1
|
Bharanidharan R, Thirugnanasambantham K, Ibidhi R, Bang G, Jang SS, Baek YC, Kim KH, Moon YH. Effects of Dietary Protein Concentration on Lipid Metabolism Gene Expression and Fatty Acid Composition in 18-23-Month-Old Hanwoo Steers. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123378. [PMID: 34944155 PMCID: PMC8697893 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study evaluated the influence of dietary protein level on growth performance, fatty acid composition, and the expression of lipid metabolic genes in intramuscular adipose tissues from 18- to 23-month-old Hanwoo steers, representing the switching point of the lean-to-fat ratio. Forty steers with an initial live weight of 486 ± 37 kg were assigned to one of two treatment groups fed either a concentrate diet with 14.5% CP and or with 17% CP for 6 months. Biopsy samples of intramuscular tissue were collected to analyze the fatty acid composition and gene expression at 23 months of age. Throughout the entire experimental period, all steers were restrained twice daily to allow individual feeding. Growth performance, blood metabolites, and carcass traits, according to ultrasonic measurements, were not affected by the experimental diets. The high-protein diet significantly increased the expression of intramuscular PPARα (p < 0.1) and LPL (p < 0.05) but did not affect genes involved in fatty acid uptake (CD36 and FABP4) nor lipogenesis (ACACA, FASN, and SCD). In addition, it downregulated intramuscular VLCAD (p < 0.01) related to lipogenesis but also GPAT1 (p = 0.001), DGAT2 (p = 0.016), and SNAP23 (p = 0.057), which are involved in fatty acid esterification and adipocyte size. Hanwoo steers fed a high-protein diet at 18-23 months of age resulted in a relatively lower lipid turnover rate than steers fed a low-protein diet, which could be responsible for shortening the feeding period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajaraman Bharanidharan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea;
| | - Krishnaraj Thirugnanasambantham
- Department of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (K.T.); (R.I.); (K.H.K.)
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Kottakuppam 605104, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ridha Ibidhi
- Department of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (K.T.); (R.I.); (K.H.K.)
| | - Geumhwi Bang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea;
| | - Sun Sik Jang
- Hanwoo Research Institute, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Pyeongchang 25342, Korea;
| | - Youl Chang Baek
- Division of Animal Nutritional and Physiology, National Institute of Animal Sciences, Wanju 55365, Korea;
| | - Kyoung Hoon Kim
- Department of Eco-Friendly Livestock Science, Institute of Green Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea; (K.T.); (R.I.); (K.H.K.)
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang 25354, Korea
| | - Yea Hwang Moon
- Division of Animal Bioscience and Integrated Biotechnology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-3265
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bekfani T, Bekhite Elsaied M, Derlien S, Nisser J, Westermann M, Nietzsche S, Hamadanchi A, Fröb E, Westphal J, Haase D, Kretzschmar T, Schlattmann P, Smolenski UC, Lichtenauer M, Wernly B, Jirak P, Lehmann G, Möbius-Winkler S, Schulze PC. Skeletal Muscle Function, Structure, and Metabolism in Patients With Heart Failure With Reduced Ejection Fraction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circ Heart Fail 2020; 13:e007198. [PMID: 33302709 DOI: 10.1161/circheartfailure.120.007198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced exercise capacity in patients with heart failure (HF) could be partially explained by skeletal muscle dysfunction. We compared skeletal muscle function, structure, and metabolism among clinically stable outpatients with HF with preserved ejection fraction, HF with reduced ejection fraction, and healthy controls (HC). Furthermore, the molecular, metabolic, and clinical profile of patients with reduced muscle endurance was described. METHODS Fifty-five participants were recruited prospectively at the University Hospital Jena (17 HF with preserved ejection fraction, 18 HF with reduced ejection fraction, and 20 HC). All participants underwent echocardiography, cardiopulmonary exercise testing, 6-minute walking test, isokinetic muscle function, and skeletal muscle biopsies. Expression levels of fatty acid oxidation, glucose metabolism, atrophy genes, and proteins as well as inflammatory biomarkers were assessed. Mitochondria were evaluated using electron microscopy. RESULTS Patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction showed compared with HF with reduced ejection fraction and HC reduced muscle strength (eccentric extension: 13.3±5.0 versus 18.0±5.9 versus 17.9±5.1 Nm/kg, P=0.04), elevated levels of MSTN-2 (myostatin-2), FBXO-32 (F-box only protein 32 [Atrogin1]) gene