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Dariushnejad H, Pirzeh L, Roshanravan N, Ghorbanzadeh V. Sodium butyrate and voluntary exercise through activating VEGF-A downstream signaling pathway improve heart angiogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Microvasc Res 2023; 147:104475. [PMID: 36657710 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2023.104475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inadequate angiogenesis in patients with type 2 diabetic heart could result in deprived collateral formation. Herein, we aimed to investigate the effects of sodium butyrate (NaB) along with voluntary exercise simultaneously on the mechanisms acting on cardiac angiogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were divided into the following five groups: control (Con), diabetic rats (Dia), diabetic rats treated with NaB (200 mg/kg, i.p.) (Dia-NaB), diabetic rats receiving voluntary exercise (Dia-Exe), and diabetic rats treated with NaB and exercise simultaneously (Dia-NaB-Exe). After an eight-week duration, NO metabolites levels were measured using Griess method, the VEGF-A and VEGFR2 expressions was examined by PCR, the expressions of VEGF-A and VEGFR2 proteins was investigated by western blot, and ELISA method was used for Akt, ERK1/2 expression. RESULTS Cardiac VEGF-A and VEGFR2 expressions were higher in the Dia-Exe and Dia-NaB-Exe groups compared to the Dia group. However, a combination of exercise and NaB enhanced the VEGF-A expression in cardiac tissue compared to the Dia-NaB and Dai-Exe groups. Heart NOx concentration was higher in the treated groups compared to the Dia group. The expression of cardiac Akt levels increased in both the Dia-Exe and Dia-NaB-Exe groups compared to the Dia groups. In addition, cardiac ERK1/2 expression was found to be higher in the Dia-NaB-Exe group compared to the Dia group. CONCLUSION The findings of this study showed the therapeutic potential of a novel combination therapy of sodium butyrate and voluntary exercise in improving cardiac angiogenesis with the enhanced involvement mechanism in high fat/STZ-induced type 2 diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dariushnejad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran
| | - Lale Pirzeh
- Institute for Vascular Signaling, Center for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfort am Main, Germany
| | - Neda Roshanravan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Vajihe Ghorbanzadeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Rahimi Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khoramabad, Iran.
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2
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Niknam Z, Samadi M, Ghalibafsabbaghi A, Chodari L. IGF-I combined with exercise improve diabetes-induced vascular dysfunction in heart of male Wistar rats. J Cardiovasc Thorac Res 2021; 14:34-41. [PMID: 35620752 PMCID: PMC9106942 DOI: 10.34172/jcvtr.2021.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This research investigates the impact of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF -I)and exercise on mediators associated with angiogenesis (VEGF-A, TSP-1, and NF-кβ) and capillarization status of the diabetic rats’ hearts.
Methods: Splitting of forty Wistar male rats into five groups occurred as following: control,diabetes, diabetes+IGF-I, diabetes+exercise, and diabetes+exercise+IGF-I.Through intraperitoneal administration of 60 mg/kg streptozotocin, the condition of Type 1diabetes was escalated. After four weeks of treatment with IGF-I (2 mg/kg/day) or treadmill exercise (17 m/min, zero degrees slope, 30 min/day), in the heart, microvascular density and protein levels of VEGF-A, TSP-1, and NF-кβ were determined by H&E staining and ELISA,respectively.
Results: Within the diabetic group, observations present a significant decrease in VEGF-A and MVD levels, whereas an increase in the TSP-1 and NF-Κb levels. While these impacts were reversed by either IGF-I or exercise treatments, simultaneous treatment had synergistic effects. Moreover, among diabetic rats, undesirable histologic alterations of the heart were demonstrated, including myonecrosis, interstitial edema, hemorrhage, and mononuclear immune cell infiltration, whereas treatments improved these changes.
Conclusion: These data manifest that IGF-I and exercise can increase the cardiac angiogenesis of diabetic rats through increasing expression of VEGF-A, and decreasing TSP-1 and NF-кβproteins level, also can improve myocardial tissue damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Niknam
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahrokh Samadi
- Nephrology and Kidney Transplant Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences , Urmia, Iran
| | | | - leila Chodari
- Neurophysiology Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Huang L, Yuan P, Yu P, Kong Q, Xu Z, Yan X, Shen Y, Yang J, Wan R, Hong K, Tang Y, Hu J. O-GlcNAc-modified SNAP29 inhibits autophagy-mediated degradation via the disturbed SNAP29-STX17-VAMP8 complex and exacerbates myocardial injury in type I diabetic rats. Int J Mol Med 2018; 42:3278-3290. [PMID: 30221662 PMCID: PMC6202107 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification and autophagy are associated with diabetic myocardial injury, however, the molecular mechanisms between the two processes remain to be fully elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to elucidate the molecular regulation of autophagy by O-GlcNAc-modified synaptosomal-associated protein 29 (SNAP29) in diabetic myocardial injury. A rat model of type I diabetes was established via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg). Significant increases in the O-GlcNAc modification and accumulation of the autophagy markers microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3α II/I and P62, which suggest that autophagic flux is inhibited, were observed in rats 8 weeks following STZ induction. Subsequently, the selective O-GlcNAcase inhibitor, thiamet G, increased the level of O-GlcNAc modification, which further disrupted autophagic flux; deteriorated cardiac diastolic function, as indicated by an increased left ventricular filling peak velocity/atrial contraction flow peak velocity ratio shown by echocardiography; and exacerbated myocardial abnormalities, as characterized by cardiomyocyte disorganization and fat and interstitial fibrosis accumulation. By contrast, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine, an inhibitor of glucosamine fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase isomerizing 1, acted as an O-GlcNAc antagonist and reduced the level of O-GlcNAc modification, which maintained autophagic flux and improved cardiac diastolic function. In vitro, high glucose (25 mM) was used to stimulate primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCMs). Consistent with the myocardium of diabetic rats, it was also shown in the NRCMs that O-GlcNAc modification of SNAP29 negatively regulated autophagic flux. The application of the short hairpin RNA interference lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP2) and the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine demonstrated that high glucose inhibited autophagy-mediated degradation rather than affected the initial stage of autophagy. Finally, co-immunoprecipitation was used to determine the role of the O-GlcNAc-modified substrate protein SNAP29, which acted as an SNAP29-syntaxin-17 (STX17)-vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) complex during disease progression. The present study is the first, to the best of our knowledge, to demonstrate that SNAP29 is an O-GlcNAc substrate and that an increase in O-GlcNAc-modified SNAP29 inhibits SNAP29-STX17-VAMP8 complex formation, thereby inhibiting the degradation of autophagy and exacerbating myocardial injury in type I diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Qiling Kong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Zixuan Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Xia Yan
- The Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shen
- The Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Juesheng Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Rong Wan
- The Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Kui Hong
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Yanhua Tang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
