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Pun CK, Huang HC, Chang CC, Chuang CL, Hsu SJ, Hou MC, Lee FY. Fructooligosaccharides reverses hepatic vascular dysfunction and dysbiosis in rats with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14287. [PMID: 39017981 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Portal hypertension leads to lethal complications in liver cirrhosis. Oxidative stress induced hepatic vascular dysfunction, which exaggerated vasoconstriction and increases hepatic vascular resistance (HVR). Gut dysbiosis further exacerbates portal hypertension. Fructooligosaccharides are prebiotics with potent antioxidant effect. This study aimed to evaluate the roles of fructooligosaccharides in portal hypertension-related vascular dysregulation and gut microbiome. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats received bile duct ligation to induce cirrhosis or sham operation as controls. The rats then randomly received fructooligosaccharides or vehicle for 4 weeks. Experiments were performed on the 29th day after operations. RESULTS Fructooligosaccharides did not affect portal pressure. Interestingly, fructooligosaccharides significantly attenuated HVR (p = .03). Malondialdehyde, an oxidative stress marker, reduced significantly in the liver in fructooligosaccharides-treated group. In addition, superoxide dismutase and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity increased in the treatment group. On the other hand, vasodilatation-related protein expressions, GTPCH and phospho-eNOS, enhanced significantly. Fructooligosaccharides had no adverse vasodilatation effects on splanchnic vascular system or porto-systemic collateral systems. Locomotor function was not affected by fructooligosaccharides. Faecal microbiota analysis showed that Negativicutes, Selenomonadales and Lactobacillus salivarius reduced in the fructooligosaccharides-treated group. CONCLUSION In conclusion, fructooligosaccharides attenuate hepatic vascular dysfunction in cirrhotic rats via at least partly, ameliorate of dysbiosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chon Kit Pun
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Chun Huang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chih Chang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Holistic and Multidisciplinary Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Lin Chuang
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shao-Jung Hsu
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fa-Yauh Lee
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Therapeutic and Research Center of Liver Cirrhosis and Portal Hypertension, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Harithpriya K, Ganesan K, Ramkumar KM. Pterostilbene Reverses Epigenetic Silencing of Nrf2 and Enhances Antioxidant Response in Endothelial Cells in Hyperglycemic Microenvironment. Nutrients 2024; 16:2045. [PMID: 38999793 PMCID: PMC11242982 DOI: 10.3390/nu16132045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The epigenetic regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a pivotal redox transcription factor, plays a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Recent research has underscored the significance of epigenetic modifications of Nrf2 in the pathogenesis of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). This study investigates the epigenetic reversal of Nrf2 by pterostilbene (PTS) in human endothelial cells in a hyperglycemic microenvironment (HGM). The activation potential of PTS on Nrf2 was evaluated through ARE-Luciferase reporter assays and nuclear translocation studies. Following 72 h of exposure to an HGM, mRNA expression and protein levels of Nrf2 and its downstream targets NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), heme-oxygenase 1(HO-1), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) exhibited a decrease, which was mitigated in PTS-pretreated endothelial cells. Epigenetic markers, including histone deacetylases (HDACs class I-IV) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs 1/3A and 3B), were found to be downregulated under diabetic conditions. Specifically, Nrf2-associated HDACs, including HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC4, were upregulated in HGM-induced endothelial cells. This upregulation was reversed in PTS-pretreated cells, except for HDAC2, which exhibited elevated expression in endothelial cells treated with PTS in a hyperglycemic microenvironment. Additionally, PTS was observed to reverse the activity of the methyltransferase enzyme DNMT. Furthermore, CpG islands in the Nrf2 promoter were hypermethylated in cells exposed to an HGM, a phenomenon potentially counteracted by PTS pretreatment, as shown by methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme PCR (MSRE-qPCR) analysis. Collectively, our findings highlight the ability of PTS to epigenetically regulate Nrf2 expression under hyperglycemic conditions, suggesting its therapeutic potential in managing diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Harithpriya
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India;
| | - Kumar Ganesan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, 10 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, India;
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Zhao W, Yao M, Zhang Y, Xiong D, Dai G, Zhang J, Cao Y, Li H. Endothelial cyclin I reduces vulnerability to angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling and abdominal aortic aneurysm risk. Microvasc Res 2022; 142:104348. [PMID: 35245516 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2022.104348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinoblastoma protein (Rb) supports vasoprotective E2F Transcription Factor 1 (E2f1)/Dihydrofolate Reductase (Dhfr) pathway activity in endothelial cells. Cyclin I (Ccni) promotes Cyclin-Dependent Kinase-5 (Cdk5)-mediated Rb phosphorylation. Therefore, we hypothesized that endothelial Ccni may regulate cardiovascular homeostasis, vessel remodeling, and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) formation. METHODS Aortic CCNI mRNA expression was analyzed in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) GSE57691 cohort consisting of AAA patients (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 10). We employed wild-type (WT) mice and endothelial Ccni knockout (Ccnifl/flTie2-Cre) mice to conduct in vivo and ex vivo experimentation using an Angiotensin (Ang) II hypertension model and a CaCl2 AAA model. Mice were assessed for Rb/E2f1/Dhfr signaling, biopterin (i.e., biopterin [B], dihydrobiopterin [BH2], and tetrahydrobiopterin [BH4]) production, cardiovascular homeostasis, vessel remodeling, and AAA formation. RESULTS Aortic CCNI mRNA expression was downregulated in AAA patients. Both Ang II- and CaCl2-induced WT mice showed aortic Ccni upregulation coupled with vasculoprotective upregulation of Rb/E2f1/Dhfr signaling and biopterins. Endothelial Ccni knockout downregulated medial Rb/E2f1/Dhfr signaling and biopterins in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice, which exacerbated eNos uncoupling and H2O2 production. Endothelial Ccni knockout impaired in vivo hemodynamic responses and endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in ex vivo mesenteric arteries in response to Ang II. Endothelial Ccni knockout exacerbated mesenteric artery remodeling and AAA risk in response to Ang II and CaCl2. CONCLUSIONS Endothelial Ccni acts as a critical negative regulator of eNos uncoupling-mediated ROS generation and thereby reduces vulnerability to hypertension-induced vascular remodeling and AAA development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Mengyu Yao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yunyi Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Da Xiong
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guolin Dai
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jinpin Zhang