and protein, and smaller mitochondrial size (P<0.05). Mitochondrial function and fatty acid and glucose metabolism were impaired in HF-patients compared with HC (P<0.05). In a multiple regression analysis, GDF-15 (growth and differentiation factor 15), CPT1B (carnitine palmitoyltransferase IB)-protein and oral anticoagulation were independent factors for predicting reduced muscle endurance after adjusting for age (log10 GDF-15 [pg/mL] [B, -54.3 (95% CI, -106 to -2.00), P=0.043], log10 CPT1B per fold increase [B, 49.3 (95% CI, 1.90-96.77), P=0.042]; oral anticoagulation present [B, 44.8 (95% CI, 27.90-61.78), P<0.001]). CONCLUSIONS Patients with HF with preserved ejection fraction have worse muscle function and predominant muscle atrophy compared with those with HF with reduced ejection fraction and HC. Inflammatory biomarkers, fatty acid oxidation, and oral anticoagulation were independent factors for predicting reduced muscle endurance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Bekfani
- Division of Cardiology, Angiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Mohamed Bekhite Elsaied
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Steffen Derlien
- University Hospital Jena, Institute of Physiotherapy (S.D., J.N., U.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Jenny Nisser
- University Hospital Jena, Institute of Physiotherapy (S.D., J.N., U.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Martin Westermann
- Center of Electron Microscopy (M.W., S.N.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Sandor Nietzsche
- Center of Electron Microscopy (M.W., S.N.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Ali Hamadanchi
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Fröb
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Julian Westphal
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Daniela Haase
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Tom Kretzschmar
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Peter Schlattmann
- Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Science and Data Science (IMSID), Jena University Hospital, Germany (P.S., G.L.)
| | - Ulrich C Smolenski
- University Hospital Jena, Institute of Physiotherapy (S.D., J.N., U.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - Michael Lichtenauer
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria (M.L., P.W., P.J.)
| | - Bernhard Wernly
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria (M.L., P.W., P.J.)
| | - Peter Jirak
- Clinic of Internal Medicine II, Department of Cardiology, Paracelsus Medical University of Salzburg, Austria (M.L., P.W., P.J.)
| | - Gabriele Lehmann
- Division of Endocrinology, Nephrology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine III (G.L.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany.,Institute for Medical Statistics, Computer Science and Data Science (IMSID), Jena University Hospital, Germany (P.S., G.L.)
| | - Sven Möbius-Winkler
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| | - P Christian Schulze
- Division of Cardiology, Pneumology, and Intensive Medical Care, Department of Internal Medicine I (M.B.E., A.H., E.F., J.W., D.H., T.K., S.M.-W., P.C.S.), Friedrich-Schiller-University, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Huang L, Tepaamorndech S, Kirschke CP, Newman JW, Keyes WR, Pedersen TL, Dumnil J. Aberrant fatty acid metabolism in skeletal muscle contributes to insulin resistance in zinc transporter 7 ( znt7)-knockout mice. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:7549-7563. [PMID: 29555680 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.817692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ZnT7 (Slc30a7) is a widely expressed zinc transporter involved in sequestration of zinc into the Golgi apparatus and vesicular compartments. znt7-knockout (KO) mice are mildly zinc-deficient and lean. Despite their lean phenotype, adult male znt7-KO mice are prone to insulin resistance. We hypothesized that fat partitioning from adipose to nonadipose tissues causes insulin resistance in znt7-KO mice. Here, we used biological and biochemical methods, including fatty acid and oxylipin profiling, EM, immunohistochemistry, quantitative RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, to identify the underlying mechanism of insulin resistance in znt7-KO mice. We found that insulin resistance in this model was primarily associated with increased intracellular fatty acid levels in the skeletal muscle, which promoted intracellular lipid accumulation and production of bioactive lipid mediators, such as 12,13-dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (12,13-DiHOME) and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE). The expression of fatty acid-binding protein 3 (Fabp3) was dramatically up-regulated in the znt7-KO muscle cells accompanied by increased expression of Cd36, Slc27a1, and Slc27a4, the three major fatty acid transporters in the skeletal muscle. We also demonstrated that znt7-KO muscle cells had increased fatty acid oxidative capacity, indicated by enlarged mitochondria and increased mRNA or protein expression of key enzymes involved in the fatty acid mitochondrial shuttle and β-oxidation. We conclude that increased fatty acid uptake in the znt7-KO skeletal muscle is a key factor that contributes to the excessive intracellular lipid deposit and elevated production of bioactive lipid mediators. These mediators may play pivotal roles in oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liping Huang
