vascular response to sympathetic activation and acute hypoxia. Present findings show, despite no effect of AIH on the vascular response to hypoxia, the forearm vasoconstrictor response to acute sympathetic activation is attenuated in females following AIH, independent of estradiol state. These data provide mechanistic understanding of potential benefits of AIH, as well as the impact of biological sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dain W Jacob
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Leandra D Morgenthaler
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jennifer L Harper
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jacqueline K Limberg
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
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Abstract
In recent years, there has been a significant expansion in female participation in endurance (road and trail) running. The often reported sex differences in maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) are not the only differences between sexes during prolonged running. The aim of this narrative review was thus to discuss sex differences in running biomechanics, economy (both in fatigue and non-fatigue conditions), substrate utilization, muscle tissue characteristics (including ultrastructural muscle damage), neuromuscular fatigue, thermoregulation and pacing strategies. Although males and females do not differ in terms of running economy or endurance (i.e. percentage VO2max sustained), sex-specificities exist in running biomechanics (e.g. females have greater non-sagittal hip and knee joint motion compared to males) that can be partly explained by anatomical (e.g. wider pelvis, larger femur-tibia angle, shorter lower limb length relative to total height in females) differences. Compared to males, females also show greater proportional area of type I fibres, are more able to use fatty acids and preserve carbohydrates during prolonged exercise, demonstrate a more even pacing strategy and less fatigue following endurance running exercise. These differences confer an advantage to females in ultra-endurance performance, but other factors (e.g. lower O2 carrying capacity, greater body fat percentage) counterbalance these potential advantages, making females outperforming males a rare exception. The present literature review also highlights the lack of sex comparison in studies investigating running biomechanics in fatigue conditions and during the recovery process.
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7
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Greenfield AM, Charkoudian N, Alba BK. Influences of ovarian hormones on physiological responses to cold in women. Temperature (Austin) 2021; 9:23-45. [DOI: 10.1080/23328940.2021.1953688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin Greenfield
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute of Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, USA
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
| | - Billie Katherine Alba
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, USA
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Hutchins KP, Borg DN, Bach AJE, Bon JJ, Minett GM, Stewart IB. Female (Under) Representation in Exercise Thermoregulation Research. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2021; 7:43. [PMID: 34156570 PMCID: PMC8219822 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite an increasing rate of women participating in professional sports, emergency services, and military settings where they are exposed to exertional heat stress, our understanding of female thermoregulation and the detrimental effects of heat on women's performance, especially regarding the menstrual cycle, is limited. This review aimed to quantify the representation of women in exercise thermoregulation research between 2010 and 2019 and the frequency that these articles reported details pertaining to female participants' menstrual cycle to determine the volume of novel research that is directly relevant to this growing population. METHODS Original exercise thermoregulatory studies published in three major sports medicine databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, and SPORTDiscus) between 2010 and 2019 were surveyed. Articles were screened to determine the number of female and male participants in the study and whether studies involving women reported menstrual orientation or phase. Research involving healthy adult participants and an exercise protocol with a thermoregulatory outcome measure were included in the review. RESULTS A total of 1407 articles were included in the review, involving 28,030 participants. The annual representation of women ranged from a mean of 11.6% [95% credible interval (CI); 9.2, 14.3] to 17.8% [95% CI; 15.2, 20.6] across the 10 years, indicating studies predominantly included men. Nonetheless, there was a small statistical increase in the overall proportion of women, with a mean overall proportion change of 0.7% [95% CI; 0.2, 1.2] per year. The increase appeared to be driven by a reduction in the number of studies including only men, rather than studies including more women alongside men, or increased women-only studies. Less than one third of articles involving women reported the menstrual orientation of participants and less than one quarter reported both menstrual orientation and phase. This study shows that women were proportionally underrepresented in exercise thermoregulation research during the past decade and the majority of studies did not report menstrual cycle details of female participants. Researchers should consider including women in future work where their inclusion could contribute meaningful data that enhance the evidence-based and ultimately improves our comprehension of women's thermal physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate P Hutchins