- Department of Hematopathology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Hongrong Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, China; The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
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Mukai K, Horike SI, Meguro-Horike M, Nakajima Y, Iswara A, Nakatani T. Topical estrogen application promotes cutaneous wound healing in db/db female mice with type 2 diabetes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264572. [PMID: 35271602 PMCID: PMC8912242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Female sex hormones are beneficial effects for wound healing. However, till date, whether topical estrogen application can promote cutaneous wound healing in diabetes remains unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to validate the effect of topical estrogen application on cutaneous wound healing in a type 2 diabetes db/db mice model. In total, 22 db/db female mice with type 2 diabetes and eight C57BL/6J female mice were subjected to two full-thickness wound injuries. The mice were divided into the db/db, db/db + estrogen, db/db + vehicle, and wild type (WT) groups. Wound healing was assessed until day 14. The db/db group had a significantly high wound area ratio (wound area/initial wound area) on days 3–14 and a significantly low re-epithelialization ratio on days 7 and 14. Moreover, their angiogenesis ratio was significantly low on day 7 and high on day 14. In contrast, compared with the db/db group, the db/db + estrogen group had a significantly lower wound area ratio on days 1–14 and angiogenesis ratio on day 14, thereby indicating early withdrawal of new blood vessels, as well as a significantly higher re-epithelialization ratio on days 7 and 14 and Ym1+ M2 macrophage/macrophage ratio on day 7. Moreover, microarray analysis showed that the top 10 upregulated or downregulated genes in the db/db group were reversed by estrogen treatment, particularly on day 14, in comparison with the WT group. Thus, topical estrogen application reduced the wound area, promoted re-epithelialization and angiogenesis, and increased the number of M2 macrophages in mice with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, it improved the differential regulation of genes in db/db mice. Therefore, such treatment can enhance cutaneous wound healing in female mice with type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanae Mukai
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shin-ichi Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Meguro-Horike
- Research Center for Experimental Modeling of Human Disease, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yukari Nakajima
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Arya Iswara
- Division of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Nursing, Graduate Course of Nursing Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshio Nakatani
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Wang H, Zhang C, Chen H, Gu Z, Zhao J, Zhang H, Chen YQ, Chen W. Tetrahydrobiopterin Plays a Functionally Significant Role in Lipogenesis in the Oleaginous Fungus Mortierella alpina. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:250. [PMID: 32153536 PMCID: PMC7044132 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) is well-known as a cofactor of phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), but its exact role in lipogenesis is unclear. In this study, the GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH) gene was overexpressed to investigate the role of BH4 in lipogenesis in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina. Transcriptome data analysis reveal that GTPCH expression was upregulated when nitrogen was exhausted, resulting in lipid accumulation. Significant changes were also found in the fatty acid profile of M. alpina grown on medium that contained a GTPCH inhibitor relative to that of M. alpina grown on medium that lacked the inhibitor. GTPCH overexpression in M. alpina (the MA-GTPCH strain) led to a sevenfold increase in BH4 levels and enhanced cell fatty acid synthesis and poly-unsaturation. Increased levels of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and upregulated expression of NADPH-producing genes in response to enhanced BH4 levels were also observed, which indicate a novel aspect of the NADPH regulatory mechanism. Increased BH4 levels also enhanced phenylalanine hydroxylation and nitric oxide synthesis, and the addition of an NOS or a PAH inhibitor in the MA-GTPCH and control strain cultures decreased fatty acid accumulation, NADPH production, and the transcript levels of NADPH-producing genes. Our research suggests an important role of BH4 in lipogenesis and that the phenylalanine catabolism and arginine-nitric oxide pathways play an integrating role in translating the effects of BH4 on lipogenesis by regulating the cellular NADPH pool. Thus, our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of efficient lipid biosynthesis regulation in oleaginous microorganisms and lay a foundation for the genetic engineering of these organisms to optimize their dietary fat yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongchao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Haiqin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Zhennan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Q Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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FOXO1 inhibition potentiates endothelial angiogenic functions in diabetes via suppression of ROCK1/Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:2481-2494. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Singla R, Soni S, Patial V, Kulurkar PM, Kumari A, S. M, Padwad YS, Yadav SK. In vivo diabetic wound healing potential of nanobiocomposites containing bamboo cellulose nanocrystals impregnated with silver nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 105:45-55. [PMID: 28669805 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.06.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Ambasta RK, Kohli H, Kumar P. Multiple therapeutic effect of endothelial progenitor cell regulated by drugs in diabetes and diabetes related disorder. J Transl Med 2017; 15:185. [PMID: 28859673 PMCID: PMC5580204 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-017-1280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) counts have been reported in diabetic mellitus (DM) patients and other diabetes-related disorder. EPCs are a circulating, bone marrow-derived cell population that appears to participate in vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and damage repair. These EPC may revert the damage caused in diabetic condition. We aim to identify several existing drugs and signaling molecule, which could alleviate or improve the diabetes condition via mobilizing and increasing EPC number as well as function. MAIN BODY Accumulated evidence suggests that dysregulation of EPC phenotype and function may be attributed to several signaling molecules and cytokines in DM patients. Hyperglycemia alone, through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via eNOS and NOX, can induce changes in gene expression and cellular behavior in diabetes. Furthermore, reports suggest that EPC telomere shortening via increased oxidative DNA damage may play an important role in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. In this review, different type of EPC derived from different sources has been discussed along with cell-surface marker. The reduced number and immobilized EPC in diabetic condition have been mobilized for the therapeutic purpose via use of existing, and novel drugs have been discussed. Hence, evidence list of all types of drugs that have been reported to target the same pathway which affect EPC number and function in diabetes has been reviewed. Additionally, we highlight that proteins are critical in diabetes via polymorphism and inhibitor studies. Ultimately, a lucid pictorial explanation of diabetic and normal patient signaling pathways of the collected data have been presented in order to understand the complex signaling mystery underlying in the diseased and normal condition. CONCLUSION Finally, we conclude on eNOS-metformin-HSp90 signaling and its remedial effect for controlling the EPC to improve the diabetic condition for delaying diabetes-related complication. Altogether, the review gives a holistic overview about the elaborate therapeutic effect of EPC regulated by novel and existing drugs in diabetes and diabetes-related disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi K. Ambasta