- From the Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616, .,Department of Nutrition and.,Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and
| | - Surapun Tepaamorndech
- Integrative Genetics and Genomics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, and.,Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Catherine P Kirschke
- From the Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616
| | - John W Newman
- From the Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616.,Department of Nutrition and
| | - William R Keyes
- From the Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616
| | - Theresa L Pedersen
- From the Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service/Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, California 95616
| | - Jureeporn Dumnil
- Food Biotechnology Research Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Han L, Shen WJ, Bittner S, Kraemer FB, Azhar S. PPARs: regulators of metabolism and as therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Part I: PPAR-α. Future Cardiol 2017; 13:259-278. [PMID: 28581332 PMCID: PMC5941715 DOI: 10.2217/fca-2016-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This article provides a comprehensive review about the molecular and metabolic actions of PPAR-α. It describes its structural features, ligand specificity, gene transcription mechanisms, functional characteristics and target genes. In addition, recent progress with the use of loss of function and gain of function mouse models in the discovery of diverse biological functions of PPAR-α, particularly in the vascular system and the status of the development of new single, dual, pan and partial PPAR agonists (PPAR modulators) in the clinical management of metabolic diseases are presented. This review also summarizes the clinical outcomes from a large number of clinical trials aimed at evaluating the atheroprotective actions of current clinically used PPAR-α agonists, fibrates and statin-fibrate combination therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stefanie Bittner
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Salman Azhar
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sung D, Kim S, Kim J, An H, So WY. Role of l-carnitine in sports performance: Focus on ergogenic aid and antioxidant. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
6
|
Astaxanthin inhibits inflammation and fibrosis in the liver and adipose tissue of mouse models of diet-induced obesity and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 43:27-35. [PMID: 28193580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if astaxanthin (ASTX), a xanthophyll carotenoid, can prevent obesity-associated metabolic abnormalities, inflammation and fibrosis in diet-induced obesity (DIO) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse models. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a low-fat (6% fat, w/w), a high-fat/high-sucrose control (HF/HS; 35% fat, 35% sucrose, w/w), or a HF/HS containing ASTX (AHF/HS; 0.03% ASTX, w/w) for 30 weeks. To induce NASH, another set of mice was fed a HF/HS diet containing 2% cholesterol (HF/HS/HC) a HF/HS/HC with 0.015% ASTX (AHF/HS/HC) for 18 weeks. Compared to LF, HF/HS significantly increased plasma total cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose, which were lowered by ASTX. ASTX decreased hepatic mRNA levels of markers of macrophages and fibrosis in both models. The effect of ASTX was more prominent in NASH than DIO mice. In epididymal fat, ASTX also decreased macrophage infiltration and M1 macrophage marker expression, and inhibited hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α and its downstream fibrogenic genes in both mouse models. ASTX significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor α mRNA in the splenocytes from DIO mice upon lipopolysaccharides stimulation compared with those from control mice fed an HF/HS diet. Additionally, ASTX significantly elevated the levels of genes that regulate fatty acid β-oxidation and mitochondrial biogenesis in the skeletal muscle compared with control obese mice, whereas no differences were noted in adipose lipogenic genes. Our results indicate that ASTX inhibits inflammation and fibrosis in the liver and adipose tissue and enhances the skeletal muscle's capacity for mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation in obese mice.