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - David N Borg
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Aaron J E Bach
- The National Climate Change Adaption Research Facility, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Joshua J Bon
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Australian Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Minett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ian B Stewart
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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9
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Giersch GEW, Charkoudian N, Pereira T, Edgell H, Freeberg KA, Craighead DH, Neill M, Allison EY, Zapcic AK, Smith KJ, Bock JM, Casey DP, Shenouda N, Ranadive SM, Tremblay JC, Williams AM, Simpson LL, Meah VL, Ruediger SL, Bailey TG, Pereira HM, Lei TH, Perry B, Mündel T, Freemas JA, Worley ML, Baranauskas MN, Carter SJ, Johnson BD, Schlader ZJ, Bates LC, Stoner L, Zieff G, Poles J, Adams N, Meyer ML, Hanson ED, Greenlund IM, Bigalke JA, Carter JR, Kerr ZY, Stanford K, Pomeroy A, Boggess K, de Souza HLR, Meireles A, Arriel RA, Leite LHR, Marocolo M, Chapman CL, Atencio JK, Kaiser BW, Comrada LN, Halliwill JR, Minson CT, Williams JS, Dunford EC, MacDonald MJ, Santisteban KJ, Larson EA, Reed E, Needham KW, Gibson BM, Gillen J, Barbosa TC, Cardoso LLY, Gliemann L, Tamariz-Ellemann A, Hellsten Y, DuBos LE, Babcock MC, Moreau KL, Wickham KA, Vagula M, Moir ME, Klassen SA, Rodrigues A. Commentaries on Point:Counterpoint: Investigators should/should not control for menstrual cycle phase when performing studies of vascular control. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 129:1122-1135. [PMID: 33197376 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00809.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle E W Giersch
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennnessee
| | - Nisha Charkoudian
- Thermal and Mountain Medicine Division, United States Army Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - T Pereira
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Edgell
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaitlin A Freeberg
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Daniel H Craighead
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Matthew Neill
- Department of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elric Y Allison
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrea K Zapcic
- Department of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kurt J Smith
- Integrative Physiology Lab, Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Joshua M Bock
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Darren P Casey
- Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ninette Shenouda
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Sushant M Ranadive
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland
| | - Joshua C Tremblay
- Centre for Heart, Lung and Vascular Health, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Alexandra M Williams
- Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lydia L Simpson
- Extremes Research Group, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria L Meah
- Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport, and Recreation, Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Stefanie L Ruediger
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, Centre of Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Tom G Bailey
- Physiology and Ultrasound Laboratory in Science and Exercise, Centre of Research on Exercise, Physical Activity and Health, The University of Queensland, Australia,School of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Hugo M Pereira
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma
| | - Tze-Huan Lei
- College of Physical Education, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi, China,Laboratory for Applied Human Physiology, Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Blake Perry
- School of Health Sciences, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport Exercise and Nutrition, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Jessica A Freemas
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Dept. of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Morgan L Worley
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Dept. of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Dept. of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Stephen J Carter
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Dept. of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Blair D Johnson
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Dept. of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Zachary J Schlader
- H.H. Morris Human Performance Laboratories, Dept. of Kinesiology, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Lauren C Bates
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lee Stoner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Gabriel Zieff
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jillian Poles
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nathan Adams
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michelle L Meyer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Erik D Hanson
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ian M Greenlund
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana,Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Jeremy A Bigalke
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana,Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Jason R Carter
- Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana,Department of Psychology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Zachary Y Kerr