| | - Jinzhu Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Guo BQ, Xu JB, Xiao M, Ding M, Duan LJ. Puerarin reduces ischemia/reperfusion-induced myocardial injury in diabetic rats via upregulation of vascular endothelial growth factor A/angiotensin-1 and suppression of apoptosis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7421-7427. [PMID: 29568939 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Puerarin is an active ingredient of pueraria, which has been developed for puerarin injections, used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases including arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia and hypertension. However, the molecular mechanisms of puerarin on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)‑induced myocardial apoptosis in diabetic rats are not fully understood. The present study aimed to investigate whether puerarin can attenuate I/R‑induced myocardial apoptosis in diabetic rats, and to investigate the underlying mechanism. A hemodynamic analyzing system was employed to analyze the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), the left ventricular end‑systolic interior dimension (LVIDs) and the left ventricular end diastolic interior dimension (LVIDd). ELISA kits were used to analyze malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), tumor necrosis factor‑α (TNF‑α) and interleukin (IL)‑6 levels, NO production and caspase‑3 activity. Nuclear factor (NF)‑κB, ascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), angiotensin (Ang)‑I, phosphorylated (p)‑endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression was analyzed using western blot analysis. Puerarin significantly reduced the myocardial infarct area, and increased left ventricular developed pressure in diabetic rats with myocardial I/R. Oxidative stress, inflammation and nuclear factor‑κB protein expression were significantly reduced by puerarin. Furthermore, puerarin activated the protein expression levels of VEGFA and Ang‑I, and increased nitric oxide production, phosphorylated‑endothelial nitric oxide synthase protein expression and caspase‑3 activity. These results demonstrated that the myocardial protective effect of puerarin serves to reduce myocardial I/R injury, via upregulation of VEGFA/Ang‑1 and suppression of apoptosis, in diabetic rats with myocardial I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Qiang Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, Shandong 252601, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Bo Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Jiamusi Central Hospital, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang 154002, P.R. China
| | - Ming Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Min Ding
- Department of Podiatry, 2011 Collaborative Innovation Center of Tianjin for Medical Epigenetics, Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Metabolic Diseases Hospital and Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, Hebei 300070, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, Hebei 300192, P.R. China
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Xie P, Yang L, Talaiti A, Wu JJ, Yu J, Yu T, Wang HY, Huang B, Wu Q, Maimaitili Y, Wang J, Ma HP, Yang YN, Zheng H. Deferoxamine-activated hypoxia-inducible factor-1 restores cardioprotective effects of sevoflurane postconditioning in diabetic rats. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 221:98-114. [PMID: 28316125 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The cardioprotective effects of sevoflurane postconditioning (SpostC) are eliminated under diabetic conditions, and the underlying mechanism for this phenomenon remains unclear. Many studies have demonstrated that the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signalling pathway in the myocardium is impaired under diabetic conditions. This study was to investigate whether deferoxamine (DFO)-induced activation of HIF-1 signalling pathway can restore the cardioprotective effects of SpostC in diabetic rats. METHODS A model of myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury was induced via ligation of the left anterior descending artery. SpostC was conducted by administering 1.0 MAC sevoflurane. After inducing the I/R injury, the following parameters were measured: myocardial infarct size, cardiac function, myocardial ultrastructure, mitochondrial respiratory function, respiratory chain enzyme activity, rate of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and protein expression of HIF-1α, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cleaved caspase-3, Bcl-2 and Bax. RESULTS After DFO activated HIF-1 in the impaired myocardium of diabetic rats, SpostC significantly upregulated the protein expression of HIF-1α and its downstream mediator VEGF. This improved myocardial mitochondrial respiratory function and respiratory chain enzyme activity and reduced ROS generation as well as the protein expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax. As a result, myocardial infarct size decreased, and cardiac function and mitochondrial ultrastructure improved. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates for the first time that abolishment of the cardioprotective effects of SpostC in diabetic rats is associated with impairment of the HIF-1 signalling pathway and that DFO can activate HIF-1 to restore these cardioprotective effects of SpostC in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - L. Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - A. Talaiti
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - J. J. Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - J. Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - T. Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection; Zunyi Medical University; Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - H. Y. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Guizhou Key Laboratory of Anesthesia and Organ Protection; Zunyi Medical University; Zunyi Guizhou China
| | - B. Huang
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmacology; Zunyi Medical University; Zunyi China
| | - Q. Wu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education; Department of Pharmacology; Zunyi Medical University; Zunyi China
| | - Y. Maimaitili
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - J. Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - H. P. Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
| | - Y. N. Yang
- Department of Cardiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi China
| | - H. Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University; Urumqi Xinjiang China
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Wang N, Chang Y, Chen L, Guo YJ, Zhao YS, Guo QH, Ji ES. Tanshinone IIA protects against chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced myocardial injury via activating the endothelin 1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:1013-1020. [PMID: 28922718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) may exert significant protective effects against heart oxidative stress damage in obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) syndrome. Chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-triggered left ventricular dysfunction is used in a rat model to mimic CIH in OSA patients. 48 rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control (NC) group, CIH group and CIH+Tan IIA group with 16 rats in each group. At the end of experiment (day 21), the blood pressure, Plasma ET-1 and NO content, hemodynamic indexes, heart histology, myocardial apoptosis as well as the expression of eNOS, ET-1, ETA receptor and ETB receptor were compared among different groups. Tan IIA was able to inhibit the increase of blood pressure induced by CIH. Meanwhile, rat cardiac function in Tan IIA group was evaluated by hemodynamic indexes, histopathological examination. Higher ventricular eNOS activity was induced by Tan IIA with a reduction in both ET-1 and ETA receptor expression. However, Tan IIA largely inhibited the decrease of ETB receptor expression. This study demonstrated that Tan IIA has the potential to benefit rat heart against CIH via endothelin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Jing Guo
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Shuo Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiu-Hong Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - En-Sheng Ji
- Department of Physiology, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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Diallyl trisulfide exerts cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in diabetic state, role of AMPK-mediated AKT/GSK-3β/HIF-1α activation. Oncotarget 2017; 8:74791-74805. [PMID: 29088824 PMCID: PMC5650379 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diallyl trisulfide (DATS), the major active ingredient in garlic, has been reported to confer cardioprotective effects. However, its effect on myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (MI/R) injury in diabetic state and the underlying mechanism are still unknown. We hypothesize that DATS reduces MI/R injury in diabetic state via AMPK-mediated AKT/GSK-3β/HIF-1α activation. Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats received MI/R surgery with or without DATS (20mg/kg) treatment in the presence or absence of Compound C (Com.C, an AMPK inhibitor, 0.25mg/kg) or LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor, 5mg/kg). We found that DATS significantly improved heart function and reduced myocardial apoptosis. Additionally, in cultured H9c2 cells, DATS (10μM) also attenuated simulated ischemia-reperfusion injury. We found that AMPK and AKT/GSK-3β/HIF-1α signaling were down-regulated under diabetic condition, while DATS markedly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC, AKT and GSK-3β as well as HIF-1α expression in MI/R-injured myocardium. However, these protective actions were all blunted by Com.C administration. Additionally, LY294002 abolished the stimulatory effect of DATS on AKT/GSK-3β/HIF-1α signaling without affecting AMPK signaling. While 2-methoxyestradiol (a HIF-1α inhibitor) reduced HIF-1α expression without affecting AKT/GSK-3β signaling. Taken together, these data showed that DATS protected against MI/R injury in diabetic state by attenuating cellular apoptosis via AMPK-mediated AKT/GSK-3β/HIF-1α signaling. Its cardioprotective effect deserves further study.