Collapse
|
7
|
Hafizi Abu Bakar M, Kian Kai C, Wan Hassan WN, Sarmidi MR, Yaakob H, Zaman Huri H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a central event for mechanisms underlying insulin resistance: the roles of long chain fatty acids. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2015; 31:453-75. [PMID: 25139820 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is characterized by hyperglycaemia, dyslipidaemia and oxidative stress prior to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. To date, a number of mechanisms have been proposed to link these syndromes together, but it remains unclear what the unifying condition that triggered these events in the progression of this metabolic disease. There have been a steady accumulation of data in numerous experimental studies showing the strong correlations between mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and insulin resistance. In addition, a growing number of studies suggest that the raised plasma free fatty acid level induced insulin resistance with the significant alteration of oxidative metabolism in various target tissues such as skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. In this review, we herein propose the idea of long chain fatty acid-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions as one of the key events in the pathophysiological development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species, lipotoxicity, inflammation-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and alterations of mitochondrial gene subset expressions are the most detrimental that lead to the developments of aberrant intracellular insulin signalling activity in a number of peripheral tissues, thereby leading to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Cheng Kian Kai
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Najihah Wan Hassan
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roji Sarmidi
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Harisun Yaakob
- Institute of Bioproduct Development, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Clinical Investigation Centre, 13th Floor Main Tower, University Malaya Medical Centre, Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Contreras AV, Torres N, Tovar AR. PPAR-α as a key nutritional and environmental sensor for metabolic adaptation. Adv Nutr 2013; 4:439-52. [PMID: 23858092 PMCID: PMC3941823 DOI: 10.3945/an.113.003798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are transcription factors that belong to the superfamily of nuclear hormone receptors and regulate the expression of several genes involved in metabolic processes that are potentially linked to the development of some diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and obesity. One type of PPAR, PPAR-α, is a transcription factor that regulates the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, and amino acids and is activated by ligands such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and drugs used to treat dyslipidemias. There is evidence that genetic variants within the PPARα gene have been associated with a risk of the development of dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease by influencing fasting and postprandial lipid concentrations; the gene variants have also been associated with an acceleration of the progression of type 2 diabetes. The interactions between genetic PPARα variants and the response to dietary factors will help to identify individuals or populations who can benefit from specific dietary recommendations. Interestingly, certain nutritional conditions, such as the prolonged consumption of a protein-restricted diet, can produce long-lasting effects on PPARα gene expression through modifications in the methylation of a specific locus surrounding the PPARα gene. Thus, this review underlines our current knowledge about the important role of PPAR-α as a mediator of the metabolic response to nutritional and environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra V. Contreras
- Faculty of Medicine, National University Autonomous of Mexico, PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences,National Institute of Genomic Medicine
| | - Nimbe Torres
- Nutrition Physiology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico D.F. Mexico
| | - Armando R. Tovar
- Nutrition Physiology Department, National Institute of Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubirán, Mexico D.F. Mexico,To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cornall LM, Mathai ML, Hryciw DH, Simcocks AC, O'Brien PE, Wentworth JM, McAinch AJ. GPR119 regulates genetic markers of fatty acid oxidation in cultured skeletal muscle myotubes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 365:108-18. [PMID: 23069642 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gene knockout and agonist studies indicate that activation of the G protein-coupled receptor, GPR119, protects against diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. It is not known if GPR119 activation in skeletal muscle mediates these effects. To address this uncertainty, we measured GPR119 expression in skeletal muscle and determined the effects of PSN632408, a GPR119 agonist, on the expression of genes and proteins required for fatty acid and glucose oxidation in cultured myotubes. GPR119 expression was readily detected in rat skeletal muscle and mRNAs were induced by 12 weeks of high-fat feeding. Treatment of cultured mouse C₂C₁₂ myotubes with 5 μM PSN632408 or 0.5 mM palmitate reduced expression of mRNAs encoding fatty acid oxidation genes to similar extents. More so, treatment with PSN632408 decreased AMPKα (Thr172 phosphorylation) activity in the absence of palmitate and ACC (Ser79 phosphorylation) activity in the presence of palmitate. In human primary myotubes PSN632408 decreased expression of PDK4 and AMPKα2 mRNA in myotubes derived from obese donors. These data suggest GPR119 activation in skeletal muscle may impair fatty acid and glucose oxidation.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acids, Heterocyclic/pharmacology