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, DTU, Delhi, India
| | - Harleen Kohli
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, DTU, Delhi, India
| | - Pravir Kumar
- Molecular Neuroscience and Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, DTU, Delhi, India
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Das UN. Is There a Role for Bioactive Lipids in the Pathobiology of Diabetes Mellitus? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:182. [PMID: 28824543 PMCID: PMC5539435 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation, decreased levels of circulating endothelial nitric oxide (eNO) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), altered activity of hypothalamic neurotransmitters (including serotonin and vagal tone) and gut hormones, increased concentrations of free radicals, and imbalance in the levels of bioactive lipids and their pro- and anti-inflammatory metabolites have been suggested to play a role in diabetes mellitus (DM). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (type 1 DM) is due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells because of enhanced production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and other pro-inflammatory cytokines released by immunocytes infiltrating the pancreas in response to unknown exogenous and endogenous toxin(s). On the other hand, type 2 DM is due to increased peripheral insulin resistance secondary to enhanced production of IL-6 and TNF-α in response to high-fat and/or calorie-rich diet (rich in saturated and trans fats). Type 2 DM is also associated with significant alterations in the production and action of hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, BDNF, free radicals, gut hormones, and vagus nerve activity. Thus, type 1 DM is because of excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines close to β cells, whereas type 2 DM is due to excess of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the systemic circulation. Hence, methods designed to suppress excess production of pro-inflammatory cytokines may form a new approach to prevent both type 1 and type 2 DM. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and similar surgeries ameliorate type 2 DM, partly by restoring to normal: gut hormones, hypothalamic neurotransmitters, eNO, vagal activity, gut microbiota, bioactive lipids, BDNF production in the gut and hypothalamus, concentrations of cytokines and free radicals that results in resetting glucose-stimulated insulin production by pancreatic β cells. Our recent studies suggested that bioactive lipids, such as arachidonic acid, eicosapentaneoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid (which are unsaturated fatty acids) and their anti-inflammatory metabolites: lipoxin A4, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, may have antidiabetic actions. These bioactive lipids have anti-inflammatory actions, enhance eNO, BDNF production, restore hypothalamic dysfunction, enhance vagal tone, modulate production and action of ghrelin, leptin and adiponectin, and influence gut microbiota that may explain their antidiabetic action. These pieces of evidence suggest that methods designed to selectively deliver bioactive lipids to pancreatic β cells, gut, liver, and muscle may prevent type 1 and type 2 DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undurti N. Das
- BioScience Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Gayatri Vidya Parishad Hospital, GVP College of Engineering Campus, Visakhapatnam, India
- UND Life Sciences, Battle Ground, WA, United States
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Zhang Y, Li Q, Youn JY, Cai H. Protein Phosphotyrosine Phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) in Calpain-dependent Feedback Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor (VEGFR2) in Endothelial Cells: IMPLICATIONS IN VEGF-DEPENDENT ANGIOGENESIS AND DIABETIC WOUND HEALING. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:407-416. [PMID: 27872190 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.766832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The VEGF/VEGFR2/Akt/eNOS/NO pathway is essential to VEGF-induced angiogenesis. We have previously discovered a novel role of calpain in mediating VEGF-induced PI3K/AMPK/Akt/eNOS activation through Ezrin. Here, we sought to identify possible feedback regulation of VEGFR2 by calpain via its substrate protein phosphotyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), and the relevance of this pathway to VEGF-induced angiogenesis, especially in diabetic wound healing. Overexpression of PTP1B inhibited VEGF-induced VEGFR2 and Akt phosphorylation in bovine aortic endothelial cells, while PTP1B siRNA increased both, implicating negative regulation of VEGFR2 by PTP1B. Calpain inhibitor ALLN induced VEGFR2 activation, which can be completely blocked by PTP1B overexpression. Calpain activation induced by overexpression or Ca/A23187 resulted in PTP1B cleavage, which can be blocked by ALLN. Moreover, calpain activation inhibited VEGF-induced VEGFR2 phosphorylation, which can be restored by PTP1B siRNA. These data implicate calpain/PTP1B negative feedback regulation of VEGFR2, in addition to the primary signaling pathway of VEGF/VEGFR2/calpain/PI3K/AMPK/Akt/eNOS. We next examined a potential role of PTP1B in VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Endothelial cells transfected with PTP1B siRNA showed faster wound closure in response to VEGF. Aortic discs isolated from PTP1B siRNA-transfected mice also had augmented endothelial outgrowth. Importantly, PTP1B inhibition and/or calpain overexpression significantly accelerated wound healing in STZ-induced diabetic mice. In conclusion, our data for the first time demonstrate a calpain/PTP1B/VEGFR2 negative feedback loop in the regulation of VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Modulation of local PTP1B and/or calpain activities may prove beneficial in the treatment of impaired wound healing in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Zhang
- From the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), California 90095
| | - Qiang Li
- From the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), California 90095
| | - Ji Youn Youn
- From the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), California 90095
| | - Hua Cai
- From the Divisions of Molecular Medicine and Cardiology, Departments of Anesthesiology and Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Laboratories, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), California 90095
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11