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathleen Stanford
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Alex Pomeroy
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kim Boggess
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Hiago L R de Souza
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anderson Meireles
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rhai A Arriel
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Laura H R Leite
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Jessica K Atencio
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Brendan W Kaiser
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Lindan N Comrada
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - John R Halliwill
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | | | - Jennifer S Williams
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emily C Dunford
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen J MacDonald
- Vascular Dynamics Lab, Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Emily A Larson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Emma Reed
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Karen W Needham
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Brandon M Gibson
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Jenna Gillen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Thales C Barbosa
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Licy L Yanes Cardoso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lyndsey E DuBos
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew C Babcock
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado,Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kate A Wickham
- Environmental Ergonomics Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - M Erin Moir
- School of Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alex Rodrigues
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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10
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Moreau KL, Hildreth KL, Klawitter J, Blatchford P, Kohrt WM. Decline in endothelial function across the menopause transition in healthy women is related to decreased estradiol and increased oxidative stress. GeroScience 2020; 42:1699-1714. [PMID: 32770384 PMCID: PMC7732894 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00236-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial function declines progressively across stages of the menopause transition; however, the mechanisms contributing to this decline are unknown. We hypothesized that differences in endothelial function among pre-, peri, and postmenopausal women are related to differences in estradiol and oxidative stress. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD) was measured in 87 healthy women categorized by menopause stage (24 premenopausal, 17 early and 21 late perimenopausal, and 25 postmenopausal) before and after 3 days of ovarian hormone suppression (gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist [GnRHant]) alone, and an additional 3 days of GnRHant with concurrent transdermal estradiol or placebo add-back treatment. In 82 women, FMD during acute vitamin C (antioxidant) infusion was measured before and after GnRHant + add-back. Before GnRHant, FMD was different among groups (p < 0.005; reduced across stages of menopause). Vitamin C increased FMD in late peri- and post- (p < 0.005) but not pre- or early perimenopausal women (p > 0.54). After GnRHant alone, FMD decreased in pre- and peri- (p < 0.01), but not postmenopausal women, and was restored to premenopausal levels by estradiol add-back in the pre- and perimenopausal groups. Vitamin C improved FMD in pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal women on GnRHant + placebo. There was no effect of vitamin C on FMD in women on GnRHant + estradiol. These observations support the concept that the decline in endothelial function across the menopause transition is related to the loss of ovarian estradiol. The decline in estradiol may alter redox balance, thereby increasing oxidative stress and impairing endothelial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bldg. L15 Rm 8111, 12631 East 17th Ave., Mail Stop B179, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA.
| | - Kerry L Hildreth
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bldg. L15 Rm 8111, 12631 East 17th Ave., Mail Stop B179, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jelena Klawitter
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Patrick Blatchford
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA
- Colorado Biostatistical Consortium, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Bldg. L15 Rm 8111, 12631 East 17th Ave., Mail Stop B179, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Veterans Affairs Eastern Colorado Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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11