- Adult
- Animals
- Body Mass Index
- Cells, Cultured
- Clone Cells
- Fatty Acids, Nonesterified/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genetic Markers
- Glucose/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Skeletal/pathology
- Obesity, Morbid/genetics
- Obesity, Morbid/metabolism
- Obesity, Morbid/pathology
- Oxadiazoles/pharmacology
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Cornall
- Biomedical and Lifestyle Diseases Unit, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Victoria University, Melbourne 8001, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Effects of fatty acid treatments on the dexamethasone-induced intramuscular lipid accumulation in chickens. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36663. [PMID: 22623960 PMCID: PMC3356436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid has an important effect on lipid metabolism in muscles, and the type of fatty acid likely affects mitochondrial utilization. Therefore, we hypothesize that the different fatty acid types treatment may affect the glucocorticoid induction of intramuscular lipid accumulation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The effect of dexamethasone (DEX) on fatty acid metabolism and storage in skeletal muscle of broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) was investigated with and without fatty acid treatments. Male Arbor Acres chickens (31 d old) were treated with either palmitic acid (PA) or oleic acid (OA) for 7 days, followed by DEX administration for 3 days (35-37 d old). The DEX-induced lipid uptake and oxidation imbalance, which was estimated by increased fatty acid transport protein 1 (FATP1) expression and decreased carnitine palmitoyl transferase 1 activity, contributed to skeletal muscle lipid accumulation. More sensitive than glycolytic muscle, the oxidative muscle in DEX-treated chickens showed a decrease in the AMP to ATP ratio, a decrease in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) alpha phosphorylation and its activity, as well as an increase in the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and ribosomal p70S6 kinase, without Akt activation. DEX-stimulated lipid deposition was augmented by PA, but alleviated by OA, in response to pathways that were regulated differently, including AMPK, mTOR and FATP1. CONCLUSIONS DEX-induced intramuscular lipid accumulation was aggravated by SFA but alleviated by unsaturated fatty acid. The suppressed AMPK and augmented mTOR signaling pathways were involved in glucocortcoid-mediated enhanced intramuscular fat accumulation.
Collapse
|
11
|
Bright JJ, Walline CC, Kanakasabai S, Chakraborty S. Targeting PPAR as a therapy to treat multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2009; 12:1565-75. [PMID: 19007323 DOI: 10.1517/14728220802515400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes chronic paralysis and immense socio-economic problem among young adults. The etiology of MS is not known but it is generally viewed as an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the CNS. Over the past decade, several anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed to control MS symptoms but there is no medical cure. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the use and mechanism of action of agonists of PPAR, a family of nuclear receptor transcription factors that regulate inflammation, in treatment of MS. METHODS There are several reports showing beneficial effects of PPAR agonists in treating MS-like disease in animal models. We review recent advances in this field. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS PPAR agonists regulate MS-like disease in animal models by blocking inflammatory signaling pathways, suggesting their use in treatment of MS. Current human trials are likely to confirm the safety and efficacy of PPAR agonists for MS treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Bright
- Methodist Research Institute, Neuroscience Research Laboratory, 1800 N Capitol Avenue, Noyes Bldg E-504C, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Cha MH, Kim KS, Suh D, Yoon Y. Effects of genetic polymorphism of uncoupling protein 2 on body fat and calorie restriction-induced changes. Hereditas 2007; 144:222-7. [PMID: 18031357 DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0018-0661.02005.