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Vural P, Kabaca G, Firat RD, Degirmencioglu S. Administration of Selenium Decreases Lipid Peroxidation and Increases Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes Mellitus. CELL JOURNAL 2017; 19:452-460. [PMID: 28836407 PMCID: PMC5570410 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2017.4161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective The imbalance in oxidant/antioxidant status plays a pivotal role in diabetes
mellitus (DM). Selenium is a integral component of the antioxidant enzyme glutathione
peroxidase. Se treatment induces angiogenesis and improves endothelial function through
increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). The aim of this study
is to investigate the effect of selenium on oxidative stress, VEGF, and endothelin 1 (ET1)
in a DM rat model.
Materials and Methods We performed an experimental animal study with 64 adult male
Wistar-Albino rats. Rats were divided into the following groups (n=8): control (C)7, C21,
C+sodium selenite (Se)7, and C+Se21 (control rats), and DM7, DM21, DM+Se7, and
DM+Se21 (diabetic rats). Diabetes was induced by 2-deoxy-2-(3-methyl-3-nitrosoureido)-
D-glucopyranose [streptozotocin (STZ)]. Three weeks after STZ, DM+Se7 rats received
intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of 0.4 mg/kg Se for 7 days. The DM+Se21 rats received
these injections for 21 days. The same dose/duration of Se was administered to the
C+Se7 and C+Se21 groups. The remaining rats (C7, C21, DM7, DM21) received physi-
ologic saline injections for 7 or 21 days. Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), malon-
dialdehyde (MDA), advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), and endothelial function
markers (VEGF and ET1) in plasma samples were measured.
Results Diabetic rats (DM7 and DM21) had significantly increased plasma FRAP
(P=0.002, P=0.001), AOPP (P=0.024, P=0.01), MDA (P=0.004, P=0.001), and ET1
(P=0.028, P=0.003) levels compared with C7 and C21 control rats. VEGF (P=0.02, P=0.01)
significantly decreased in DM7 and DM21 diabetic rats compared with their controls (C7,
C21). Se administration reversed the increased MDA and decreased VEGF levels, and
lowered plasma glucose levels in the DM+Se7 and DM+Se21 diabetic groups compared
with diabetic rats (DM7, DM21). We observed positive correlations between FRAP-AOPP
(r=0.460), FRAP-ET1 (r=0.510), AOPP-MDA (r=0.270), and AOPP-ET1 (r=0.407), and a
negative correlation between MDA-VEGF (r=-0.314).
Conclusion We observed accentuated oxidative stress and impaired endothelial
function in diabetes. Se treatment reduced lipid peroxidation and hyperglycemia. Se
probably improved endothelial dysfunction in diabetic rats because of the increased
VEGF levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pervinl Vural
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Gulcan Kabaca
- Department of Oral Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Refia Deniz Firat
- Department of Oral Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevgin Degirmencioglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zurita E, Huerta M, De Jesús L, La Cruz FD, Ortiz-Butron R, Flores G, Gómez-Villalobos MDJ. Cerebrolysin Effects on Cardiac Neuropathy in Diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2017.87015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Ghorbanzadeh V, Mohammadi M, Dariushnejad H, Chodari L, Mohaddes G. Effects of crocin and voluntary exercise, alone or combined, on heart VEGF-A and HOMA-IR of HFD/STZ induced type 2 diabetic rats. J Endocrinol Invest 2016; 39:1179-86. [PMID: 27094045 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0456-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyperglycemia is the main risk factor for microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Crocin and voluntary exercise have anti-hyperglycemic effects in diabetes. In this research, we evaluated the effects of crocin and voluntary exercise alone or combined on glycemia control and heart level of VEGF-A. MATERIALS AND METHODS Animals were divided into eight groups as: control (con), diabetes (Dia), crocin (Cro), voluntary exercise (Exe), crocin and voluntary exercise (Cro-Exe), diabetic-crocin (Dia-Cro), diabetic-voluntary exercise (Dia-Exe), diabetic-crocin-voluntary exercise (Dia-Cro-Exe). Type 2 diabetes was induced by a high-fat diet (4 weeks) and injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (i.p, 35 mg/kg). Animals received oral administration of crocin (50 mg/kg) or performed voluntary exercise alone or together for 8 weeks. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed on overnight fasted control, diabetic and treated rats after 8 weeks of treatment. Then, serum insulin and heart VEGF-A protein levels were measured. RESULTS Crocin combined with voluntary exercise significantly decreased blood glucose levels (p < 0.001) and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p < 0.001) compared to diabetic group. VEGF-A level was significantly (p < 0.01) lower in Dia group compared to control group. The combination of crocin and voluntary exercise significantly enhanced VEGF-A protein levels in Dia-Cro-Exe and Cro-Exe group compared to diabetic and control groups, respectively; p < 0.001 and p < 0.05. DISCUSSION Crocin combined with voluntary exercise improved insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and reduced glucose levels in diabetic rats. Since both crocin and voluntary exercise can increase VEGF-A protein expression in heart tissue, they probably are able to increase angiogenesis in diabetic animals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Carotenoids/pharmacology
- Combined Modality Therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/therapy
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Glucose/administration & dosage
- Glucose Tolerance Test
- Heart/drug effects
- Heart/physiopathology
- Insulin Resistance
- Male
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ghorbanzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - M Mohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - H Dariushnejad
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - L Chodari
- Drug Applied Research Center of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - G Mohaddes
- Neuroscience Research Centre of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166614766, Tabriz, Iran.