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Badr G, Hozzein WN, Badr BM, Al Ghamdi A, Saad Eldien HM, Garraud O. Bee Venom Accelerates Wound Healing in Diabetic Mice by Suppressing Activating Transcription Factor-3 (ATF-3) and Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS)-Mediated Oxidative Stress and Recruiting Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Progenitor Cells. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:2159-71. [PMID: 26825453 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple mechanisms contribute to impaired diabetic wound healing including impaired neovascularization and deficient endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) recruitment. Bee venom (BV) has been used as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of several diseases. Nevertheless, the effect of BV on the healing of diabetic wounds has not been studied. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the impact of BV on diabetic wound closure in a type I diabetic mouse model. Three experimental groups were used: group 1, non-diabetic control mice; group 2, diabetic mice; and group 3, diabetic mice treated with BV. We found that the diabetic mice exhibited delayed wound closure characterized by a significant decrease in collagen production and prolonged elevation of inflammatory cytokines levels in wounded tissue compared to control non-diabetic mice. Additionally, wounded tissue in diabetic mice revealed aberrantly up-regulated expression of ATF-3 and iNOS followed by a marked elevation in free radical levels. Impaired diabetic wound healing was also characterized by a significant elevation in caspase-3, -8, and -9 activity and a marked reduction in the expression of TGF-β and VEGF, which led to decreased neovascularization and angiogenesis of the injured tissue by impairing EPC mobilization. Interestingly, BV treatment significantly enhanced wound closure in diabetic mice by increasing collagen production and restoring the levels of inflammatory cytokines, free radical, TGF-β, and VEGF. Most importantly, BV-treated diabetic mice exhibited mobilized long-lived EPCs by inhibiting caspase activity in the wounded tissue. Our findings reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying improved diabetic wound healing and closure following BV treatment. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 2159-2171, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gamal Badr
- Laboratory of Immunology and Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Science, Department of Zoology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Wael N Hozzein
- Bioproducts Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Science, Department of Botany, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Badr M Badr
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Al Ghamdi
- Chair of Engineer Abdullah Baqshan for Bee Research, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Heba M Saad Eldien
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Olivier Garraud
- Institut National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris, France
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, France
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12
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Thandavarayan RA, Garikipati VNS, Joladarashi D, Suresh Babu S, Jeyabal P, Verma SK, Mackie AR, Khan M, Arumugam S, Watanabe K, Kishore R, Krishnamurthy P. Sirtuin-6 deficiency exacerbates diabetes-induced impairment of wound healing. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:773-8. [PMID: 26010430 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Delayed wound healing is one of the major complications in diabetes and is characterized by chronic proinflammatory response, and abnormalities in angiogenesis and collagen deposition. Sirtuin family proteins regulate numerous pathophysiological processes, including those involved in promotion of longevity, DNA repair, glycolysis and inflammation. However, the role of sirtuin 6 (SIRT6), a NAD+-dependent nuclear deacetylase, in wound healing specifically under diabetic condition remains unclear. To analyse the role of SIRT6 in cutaneous wound healing, paired 6-mm stented wound was created in diabetic db/db mice and injected siRNA against SIRT6 in the wound margins (transfection agent alone and nonsense siRNA served as controls). Wound time to closure was assessed by digital planimetry, and wounds were harvested for histology, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. SIRT6-siRNA-treated diabetic wound showed impaired healing, which was associated with reduced capillary density (CD31-staining vessels) when compared to control treatment. Interestingly, SIRT6 deficiency decreased vascular endothelial growth factor expression and proliferation markers in the wounds. Furthermore, SIRT6 ablation in diabetic wound promotes nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation resulting in increased expression of proinflammatory markers (intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β) and increased oxidative stress. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that loss of SIRT6 in cutaneous wound aggravates proinflammatory response by increasing NF-κB activation, oxidative stress and decrease in angiogenesis in the diabetic mice. Based on these findings, we speculate that the activation of SIRT6 signalling might be a potential therapeutic approach for promoting wound healing in diabetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajarajan A Thandavarayan
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Darukeshwara Joladarashi
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sahana Suresh Babu
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Prince Jeyabal
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suresh K Verma
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander R Mackie
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mohsin Khan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Somasundaram Arumugam
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Watanabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Raj Kishore
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prasanna Krishnamurthy
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.,Cell and Developmental Biology, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
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13
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JING LIFENG, LI SHUANG, LI QIN. Akt/hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling deficiency compromises skin wound healing in a type 1 diabetes mouse model. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2141-2146. [PMID: 26136949 PMCID: PMC4473382 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the mechanisms for impaired skin wound healing in subjects with diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (T1DM) was induced in BALB/c mice using streptozotocin. One month after the establishment of the T1DM mouse model, a wound was formed on the back of the mice, and tissues from the wounds and the margins were collected on days 0, 3, 7 and 10. Protein levels of cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31) were detected using immunohistochemistry, and the mRNA levels of Akt, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α), vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf), VEGF receptor 2 (Vegfr2), stromal cell-derived growth factor-1α (Sdf-1α) and CXC chemokine receptor 4 (Cxcr4) were determined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis. The corresponding protein levels were determined using western blotting. The skin wound healing rate in the T1DM mice was significantly lower than that in the control mice, and the protein level of CD31 in the wounded skin of the T1DM mice was significantly decreased. Furthermore, the overall mRNA levels of Akt, Hif-1α, Vegf, Vegfr2, Sdf-1α and Cxcr4 in the T1DM mice were significantly lower than those in the control mice, and similar trends were observed in the protein levels. In conclusion, skin wound healing was impaired in the T1DM mice, and this may have been caused by a deficiency of Akt/HIF-1α and downstream signaling, as well as delayed angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- LIFENG JING
- Graduate School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - SHUANG LI
- Graduate School of Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - QIN LI
- Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Qin Li, Department of Plastic Surgery, General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, 111 Liuhua Street, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510010, P.R. China, E-mail:
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14
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Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity continues to increase globally. Diabetic vascular complications are the main chronic diabetic complications and associated with mortality and disability. Angiogenesis is a key pathological characteristic of diabetic microvascular complications. However, there are two tissue-specific paradoxical changes in the angiogenesis in diabetic microvascular complications: an excessive uncontrolled formation of premature blood vessels in some tissues, such as the retina, and a deficiency in the formation of small blood vessels in peripheral tissues, such as the skin. This review will discuss the paradoxical phenomena of angiogenesis and its underlying mechanism in obesity, diabetes and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jian-xing Ma
- Department of Physiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
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15
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Lee E, Kim DY, Chung E, Lee EA, Park KS, Son Y. Transplantation of cyclic stretched fibroblasts accelerates the wound-healing process in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Cell Transplant 2014; 23:285-301. [PMID: 24622376 DOI: 10.3727/096368912x663541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stimulation is a known modulator of survival and proliferation for many cells, including endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, we found that mechanical strain prevents apoptosis and increases the adhesive ability of dermal fibroblasts in vitro and thus confers the survival advantage in vivo after transplantation of fibroblasts into the full-thickness wound of diabetic mice. Cyclic stretch at a frequency of 0.5 Hz and maximum elongation of 20% stimulates cellular survival mediated by the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), and the serine/threonine kinase Akt (AKT). Stretching of the fibroblasts increases the synthesis of extracellular matrix proteins and the formation of denser focal adhesion structures, both of which are required for fibroblast adhesion. The stretched fibroblasts also upregulate the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α), which enhanced wound healing in vivo. Indeed, preconditioning with mechanical stretch allows better survival of the transplanted fibroblasts, when compared to unstretched control cells, in the wound environment of mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes and thus accelerates the wound-healing process in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Lee
- Department of Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Korea
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16
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Wu F, Szczepaniak WS, Shiva S, Liu H, Wang Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Kelley EE, Chen AF, Gladwin MT, McVerry BJ. Nox2-dependent glutathionylation of endothelial NOS leads to uncoupled superoxide production and endothelial barrier dysfunction in acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L987-97. [PMID: 25326583 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00063.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microvascular barrier integrity is dependent on bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) produced locally by endothelial NO synthase (eNOS). Under conditions of limited substrate or cofactor availability or by enzymatic modification, eNOS may become uncoupled, producing superoxide in lieu of NO. This study was designed to investigate how eNOS-dependent superoxide production contributes to endothelial barrier dysfunction in inflammatory lung injury and its regulation. C57BL/6J mice were challenged with intratracheal LPS. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for protein accumulation, and lung tissue homogenate was assayed for endothelial NOS content and function. Human lung microvascular endothelial cell (HLMVEC) monolayers were exposed to LPS in vitro, and barrier integrity and superoxide production were measured. Biopterin species were quantified, and coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP) assays were performed to identify protein interactions with eNOS that putatively drive uncoupling. Mice exposed to LPS demonstrated eNOS-dependent increased alveolar permeability without evidence for altered canonical NO signaling. LPS-induced superoxide production and permeability in HLMVEC were inhibited by the NOS inhibitor nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, eNOS-targeted siRNA, the eNOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin, and superoxide dismutase. Co-IP indicated that LPS stimulated the association of eNOS with NADPH oxidase 2 (Nox2), which correlated with augmented eNOS S-glutathionylation both in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Nox2-specific inhibition prevented LPS-induced eNOS modification and increases in both superoxide production and permeability. These data indicate that eNOS uncoupling contributes to superoxide production and barrier dysfunction in the lung microvasculature after exposure to LPS. Furthermore, the results implicate Nox2-mediated eNOS-S-glutathionylation as a mechanism underlying LPS-induced eNOS uncoupling in the lung microvasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - William S Szczepaniak
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sruti Shiva
- University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Pharmacology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Huanbo Liu
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yinna Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ling Wang
- University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ying Wang
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Eric E Kelley
- University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Anesthesiology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex F Chen
- University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Surgery, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Mark T Gladwin
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bryan J McVerry
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania;
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17
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Deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide signaling pathway exacerbates peritoneal fibrosis in mice. Clin Exp Nephrol 2014; 19:567-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-014-1029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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19