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Coovadia Y, Adler TE, Steinback CD, Fraser GM, Usselman CW. Sex differences in dynamic blood pressure regulation: beat-by-beat responses to muscle sympathetic nerve activity. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H531-H538. [PMID: 32734818 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00245.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that sex differences in acute blood pressure fluctuations occur during the periods of time between bursts of muscle sympathetic nerve activity. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that men experience more dynamic changes in mean arterial pressure (Finometer MIDI) than women during acute sympathoinhibition (i.e., slow breathing) in which bursts of sympathetic activity occur more infrequently than at rest. We tested healthy women (n = 9) and men (n = 9) of similar age (22 ± 2 vs. 23 ± 3 yr, P = 0.6). Custom software was used to calculate beat-by-beat changes in blood pressure following sympathetic burst and nonburst sequences (recorded using microneurography) during 10 min of supine rest and a 15-min bout of slow breathing. During slow breathing following nonburst sequences, women demonstrated smaller overall reductions in mean arterial pressure compared with men over the subsequent 15 cardiac cycles (P < 0.01). In addition, following a burst of sympathetic activity, women experienced greater overall increases in mean arterial pressure compared with men over the following 15 cardiac cycles (P < 0.01). Despite these differences, the peak and nadir changes in arterial pressure following burst and nonburst sequences were not different between the sexes (P = 0.45 and P = 0.48, burst and nonburst sequences, respectively). As such, these data suggest that women respond to a burst of sympathetic activity with more sustained increases in blood pressure than men, coupled with improved maintenance of blood pressure during acute periods of sympathetic quiescence. In other words, these findings suggest that men rely more on frequent bursts of sympathetic activity to acutely regulate arterial pressure than women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate that during acute sympathoinhibition, women demonstrate more sustained increases in blood pressure following sympathetic bursts of activity than men. Likewise, during prolonged sympathetic quiescence, blood pressure is less labile in women than men. This suggests that lower overall blood pressure in young women may not be mediated by smaller beat-by-beat changes in blood pressure in response to sympathetic outflow but may instead be mediated by a lower frequency of sympathetic bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Coovadia
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tessa E Adler
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Craig D Steinback
- Neurovascular Health Laboratory, Program for Pregnancy and Postpartum Health, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Women and Children's Health Research Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Graham M Fraser
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador
| | - Charlotte W Usselman
- Cardiovascular Health and Autonomic Regulation Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,McGill Research Centre for Physical Activity and Health, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Giersch GEW, Charkoudian N, Stearns RL, Casa DJ. Fluid Balance and Hydration Considerations for Women: Review and Future Directions. Sports Med 2019; 50:253-261. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-019-01206-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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13
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Lei T, Cotter JD, Schlader ZJ, Stannard SR, Perry BG, Barnes MJ, Mündel T. On exercise thermoregulation in females: interaction of endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormones. J Physiol 2019; 597:71-88. [PMID: 30320879 PMCID: PMC6312528 DOI: 10.1113/jp276233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS One in two female athletes chronically take a combined, monophasic oral contraceptive pill (OCP). Previous thermoregulatory investigations proposed that an endogenous rhythm of the menstrual cycle still occurs with OCP usage. Forthcoming large international sporting events will expose female athletes to hot environments differing in their thermal profile, yet few data exist on how trained women will respond from both a thermoregulatory and performance stand-point. In the present study, we have demonstrated that a small endogenous rhythm of the menstrual cycle still affects Tcore and also that chronic OCP use attenuates the sweating response, whereas behavioural thermoregulation is maintained. Furthermore, humid heat affects both performance and thermoregulatory responses to a greater extent than OCP usage and the menstrual cycle does. ABSTRACT We studied thermoregulatory responses of ten well-trained ( V ̇ O 2 max , 57 ± 7 mL min-1 kg-1 ) women taking a combined, monophasic oral contraceptive pill (OCP) (≥12 months) during exercise in dry and humid heat, across their active OCP cycle. They completed four trials, each of resting and cycling at fixed intensities (125 and 150 W), aiming to assess autonomic regulation, and then a self-paced intensity (30-min work trial) to assess behavioural regulation. Trials were conducted in quasi-follicular (qF) and quasi-luteal (qL) phases in dry (DRY) and humid (HUM) heat matched for wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) (27°C). During rest and exercise at 125 W, rectal temperature was 0.15°C higher in qL than qF (P = 0.05) independent of environment (P = 0.17). The onset threshold and thermosensitivity of local sweat rate and forearm blood flow relative to mean body temperature was unaffected by the OCP cycle (both P > 0.30). Exercise performance did not differ between quasi-phases (qF: 268 ± 31 kJ, qL: 263 ± 26 kJ, P = 0.31) but was 5 ± 7% higher during DRY than during HUM (273 ± 29 kJ, 258 ± 28 kJ; P = 0.03). Compared to matched eumenorrhoeic athletes, chronic OCP use impaired the sweating onset threshold and thermosensitivity (both P < 0.01). In well-trained, OCP-using women exercising in the heat: (i) a performance-thermoregulatory trade-off occurred that required behavioural adjustment; (ii) humidity impaired performance as a result of reduced evaporative power despite matched WBGT; and (iii) the sudomotor but not behavioural thermoregulatory responses were impaired compared to matched eumenorrhoeic athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze‐Huan Lei
