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Osmanovic Barilar J, Knezovic A, Homolak J, Babic Perhoc A, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Divergent Effect of Central Incretin Receptors Inhibition in a Rat Model of Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010548. [PMID: 35008973 PMCID: PMC8745186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The incretin system is an emerging new field that might provide valuable contributions to the research of both the pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies in the treatment of diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative disorders. This study aimed to explore the roles of central glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) on cell metabolism and energy in the brain, as well as on the levels of these incretins, insulin, and glucose via inhibition of the central incretin receptors following intracerebroventricular administration of the respective antagonists in healthy rats and a streptozotocin-induced rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (sAD). Chemical ablation of the central GIP receptor (GIPR) or GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in healthy and diseased animals indicated a region-dependent role of incretins in brain cell energy and metabolism and central incretin-dependent modulation of peripheral hormone secretion, markedly after GIPR inhibition, as well as a dysregulation of the GLP-1 system in experimental sAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.O.B.); (J.H.); (A.B.P.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.O.B.); (J.H.); (A.B.P.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +38-514-566-832
| | - Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.O.B.); (J.H.); (A.B.P.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.O.B.); (J.H.); (A.B.P.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (J.O.B.); (J.H.); (A.B.P.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Nauck MA, Quast DR, Wefers J, Pfeiffer AFH. The evolving story of incretins (GIP and GLP-1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update. Diabetes Obes Metab 2021; 23 Suppl 3:5-29. [PMID: 34310013 DOI: 10.1111/dom.14496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have their main physiological role in augmenting insulin secretion after their nutrient-induced secretion from the gut. A functioning entero-insular (gut-endocrine pancreas) axis is essential for the maintenance of a normal glucose tolerance. This is exemplified by the incretin effect (greater insulin secretory response to oral as compared to "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose administration due to the secretion and action of incretin hormones). GIP and GLP-1 have additive effects on insulin secretion. Local production of GIP and/or GLP-1 in islet α-cells (instead of enteroendocrine K and L cells) has been observed, and its significance is still unclear. GLP-1 suppresses, and GIP increases glucagon secretion, both in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP plays a greater physiological role as an incretin. In type 2-diabetic patients, the incretin effect is reduced despite more or less normal secretion of GIP and GLP-1. While insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 are only slightly impaired in type 2 diabetes, GIP has lost much of its acute insulinotropic activity in type 2 diabetes, for largely unknown reasons. Besides their role in glucose homoeostasis, the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 have additional biological functions: GLP-1 at pharmacological concentrations reduces appetite, food intake, and-in the long run-body weight, and a similar role is evolving for GIP, at least in animal studies. Human studies, however, do not confirm these findings. GIP, but not GLP-1 increases triglyceride storage in white adipose tissue not only through stimulating insulin secretion, but also by interacting with regional blood vessels and GIP receptors. GIP, and to a lesser degree GLP-1, play a role in bone remodelling. GLP-1, but not GIP slows gastric emptying, which reduces post-meal glycaemic increments. For both GIP and GLP-1, beneficial effects on cardiovascular complications and neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders have been observed, pointing to therapeutic potential over and above improving diabetes complications. The recent finding that GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonists like tirzepatide have superior efficacy compared to selective GLP-1 receptor agonists with respect to glycaemic control as well as body weight has renewed interest in GIP, which previously was thought to be without any therapeutic potential. One focus of this research is into the long-term interaction of GIP and GLP-1 receptor signalling. A GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin [9-39]) and, more recently, a GIP receptor agonist (GIP [3-30] NH2 ) and, hopefully, longer-acting GIP receptor agonists for human use will be helpful tools to shed light on the open questions. A detailed knowledge of incretin physiology and pathophysiology will be a prerequisite for designing more effective incretin-based diabetes drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nauck
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniel R Quast
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jakob Wefers
- Diabetes Division, Katholisches Klinikum Bochum, St. Josef Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Endokrinologie, Stoffwechsel- und Ernährungsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Oviedo-Ojeda MF, Roque-Jiménez JA, Whalin M, Lee-Rangel HA, Relling AE. Effect of supplementation with different fatty acid profile to the dam in early gestation and to the offspring on the finishing diet on offspring growth and hypothalamus mRNA expression in sheep. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6153448. [PMID: 33640974 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation with omega-3 and omega-9 fatty acids (FA) during late gestation regulates offspring development; however, their effect in the first third of gestation is unknown in sheep. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of the maternal supplementation with an enriched source of monounsaturated FA (MUFA) or an enriched source of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) during the first third of gestation on productive performance on ewes and offspring, and hypothalamic neuropeptides on offspring. Seventy-nine post-weaning lambs, born of sheep supplemented in the first third of gestation with 1.61% Ca salts rich with MUFA or EPA+DHA (dam supplementation, DS), were distributed in a 2×2 factorial arrangement of treatments to finishing diets containing 1.48% of Ca salts of MUFA or EPA+DHA (lamb supplementation, LS). The finishing period of the offspring lasted for 56 d. During the finishing period dry matter intake (DMI, daily) and body weight (BW) were recorded. Plasma was collected for metabolites analysis. Twenty-four lambs were slaughtered, and hypothalamus was collected for mRNA expression of hormone receptors, neuropeptides, and lipid transport genes. The data were analyzed with a mixed model in SAS (9.4) using repeated measurements, when needed. There was a DS×LS interaction for BW (P = 0.10) where LS with EPA+DHA born from DS with MUFA were heavier than the other 3 treatments. Lambs born from DS with MUFA have a greater DMI (P < 0.01) than the offspring born from DS with EPA+DHA. Lambs born from MUFA supplemented dams had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) hypothalamus mRNA expression for cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript, growth hormone receptor, metastasis suppressor 1, leptin receptor, pro-opiomelanocortin, and Neuropeptide Y. These results indicate that growth depends not on the type of FA during the finishing phase but the interaction of different sources of FA ad different stages. Also, supplementation with FA during early pregnancy changes productive performance and neuropeptides' mRNA expression of lambs independently of the finishing diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Francisco Oviedo-Ojeda