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Mansor LS, Mehta K, Aksentijevic D, Carr CA, Lund T, Cole MA, Le Page L, Sousa Fialho MDL, Shattock MJ, Aasum E, Clarke K, Tyler DJ, Heather LC. Increased oxidative metabolism following hypoxia in the type 2 diabetic heart, despite normal hypoxia signalling and metabolic adaptation. J Physiol 2016; 594:307-20. [PMID: 26574233 PMCID: PMC4713751 DOI: 10.1113/jp271242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Adaptation to hypoxia makes the heart more oxygen efficient, by metabolising more glucose. In contrast, type 2 diabetes makes the heart metabolise more fatty acids. Diabetes increases the chances of the heart being exposed to hypoxia, but whether the diabetic heart can adapt and respond is unknown. In this study we show that diabetic hearts retain the ability to adapt their metabolism in response to hypoxia, with functional hypoxia signalling pathways. However, the hypoxia-induced changes in metabolism are additive to abnormal baseline metabolism, resulting in hypoxic diabetic hearts metabolising more fat and less glucose than controls. This stops the diabetic heart being able to recover its function when stressed. These results demonstrate that the diabetic heart retains metabolic flexibility to adapt to hypoxia, but is hindered by the baseline effects of the disease. This increases our understanding of how the diabetic heart is affected by hypoxia-associated complications of the disease. ABSTRACT Hypoxia activates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), promoting glycolysis and suppressing mitochondrial respiration. In the type 2 diabetic heart, glycolysis is suppressed whereas fatty acid metabolism is promoted. The diabetic heart experiences chronic hypoxia as a consequence of increased obstructive sleep apnoea and cardiovascular disease. Given the opposing metabolic effects of hypoxia and diabetes, we questioned whether diabetes affects cardiac metabolic adaptation to hypoxia. Control and type 2 diabetic rats were housed for 3 weeks in normoxia or 11% oxygen. Metabolism and function were measured in the isolated perfused heart using radiolabelled substrates. Following chronic hypoxia, both control and diabetic hearts upregulated glycolysis, lactate efflux and glycogen content and decreased fatty acid oxidation rates, with similar activation of HIF signalling pathways. However, hypoxia-induced changes were superimposed on diabetic hearts that were metabolically abnormal in normoxia, resulting in glycolytic rates 30% lower, and fatty acid oxidation 36% higher, in hypoxic diabetic hearts than hypoxic controls. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α target proteins were suppressed by hypoxia, but activated by diabetes. Mitochondrial respiration in diabetic hearts was divergently activated following hypoxia compared with controls. These differences in metabolism were associated with decreased contractile recovery of the hypoxic diabetic heart following an acute hypoxic insult. In conclusion, type 2 diabetic hearts retain metabolic flexibility to adapt to hypoxia, with normal HIF signalling pathways. However, they are more dependent on oxidative metabolism following hypoxia due to abnormal normoxic metabolism, which was associated with a functional deficit in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latt S Mansor
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Keshavi Mehta
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dunja Aksentijevic
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Carolyn A Carr
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Trine Lund
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Norway
| | - Mark A Cole
- University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lydia Le Page
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Michael J Shattock
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, King's College London, The Rayne Institute, London, UK
| | - Ellen Aasum
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Tromso, Norway
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lisa C Heather
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Ritter C, Zhang S, Finch JL, Liapis H, Suarez E, Ferder L, Delmez J, Slatopolsky E. Cardiac and renal effects of atrasentan in combination with enalapril and paricalcitol in uremic rats. Kidney Blood Press Res 2014; 39:340-52. [PMID: 25300759 PMCID: PMC4225010 DOI: 10.1159/000355811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The search for new therapies providing cardiorenal protection in chronic kidney disease (CKD) has led to treatments that combine conventional renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system inhibitors with other drugs that exhibit potential in disease management. METHODS In rats made uremic by renal ablation, we examined the effects of addition of the endothelin-A receptor antagonist atrasentan to a previously examined combination of enalapril (angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor) and paricalcitol (vitamin D receptor activator) on cardiac and renal parameters. The effects of the individual and combined drugs were examined after a 3-month treatment. RESULTS A decrease in systolic blood pressure, serum creatinine and proteinuria, and improvement of renal histology in uremic rats were attributed to enalapril and/or paricalcitol treatment; atrasentan alone had no effect. In heart tissue, individual treatment with the drugs blunted the increase in cardiomyocyte size, and combined treatment additively decreased cardiomyocyte size to normal levels. Perivascular fibrosis was blunted in uremic control rats with atrasentan or enalapril treatment. CONCLUSIONS We found distinct cardiac and renal effects of atrasentan. Combination treatment with atrasentan, enalapril and paricalcitol provided positive effects on cardiac remodeling in uremic rats, whereas combination treatment did not offer further protective effects on blood pressure, proteinuria or renal histology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Ritter
- Renal Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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13
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Abstract
Although heart disease due to diabetes is mainly associated with complications of the large vessels, microvascular abnormalities are also considered to be involved in altering cardiac structure and function. Three major defects, such as endothelial dysfunction, alteration in the production/release of hormones, and shift in metabolism of smooth muscle cells, have been suggested to produce damage to the small arteries and capillaries (microangiopathy) due to hyperglycemia, and promote the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. These factors may either act alone or in combination to produce oxidative stress as well as changes in cellular signaling and gene transcription, which in turn cause vasoconstriction and structural remodeling of the coronary vessels. Such alterations in microvasculature produce hypoperfusion of the myocardium and thereby lower the energy status resulting in changes in Ca(2+)-handling, apoptosis, and decreased cardiac contractile force. This article discusses diabetes-induced mechanisms of microvascular damage leading to cardiac dysfunction that is characterized by myocardial dilatation, cardiac hypertrophy as well as early diastolic and late systolic defects. Metabolic defects and changes in neurohumoral system due to diabetes, which promote disturbances in vascular homeostasis, are highlighted. In addition, increase in the vulnerability of the diabetic heart to the development of heart failure and the signaling pathways integrating nuclear factor κB and protein kinase C in diabetic cardiomyopathy are also described for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Adameova
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, St. Boniface Hospital Research, 351 Tache Avenue, Winnipeg, MB, R2H 2A6, Canada
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Urbina P, Singla DK. BMP-7 attenuates adverse cardiac remodeling mediated through M2 macrophages in prediabetic cardiomyopathy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 307:H762-72. [PMID: 24993041 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00367.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to determine whether or not monocyte infiltration occurs in the prediabetic (PD) heart and its role in PD cardiomyopathy. We hypothesized that the PD heart is significantly populated with monocytes and that bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-7, a novel mediator of monocyte polarization, activates infiltrated monocytes into anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages, thereby inhibiting apoptosis and fibrosis and improving cardiac function. C57Bl6 mice were assigned to control, PD, or PD + BMP-7 groups. PD and PD + BMP-7 groups were administered streptozotocin (50 mg/kg), whereas control animals received sodium citrate buffer. Afterward, the PD + BMP-7 group was administered BMP-7 (200 μg/kg) for 3 days. Our data showed significantly increased infiltrated monocytes and associated pro-inflammatory cytokines, adverse cardiac remodeling, and heart dysfunction in the PD group (P < 0.05). Interestingly, M2 macrophage differentiation and associated anti-inflammatory cytokines were enhanced and there were reduced adverse cardiac remodeling and improved cardiac function in the PD + BMP-7 group (P < 0.05). In conclusion, our data suggest that PD cardiomyopathy is associated with increased monocyte infiltration and released proinflammatory cytokines, which contributes to adverse cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Moreover, we report that BMP-7 possesses novel therapeutic potential in its ability to differentiate monocytes into M2 macrophages and confer cardiac protection in the PD heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Princess Urbina