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Tie L, Chen LY, Chen DD, Xie HH, Channon KM, Chen AF. GTP cyclohydrolase I prevents diabetic-impaired endothelial progenitor cells and wound healing by suppressing oxidative stress/thrombospondin-1. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1120-31. [PMID: 24644242 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00696.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) dysfunction is a key contributor to diabetic refractory wounds. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), which critically regulates the mobilization and function of EPCs, is uncoupled in diabetes due to decreased cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4). We tested whether GTP cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I), the rate-limiting enzyme of BH4 synthesis, preserves EPC function in type 1 diabetic mice. Type 1 diabetes was induced in wild-type (WT) and GTPCH I transgenic (Tg-GCH) mice by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). EPCs were isolated from the peripheral blood and bone marrow of WT, Tg-GCH, and GTPCH I-deficient hph-1 mice. The number of EPCs was significantly lower in STZ-WT mice and hph-1 mice and was rescued in STZ Tg-GCH mice. Furthermore, GTPCH I overexpression improved impaired diabetic EPC migration and tube formation. EPCs from WT, Tg-GCH, and STZ-Tg-GCH mice were administered to diabetic excisional wounds and accelerated wound healing significantly, with a concomitant augmentation of angiogenesis. Flow cytometry measurements showed that intracellular nitric oxide (NO) levels were reduced significantly in STZ-WT and hph-1 mice, paralleled by increased superoxide anion levels; both were rescued in STZ-Tg-GCH mice. Western blot analysis revealed that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1) was significantly upregulated in the EPCs of STZ-WT mice and hph-1 mice and suppressed in STZ-treated Tg-GCH mice. Our results demonstrate that the GTPCH I/BH4 pathway is critical to preserve EPC quantity, function, and regenerative capacity during wound healing in type 1 diabetic mice at least partly through the attenuation of superoxide and TSP-1 levels and augmentation of NO level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Lu-Yuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, China; and
| | - Dan-Dan Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - He-Hui Xie
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Keith M Channon
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alex F Chen
- Center of Clinical Pharmacology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China;
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20
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Wang JM, Isenberg JS, Billiar TR, Chen AF. Thrombospondin-1/CD36 pathway contributes to bone marrow-derived angiogenic cell dysfunction in type 1 diabetes via Sonic hedgehog pathway suppression. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2013; 305:E1464-72. [PMID: 24148348 PMCID: PMC3882377 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00516.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Refractory wounds in diabetic patients present a significant clinical problem. Sonic hedgehog (SHH), a morphogenic protein central to wound repair, is deficient in diabetes. Regulation of SHH in wound healing is poorly understood. We hypothesize that thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), through its receptor CD36, contributes to the SHH signaling defect in bone marrow-derived angiogenic cells (BMACs) in type 1 diabetic mice. Isolated BMACs from TSP-1-knockout mice demonstrated improved tube formation, migration, and adhesion in parallel with active SHH signaling. BMACs from STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice showed significantly impaired Matrigel tube formation (n = 5; P < 0.05 vs. control), which was rescued by TSP-1 depletion (n = 5; P < 0.05 STZ-TSP-1(-/-) vs. STZ-WT) or exogenous SHH (20 mg/l, 24 h, n = 4; P < 0.05 vs. STZ-control). The expression of CD36 was elevated in BMACs from STZ mice (n = 4; P < 0.05). SHH signaling was significantly higher in BMACs from TSP-1(-/-) mice and TSP-1 receptor CD36-knockout mice (n = 6; P < 0.05 vs. WT) but not CD47-knockout mice (n = 3; P > 0.05 vs. WT). The impairment of recombinant human TSP-1 (2.2 nM, 24 h) on BMAC Matrigel tube formation was delayed significantly by CD36 deletion (n = 5; P < 0.05). CD36(-/-) BMACs demonstrated better tube formation under both normal and diabetic conditions with active SHH signaling (n = 4; P < 0.05 vs. WT BMACs). In conclusion, The TSP-1/CD36 pathway contributes to the SHH signaling defect, resulting in BMAC dysfunction in type 1 diabetic mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/physiology
- CD36 Antigens/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/chemically induced
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/physiopathology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/etiology
- Diabetic Angiopathies/physiopathology
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Gene Silencing
- Hedgehog Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Hedgehog Proteins/genetics
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/physiology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/drug effects
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Streptozocin
- Thrombospondin 1/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Mei Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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21
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Shi L, Chen H, Yu X, Wu X. Advanced glycation end products delay corneal epithelial wound healing through reactive oxygen species generation. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 383:253-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1773-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Cubbon RM, Mercer BN, Sengupta A, Kearney MT. Importance of insulin resistance to vascular repair and regeneration. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 60:246-63. [PMID: 23466555 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic insulin resistance is apparent across a spectrum of clinical disorders, including obesity and diabetes, and is characterized by an adverse clustering of cardiovascular risk factors related to abnormal cellular responses to insulin. These disorders are becoming increasingly prevalent and represent a major global public health concern because of their association with significant increases in atherosclerosis-related mortality. Endogenous repair mechanisms are thought to retard the development of vascular disease, and a growing evidence base supports the adverse impact of the insulin-resistant phenotype upon indices of vascular repair. Beyond the impact of systemic metabolic changes, emerging data from murine studies also provide support for abnormal insulin signaling at the level of vascular cells in retarding vascular repair. Interrelated pathophysiological factors, including reduced nitric oxide bioavailability, oxidative stress, altered growth factor activity, and abnormal intracellular signaling, are likely to act in conjunction to impede vascular repair while also driving vascular damage. Understanding of these processes is shaping novel therapeutic paradigms that aim to promote vascular repair and regeneration, either by recruiting endogenous mechanisms or by the administration of cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Cubbon
- Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, LIGHT Laboratories, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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23
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Du J, Teng RJ, Lawrence M, Guan T, Xu H, Ge Y, Shi Y. The protein partners of GTP cyclohydrolase I in rat organs. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33991. [PMID: 22479495 PMCID: PMC3313957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective GTP cyclohydrolase I (GCH1) is the rate-limiting enzyme for tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis and has been shown to be a promising therapeutic target in ischemic heart disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis and diabetes. The endogenous GCH1-interacting partners have not been identified. Here, we determined endogenous GCH1-interacting proteins in rat. Methods and Results A pulldown and proteomics approach were used to identify GCH1 interacting proteins in rat liver, brain, heart and kidney. We demonstrated that GCH1 interacts with at least 17 proteins including GTP cyclohydrolase I feedback regulatory protein (GFRP) in rat liver by affinity purification followed by proteomics and validated six protein partners in liver, brain, heart and kidney by immunoblotting. GCH1 interacts with GFRP and very long-chain specific acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the liver, tubulin beta-2A chain in the liver and brain, DnaJ homolog subfamily A member 1 and fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase in the liver, heart and kidney and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit I (EIF3I) in all organs tested. Furthermore, GCH1 associates with mitochondrial proteins and GCH1 itself locates in mitochondria. Conclusion GCH1 interacts with proteins in an organ dependant manner and EIF3I might be a general regulator of GCH1. Our finding indicates GCH1 might have broader functions beyond tetrahydrobiopterin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhai Du
