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Tuero C, Becerril S, Ezquerro S, Neira G, Frühbeck G, Rodríguez A. Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the hepatoprotective role of ghrelin against NAFLD progression. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:833-849. [PMID: 36417140 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The underlying mechanisms for the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are complex and multifactorial. Within the last years, experimental and clinical evidences support the role of ghrelin in the development of NAFLD. Ghrelin is a gut hormone that plays a major role in the short-term regulation of appetite and long-term regulation of adiposity. The liver constitutes a target for ghrelin, where this gut-derived peptide triggers intracellular pathways regulating lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Interestingly, circulating ghrelin levels are altered in patients with metabolic diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, which, in turn, are well-known risk factors for the pathogenesis of NAFLD. This review summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the hepatoprotective action of ghrelin, including the reduction of hepatocyte lipotoxicity via autophagy and fatty acid β-oxidation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and programmed cell death, the reversibility of the proinflammatory phenotype in Kupffer cells, and the inactivation of hepatic stellate cells. Together, the metabolic and inflammatory pathways regulated by ghrelin in the liver support its potential as a therapeutic target to prevent NAFLD in patients with metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Tuero
- Department of General Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, School of Medicine, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Silvia Ezquerro
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gabriela Neira
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Irunlarrea 1, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de La Obesidad Y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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ELbialy ZI, Atef E, Al-Hawary II, Salah AS, Aboshosha AA, Abualreesh MH, Assar DH. Myostatin-mediated regulation of skeletal muscle damage post-acute Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1-17. [PMID: 36622623 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-022-01165-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the relationship between myostatin (MyoS), myogenin (MyoG), and the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 (GH/IGF-1) axis for muscle growth and histopathological changes in muscle after an Aeromonas hydrophila infection. A total number of 90 Nile tilapia (55.85 g) were randomly allocated into two equal groups of three replicates each. The first group was an uninfected control group that was injected intraperitoneally (ip) with 0.2 ml phosphate buffer saline (PBS), while the second group was injected ip with 0.2 ml (1.3 × 108 CFU/ml) Aeromonas hydrophila culture suspension. Sections of white muscle and liver tissues were taken from each group 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 1 week after infection for molecular analysis and histopathological examination. The results revealed that with time progression, the severity of muscle lesions increased from edema between bundles and mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration 24 h post-challenge to severe atrophy of muscle bundles with irregular and curved fibers with hyalinosis of the fibers 1 week postinfection. The molecular analysis showed that bacterial infection was able to induce the muscle expression levels of GH with reduced ILGF-1, MyoS, and MyoG at 24 h postinfection. However, time progression postinfection reversed these findings through elevated muscle expression levels of MyoS with regressed expression levels of muscle GH, ILGF-1, and MyoG. There have been no previous reports on the molecular expression analysis of the aforementioned genes and muscle histopathological changes in Nile tilapia following acute Aeromonas hydrophila infection. Our findings, collectively, revealed that the up-and down-regulation of the myostatin signaling is likely to be involved in the postinfection-induced muscle wasting through the negative regulation of genes involved in muscle growth, such as GH, ILGF-1, and myogenin, in response to acute Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizy I ELbialy
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Eman Atef
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim I Al-Hawary
- Fish Processing and Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdallah S Salah
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Aquatic and Fisheries Sciences, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
- Institute of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Ali A Aboshosha
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Muyassar H Abualreesh
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, King Abdul-Aziz University (KAU), Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Doaa H Assar
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
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Effects of Astragalus Extract Mixture HT042 on Circulating IGF-1 Level and Growth Hormone Axis in Rats. CHILDREN 2021; 8:children8110975. [PMID: 34828688 PMCID: PMC8622163 DOI: 10.3390/children8110975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Astragalus extract mixture HT042 is a standardized functional food granted by the Korean FDA for promoting “Children’s Height Growth”. In this study, we determined whether HT042 affects circulatory Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) after administration and investigated whether Growth hormone (GH), Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R), and Growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R) mRNAs are expressed in the pituitary, and whether Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) and Somatostatin (SST) are expressed in the hypothalamus. We also evaluated the growth effect of HT042 on endochondral bone formation. Male Sprague-Dawley rats in the control and HT042 groups were orally administered a single dose of the control and HT042, respectively, and those in the recombinant human GH (rhGH) group were subcutaneously injected with rhGH. Tetracycline was injected intraperitoneally 72 h prior to sacrifice to decide endochondral bone formation. To determine the endocrine or paracrine/autocrine mechanism, we evaluated the expression of local BMP-2 and IGF-1, an immunohistochemical study after HT042 administration. It was confirmed that the growth-promoting effect of HT042 can be contributed to the increase in serum IGF-1, which can be stimulated by GH secretion. Administration of HT042 modulated the activity of GHRH-R and GHR-S in the pituitary gland and promoted GH secretion, thereby changing longitudinal growth through GH/IGF-1 mediation. Results for GHRH and SST expression demonstrated that the hypothalamus can be influenced and mediated by HT042 through a complex neuroendocrine regulatory system. In addition, it was confirmed by oral administration for 10 days that HT042 increased bone formation in cartilage, which is important for height growth. The effect of HT042 could be owing to upregulation of local Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and IGF-1 expression in the growth plate, which could be regarded as a GH-dependent autocrine/paracrine pathway, as well as circulatory IGF-1.