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
| | - Dinender K Singla
- Biomolecular Science Center, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida
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15
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Miyauchi Y, Jesmin S, Sakai S, Kamiyama J, Shimojo N, Rahman A, Islam M, Zaedi S, Maeda S, Maruyama H, Mizutani T, Homma S, Aonuma K, Miyauchi T. Effects of selective endothelin (ET)-A receptor antagonist versus dual ET-A/B receptor antagonist on hearts of streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats. Life Sci 2014; 111:6-11. [PMID: 24953608 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The aim was to study the differences in the effectiveness of two types of endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists (selective ET-A or dual ET-A/B antagonists) on the hearts of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (type I diabetes) at functional and biochemical/molecular levels. MAIN METHODS Citrate saline (vehicle) or STZ was injected into rats. The ET-A/B dual receptor antagonist (SB209670, 1mg/kg/day) and the ET-A receptor antagonist (TA-0201, 1mg/kg/day) were then administered to these rats. One week after injection, the animals were separated into those receiving SB209670, TA-0201 or vehicle by 4-week osmotic mini-pump. KEY FINDINGS The VEGF level and percent fractional shortening in the diabetic heart were significantly decreased compared to the non-diabetic heart, whereas SB209670 and TA-0201 treatments greatly and comparably prevented this decrease. SB209670 treatment was more effective in reversing decreased expressions of KDR and phosphorylated AKT, downstream of VEGF angiogenic signaling, than TA-0201 treatment. The eNOS levels in hearts were significantly higher in diabetic rats than in healthy rats, and this increase was significantly reduced by TA-0210 but not by SB209670 treatment. SIGNIFICANCE Improvement of KDR mRNA and pAKT levels by SB209670 but not TA-0201 suggests that dual ET-A/-B blockade may be effective in improving intracellular systems of these components in the diabetic rat heart. However, the present study also showed that TA-0201 or SB209670 improved percent fractional shortening and VEGF levels of the diabetic hearts to a similar extent, suggesting that ET-A blockade and dual ET-A/-B blockade are similarly effective in improving cardiac dysfunction in the diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Miyauchi
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Sakai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Junko Kamiyama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Arifur Rahman
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Majedul Islam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sohel Zaedi
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Maruyama
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Taro Mizutani
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Homma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Aonuma
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyauchi
- Center for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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16
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Erekat NS, Al-Jarrah MD, Al Khatib AJ. Treadmill Exercise Training Improves Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression in the Cardiac Muscle of Type I Diabetic Rats. Cardiol Res 2014; 5:23-29. [PMID: 28392871 PMCID: PMC5358275 DOI: 10.14740/cr314w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is a potent mitogen for endothelial cells that is involved in angiogenesis. Cardiac VEGF is decreased in many pathologic conditions, including diabetes mellitus and aging. Exercise training has improved VEGF expression in the aging heart. Thus, the aim of our study is to illustrate the impact of treadmill exercise training on the cardiac VEGF expression in type I diabetic rats. Methods Twenty normal Sprague-Dawley rats and Sprague-Dawley rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were divided into the following equal groups: sedentary control (SC), exercised control (EC), sedentary diabetic rats (SD) and exercised diabetic rats (ED). Immunohistochemistry was used to investigate VEGF expression in the cardiac tissue in each of the four different groups. Results Cardiac VEGF expression was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in SD compared with that in SC. However, exercise training significantly (P < 0.01) enhanced VEGF expression in the cardiac tissue in ED compared with that in SD. Conclusion Our present data suggest that treadmill exercise training improved diabetes-induced downregulation in the cardiac VEGF expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour S Erekat
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST), Irbid, Jordan
| | - Muhammed D Al-Jarrah
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, JUST, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahed J Al Khatib
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, JUST, Irbid, Jordan
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17
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Oki M, Jesmin S, Islam MM, Mowa CN, Khatun T, Shimojo N, Sakuramoto H, Kamiyama J, Kawano S, Miyauchi T, Mizutani T. Dual blockade of endothelin action exacerbates up-regulated VEGF angiogenic signaling in the heart of lipopolysaccharide-induced endotoxemic rat model. Life Sci 2014; 118:364-9. [PMID: 24548632 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Sepsis is a cluster of heterogeneous syndromes associated with progressive endotoxemic developments, ultimately leading to damage of multiple organs, including the heart. However, the pathogenesis of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction is still not fully understood. The present study is the first to examine alterations in expression of key angiogenic signaling system mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in septic heart and the effects of endothelin dual blocker (ETDB) on it. MAIN METHODS Normal Wistar rats were either administered with: a) vehicle only (control group), b) lipopolysaccharide only (LPS: 15 mg/kg) and then sacrificed at different time points (1 h, 3 h, 6 h and 10 h), and c) the last group was co-administered with LPS and ETDB (SB-209670, 1 mg/kg body weight) for 6 h and then sacrificed. KEY FINDINGS Administration of LPS resulted in increases in levels of: a) serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, b) serum VEGF and c) serum endothelin (ET)-1 levels accompanied by up-regulation of cardiac VEGF and its downstream angiogenic signaling molecules. While cardiac TNF-α level was unchanged among experimental groups, cardiac ET-1 level was significantly higher in LPS-administered group. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that elevation in VEGF angiogenic signaling may be triggered by diminished oxygenation in the myocardium following LPS administration as a consequence of sepsis-induced microvascular dysfunction. Because of this cardiac dysfunction, oxygen supply may be inadequate at microregional level to support the normal heart metabolism and function. ETDB at 6 h further increased the elevated levels of VEGF angiogenic signaling in endotoxemic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Oki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Subrina Jesmin
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Md Majedul Islam
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Tanzila Khatun
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Nobutake Shimojo
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sakuramoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Junko Kamiyama
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawano
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takashi Miyauchi
- Centre for Tsukuba Advanced Research Alliance (TARA), University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Taro Mizutani
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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18
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Abstract
An intact microcirculation is vital for diffusion of oxygen and nutrients and for removal of toxins of every organ and system in the human body. The functional and/or anatomical loss of microvessels is known as rarefaction, which can compromise the normal organ function and have been suggested as a possible starting point of several diseases. The purpose of this overview is to discuss the potential underlying mechanisms leading to renal microvascular rarefaction, and the potential consequences on renal function and on the progression of renal damage. Although the kidney is a special organ that receives much more blood than its metabolic needs, experimental and clinical evidence indicates that renal microvascular rarefaction is associated to prevalent cardiovascular diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, either as cause or consequence. On the other hand, emerging experimental evidence using progenitor cells or angiogenic cytokines supports the feasibility of therapeutic interventions capable of modifying the progressive nature of microvascular rarefaction in the kidney. This overview will also attempt to discuss the potential renoprotective mechanisms of the therapeutic targeting of the renal microcirculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- The Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA.