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- Center for Research and Education in Special EnvironmentsDepartment of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - Stephen R. Stannard
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Blake G. Perry
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Matthew J. Barnes
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport, Exercise and NutritionMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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14
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Di Florio A, Alexander D, Schmidt PJ, Rubinow DR. Progesterone and plasma metabolites in women with and in those without premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Depress Anxiety 2018; 35:1168-1177. [PMID: 30184299 PMCID: PMC7440927 DOI: 10.1002/da.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The molecular mechanisms underpinning the progesterone-triggering mood symptoms in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are unknown. Cell metabolism is a potential source of variability. Very little is known about the effect of progesterone sensitivity on the metabolome. In this study, we aimed to characterize the effects of progesterone on the global metabolic profile and explore the differences between women with PMDD and controls. METHODS Plasma was obtained from 12 women with prospectively confirmed PMDD and 25 controls under two hormone conditions: (1) gonadal suppression induced by leuprolide acetate (3.75 mg IM monthly) and (2) add-back phase with leuprolide and progesterone (200 mg twice daily by vaginal suppository). The global metabolic profile was obtained using liquid and gas chromatography followed by mass spectrometry. Differences between groups and time points were tested using repeated measures analysis of variance. The false discovery rate was calculated to account for multiple testing. RESULTS Amino acids and their derivatives represented 78% (28/36) of the known compounds that were found in significantly lower plasma concentrations after progesterone administration than during gonadal suppression. The concentration of tyrosine was nominally significantly decreased after progesterone add-back in controls, but not in cases (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Plasma levels of some amino acids are decreased in response to progesterone. Albeit preliminary, evidence further suggests that progesterone has a different effect on the metabolic profiles of women with PMDD compared to controls. Further research is needed to replicate our findings in a larger sample and to identify the unknown compounds, especially those differentially expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Di Florio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Peter J Schmidt
- Department of Health and Human Services, Section on Behavioral Endocrinology, NIMH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - David R Rubinow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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15
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Moreau KL. Intersection between gonadal function and vascular aging in women. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:1881-1887. [PMID: 30212304 PMCID: PMC6442668 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00117.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular aging, characterized by endothelial dysfunction and large elastic arterial stiffening, is a major risk factor for age-associated cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although women have a lower prevalence of CVD until midlife, prevalence rates increase rapidly coincident with the menopausal transition to match those observed in men. The menopausal transition, or perimenopause, is a chaotic period that is associated with increased symptoms (e.g., hot flashes, depressed mood, anxiety, sleep disturbances) and CVD risk factors due to changes in the hormonal environment. Because these quality of life factors and CVD risk factors also change with aging, the arteries of women appear to endure a double insult. Our laboratory has been investigating how changes in gonadal function and hormone levels with the menopause transition impacts the vascular aging process in healthy women. Our work has shown that vascular endothelial function progressively declines, and large elastic arterial stiffness is greater across the stages of the menopausal transition. This acceleration in vascular aging may be due to the loss of vasodilatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects of estradiol on the vascular wall. This minireview discusses the impact of changes in gonadal function and hormones with the menopausal transition on vascular aging in women and areas for investigations to further our understanding of the intersection between gonadal function and vascular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerrie L Moreau
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora, Colorado
- Denver Veterans Administration Medical Center, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Denver, Colorado
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16