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Martín AI, Priego T, Moreno-Ruperez Á, González-Hedström D, Granado M, López-Calderón A. IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 in Inflammatory Cachexia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179469. [PMID: 34502376 PMCID: PMC8430490 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation induces a wide response of the neuroendocrine system, which leads to modifications in all the endocrine axes. The hypothalamic–growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis is deeply affected by inflammation, its response being characterized by GH resistance and a decrease in circulating levels of IGF-1. The endocrine and metabolic responses to inflammation allow the organism to survive. However, in chronic inflammatory conditions, the inhibition of the hypothalamic–GH–IGF-1 axis contributes to the catabolic process, with skeletal muscle atrophy and cachexia. Here, we review the changes in pituitary GH secretion, IGF-1, and IGF-1 binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), as well as the mechanism that mediated those responses. The contribution of GH and IGF-1 to muscle wasting during inflammation has also been analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Martín
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.)
| | - Teresa Priego
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Álvaro Moreno-Ruperez
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.)
| | - Daniel González-Hedström
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (M.G.)
- Pharmactive Biotech Products S.L. Parque Científico de Madrid, Avenida del Doctor Severo Ochoa, 37 Local 4J, 28108 Alcobendas, Spain
| | - Miriam Granado
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.G.-H.); (M.G.)
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción López-Calderón
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.I.M.); (Á.M.-R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-913-941-491
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Mathur N, Mehdi SF, Anipindi M, Aziz M, Khan SA, Kondakindi H, Lowell B, Wang P, Roth J. Ghrelin as an Anti-Sepsis Peptide: Review. Front Immunol 2021; 11:610363. [PMID: 33584688 PMCID: PMC7876230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis continues to produce widespread inflammation, illness, and death, prompting intensive research aimed at uncovering causes and therapies. In this article, we focus on ghrelin, an endogenous peptide with promise as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Ghrelin was discovered, tracked, and isolated from stomach cells based on its ability to stimulate release of growth hormone. It also stimulates appetite and is shown to be anti-inflammatory in a wide range of tissues. The anti-inflammatory effects mediated by ghrelin are a result of both the stimulation of anti-inflammatory processes and an inhibition of pro-inflammatory forces. Anti-inflammatory processes are promoted in a broad range of tissues including the hypothalamus and vagus nerve as well as in a broad range of immune cells. Aged rodents have reduced levels of growth hormone (GH) and diminished immune responses; ghrelin administration boosts GH levels and immune response. The anti-inflammatory functions of ghrelin, well displayed in preclinical animal models of sepsis, are just being charted in patients, with expectations that ghrelin and growth hormone might improve outcomes in patients with sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimisha Mathur
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Syed F. Mehdi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Manasa Anipindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Monowar Aziz
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Sawleha A. Khan
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Hema Kondakindi
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Barbara Lowell
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
- Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
| | - Jesse Roth
- Laboratory of Diabetes, Obesity, and Other Metabolic Disorders, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, United States
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Cisplatin-Induced Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction: Mechanisms and Counteracting Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041242. [PMID: 32069876 PMCID: PMC7072891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the severe side effects induced by cisplatin chemotherapy, muscle wasting is the most relevant one. This effect is a major cause for a clinical decline of cancer patients, since it is a negative predictor of treatment outcome and associated to increased mortality. However, despite its toxicity even at low doses, cisplatin remains the first-line therapy for several types of solid tumors. Thus, effective pharmacological treatments counteracting or minimizing cisplatin-induced muscle wasting are urgently needed. The dissection of the molecular pathways responsible for cisplatin-induced muscle dysfunction gives the possibility to identify novel promising therapeutic targets. In this context, the use of animal model of cisplatin-induced cachexia is very useful. Here, we report an update of the most relevant researches on the mechanisms underlying cisplatin-induced muscle wasting and on the most promising potential therapeutic options to preserve muscle mass and function.