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to estimate the effects of Ala55Val genetic polymorphism of uncoupling protein 2 on computed tomography-measured body fat area and calorie restriction-induced changes. Among 386 Korean female subjects, the AlaAla type was seen in 30.3%, the AlaVal type was seen in 47.2%, and the ValVal type was seen in 22.5%. This finding was in agreement with Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The frequency of the major Ala allele was 0.54, and that of the minor Val allele was 0.46, which were similar to those seen in Caucasian populations. When cross-sectional areas of fat tissues in the subjects were measured by computed tomography, it was shown that the total abdominal fat area and abdominal subcutaneous fat area were significantly smaller in the ValVal type compared with the AlaVal or AlaAla type (p=0.043 and p=0.044, respectively). The Ala55Val polymorphism had no effects on visceral fat area and thigh subcutaneous fat area. Among the 386 subjects, 236 subjects finished the 1-month calorie restriction program. The results showed that the body fat was reduced significantly less in the ValVal type compared with the other types (p=0.016), whereas the changes in lean body mass, protein, mineral, and water contents were not significantly different according to the Ala55Val polymorphism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Ho Cha
- Department of Medical Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cree MG, Aarsland A, Herndon DN, Wolfe RR. Role of fat metabolism in burn trauma-induced skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Crit Care Med 2007; 35:S476-83. [PMID: 17713396 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000278066.05354.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Review current evidence on the role of fat in post-trauma insulin resistance, in reference to new studies with peroxisome proliferating activating receptor-alpha agonists. DESIGN Review. SETTING University laboratory. PATIENTS Thirty pediatric burn trauma patients. INTERVENTIONS Fourteen days of peroxisome proliferating activating receptor-alpha agonist immediately following burn trauma. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS We measured glucose metabolism and fat metabolism via tracer methodology and intracellular measurements. Insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is impaired following burn trauma, as is intracellular insulin signaling, palmitate oxidation, and mitochondrial oxidative capacity. Furthermore, levels of intracellular lipids are increased. Two weeks of peroxisome proliferating activating receptor-alpha treatment significantly reverses these pathologic changes incurred from burn injury. CONCLUSIONS Severe burn injury seriously affects multiple aspects of glucose and fat metabolism within the muscle, which can adversely affect clinical outcomes. Treatment with a peroxisome proliferating activating receptor-alpha drug may be a potential new therapeutic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie G Cree
- University of Arkansas Medical Sciences, Donald W. Reynolds Center on Aging, Nutrition, Metabolism and Exercise Lab, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Benton CR, Koonen DPY, Calles-Escandon J, Tandon NN, Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP, Heikkila JJ, Bonen A. Differential effects of contraction and PPAR agonists on the expression of fatty acid transporters in rat skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2006; 573:199-210. [PMID: 16484294 PMCID: PMC1779691 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2006.106013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined over the course of a 1-week period the independent and combined effects of chronically increased muscle contraction and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)alpha and PPARgamma activators, Wy 14,643 and rosiglitazone, on the expression and plasmalemmal content of the fatty acid transporters, FAT/CD36 and FABPpm, as well as on the rate of fatty acid transport. In resting muscle, the activation of either PPARalpha or PPARgamma failed to induce the protein expression of FAT/CD36. PPARalpha activation also failed to induce the protein expression of FABPpm. In contrast, PPARgamma activation induced the expression of FABPpm protein (40%; P < 0.05). Chronic muscle contraction increased the protein expression of FAT/CD36 (approximately 50%; P < 0.05), whereas FABPpm was slightly increased (12%; P < 0.05). Neither PPARalpha nor PPARgamma activation altered the contraction-induced expression of FAT/CD36 or FABPpm. Changes in protein expression of FAT/CD36 or FABPpm, induced by either contractions or by administration of rosiglitazone, were largely attributable to increased transcription. The contraction-induced increments in FAT/CD36 were accompanied by parallel increments in plasmalemmal FAT/CD36 and in rates of fatty acid transport (P < 0.05). Up-regulation of FABPpm expression was, however, accompanied by a reduction in plasmalemmal FABPpm, which did not affect the rates of long chain fatty acid (LCFA) transport. These studies have shown that in skeletal muscle (i) neither PPARalpha nor PPARgamma activation alters FAT/CD36 expression, (ii) PPARgamma activation selectively up-regulates FABPpm expression and (iii) contraction-induced up-regulation of LCFA transport does not appear to occur via activation of either PPARalpha or PPARgamma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carley R Benton
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 2W1
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhang J, Holt H, Wang C, Hadid OH, Byrne CD. Expression of AdipoR1 in vivo in skeletal muscle is independently associated with measures of truncal obesity in middle-aged caucasian men. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:2058-60. [PMID: 16043761 DOI: 10.2337/diacare.28.8.2058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Zhang