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Sebzda KN, Kuczmarski AV, Pohlig RT, Lennon SL, Edwards DG, Wenner MM. Ovarian hormones modulate endothelin-1 receptor responses in young women. Microcirculation 2018; 25:e12490. [PMID: 29999581 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We recently demonstrated ETBR mediate vasodilation in young but not postmenopausal women; it is unclear if this is related to age or a decline in ovarian hormones. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that ETBR responses are modulated by ovarian hormones. METHODS We measured cutaneous vasodilatory responses in 12 young women (22 ± 1 years, 23 ± 1 kg/m2 ) during the ML (days 20-25) and EF (days 2-5) phases of the menstrual cycle. Cutaneous microdialysis perfusions of lactated Ringer (control), ETBR antagonist (BQ-788, 300 nmol/L), and ETAR antagonist (BQ-123, 500 nmol/L) were performed, followed by local heating to 42°C. RESULTS Serum estradiol (ML: 118 ± 16 vs EF: 44 ± 9 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and progesterone (ML: 8.3 ± 1.0 vs EF: 0.7 ± 0.2 ng/mL, P < 0.05) were higher during ML vs EF phase. ETBR blockade decreased vasodilation during ML (control: 91 ± 2 vs BQ-788: 83 ± 2%CVCmax, P < 0.05) but not EF (control: 89 ± 2 vs BQ-788: 89 ± 1%CVCmax). ETAR blockade also decreased vasodilation during ML (control: 91 ± 2 vs BQ-123: 87 ± 2%CVCmax, P < 0.05) but not EF (control: 89 ± 2 vs BQ-123: 92 ± 2%CVCmax). CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that fluctuations in ovarian hormones modulate ETBR and ETAR responses in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly N Sebzda
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Andrew V Kuczmarski
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Ryan T Pohlig
- Biostatistic Core Facility, College of Health Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Shannon L Lennon
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - David G Edwards
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Megan M Wenner
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
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17
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Cell Cycle Model System for Advancing Cancer Biomarker Research. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17989. [PMID: 29269772 PMCID: PMC5740075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17845-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Progress in understanding the complexity of a devastating disease such as cancer has underscored the need for developing comprehensive panels of molecular markers for early disease detection and precision medicine applications. The present study was conducted to assess whether a cohesive biological context can be assigned to protein markers derived from public data mining, and whether mass spectrometry can be utilized to screen for the co-expression of functionally related biomarkers to be recommended for further exploration in clinical context. Cell cycle arrest/release experiments of MCF7/SKBR3 breast cancer and MCF10 non-tumorigenic cells were used as a surrogate to support the production of proteins relevant to aberrant cell proliferation. Information downloaded from the scientific public domain was queried with bioinformatics tools to generate an initial list of 1038 cancer-associated proteins. Mass spectrometric analysis of cell extracts identified 352 proteins that could be matched to the public list. Differential expression, enrichment, and protein-protein interaction analysis of the proteomic data revealed several functionally-related clusters of relevance to cancer. The results demonstrate that public data derived from independent experiments can be used to inform biological research and support the development of molecular assays for probing the characteristics of a disease.
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18
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Aquatic cycling-What do we know? A scoping review on head-out aquatic cycling. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177704. [PMID: 28520802 PMCID: PMC5433763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, aquatic cycling has become a trending fitness activity. However, the literature has not been reviewed exhaustively. Therefore, using scoping review methodology, the aim of this review was to explore the current state of the literature concerning aquatic cycling. This study specifically focused on study designs, populations and outcomes. A comprehensive search of seven databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, Cinahl, Embase, PEDro,Web of Science, WorldCat) was conducted up to 30th September 2016. GoogleScholar, World Cat, ResearchGate, specific aquatic therapy websites and aquatic therapy journals were searched to identify additional literature. Full-text publications in English, German or Dutch were included. Studies were included when the intervention involved head-out cycling carried out in 10° to 35° Celsius water. Exclusion criteria were the use of wet suits or confounding interventions that would affect participants’ homeostasis. 63 articles were included and the study parameters of these studies were summarized. Using three grouping themes, included studies were categorised as 1) single session tests comparing aquatic versus land cycling, or 2) aquatic cycling only sessions investigating different exercise conditions and 3) aquatic cycling intervention programmes. Although the experimental conditions differed noticeably across the studies, shared characteristics were identified. Cardiovascular parameters were investigated by many of the studies with the results suggesting that the cardiac demand of aquatic cycling seems similar to land-based cycling. Only six studies evaluated the effect of aquatic cycling interventions. Therefore, future research should investigate the effects of aquatic cycling interventions, preferably in individuals that are expected to gain health benefits from aquatic cycling. Moreover, this comprehensive outline of available literature could serve as a starting point for systematic reviews or clinical studies on the effects of aquatic cycling on the cardiovascular responses.