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de Paula Silva F, da Costa CMB, Pereira LM, Lessa DFS, Pitol DL, Issa JPM, do Prado Júnior JC, Abrahão AAC. Effects of ghrelin supplementation on the acute phase of Chagas disease in rats. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:532. [PMID: 31706334 PMCID: PMC6842500 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3787-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Trypanosoma cruzi is the causative agent of Chagas disease, which is endemic to subtropical and tropical Americas. The disease treatment remains partially ineffective, involving therapies directed to the parasite as well as palliative strategies for the clinical manifestations. Therefore, novel candidates for disease control are necessary. Additionally, strategies based on parasite inhibition via specific targets and application of compounds which improve the immune response against the disease is welcomed. Ghrelin is a peptide hormone pointed as a substance with important cardioprotective, vasodilatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative and immune modulatory functions. The aims of this study were to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of ghrelin in male Wistar rats infected with the Y strain of T. cruzi. Methods In order to delineate an immune response against T. cruzi mediated by ghrelin, we evaluated the following parameters: quantification of blood and cardiac parasites; analysis of cell markers (CD3+, CD8+, NK, NKT, CD45RA+, macrophage and RT1B+); nitric oxide (NO) production; lymphoproliferation assays; splenocyte apoptosis; and INF-γ, IL-12 and IL-6 quantification in sera. Results The animals infected with T. cruzi and supplemented with ghrelin demonstrated an upregulated pattern in macrophage and NO production, whereas an anti-inflammatory response was observed in T cells and cytokines. The low response against T. cruzi mediated by T cells probably contributed to a higher colonization of the cardiac tissue, when compared to infected groups. On the other side, the peptide decreased the inflammatory infiltration in cardiac tissue infected with T. cruzi. Conclusions Ghrelin demonstrated a dual function in animals infected with T. cruzi. Further studies, especially related to the decrease of cardiac tissue inflammation, are needed in order to determine the advantages of ghrelin supplementation in Chagas disease, mostly for populations from endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando de Paula Silva
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Cássia Mariana Bronzon da Costa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Luiz Miguel Pereira
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Diego Fernando Silva Lessa
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Dimitrius Leonardo Pitol
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Mardegan Issa
- Department of Morphology, Physiology and Basic Pathology, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto USP, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - José Clóvis do Prado Júnior
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Ana Amélia Carraro Abrahão
- Department of Clinical Analyses, Toxicology and Food Science, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Faim F, Passaglia P, Batalhao M, Lacchini R, Stabile AM, Carnio EC. Role of ghrelin on growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis during endotoxemia. Growth Horm IGF Res 2019; 48-49:36-44. [PMID: 31494533 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-inflammatory property of ghrelin treatment on the Growth Hormone (GH)/Insulin-like Growth Factor-I (IGF-1) axis in Wistar rats that have undergone endotoxemia. DESIGN In this randomized animal study, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (5 mg/kg; intraperitoneal) was administered to induce endotoxemia, and ghrelin (15 nmol/kg; endovenous) was injected simultaneously. Blood and liver samples were collected 2 h, 6 h and 12 h after LPS administration for analysis. MEASUREMENTS Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, beta (IL-1β), and IL-6 from both blood and liver were determined by ELISA assay. Serum nitrate was determined by chemiluminescense. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) and growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a (GHSR-1a) were determined by western blotting. GHR mRNA and IGF-1 mRNA were determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS LPS administration induced a decrease in IGF-1 and GH serum levels, characterizing GH/IGF-1 axis disruption. Ghrelin treatment attenuated the decrease of serum levels of IGF-1 as well as the increase of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and nitrate induced by LPS. The increase of induced GHSR-1a protein expression seen in the LPS group after 2 h remained until 6 h after ghrelin treatment. However, attenuation of the circulating IGF-1 decrease by ghrelin treatment was not accompanied by changes in GHR protein expression nor GHR and IGF-1 gene expression. CONCLUSION Ghrelin was able to attenuate changes in the GH/IGF-1 axis observed during systemic inflammation, which may be due to the modulation of pro-inflammatory mediators release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Faim
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Passaglia
- Department of Physiology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Batalhao
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Riccardo Lacchini
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Science, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Angelita Maria Stabile
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Evelin Capellari Carnio
- Department of General and Specialized Nursing, Nursing School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Asadi N, Kheradmand A, Gholami M, Moradi FH. Effect of ghrelin on the biochemical and histopathology parameters and spermatogenesis cycle following experimental varicocele in rat. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13106. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nematollah Asadi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences; Khorramabad Iran
- Animal Science Research Institute (ASRI); Jihad-e-Agriculture Ministry; Karaj Iran
| | - Arash Kheradmand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine; Lorestan University; Khorramabad Iran
| | | | - Forouzan Hadipour Moradi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center; Lorestan University of Medical Sciences; Khorramabad Iran
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Abstract
High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) is widely used as sweetener in processed foods and soft drinks in the United States, largely substituting sucrose (SUC). The orexigenic hormone ghrelin promotes obesity and insulin resistance; ghrelin responds differently to HFCS and SUC ingestion. Here we investigated the roles of ghrelin in HFCS- and SUC-induced adiposity and insulin resistance. To mimic soft drinks, 10-week-old male wild-type (WT) and ghrelin knockout (Ghrelin-/-) mice were subjected to ad lib. regular chow diet supplemented with either water (RD), 8% HFCS (HFCS), or 10% sucrose (SUC). We found that SUC-feeding induced more robust increases in body weight and body fat than HFCS-feeding. Comparing to SUC-fed mice, HFCS-fed mice showed lower body weight but higher circulating glucose and insulin levels. Interestingly, we also found that ghrelin deletion exacerbates HFCS-induced adiposity and inflammation in adipose tissues, as well as whole-body insulin resistance. Our findings suggest that HFCS and SUC have differential effects on lipid metabolism: while sucrose promotes obesogenesis, HFCS primarily enhances inflammation and insulin resistance, and ghrelin confers protective effects for these metabolic dysfunctions.