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19
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Pearson JT, Jenkins MJ, Edgley AJ, Sonobe T, Joshi M, Waddingham MT, Fujii Y, Schwenke DO, Tsuchimochi H, Yoshimoto M, Umetani K, Kelly DJ, Shirai M. Acute Rho-kinase inhibition improves coronary dysfunction in vivo, in the early diabetic microcirculation. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2013; 12:111. [PMID: 24059472 PMCID: PMC3734116 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-12-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Activation of RhoA/Rho-kinase (ROCK) is increasingly implicated in acute vasospasm and chronic vasoconstriction in major organ systems. Therefore we aimed to ascertain whether an increase in ROCK activity plays a role in the deterioration of coronary vascular function in early stage diabetes. METHODS Synchrotron radiation microangiography was used to determine in vivo coronary responses in diabetic (3 weeks post streptozotocin 65 mg/kg ip) and vehicle treated male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 8 and 6). Changes in vessel number and calibre during vasodilator stimulation before and after blockade of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase were compared between rats. Acute responses to ROCK inhibitor, fasudil (10 mg/kg iv) was evaluated. Further, perivascular and myocardial fibrosis, arterial intimal thickening were assessed by histology, and capillary density, nitrotyrosine and ROCK1/2 expressions were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Diabetic rats had significantly elevated plasma glucose (P < 0.001 vs control), but did not differ in fibrotic scores, media to lumen ratio, capillary density or baseline visible vessel number or calibre. Responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside stimulation were similar between groups. However, in comparison to control rats the diabetic rats showed more segmental constrictions during blockade, which were not completely alleviated by acetylcholine, but were alleviated by fasudil. Further, second order vessel branches in diabetic rats were significantly more dilated relative to baseline (37% vs 12% increase, P < 0.05) after fasudil treatment compared to control rats, while visible vessel number increased in both groups. ROCK2 expression was borderline greater in diabetic rat hearts (P < 0.053). CONCLUSIONS We found that ahead of the reported decline in coronary endothelial vasodilator function in diabetic rats there was moderate elevation in ROCK expression, more widespread segmental constriction when nitric oxide and prostacyclin production were inhibited and notably, increased calibre in second and third order small arteries-arterioles following ROCK inhibition. Based on nitrotyrosine staining oxidative stress was not significantly elevated in early diabetic rats. We conclude that tonic ROCK mediated vasoconstriction contributes to coronary vasomotor tone in early diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Pearson
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Monash Biomedical Imaging Facility, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mathew J Jenkins
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Amanda J Edgley
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Takashi Sonobe
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Mandar Joshi
- The Ritchie Centre, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark T Waddingham
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yutaka Fujii
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Daryl O Schwenke
- Department of Physiology, Otago University, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Misa Yoshimoto
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Keiji Umetani
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute, Harima, Japan
| | - Darren J Kelly
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mikiyasu Shirai
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
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20
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A model of poorly controlled type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and its treatment with aerobic exercise training. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2013; 39:226-35. [PMID: 23522732 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Modern exogenous insulin therapy can improve the quality of life of Type 1 Diabetic Mellitus (T1DM) patients, although maintenance of normal glycaemic levels is often a challenge given the variety of factors that alter it. A number of studies have examined the effect of exercise in T1DM; however, the majority of experimental studies have utilized diabetic rodents with severe hyperglycaemia. Given that T1DM patients are likely to refrain from hyperglycaemia, studies examining the effects of regular exercise in which blood glucose is poorly controlled would better represent the T1DM population. METHODS The current study examined the ability of a ten-week aerobic exercise training program to modify markers of cardiovascular function and bone health in STZ-induced diabetic rodents maintained in the 9-15 mM glycaemic range through insulin therapy. RESULTS Moderate hyperglycaemia, when prolonged, leads to significant changes in cardiac structure, bone health, and glucose handling capacity. Ten weeks of exercise was able to alleviate many of these deleterious events as no significant cardiovascular functional alterations were evident except a reduction in resting heart rate and an increase in stroke volume index. Further, despite changes in cardiac dimensions, exercise was able to elevate cardiac output index and increase the E/A ratio of exercising diabetic animals which would be indicative of improvements of cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS Together, this study demonstrates that despite moderate hyperglycaemia, the combined role of a ten-week exercise training program coupled with insulin therapy is able to alleviate many of the well-known complications associated with diabetes progression.
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Zhang X, Chen C. A new insight of mechanisms, diagnosis and treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Endocrine 2012; 41:398-409. [PMID: 22322947 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-012-9623-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common chronic diseases across the world. Cardiovascular complication is the major morbidity and mortality among the diabetic patients. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, a new entity independent of coronary artery disease or hypertension, has been increasingly recognized by clinicians and epidemiologists. Cardiac dysfunction is the major characteristic of diabetic cardiomyopathy. For a better understanding of diabetic cardiomyopathy and necessary treatment strategy, several pathological mechanisms such as impaired calcium handling and increased oxidative stress, have been proposed through clinical and experimental observations. In this review, we will discuss the development of cardiac dysfunction, the mechanisms underlying diabetic cardiomyopathy, diagnostic methods, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Room 409A, Sir William MacGregor Building (64), St Lucia Campus, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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22
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Octavia Y, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Moens AL. NADPH oxidase-dependent oxidative stress in the failing heart: From pathogenic roles to therapeutic approach. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:291-7. [PMID: 22080085 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) occurs when the adaptation mechanisms of the heart fail to compensate for stress factors, such as pressure overload, myocardial infarction, inflammation, diabetes, and cardiotoxic drugs, with subsequent ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, myocardial dysfunction, and chamber dilatation. Oxidative stress, defined as an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the capacity of antioxidant defense systems, has been authenticated as a pivotal player in the cardiopathogenesis of the various HF subtypes. The family of NADPH oxidases has been investigated as a key enzymatic source of ROS in the pathogenesis of HF. In this review, we discuss the importance of NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation in the various subtypes of HF and its implications. A better understanding of the pathogenic roles of NADPH oxidases in the failing heart is likely to provide novel therapeutic strategies for the prevention and treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanti Octavia
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Center, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Jenkins MJ, Edgley AJ, Sonobe T, Umetani K, Schwenke DO, Fujii Y, Brown RD, Kelly DJ, Shirai M, Pearson JT. Dynamic synchrotron imaging of diabetic rat coronary microcirculation in vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2011; 32:370-7. [PMID: 22075246 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.111.237172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In diabetes, long-term micro- and macrovascular damage often underlies the functional decline in the cardiovascular system. However, it remains unclear whether early-stage diabetes is associated with in vivo functional impairment in the coronary microvasculature. Synchrotron imaging allows us to detect and quantify regional differences in resistance microvessel caliber in vivo, even under conditions of high heart rate. METHODS AND RESULTS Synchrotron cine-angiograms of the coronary vasculature were recorded using anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats 3 weeks after treatment with vehicle or streptozotocin (diabetic). In the early diabetic state, in the presence of nitric oxide and prostacyclin, vessel diameters were smaller (P<0.01) and endothelium-dependent vessel recruitment was already depressed (P<0.05). Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilatory responses in individual coronary vessels were not different in vivo. Inhibition of NO and PGI(2) production in diabetes uncovered early localized impairment in dilation. Diabetic animals displayed focal stenoses and segmental constrictions during nitric oxide synthase/cyclooxygenase blockade, which persisted during acetylcholine infusion (P<0.05), and a strong trend toward loss of visible microvessels. CONCLUSIONS Synchrotron imaging provides a novel method to investigate coronary microvascular function in vivo at all levels of the arterial tree. Furthermore, we have shown that early-stage diabetes is associated with localized coronary microvascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew J Jenkins
- Department of Cardiac Physiology, National Cerebral & Cardiovascular Research Center Research Institute, 5-7-1 Fujishirodai, Suita-shi, Osaka 565-8565, Japan.