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH 44691, USA.,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, San Luis Potosí 78175, México
| | - José Alejandro Roque-Jiménez
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH 44691, USA.,Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, San Luis Potosí 78175, México
| | - Megan Whalin
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Héctor Aarón Lee-Rangel
- Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Facultad de Agronomía y Veterinaria, San Luis Potosí 78175, México
| | - Alejandro Enrique Relling
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center (OARDC), Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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Adriaenssens AE, Gribble FM, Reimann F. The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide signaling axis in the central nervous system. Peptides 2020; 125:170194. [PMID: 31697967 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2019.170194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) is an incretin hormone released from the epithelium of the upper small intestine. While GIP shares common actions on the pancreatic beta cell with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), unlike GLP-1, GIP presents a complex target for the development of diabetes and obesity therapies due to its extra-pancreatic effects on fat mass. Recent pharmacological developments, however, have provided insight into a previously unrecognized role for GIP receptor (GIPR) signaling in regulating appetite. Additionally, GIP-based therapeutics have demonstrated promising neuroprotective properties. Together these observations identify an important central component of the GIP/GIPR signaling axis, and have triggered a resurgence of research interest into the central actions of GIP. In this review, we discuss what is currently known about where GIP may act in the central nervous system (CNS), the characteristics of its target cell populations, and the physiological effects of manipulating the activity Gipr-expressing cells in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Adriaenssens
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - F M Gribble
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
| | - F Reimann
- Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
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Mercer C, Bennett R, Conghaile PÓ, Rusling JF, Leech D. Glucose biosensor based on open-source wireless microfluidic potentiostat. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2019; 290:616-624. [PMID: 32395016 PMCID: PMC7213535 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Wireless potentiostats capable of cyclic voltammetry and amperometry that connect to the Internet are emerging as key attributes of future point-of-care devices. This work presents an "integrated microfluidic electrochemical detector" (iMED) three-electrode multi-potentiostat designed around operational amplifiers connected to a powerful WiFi-based microcontroller as a promising alternative to more expensive and complex strategies reported in the literature. The iMED is integrated with a microfluidic system developed to be controlled by the same microcontroller. The iMED is programmed wirelessly over a standard WiFi network and all electrochemical data is uploaded to an open-source cloud-based server. A wired desktop computer is not necessary for operation or program uploading. This method of integrated microfluidic automation is simple, uses common and inexpensive materials, and is compatible with commercial sample injectors. An integrated biosensor platform contains four screen-printed carbon arrays inside 4 separate microfluidic detection chambers with Pt counter and pseudo Ag/AgCl reference electrodes in situ. The iMED is benchmarked with K3[Fe(CN)6] against a commercial potentiostat and then as a glucose biosensor using glucose-oxidising films of [Os(2,2'-bipyridine)2(polyvinylimidazole)10Cl] prepared on screen-printed electrodes with multi walled carbon nanotubes, poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether and flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase. Potential application of this cost-effective wireless potentiostat approach to modern bioelectronics and point-of-care diagnosis is demonstrated by production of glucose oxidation currents, under pseudo-physiological conditions, using mediating films with lower redox potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conan Mercer
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Richard Bennett
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Ó. Conghaile
- National Centre for Sensor Research, School of Chemical Sciences, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - James F. Rusling
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3060, United States
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3136, United States
- Department of Surgery and Neag Cancer Centre, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, United States
| | - Dónal Leech
- School of Chemistry and Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Ohno K, Samaranch L, Hadaczek P, Bringas JR, Allen PC, Sudhakar V, Stockinger DE, Snieckus C, Campagna MV, San Sebastian W, Naidoo J, Chen H, Forsayeth J, Salegio EA, Hwa GGC, Bankiewicz KS. Kinetics and MR-Based Monitoring of AAV9 Vector Delivery into Cerebrospinal Fluid of Nonhuman Primates. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:47-54. [PMID: 30666308 PMCID: PMC6330508 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the utility of MRI to monitor intrathecal infusions in nonhuman primates. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) spiked with gadoteridol, a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, enabled real-time visualization of infusions delivered either via cerebromedullary cistern, lumbar, cerebromedullary and lumbar, or intracerebroventricular infusion. The kinetics of vector clearance from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. Our results highlight the value of MRI in optimizing the delivery of infusate into CSF. In particular, MRI revealed differential patterns of infusate distribution depending on the route of delivery. Gadoteridol coverage analysis showed that cerebellomedullary cistern delivery was a reliable and effective route of injection, achieving broad infusate distribution in the brain and spinal cord, and was even greater when combined with lumbar injection. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection resulted in strong cortical coverage but little spinal distribution. Lumbar injection alone led to the distribution of MRI contrast agent mainly in the spinal cord with little cortical coverage, but this delivery route was unreliable. Similarly, vector clearance analysis showed differences between different routes of delivery. Overall, our data support the value of monitoring CSF injections to dissect different patterns of gadoteridol distribution based on the route of intrathecal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Ohno