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19
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Lei T, Stannard SR, Perry BG, Schlader ZJ, Cotter JD, Mündel T. Influence of menstrual phase and arid vs. humid heat stress on autonomic and behavioural thermoregulation during exercise in trained but unacclimated women. J Physiol 2017; 595:2823-2837. [PMID: 27900769 PMCID: PMC5407968 DOI: 10.1113/jp273176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Despite an attenuated fluctuation in ovarian hormone concentrations in well-trained women, one in two of such women believe their menstrual cycle negatively impacts training and performance. Forthcoming large international events will expose female athletes to hot environments, and studies evaluating aerobic exercise performance in such environments across the menstrual cycle are sparse, with mixed findings. We have identified that autonomic heat loss responses at rest and during fixed-intensity exercise in well-trained women are not affected by menstrual cycle phase, but differ between dry and humid heat. Furthermore, exercise performance is not different across the menstrual cycle, yet is lower in humid heat, in conjunction with reduced evaporative cooling. Menstrual cycle phase does not appear to affect exercise performance in the heat in well-trained women, but humidity impairs performance, probably due to reduced evaporative power. ABSTRACT We studied thermoregulatory responses of ten well-trained [V̇O2 max , 57 (7) ml min-1 kg-1 ] eumenorrheic women exercising in dry and humid heat, across their menstrual cycle. They completed four trials, each of resting and cycling at fixed intensities (125 and 150 W), to assess autonomic regulation, then self-paced intensity (30 min work trial), to assess behavioural regulation. Trials were in early-follicular (EF) and mid-luteal (ML) phases in dry (DRY) and humid (HUM) heat matched for wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT, 27°C). During rest and fixed-intensity exercise, rectal temperature was ∼0.2°C higher in ML than EF (P < 0.01) independent of environment (P = 0.66). Mean skin temperature did not differ between menstrual phases (P ≥ 0.13) but was higher in DRY than HUM (P < 0.01). Local sweat rate and/or forearm blood flow differed as a function of menstrual phase and environment (interaction: P ≤ 0.01). Exercise performance did not differ between phases [EF: 257 (37), ML: 255 (43) kJ, P = 0.62], but was 7 (9)% higher in DRY than HUM [263 (39), 248 (40) kJ; P < 0.01] in conjunction with equivalent autonomic regulation and thermal strain but higher evaporative cooling [16 (6) W m2 ; P < 0.01]. In well-trained women exercising in the heat: (1) menstrual phase did not affect performance, (2) humidity impaired performance due to reduced evaporative cooling despite matched WBGT and (3) behavioural responses nullified thermodynamic and autonomic differences associated with menstrual phase and dry vs. humid heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze‐Huan Lei
- School of Sport and ExerciseMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Blake G. Perry
- School of Sport and ExerciseMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Zachary J. Schlader
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition SciencesUniversity at BuffaloBuffaloNYUSA
| | - James D. Cotter
- School of Physical EducationSport and Exercise SciencesUniversity of OtagoDunedinNew Zealand
| | - Toby Mündel
- School of Sport and ExerciseMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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20
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Relf R, Willmott A, Mee J, Gibson O, Saunders A, Hayes M, Maxwell N. Females exposed to 24 h of sleep deprivation do not experience greater physiological strain, but do perceive heat illness symptoms more severely, during exercise-heat stress. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:348-355. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1306652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Relf
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Ashley Willmott
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Jessica Mee
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences (SSHES), Bangor University, North Wales, UK
| | - Oliver Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation (CHPER), Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
| | - Arron Saunders
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Mark Hayes
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Neil Maxwell
- Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine (SESAME), Environmental Extremes Laboratory, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