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24
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Wang Z, Zhang W, Li X, Han Y, Chen Y, Liu Z, Xie L, Ji Y, Lu X. CPU0213, a novel endothelin type A and type B receptor antagonist, protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2011; 44:1148-55. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Y. Han
- Nanjing Medical University, China
| | | | - Z. Liu
- Nanjing Medical University
| | | | - Y. Ji
- Nanjing Medical University
| | - X. Lu
- Nanjing Medical University
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25
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Zoja C, Cattaneo S, Fiordaliso F, Lionetti V, Zambelli V, Salio M, Corna D, Pagani C, Rottoli D, Bisighini C, Remuzzi G, Benigni A. Distinct cardiac and renal effects of ETA receptor antagonist and ACE inhibitor in experimental type 2 diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F1114-23. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00122.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is associated with cardiovascular morbidity. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors provide imperfect renoprotection in advanced type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk remains elevated. Endothelin (ET)-1 has a role in renal and cardiac dysfunction in diabetes. Here, we assessed whether combination therapy with an ACE inhibitor and ETA receptor antagonist provided reno- and cardioprotection in rats with overt type 2 diabetes. Four groups of Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats were treated orally from 4 (when proteinuric) to 8 mo with vehicle, ramipril (1 mg/kg), sitaxsentan (60 mg/kg), and ramipril plus sitaxsentan. Lean rats served as controls. Combined therapy ameliorated proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis mostly as a result of the action of ramipril. Simultaneous blockade of ANG II and ET-1 pathways normalized renal monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and interstitial inflammation. Cardiomyocyte loss, volume enlargement, and capillary rarefaction were prominent abnormalities of ZDF myocardium. Myocyte volume was reduced by ramipril and sitaxsentan, which also ameliorated heart capillary density. Drug combination restored myocardial structure and reestablished an adequate capillary network in the presence of increased cardiac expression of VEGF/VEGFR-1, and significant reduction of oxidative stress. In conclusion, in type 2 diabetes concomitant blockade of ANG II synthesis and ET-1 biological activity through an ETA receptor antagonist led to substantial albeit not complete renoprotection, almost due to the ACE inhibitor. The drug combination also showed cardioprotective properties, which however, were mainly dependent on the contribution of the ETA receptor antagonist through the action of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Zoja
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo
| | - Sara Cattaneo
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan
| | | | - Vanessa Zambelli
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan
| | - Monica Salio
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan
| | - Daniela Corna
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo
| | - Chiara Pagani
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo
| | - Daniela Rottoli
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo
| | - Cinzia Bisighini
- Department of Cardiovascular Research, Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo
- Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis, Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research, Centro Anna Maria Astori, Science and Technology Park Kilometro Rosso, Bergamo
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26
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Abstract
Individuals with diabetes are at a significantly greater risk of developing cardioymyopathy and heart failure despite adjusting for concomitant risks such as coronary artery disease or hypertension. This has led to the increased recognition of a distinct disease process termed as "diabetic cardiomyopathy." In this article, we perform an extensive review of the pathogenesis and treatment of this disease. From a clinical perspective, physicians should be aware of this entity, and early screening should be considered because physical evidence of early diabetic cardiomyopathy could be difficult to detect. Early detection of the disease should prompt intensification of glycemic control, concomitant risk factors, use of pharmacologic agents such as β-blockers and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system antagosists. From a research perspective, more studies on myocardial tissue from diabetic patients are needed. Clinical trials to evaluate the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and fibrosis in early stages of the disease, as well as clinical trials of pharmacologic intervention in patients specifically with diabetic cardiomyopathy, need to be conducted.
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27
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Takahashi N, Takasu S. A close relationship between type 1 diabetes and vitamin A-deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase and hyaluronidase activities in skin tissues. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:899-904. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01351.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kelsen S, Hall JE, Chade AR. Endothelin-A receptor blockade slows the progression of renal injury in experimental renovascular disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 301:F218-25. [PMID: 21478482 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00089.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelin (ET)-1, a potent renal vasoconstrictor with mitogenic properties, is upregulated by ischemia and has been shown to induce renal injury via the ET-A receptor. The potential role of ET-A blockade in chronic renovascular disease (RVD) has not, to our knowledge, been previously reported. We hypothesized that chronic ET-A receptor blockade would preserve renal hemodynamics and slow the progression of injury of the stenotic kidney in experimental RVD. Renal artery stenosis, a major cause of chronic RVD, was induced in 14 pigs and observed for 6 wk. In half of the pigs, chronic ET-A blockade was initiated (RVD+ET-A, 0.75 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)) at the onset of RVD. Single-kidney renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and perfusion were quantified in vivo after 6 wk using multidetector computer tomography. Renal microvascular density was quantified ex vivo using three-dimensional microcomputer tomography, and growth factors, inflammation, apoptosis, and fibrosis were determined in renal tissue. The degree of stenosis and increase in blood pressure were similar in RVD and RVD+ET-A pigs. Renal hemodynamics, function, and microvascular density were decreased in the stenotic kidney but preserved by ET-A blockade, accompanied by increased renal expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and downstream mediators such as phosphorilated-Akt, angiopoietins, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase. ET-A blockade also reduced renal apoptosis, inflammation, and glomerulosclerosis. This study shows that ET-A blockade slows the progression of renal injury in experimental RVD and preserves renal hemodynamics, function, and microvascular density in the stenotic kidney. These results support a role for ET-1/ET-A as a potential therapeutic target in chronic RVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Kelsen
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Dept. of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State St., Jackson, MS 39216-4505, USA
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29
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Heather LC, Clarke K. Metabolism, hypoxia and the diabetic heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2011; 50:598-605. [PMID: 21262230 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Revised: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The diabetic heart becomes metabolically remodelled as a consequence of exposure to abnormal circulating substrates and hormones. Fatty acid uptake and metabolism are increased in the type 2 diabetic heart, resulting in accumulation of intracellular lipid intermediates and an increased contribution of fatty acids towards energy generation. Cardiac glucose uptake and oxidation are decreased, predominantly due to increased fatty acid metabolism, which suppresses glucose utilisation via the Randle cycle. These metabolic changes decrease cardiac efficiency and energetics in both humans and animal models of diabetes. Diabetic hearts have decreased recovery following ischemia, indicating a reduced tolerance to oxygen-limited conditions. There is evidence that diabetic hearts have a compromised hypoxia signalling pathway, as hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) and downstream signalling from HIF are reduced following ischemia. Failure to activate HIF under oxygen-limited conditions results in less angiogenesis, and an inability to upregulate glycolytic ATP generation. Given that glycolysis is already suppressed in the diabetic heart under normoxic conditions, the inability to upregulate glycolysis in response to hypoxia may have deleterious effects on ATP production. Thus, impaired HIF signalling may contribute to metabolic and energetic abnormalities, and impaired collateral vessel development following myocardial infarction in the type 2 diabetic heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C Heather