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Lluis Samaranch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Piotr Hadaczek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - John R Bringas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - Vivek Sudhakar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - Christopher Snieckus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - Waldy San Sebastian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Jerusha Naidoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - John Forsayeth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | | | - Krystof S Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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Chia CW, Carlson OD, Liu DD, González-Mariscal I, Santa-Cruz Calvo S, Egan JM. Incretin secretion in humans is under the influence of cannabinoid receptors. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 313:E359-E366. [PMID: 28655715 PMCID: PMC5625085 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00080.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms regulating incretin secretion are not fully known. Human obesity is associated with altered incretin secretion and elevated endocannabinoid levels. Since cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) are expressed on incretin-secreting cells in rodents, we hypothesized that endocannabinoids are involved in the regulation of incretin secretion. We compared plasma glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses during oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 20 lean and 20 obese participants from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA). Next, we recruited 20 healthy men to evaluate GIP and GLP-1 responses during OGTT after administering placebo or nabilone (CBR agonist) in a randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion. Compared with the BLSA lean group, the BLSA obese group had significantly higher fasting and post-OGTT GIP levels, but similar fasting GLP-1 and significantly lower post-OGTT GLP-1 levels. In the nabilone vs. placebo study, when compared with placebo, nabilone resulted in significantly elevated post-dose fasting GIP levels and post-OGTT GIP levels, but no change in post-dose fasting GLP-1 levels together with significantly lower post-OGTT GLP-1 levels. Glucose levels were not different with both interventions. We conclude that elevated GIP levels in obesity are likely a consequence of increased endocannabinoid levels. CBRs exert tonic control over GIP secretion, which may have a homeostatic effect in suppressing GLP-1 secretion. This raises the possibility that gut hormones are influenced by endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee W Chia
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Olga D Carlson
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - David D Liu
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Isabel González-Mariscal
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sara Santa-Cruz Calvo
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Josephine M Egan
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Kochunov P, Wey HY, Fox PT, Lancaster JL, Davis MD, Wang DJJ, Lin AL, Bastarrachea RA, Andrade MCR, Mattern V, Frost P, Higgins PB, Comuzzie AG, Voruganti VS. Changes in Cerebral Blood Flow during an Alteration in Glycemic State in a Large Non-human Primate ( Papio hamadryas sp.). Front Neurosci 2017; 11:49. [PMID: 28261040 PMCID: PMC5306336 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF) during a hyperglycemic challenge were mapped, using perfusion-weighted MRI, in a group of non-human primates. Seven female baboons were fasted for 16 h prior to 1-h imaging experiment, performed under general anesthesia, that consisted of a 20-min baseline, followed by a bolus infusion of glucose (500 mg/kg). CBF maps were collected every 7 s and blood glucose and insulin levels were sampled at regular intervals. Blood glucose levels rose from 51.3 ± 10.9 to 203.9 ± 38.9 mg/dL and declined to 133.4 ± 22.0 mg/dL, at the end of the experiment. Regional CBF changes consisted of four clusters: cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, and mesencephalon. Increases in the hypothalamic blood flow occurred concurrently with the regulatory response to systemic glucose change, whereas CBF declined for other clusters. The return to baseline of hypothalamic blood flow was observed while CBF was still increasing in other brain regions. The spatial pattern of extra-hypothalamic CBF changes was correlated with the patterns of several cerebral networks including the default mode network. These findings suggest that hypothalamic blood flow response to systemic glucose levels can potentially be explained by regulatory activity. The response of extra-hypothalamic clusters followed a different time course and its spatial pattern resembled that of the default-mode network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimore, MA, USA; Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; Southwest National Primate Research CenterSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hsiao-Ying Wey
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San AntonioSan Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Radiology, Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolCharlestown, MA, USA
| | - Peter T Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jack L Lancaster
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Michael D Davis
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Danny J J Wang
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California at Los AngelesLos Angeles, CA, USA; Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ai-Ling Lin
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Raul A Bastarrachea
- Southwest National Primate Research CenterSan Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marcia C R Andrade
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan Antonio, TX, USA; Center for Laboratory Animal Breeding, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationRio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Vicki Mattern
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Patrice Frost
- Southwest National Primate Research Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Paul B Higgins
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Southwest National Primate Research CenterSan Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research InstituteSan Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Venkata S Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition and UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Kannapolis, NC, USA
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