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Berlanga-Acosta J, Abreu-Cruz A, Herrera DGDB, Mendoza-Marí Y, Rodríguez-Ulloa A, García-Ojalvo A, Falcón-Cama V, Hernández-Bernal F, Beichen Q, Guillén-Nieto G. Synthetic Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptides (GHRPs): A Historical Appraisal of the Evidences Supporting Their Cytoprotective Effects. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CARDIOLOGY 2017; 11:1179546817694558. [PMID: 28469491 PMCID: PMC5392015 DOI: 10.1177/1179546817694558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) constitute a group of small synthetic peptides that stimulate the growth hormone secretion and the downstream axis activity. Mounting evidences since the early 1980s delineated unexpected pharmacological cardioprotective and cytoprotective properties for the GHRPs. However, despite intense basic pharmacological research, alternatives to prevent cell and tissue demise before lethal insults have remained as an empty niche in the clinical armamentarium. Here, we have rigorously reviewed the investigational development of GHRPs and their clinical niching perspectives. METHODOLOGY PubMed/MEDLINE databases, including original research and review articles, were explored. The search design was date escalated from 1980 and included articles in English only. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS GHRPs bind to two different receptors (GHS-R1a and CD36), which redundantly or independently exert relevant biological effects. GHRPs' binding to CD36 activates prosurvival pathways such as PI-3K/AKT1, thus reducing cellular death. Furthermore, GHRPs decrease reactive oxygen species (ROS) spillover, enhance the antioxidant defenses, and reduce inflammation. These cytoprotective abilities have been revealed in cardiac, neuronal, gastrointestinal, and hepatic cells, representing a comprehensive spectrum of protection of parenchymal organs. Antifibrotic effects have been attributed to some of the GHRPs by counteracting fibrogenic cytokines. In addition, GHRP family members have shown a potent myotropic effect by promoting anabolia and inhibiting catabolia. Finally, GHRPs exhibit a broad safety profile in preclinical and clinical settings. Despite these fragmented lines incite to envision multiple pharmacological uses for GHRPs, especially as a myocardial reperfusion damage-attenuating candidate, this family of "drugable" peptides awaits for a definitive clinical niche.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angel Abreu-Cruz
- Cardiology Unit, Center for Medical and Surgical Research, Siboney, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Yssel Mendoza-Marí
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Ariana García-Ojalvo
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | - Viviana Falcón-Cama
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cubanacán, Playa, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Qu Beichen
- Xinkexian Biological Technology Co., Ltd, Haidian District, Beijing, China
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Growth Hormone Releasing Peptide-2 Attenuation of Protein Kinase C-Induced Inflammation in Human Ovarian Granulosa Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081359. [PMID: 27548147 PMCID: PMC5000754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) are two important inflammatory mediators in ovulation. Ghrelin may modulate inflammatory signaling via growth hormone secretagogue receptors. We investigated the role of ghrelin in KGN human ovarian granulosa cells using protein kinase C (PKC) activator phorbol 12, 13-didecanoate (PDD) and synthetic ghrelin analog growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2). GHRP-2 attenuated PDD-induced expression of protein and mRNA, the promoter activity of COX-2 and IL-8 genes, and the secretion of prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) and IL-8. GHRP-2 promoted the degradation of PDD-induced COX-2 and IL-8 proteins with the involvement of proteasomal and lysosomal pathways. PDD-mediated COX-2 production acts via the p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathways; PDD-mediated IL-8 production acts via the p38, JNK and ERK pathways. GHRP-2 reduced the PDD-induced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK and activator protein 1 (AP-1) reporter activation and PDD-induced NF-κB nuclear translocation and reporter activation. The inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) reduced the inhibitory effect of GHRP-2 on PDD-induced COX-2 and IL-8 expression. Our findings demonstrate an anti-inflammatory role for ghrelin (GHRP-2) in PKC-mediated inflammation of granulosa cells, at least in part, due to its inhibitory effect on PKC-induced activation of p38, JNK and NF-κB, possibly by targeting to MKP-1 and PP2A.
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Growth Hormone-Releasing Peptide 6 Enhances the Healing Process and Improves the Esthetic Outcome of the Wounds. PLASTIC SURGERY INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4361702. [PMID: 27200188 PMCID: PMC4854984 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4361702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In addition to its cytoprotective effects, growth hormone-releasing peptide 6 (GHRP-6) proved to reduce liver fibrotic induration. CD36 as one of the GHRP-6 receptors appears abundantly represented in cutaneous wounds granulation tissue. The healing response in a scenario of CD36 agonistic stimulation had not been previously investigated. Excisional full-thickness wounds (6 mmØ) were created in the dorsum of Wistar rats and topically treated twice a day for 5 days. The universal model of rabbit's ears hypertrophic scars was implemented and the animals were treated daily for 30 days. Treatments for both species were based on a CMC jelly composition containing GHRP-6 400 μg/mL. Wounds response characterization included closure dynamic, RT-PCR transcriptional profile, histology, and histomorphometric procedures. The rats experiment indicated that GHRP-6 pharmacodynamics involves attenuation of immunoinflammatory mediators, their effector cells, and the reduction of the expression of fibrotic cytokines. Importantly, in the hypertrophic scars rabbit's model, GHRP-6 intervention dramatically reduced the onset of exuberant scars by activating PPARγ and reducing the expression of fibrogenic cytokines. GHRP-6 showed no effect on the reversion of consolidated lesions. This evidence supports the notion that CD36 is an active and pharmacologically approachable receptor to attenuate wound inflammation and accelerate its closure so as to improve wound esthetic.