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (YS)
| | - Ru-Jeng Teng
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Matt Lawrence
- Human Proteomics Program and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tongju Guan
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ying Ge
- Human Proteomics Program and Department of Physiology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Children's Research Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- Patient Centered Research, Aurora Health Care, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JD); (YS)
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24
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Kolluru GK, Bir SC, Kevil CG. Endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: effects on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and wound healing. Int J Vasc Med 2012; 2012:918267. [PMID: 22611498 PMCID: PMC3348526 DOI: 10.1155/2012/918267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by inappropriate hyperglycemia due to lack of or resistance to insulin. Patients with DM are frequently afflicted with ischemic vascular disease or wound healing defect. It is well known that type 2 DM causes amplification of the atherosclerotic process, endothelial cell dysfunction, glycosylation of extracellular matrix proteins, and vascular denervation. These complications ultimately lead to impairment of neovascularization and diabetic wound healing. Therapeutic angiogenesis remains an attractive treatment modality for chronic ischemic disorders including PAD and/or diabetic wound healing. Many experimental studies have identified better approaches for diabetic cardiovascular complications, however, successful clinical translation has been limited possibly due to the narrow therapeutic targets of these agents or the lack of rigorous evaluation of pathology and therapeutic mechanisms in experimental models of disease. This paper discusses the current body of evidence identifying endothelial dysfunction and impaired angiogenesis during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christopher G. Kevil
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA
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25
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Abstract
BH4 (6R-L-erythro-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin) is an essential cofactor of a set of enzymes that are of central metabolic importance, including four aromatic amino acid hydroxylases, alkylglycerol mono-oxygenase and three NOS (NO synthase) isoenzymes. Consequently, BH4 is present in probably every cell or tissue of higher organisms and plays a key role in a number of biological processes and pathological states associated with monoamine neurotransmitter formation, cardiovascular and endothelial dysfunction, the immune response and pain sensitivity. BH4 is formed de novo from GTP via a sequence of three enzymatic steps carried out by GTP cyclohydrolase I, 6-pyruvoyltetrahydropterin synthase and sepiapterin reductase. An alternative or salvage pathway involves dihydrofolate reductase and may play an essential role in peripheral tissues. Cofactor regeneration requires pterin-4a-carbinolamine dehydratase and dihydropteridine reductase, except for NOSs, in which the BH4 cofactor undergoes a one-electron redox cycle without the need for additional regeneration enzymes. With regard to the regulation of cofactor biosynthesis, the major controlling point is GTP cyclohydrolase I. BH4 biosynthesis is controlled in mammals by hormones and cytokines. BH4 deficiency due to autosomal recessive mutations in all enzymes, except for sepiapterin reductase, has been described as a cause of hyperphenylalaninaemia. A major contributor to vascular dysfunction associated with hypertension, ischaemic reperfusion injury, diabetes and others, appears to be an effect of oxidized BH4, which leads to an increased formation of oxygen-derived radicals instead of NO by decoupled NOS. Furthermore, several neurological diseases have been suggested to be a consequence of restricted cofactor availability, and oral cofactor replacement therapy to stabilize mutant phenylalanine hydroxylase in the BH4-responsive type of hyperphenylalaninaemia has an advantageous effect on pathological phenylalanine levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst R Werner
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
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26
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Bagheri M, Jahromi BM, Zamani A. Folic acid may be a potential addition to diabetic foot ulcer treatment - a hypothesis. Int Wound J 2011; 8:658-60. [PMID: 21854546 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-481x.2011.00830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Delayed wound healing in diabetes is a challenging medical and societal problem for which there is currently no efficacious treatment. One of the major contributors of this problem is nitric oxide (NO) deficiency. NO is a critical signalling molecule essential for normal wound repair. Sustained hyperglycaemia in diabetes leads to increased vascular superoxide production, which inactivates NO and causes vascular dysfunction. New therapeutic regiments and strategies to enhance endothelial NO production are a new hope to improve impaired diabetic wound healing. One of the agents that have the ability to improve endothelial NO generation in diabetic patients is folic acid. Folic acid ability to conserve NO bioactivity may be due to homocysteine-lowering effects of folates, antioxidant actions and effects on cofactor availability. Considering these data, we hypothesised that folic acid supplementation may ameliorate delayed diabetic wound healing by increasing NO bioavailability. The potential of exogenous folic acid as an inexpensive and safe oral therapy stimulates ongoing investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansooreh Bagheri
- Student Research Centre, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Azelnidipine, a New Calcium Channel Blocker, Promotes Skin Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. J Surg Res 2011; 169:e101-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2011.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 01/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wang XR, Zhang MW, Chen DD, Zhang Y, Chen AF. AMP-activated protein kinase rescues the angiogenic functions of endothelial progenitor cells via manganese superoxide dismutase induction in type 1 diabetes. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2011; 300:E1135-45. [PMID: 21427411 PMCID: PMC3118597 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00001.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play an essential role in angiogenesis but are functionally impaired in diabetes. We recently reported that decreased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) critically contributes to diabetic EPC dysfunction. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation has been shown to induce MnSOD and suppress hyperglycemia-induced mitochondrial ROS production in endothelial cells. However, whether AMPK protects EPCs from oxidative stress in diabetes is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that AMPK activation rescues impaired EPC functions through MnSOD induction in type 1 diabetes. Bone marrow-derived EPCs from adult male streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice and normal controls were used. AMPK activity was decreased in diabetic EPCs, indicated by reduced AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase phosphorylation. AMPK activation by treating diabetic EPCs with its selective agonist AICAR rescued their in vitro functions, including Matrigel tube formation, adhesion, and migration. Furthermore, AICAR restored the decreased MnSOD protein and enzymatic activity and suppressed the mitochondrial superoxide level in diabetic EPCs, indicated by MitoSOX flow cytometry. These beneficial effects of AICAR on MnSOD and EPC functions were significantly attenuated by silencing MnSOD or AMPK antagonist compound C pretreatment. Finally, the expression of protein phosphatase 2A, a key enzyme for AMPK dephosphorylation and inactivation, was increased in diabetic EPCs, and its inhibition by siRNA or okadaic acid reversed the deficient AMPK activation and MnSOD level in diabetic EPCs. These findings demonstrate for the first time that AMPK activation rescues impaired EPC functions and suppresses mitochondrial superoxide by inducing MnSOD in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Rong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministries of Education and Public Health, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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29
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Pattillo CB, Bir SC, Branch BG, Greber E, Shen X, Pardue S, Patel RP, Kevil CG. Dipyridamole reverses peripheral ischemia and induces angiogenesis in the Db/Db diabetic mouse hind-limb model by decreasing oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:262-9. [PMID: 21070849 PMCID: PMC4413947 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dipyridamole anti-platelet therapy has previously been suggested to ameliorate chronic tissue ischemia in healthy animals. However, it is not known if dipyridamole therapy represents a viable approach to alleviating chronic peripheral tissue ischemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Here we examine the hypothesis that dipyridamole treatment restores reperfusion of chronic hind-limb ischemia in the murine B6.BKS-Lepr(db/db) diabetic model. Dipyridamole therapy quickly rectified ischemic hind-limb blood flow to near preligation levels within 3 days of the start of therapy. Restoration of ischemic tissue blood flow was associated with increased vascular density and endothelial cell proliferation observed only in ischemic limbs. Dipyridamole significantly increased total nitric oxide metabolite levels in tissue, which were not associated with changes in endothelial NO synthase expression or phosphorylation. Interestingly, dipyridamole therapy significantly decreased ischemic tissue superoxide and protein carbonyl levels, identifying a dominant antioxidant mechanistic response. Dipyridamole therapy also moderately reduced diabetic hyperglycemia and attenuated development of dyslipidemia over time. Together, these data reveal that dipyridamole therapy is an effective modality for the treatment of chronic tissue ischemia during diabetes and highlights the importance of dipyridamole antioxidant activity in restoring tissue NO bioavailability during diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyamal C. Bir
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Billy G. Branch
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Eric Greber
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Sibile Pardue
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Rakesh P. Patel
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama-Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christopher G. Kevil
- Department of Pathology, LSU Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana
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Marrotte EJ, Chen DD, Hakim JS, Chen AF. Manganese superoxide dismutase expression in endothelial progenitor cells accelerates wound healing in diabetic mice. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:4207-19. [PMID: 21060152 DOI: 10.1172/jci36858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amputation as a result of impaired wound healing is a serious complication of diabetes. Inadequate angiogenesis contributes to poor wound healing in diabetic patients. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) normally augment angiogenesis and wound repair but are functionally impaired in diabetics. Here we report that decreased expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) in EPCs contributes to impaired would healing in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes. A decreased frequency of circulating EPCs was detected in type 2 diabetic (db/db) mice, and when isolated, these cells exhibited decreased expression and activity of MnSOD. Wound healing and angiogenesis were markedly delayed in diabetic mice compared with normal controls. For cell therapy, topical transplantation of EPCs onto excisional wounds in diabetic mice demonstrated that diabetic EPCs were less effective than normal EPCs at accelerating wound closure. Transplantation of diabetic EPCs after MnSOD gene therapy restored their ability to mediate angiogenesis and wound repair. Conversely, siRNA-mediated knockdown of MnSOD in normal EPCs reduced their activity in diabetic wound healing assays. Increasing the number of transplanted diabetic EPCs also improved the rate of wound closure. Our findings demonstrate that cell therapy using diabetic EPCs after ex vivo MnSOD gene transfer accelerates their ability to heal wounds in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Marrotte
- 1Department of Surgery, Vascular Medicine Institute, McGowan Institute of Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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31
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Harrison DG, Chen W, Dikalov S, Li L. Regulation of endothelial cell tetrahydrobiopterin pathophysiological and therapeutic implications. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 60:107-32. [PMID: 21081217 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00005-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4)) is a critical cofactor for the nitric oxide synthases. In the absence of BH(4), these enzymes become uncoupled, fail to produce nitric oxide, and begin to produce superoxide and other reactive oxygen species (ROS). BH(4) levels are modulated by a complex biosynthetic pathway, salvage enzymes, and by oxidative degradation. The enzyme GTP cyclohydrolase-1 catalyzes the first step in the de novo synthesis of BH(4) and new evidence shows that this enzyme is regulated by phosphorylation, which reduces its interaction with its feedback regulatory protein (GFRP). In the setting of a variety of common diseases, such as atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabetes, reactive oxygen species promote oxidation of BH(4) and inhibit expression of the salvage enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), promoting accumulation of BH(2) and NOS uncoupling. There is substantial interest in therapeutic approaches to increasing tissue levels of BH(4), largely by oral administration of this agent. BH(4) treatment has proved effective in decreasing atherosclerosis, reducing blood pressure, and preventing complications of diabetes in experimental animals. While these basic studies have been very promising, there are only a few studies showing any effect of BH(4) therapy in humans in treatment of these common problems. Whether BH(4) or related agents will be useful in treatment of human diseases needs additional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Harrison
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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