- Endocrinology & Metabolism Unit, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Division, University of Southampton, Level F, Central Block, Mailpoint 113, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Szanto A, Narkar V, Shen Q, Uray IP, Davies PJA, Nagy L. Retinoid X receptors: X-ploring their (patho)physiological functions. Cell Death Differ 2005; 11 Suppl 2:S126-43. [PMID: 15608692 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) belongs to a family of ligand-activated transcription factors that regulate many aspects of metazoan life. A class of nuclear receptors requires RXR as heterodimerization partner for their function. This places RXR in the crossroad of multiple distinct biological pathways. This and the fact that the debate on the endogenous ligand requirement for RXR is not yet settled make RXR still an enigmatic transcription factor. Here, we review some of the biology of RXR. We place RXR into the evolution of nuclear receptors, review structural details and ligands of the receptor. Then processes regulated by RXR are discussed focusing on the developmental roles deduced from studies on knockout animals and metabolic roles in diseases such as diabetes and atherosclerosis deduced from pharmacological studies. Finally, aspects of RXR's involvement in myeloid differentiation and apoptosis are summarized along with issues on RXR's suitability as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Szanto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, Debrecen H-4012, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Duttaroy AK, Jørgensen A. Insulin and leptin do not affect fatty acid uptake and metabolism in human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2005; 72:403-8. [PMID: 15919610 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2005.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2005] [Accepted: 03/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Placental transport of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids is important for fetal growth and development. In order to examine the effects of leptin and insulin on fatty acid uptake by the placenta, placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells were used. BeWo cells were incubated for 5h at 37 degrees C in the absence or presence of different concentrations of insulin (0.6, 60, and 100 ng) or leptin (10 ng) with 200 microM of various radiolabeled fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and oleic acid, mixed with 1:1 bovine serum albumin (fat free). After incubation, the uptake and distribution of these fatty acids into different cellular lipid fractions were determined. The uptakes of oleic, eicosapentaenoic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids were 15.36+/-4.1, 19.95+/-3.6, 28.56+/-8.1, and 62.25+/-9.5 nmol/mg of protein, respectively, in BeWo cells. Incubation of these cells with insulin (0.6 or 60 ng/ml) or leptin (10 ng/ml) did not significantly alter uptake of any of these fatty acids (P>0.5). Insulin or leptin also did not affect beta oxidation of fatty acids in these cells. In contrast, leptin (10 ng/ml) and insulin (0.60 ng/ml)) stimulated the uptake of oleic acid (7.4+/-2.3 nmol/mg protein) in human adipose cells, SGBS cells by 1.28- and 2.48-fold (P<0.05), respectively. The distribution of fatty acids in different cellular lipid fractions was also not affected by these hormones. Our data indicate that unlike adipose tissue, fatty acid uptake and metabolism in placental trophoblasts is not regulated by insulin or leptin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asim K Duttaroy
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, POB 1046 Blindern, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Newman JW, Morisseau C, Hammock BD. Epoxide hydrolases: their roles and interactions with lipid metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2005; 44:1-51. [PMID: 15748653 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The epoxide hydrolases (EHs) are enzymes present in all living organisms, which transform epoxide containing lipids by the addition of water. In plants and animals, many of these lipid substrates have potent biologically activities, such as host defenses, control of development, regulation of inflammation and blood pressure. Thus the EHs have important and diverse biological roles with profound effects on the physiological state of the host organisms. Currently, seven distinct epoxide hydrolase sub-types are recognized in higher organisms. These include the plant soluble EHs, the mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase, the hepoxilin hydrolase, leukotriene A4 hydrolase, the microsomal epoxide hydrolase, and the insect juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase. While our understanding of these enzymes has progressed at different rates, here we discuss the current state of knowledge for each of these enzymes, along with a distillation of our current understanding of their endogenous roles. By reviewing the entire enzyme class together, both commonalities and discrepancies in our understanding are highlighted and important directions for future research pertaining to these enzymes are indicated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John W Newman
- Department of Entomology, UCDavis Cancer Center, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|