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Lin L, Lee JH, Buras ED, Yu K, Wang R, Smith CW, Wu H, Sheikh-Hamad D, Sun Y. Ghrelin receptor regulates adipose tissue inflammation in aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:178-91. [PMID: 26837433 PMCID: PMC4761721 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aging is commonly associated with low-grade adipose inflammation, which is closely linked to insulin resistance. Ghrelin is the only circulating orexigenic hormone which is known to increase obesity and insulin resistance. We previously reported that the expression of the ghrelin receptor, growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R), increases in adipose tissues during aging, and old Ghsr(-/-) mice exhibit a lean and insulin-sensitive phenotype. Macrophages are major mediators of adipose tissue inflammation, which consist of pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 subtypes. Here, we show that in aged mice, GHS-R ablation promotes macrophage phenotypical shift toward anti-inflammatory M2. Old Ghsrp(-/-) mice have reduced macrophage infiltration, M1/M2 ratio, and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in white and brown adipose tissues. We also found that peritoneal macrophages of old Ghsrp(-/-) mice produce higher norepinephrine, which is in line with increased alternatively-activated M2 macrophages. Our data further reveal that GHS-R has cell-autonomous effects in macrophages, and GHS-R antagonist suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in macrophages. Collectively, our studies demonstrate that ghrelin signaling has an important role in macrophage polarization and adipose tissue inflammation during aging. GHS-R antagonists may serve as a novel and effective therapeutic option for age-associated adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligen Lin
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China
| | - Jong Han Lee
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric D. Buras
- Department of Internal Medicine at University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kaijiang Yu
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Ruitao Wang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, the Third Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - C. Wayne Smith
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Huaizhu Wu
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - David Sheikh-Hamad
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuxiang Sun
- USDA/ARS Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Controlled delivery of growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6 from the poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer and the effect of a growth-hormone-releasing peptide 6-copolymer hydrogel on the growth of rex r. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Qin Y, Li Z, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhao J, Mulholland M, Zhang W. Ghrelin contributes to protection of hepatocellular injury induced by ischaemia/reperfusion. Liver Int 2014; 34:567-75. [PMID: 23998356 DOI: 10.1111/liv.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Ghrelin, a gut hormone with pleiotropic effects, may act as a protective signal in parenchymal cells. We investigated the protective effects of ghrelin on hepatocytes after ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS Hepatic injury was assessed by measurement of plasma alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), histological analysis, and TUNEL assay. Effects of exogenous ghrelin and ghrelin receptor gene deletion on I/R induced injury of liver were evaluated. RESULTS Ischaemia/reperfusion induced a profound injury to hepatocytes. This was accompanied by elevations in plasma ALT and LDH. Pretreatment with ghrelin significantly reduced elevations in plasma ALT and LDH, and attenuated tissue damage induced by hepatic I/R in mice. Hepatic injury induced by I/R was more pronounced in ghrelin receptor gene null mice. Ghrelin administration blocked the up-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity induced by hepatic I/R. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that ghrelin contributes to the cytoprotection during hepatic I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Peking University Health Science Center, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China; Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Da Li University, Dali, Yunnan, China
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Gonciarz M, Bielański W, Partyka R, Brzozowski T, Konturek PC, Eszyk J, Celiński K, Reiter RJ, Konturek SJ. Plasma insulin, leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, and melatonin in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis patients treated with melatonin. J Pineal Res 2013; 54:154-61. [PMID: 22804755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2012.01023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and an abnormal production of adipokines and cytokines are implicated in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recently, we reported a significant improvement in plasma liver enzymes among patients with NASH treated with melatonin. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin, administered at a dose of 10 mg/day for 28 days to 16 patients with histologically proven NASH on insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), on the plasma levels of adiponectin, leptin, ghrelin, and resistin. Additionally, plasma levels of aminotransferases and gamma glutamyltranspeptidase as well as plasma concentrations of melatonin were evaluated. Median baseline values of HOMA-IR, leptin (ng/mL), and resistin (pg/mL) in patients with NASH were significantly higher in comparison with controls: 4.90 versus 1.60, 10.70 versus 4.30, and 152 versus 91, respectively. Median adiponectin level (μg/mL) was decreased in patients compared to controls: 6.40 versus 16.25; no significant difference in ghrelin levels between patients and controls was found. After melatonin treatment, the median value of HOMA-IR was significantly reduced by 60% as compared to baseline values, whereas adiponectin, leptin, and ghrelin plasma levels rose significantly by 119%, 33%, and 20%, respectively; the difference between pre-/posttreatment in plasma resistin levels was not significant. These findings make melatonin a suitable candidate for testing in patients with NASH in the large controlled clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Gonciarz
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Barbara's Main District Hospital, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Stevanovic D, Starcevic V, Vilimanovich U, Nesic D, Vucicevic L, Misirkic M, Janjetovic K, Savic E, Popadic D, Sudar E, Micic D, Sumarac-Dumanovic M, Trajkovic V. Immunomodulatory actions of central ghrelin in diet-induced energy imbalance. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:150-8. [PMID: 21925262 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of centrally administered orexigenic hormone ghrelin on energy imbalance-induced inflammation. Rats were subjected for four weeks to three different dietary regimes: normal (standard food), high-fat (standard food with 30% lard) or food-restricted (70%, 50%, 40% and 40% of the expected food intake in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th week, respectively). Compared to normal-weight controls, starved, but not obese rats had significantly higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, IL-1β, IFN-γ) in the blood. When compared to normally fed animals, the hearts of starved and obese animals expressed higher levels of mRNAs encoding proinflammatory mediators (TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-12, iNOS), while mRNA levels of the anti-inflammatory TGF-β remained unchanged. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ghrelin (1 μg/day) for five consecutive days significantly reduced TNF, IL-1β and IFN-γ levels in the blood of starved rats, as well as TNF, IL-17 and IL-12p40 mRNA expression in the hearts of obese rats. Conversely, ICV ghrelin increased the levels of IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-12p35 and IL-12p40 mRNA in the heart tissue of food-restricted animals. This was associated with an increase of immunosuppressive ACTH/corticosterone production in starved animals and a decrease of the immunostimulatory adipokine leptin both in food-restricted and high-fat groups. Ghrelin activated the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the hypothalamus and inhibited extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the hearts of obese, but not starved rats. Therefore, central ghrelin may play a complex role in energy imbalance-induced inflammation by modulating HPA axis, leptin and AMPK/ERK signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Stevanovic