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The Effect of Gender and Menstrual Phase on Serum Creatine Kinase Activity and Muscle Soreness Following Downhill Running. Antioxidants (Basel) 2017; 6:antiox6010016. [PMID: 28241459 PMCID: PMC5384179 DOI: 10.3390/antiox6010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity reflects muscle membrane disruption. Oestrogen has antioxidant and membrane stabilising properties, yet no study has compared the CK and muscle soreness (DOMS) response to unaccustomed exercise between genders when all menstrual phases are represented in women. Fifteen eumenorrhoeic women (early follicular, EF (n = 5); late follicular, LF (n = 5); mid-luteal, ML (n = 5) phase) and six men performed 20 min of downhill running (−10% gradient) at 9 km/h. Serum CK activity and visual analogue scale rating of perceived muscle soreness were measured before, immediately, 24-h, 48-h and 72-h after exercise. The 24-h peak CK response (relative to pre-exercise) was similar between women and men (mean change (95% confidence interval): 58.5 (25.2 to 91.7) IU/L; 68.8 (31.3 to 106.3) IU/L, respectively). However, serum CK activity was restored to pre-exercise levels quicker in women (regardless of menstrual phase) than men; after 48-h post exercise in women (16.3 (−4.4 to 37.0) IU/L; 56.3 (37.0 to 75.6) IU/L, respectively) but only after 72-h in men (14.9 (−14.8 to 44.6) IU/L). Parallel to the CK response, muscle soreness recovered by 72-h in men. Conversely, the women still reported muscle soreness at 72-h despite CK levels being restored by 48-h; delayed recovery of muscle soreness appeared mainly in EF and LF. The CK and DOMS response to downhill running is gender-specific. The CK response recovers quicker in women than men. The CK and DOMS response occur in concert in men but not in women. The DOMS response in women is prolonged and may be influenced by menstrual phase.
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Brown MA, Howatson G, Keane KM, Stevenson EJ. Adaptation to Damaging Dance and Repeated-Sprint Activity in Women. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:2574-81. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Seppi T, Prajczer S, Dörler MM, Eiter O, Hekl D, Nevinny-Stickel M, Skvortsova I, Gstraunthaler G, Lukas P, Lechner J. Sex Differences in Renal Proximal Tubular Cell Homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 27:3051-3062. [PMID: 27127188 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2015080886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in human patients and animals have revealed sex-specific differences in susceptibility to renal diseases. Because actions of female sex hormones on normal renal tissue might protect against damage, we searched for potential influences of the female hormone cycle on basic renal functions by studying excretion of urinary marker proteins in healthy human probands. We collected second morning spot urine samples of unmedicated naturally ovulating women, postmenopausal women, and men daily and determined urinary excretion of the renal tubular enzymes fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glutathione-S-transferase-α Additionally, we quantified urinary excretion of blood plasma proteins α1-microglobulin, albumin, and IgG. Naturally cycling women showed prominent peaks in the temporal pattern of urinary fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase and glutathione-S-transferase-α release exclusively within 7 days after ovulation or onset of menses. In contrast, postmenopausal women and men showed consistently low levels of urinary fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase excretion over comparable periods. We did not detect changes in urinary α1-microglobulin, albumin, or IgG excretion. Results of this study indicate that proximal tubular tissue architecture, representing a nonreproductive organ-derived epithelium, undergoes periodical adaptations phased by the female reproductive hormone cycle. The temporally delimited higher rate of enzymuria in ovulating women might be a sign of recurring increases of tubular cell turnover that potentially provide enhanced repair capacity and thus, higher resistance to renal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Seppi
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and
| | - Sinikka Prajczer
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Oliver Eiter
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniel Hekl
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and
| | | | | | | | - Peter Lukas
- Department of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology and
| | - Judith Lechner
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Glenn JM, Gray M, Wethington LN, Stone MS, Stewart RW, Moyen NE. Acute citrulline malate supplementation improves upper- and lower-body submaximal weightlifting exercise performance in resistance-trained females. Eur J Nutr 2015; 56:775-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-015-1124-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Sladek CD, Michelini LC, Stachenfeld NS, Stern JE, Urban JH. Endocrine‐Autonomic Linkages. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1281-323. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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