- Institute of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Castillero E, López-Menduiña M, Martín AI, Villanúa MÁ, López-Calderón A. Comparison of the effects of the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic and fenofibrate on the inhibitory effect of arthritis on IGF1. J Endocrinol 2011; 210:361-8. [PMID: 21715432 DOI: 10.1530/joe-11-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant-induced arthritis is a chronic inflammatory illness that induces muscle wasting and decreases circulating IGF1. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and fenofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α agonist, have anti-inflammatory actions and ameliorate muscle wasting in arthritic rats. The aim of this work was to elucidate whether EPA and fenofibrate administration are able to prevent the effect of arthritis on the IGF1-IGFBP system. On day 4 after adjuvant injection control, arthritic rats were gavaged with EPA (1 g/kg) or fenofibrate (300 mg/kg) until day 15 when all rats were killed. Arthritis decreased body weight gain, serum IGF1, and liver Igf1 mRNA, whereas it increased gastrocnemius Igfbp3 mRNA. EPA, but not fenofibrate, administration prevented arthritis-induced decrease in serum IGF1 and liver Igf1 mRNA. In the rats treated with EPA arthritis increased Igfbp5 mRNA in the gastrocnemius. Fenofibrate treatment decreased IGF1 and Igf1 mRNA in the liver and gastrocnemius. In arthritic rats, fenofibrate increased body weight gain and decreased gastrocnemius Igfbp3 and Igfbp5 mRNA. These data suggest that the mechanisms through which EPA and fenofibrate act on the IGF1 system and ameliorate muscle wasting in arthritic rats are different. EPA administration increased circulating levels of IGF1, whereas fenofibrate decreased the Igfbp3 and Igfbp5 in the gastrocnemius muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estíbaliz Castillero
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Li G, Li J, Zhou Q, Song X, Liang H, Huang L. Growth hormone releasing peptide-2, a ghrelin agonist, attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2011; 222:7-13. [PMID: 20805679 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.222.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and its severe form, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), are the most common complications of sepsis, and the mortality of sepsis-induced ALI remains high in critically ill patients. Growth hormone releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2), a ghrelin agonist, has been shown to exert beneficial effects on various inflammatory diseases. We therefore explored whether GHRP-2 possesses anti-inflammatory properties in the pathogenesis of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intratracheally instilled with LPS (2 mg/kg) to induce ALI. ALI was confirmed with lung tissue injury (histopathological examination), enhanced lung edema (wet-to-dry weight ratio), and neutrophil infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) at 6 h after LPS exposure. The analyses of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed the significant increases in pulmonary permeability (total cells and protein) and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). In contrast, these lung injury indexes were attenuated in rats that received a subcutaneous injection of GHRP-2 (100 microg/kg) 0.5 h prior to LPS administration. To further explore the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of GHRP-2 in LPS-induced ALI, we assessed of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity in lung tissues at 6 h after LPS challenge. We thus found that pretreatment with GHRP-2 markedly suppressed the activation of NF-kappaB in lung tissues. These results indicate that GHRP-2 attenuated LPS-induced ALI. Early protection appears to be mediated partly through the inhibition of NF-kappaB pathway activation. The present study indicates that GHRP-2 acts as a potential therapeutic reagent for treating ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Li
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care Medicine & Emergency Medicine Center, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei Province, PR China
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Diz-Lois MT, Garcia-Buela J, Suarez F, Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Vidal O, Cordido F. Altered fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels in patients with liver failure are normalized after liver transplantation. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 163:609-16. [PMID: 20616109 DOI: 10.1530/eje-10-0508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Anorexia is a problem of paramount importance in patients with advanced liver failure. Ghrelin has important actions on feeding and weight homeostasis. Experimental data exist, which suggest that ghrelin could protect hepatic tissue. Both fasting and post-oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ghrelin concentrations are controversial in liver cirrhosis and are unknown after liver transplantation. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study fasting ghrelin concentrations and their response to an OGTT in liver failure patients before and after liver transplantation. DESIGN AND METHODS We included 21 patients with severe liver failure studied before (pretransplantation, PreT) and 6 months after liver transplantation (posttransplantation, PostT), and 10 age- and body mass index-matched healthy or overweight subjects as the control group (Cont). After an overnight fast, 75 g of oral glucose were administered; glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were obtained at baseline and at times 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. RESULTS Fasting ghrelin (median and range, pg/ml) levels were lower in PreT: 539 (309-1262) than in Cont: 643 (523-2163), P=0.045. Fasting ghrelin levels increased after liver transplantation, 539 (309-1262) vs 910 (426-3305), for PreT and PostT respectively, P=0.001. The area under the curve (AUC) of ghrelin (pg/ml min) was lower in PreT: 63,900 (37,260-148,410) than in Cont: 76,560 (56,160-206,385), P=0.027. The AUC of ghrelin increased in PostT, 63,900 (37,260-148,410) vs 107,595 (59,535-357,465), for PreT and PostT respectively, P=0.001. Fasting levels and the AUC of ghrelin were similar in PosT and Cont. CONCLUSIONS Decreased fasting and post-OGTT ghrelin levels in liver failure patients were normalized after liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Diz-Lois
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital A Coruña. Xubias de Arriba 84, Coruña, Spain
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Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Integrating GHS into the Ghrelin System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:879503. [PMID: 20798846 PMCID: PMC2925380 DOI: 10.1155/2010/879503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth-hormone (GH) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977. Members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as GH secretagogues (GHSs). A specific guanosine triphosphatate-binding protein-associated heptahelical transmembrane receptor for GHS was cloned in 1996. An endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor, acylghrelin, was identified in 1999. Expression of ghrelin and homonymous receptor occurs in the brain, pituitary gland, stomach, endothelium/vascular smooth muscle, pancreas, placenta, intestine, heart, bone, and other tissues. Principal actions of this peptidergic system include stimulation of GH release via combined hypothalamopituitary mechanisms, orexigenesis (appetitive enhancement), insulinostasis (inhibition of insulin secretion), cardiovascular effects (decreased mean arterial pressure and vasodilation), stimulation of gastric motility and acid secretion, adipogenesis with repression of fat oxidation, and antiapoptosis (antagonism of endothelial, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte death). The array of known and proposed interactions of ghrelin with key metabolic signals makes ghrelin and its receptor prime targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cyril Y. Bowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Ghrelin and obestatin expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma: an immunohistochemical and biochemical study. Mol Cell Biochem 2010; 339:173-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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New insights into the role of anabolic interventions in dialysis patients with protein energy wasting. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2009; 18:469-75. [PMID: 19713839 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328331489d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Patients on maintenance dialysis commonly develop protein-energy wasting (PEW), which is associated with poor survival. There have been several advances in anabolic interventions aimed at improving PEW in these patients in recent years. RECENT FINDINGS Oral or parenteral nutritional supplementation, especially if administered during dialysis, improves net protein anabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients. These beneficial effects have been extended to long-term benefits in recent clinical trials. Resistance exercise, alone or combined with intradialytic oral nutrition supplementation, also improves net protein balance in the acute setting although recent studies indicated a limited beneficial effect of long-term exercise alone on muscle protein accretion in chronic hemodialysis patients. Anabolic agents such as growth hormone and androgens have been shown to exert significant benefits on visceral protein stores, muscle mass and strength. Ghrelin, a hormone with combined orexigenic and anti-inflammatory effects, is a potential new nutritional intervention in maintenance dialysis patients. SUMMARY Existing anabolic therapeutic strategies have proven to be effective in improving PEW in maintenance dialysis patients. Combined anabolic interventions and several new and established anabolic hormones represent further promising nutritional interventions. Large-scale randomized controlled trials examining the effects of anabolic interventions on mortality and morbidity are still lacking.
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Hakim RM, Ikizler TA. Anabolic Interventions in ESRD: Light at the End of the Tunnel? Am J Kidney Dis 2009; 54:201-4. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2009.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2009] [Accepted: 04/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Casillas-Ramírez A, Zaouali A, Padrissa-Altés S, Ben Mosbah I, Pertosa A, Alfany-Fernández I, Bintanel-Morcillo M, Xaus C, Rimola A, Rodés J, Roselló-Catafau J, Peralta C. Insulin-like growth factor and epidermal growth factor treatment: new approaches to protecting steatotic livers against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3153-61. [PMID: 19282385 PMCID: PMC2703507 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is a major risk factor in ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) modulate IGF-I action by transporting circulating IGF-I to its sites of action. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulates IGF-I synthesis in vitro. We examined the effect of IGF-I and EGF treatment, separately or in combination, on the vulnerability of steatotic livers to I/R. Our results indicated that I/R impaired IGF-I synthesis only in steatotic livers. Only when a high dose of IGF-I (400 microg/kg) was given to obese animals did they show high circulating IGF-I:IGFBP levels, increased hepatic IGF-I levels, and protection against damage. In lean animals, a dose of 100 microg/kg IGF-I protected nonsteatotic livers. Our results indicated that the combined administration of IGF-I and EGF resulted in hepatic injury parameters in both liver types similar to that obtained by IGF-I and EGF separately. IGF-I increased egf expression in both liver types. The beneficial role of EGF on hepatic I/R injury may be attributable to p38 inhibition in nonsteatotic livers and to PPAR gamma overexpression in steatotic livers. In conclusion, IGF-I and EGF may constitute new pharmacological strategies to reduce the inherent susceptibility of steatotic livers to I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Araní Casillas-Ramírez
- Unitat de Transplantament de Fetge i Viabilitat de l'Empelt, Institut d' Investigaciones Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Diz-Lois MT, Garcia-Buela J, Suarez F, Sangiao-Alvarellos S, Vidal O, Cordido F. Fasting and postprandial plasma ghrelin levels are decreased in patients with liver failure previous to liver transplantation. Endocrine 2009; 35:467-76. [PMID: 19363599 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-009-9170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Anorexia is a problem of paramount importance in patients with advanced liver failure. Ghrelin has important actions on feeding and weight homeostasis. Concentrations of ghrelin are controversial in liver cirrhosis. Our aim was to study fasting ghrelin and their response to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in liver failure patients and normal subjects. METHODS We included 16 patients with severe liver failure prior to liver transplantation. As a control group we included 10 age- and BMI-matched healthy subjects. After an overnight fast, 75 g of oral glucose were administered; glucose, insulin, and ghrelin were obtained at baseline and at times 30, 60, 90, and 120 min, respectively. RESULTS Fasting ghrelin (median and range) were statistically significantly lower for patients compared to the controls, 527 (377-971) pg/ml vs. 643 (523-2163) pg/ml, P = 0.045, for patients and controls, respectively. The area under the curve for total ghrelin post-OGTT were lower in end-stage liver failure patients than in the control group, 58815 (44730-87420) pg/ml min vs. 76560 (56160-206385) pg/ml min, for patients and controls, respectively, P = 0.027. CONCLUSIONS Ghrelin levels are significantly decreased both fasting and post-OGTT in patients with liver failure candidates for transplantation. Decreased ghrelin levels could contribute to anorexia in patients with cirrhosis.
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Balasubramaniam A, Joshi R, Su C, Friend LA, Sheriff S, Kagan RJ, James JH. Ghrelin inhibits skeletal muscle protein breakdown in rats with thermal injury through normalizing elevated expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 296:R893-901. [PMID: 19211729 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00015.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We previously determined that ghrelin synthesis was downregulated after burn injury and that exogenous ghrelin retained its ability both to stimulate food intake and to restore plasma growth hormone levels in burned rats. These observations and the finding that anabolic hormones can attenuate skeletal muscle catabolism led us to investigate whether ghrelin could attenuate burn-induced skeletal muscle protein breakdown in rats. These studies were performed in young rats (50-60 g) 24 h after approximately 30% total body surface area burn injury. Burn injury increased total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles assessed by in vitro tyrosine and 3-methyl-histidine release, respectively. Continuous 24-h administration of ghrelin (0.2 mg.kg(-1).h(-1)) significantly inhibited both total and myofibrillar protein breakdown in burned rats. Ghrelin significantly attenuated burn-induced changes in mRNA expression of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-3 in liver. In EDL, ghrelin attenuated the increases in mRNA expression of the binding proteins, but had no significant effect on reduced expression of IGF-I. Ghrelin markedly reduced the elevated mRNA expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in EDL muscle that occurred after burn. Moreover, ghrelin normalized plasma glucocorticoid levels, which were elevated after burn. Expression of the muscle-specific ubiquitin-ligating enzyme (E3) ubiquitin ligases MuRF1 and MAFbx were markedly elevated in both EDL and gastrocnemius and were normalized by ghrelin. These results suggest that ghrelin is a powerful anticatabolic compound that reduces skeletal muscle protein breakdown through attenuating multiple burn-induced abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambikaipakan Balasubramaniam
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0558.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to summarize recent studies that investigated the role of ghrelin and ghrelin analogs in wasting conditions. RECENT FINDINGS Numerous studies have demonstrated potential beneficial effects exerted by ghrelin in a number of diseases associated with wasting. Besides ghrelin's orexigenic effect, anabolic as well as anti-inflammatory activity mediated by ghrelin have been investigated in wasting conditions such as cancer, diabetes mellitus, malabsorptive diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, anorexia nervosa, renal failure, liver failure, and chronic heart failure. Encouraging results have been obtained from experimental studies and a few clinical trials using subcutaneous administration of ghrelin and ghrelin agonists in cachexia. In-vitro studies have shown ghrelin and des-acyl ghrelin biological activities on proliferation of tumor cells and abnormal tissues. SUMMARY The recent studies support the possible positive effects of ghrelin in therapeutic approaches and adjunct treatment of a number of diseases associated with wasting. Utilization of agonists of the ghrelin receptor growth hormone secretagogue-1a is a promising approach for clinical use. Randomized and placebo-controlled studies, including large number of patients are further required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra M Kamiji
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Dixit VD. Adipose-immune interactions during obesity and caloric restriction: reciprocal mechanisms regulating immunity and health span. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:882-92. [PMID: 18579754 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0108028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests a tight coupling of metabolic and immune systems. This cross-talk mediated by neuroendocrine peptides as well as numerous cytokines and chemokines is believed to be responsible for integrating energy balance to immune function. These neuroendocrine-immune interactions are heightened during the state of chronic positive energy balance, as seen during obesity, and negative energy balance caused by caloric restriction (CR). Emerging evidence suggests that obesity may be associated with an immunodeficient state and chronic inflammation, which contribute to an increased risk of premature death. The direct interactions between expanded leukocyte populations within the adipose tissue during obesity and an increased number of adipocytes within an aging lymphoid microenvironment may constitute an important adaptive or pathological response as a result of change in energy balance. In stark contrast to obesity, CR causes negative energy balance and robustly prolongs a healthy lifespan in all of the species studied to date. Therefore, the endogenous neuroendocrine-metabolic sensors elevated or suppressed as a result of changes in energy balance may offer an important mechanism in understanding the antiaging and potential immune-enhancing nature of CR. Ghrelin, one such sensor of negative energy balance, is reduced during obesity and increased by CR. Ghrelin also regulates immune function by reducing proinflammatory cytokines and promotes thymopoiesis during aging and thus, may be a new CR mimetic target. The identification of immune effects and molecular pathways used by such orexigenic metabolic factors could offer potentially novel approaches to enhance immunity and increase healthy lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Deep Dixit
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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