- Cardiac Metabolism Research Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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30
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Chade AR. Renovascular disease, microcirculation, and the progression of renal injury: role of angiogenesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 300:R783-90. [PMID: 21307362 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00657.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports the pivotal role of renal microvascular disease as a determinant of tubulo-interstitial and glomerular fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. An intact microcirculation is vital to restore blood flow to the injured tissues, which is a crucial step to achieve a successful repair response. The purpose of this review is to discuss the impact and mechanisms of the functional and structural changes of the renal microvascular network, as well as the role of these changes in the progression and irreversibility of renal injury. Damage of the renal microcirculation and deterioration of the angiogenic response may constitute early steps in the complex pathways involved in progressive renal injury. There is limited but provocative evidence that stimulation of vascular proliferation and repair may stabilize renal function and slow the progression of renal disease. The feasibility of novel potential therapeutic interventions for stabilizing the renal microvasculature is also discussed. Targeted interventions to enhance endogenous renoprotective mechanisms focused on the microcirculation, such as cell-based therapy or the use of angiogenic cytokines have shown promising results in some experimental and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro R Chade
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Center for Excellence in Cardiovascular-Renal Research, and University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Both cardio- and microvascular complications adversely affect the life quality of patients with diabetes and have been the leading cause of mortality and morbidity in this population. Cardiovascular pathologies of diabetes have an effect on microvenules, arteries, and myocardium. It is believed that hyperglycemia is one of the most important metabolic factors in the development of both micro- and macrovascular complications in diabetic patients. Several prominent hypotheses exist to explain the adverse effect of hyperglycemia. One of them is the chronic activation by hyperglycemia of protein kinase (PK)C, a family of enzymes that are involved in controlling the function of other proteins. PKC has been associated with vascular alterations such as increases in permeability, contractility, extracellular matrix synthesis, cell growth and apoptosis, angiogenesis, leukocyte adhesion, and cytokine activation and inhibition. These perturbations in vascular cell homeostasis caused by different PKC isoforms (PKC-alpha, -beta1/2, and PKC-delta) are linked to the development of pathologies affecting large vessel (atherosclerosis, cardiomyopathy) and small vessel (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) complications. Clinical trials using a PKC-beta isoform inhibitor have been conducted, with some positive results for diabetic nonproliferative retinopathy, nephropathy, and endothelial dysfunction. This article reviews present understanding of how PKC isoforms cause vascular dysfunctions and pathologies in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Geraldes
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Widyantoro B, Emoto N, Nakayama K, Anggrahini DW, Adiarto S, Iwasa N, Yagi K, Miyagawa K, Rikitake Y, Suzuki T, Kisanuki YY, Yanagisawa M, Hirata KI. Endothelial cell-derived endothelin-1 promotes cardiac fibrosis in diabetic hearts through stimulation of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Circulation 2010; 121:2407-18. [PMID: 20497976 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.938217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistently high plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels in diabetic patients have been associated with the development of cardiac fibrosis, which results from the deposition of extracellular matrix and fibroblast recruitment from an as-yet unknown source. The underlying mechanism, however, remains elusive. Here, we hypothesize that ET-1 might contribute to the accumulation of cardiac fibroblasts through an endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in diabetic hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS We induced diabetes mellitus in vascular endothelial cell-specific ET-1 knockout [ET-1(f/f);Tie2-Cre (+)] mice and their wild-type littermates using the toxin streptozotocin. Gene expression and histological and functional parameters were examined at 8, 24, and 36 weeks after the induction of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes mellitus increased cardiac ET-1 expression in wild-type mice, leading to mitochondrial disruption and myofibril disarray through the generation of superoxide. Diabetic mice also showed impairment of cardiac microvascularization and a decrease in cardiac vascular endothelial growth factor expression. ET-1 further promotes cardiac fibrosis and heart failure through the accumulation of fibroblasts via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. All of these features were abolished in ET-1(f/f);Tie2-Cre (+) hearts. Targeted ET-1 gene silencing by small interfering RNA in cultured human endothelial cells ameliorated high glucose-induced phenotypic transition and acquisition of a fibroblast marker through the inhibition of transforming growth factor-beta signaling activation and preservation of the endothelial cell-to-cell contact regulator VE-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS These results provide new insights suggesting that diabetes mellitus-induced cardiac fibrosis is associated with the emergence of fibroblasts from endothelial cells and that this endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition process is stimulated by ET-1. Targeting endothelial cell-derived ET-1 might be beneficial in the prevention of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bambang Widyantoro
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
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33
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Klimas J, Kmecova J, Jankyova S, Yaghi D, Priesolova E, Kyselova Z, Musil P, Ochodnicky P, Krenek P, Kyselovic J, Matyas S. Pycnogenol®
improves left ventricular function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats. Phytother Res 2009; 24:969-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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34
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Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a distinct primary disease process, independent of coronary artery disease, which leads to heart failure in diabetic patients. Epidemiological and clinical trial data have confirmed the greater incidence and prevalence of heart failure in diabetes. Novel echocardiographic and MR (magnetic resonance) techniques have enabled a more accurate means of phenotyping diabetic cardiomyopathy. Experimental models of diabetes have provided a range of novel molecular targets for this condition, but none have been substantiated in humans. Similarly, although ultrastructural pathology of the microvessels and cardiomyocytes is well described in animal models, studies in humans are small and limited to light microscopy. With regard to treatment, recent data with thiazoledinediones has generated much controversy in terms of the cardiac safety of both these and other drugs currently in use and under development. Clinical trials are urgently required to establish the efficacy of currently available agents for heart failure, as well as novel therapies in patients specifically with diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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35
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Khavandi K, Khavandi A, Asghar O, Greenstein A, Withers S, Heagerty AM, Malik RA. Diabetic cardiomyopathy--a distinct disease? Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 23:347-60. [PMID: 19520308 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2008.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic individuals have a significantly increased likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease. Whilst part of this association is explained by the presence of concomitant risk factors, large epidemiological studies have consistently reported diabetes as a strong risk factor for the development of heart failure after adjusting for such covariates. This has resulted in the notion that there is a distinct cardiomyopathy specific to diabetes, termed 'diabetic cardiomyopathy'. The natural history is characterized by a latent subclinical period, during which there is evidence of diastolic dysfunction and left ventricular hypertrophy, before overt clinical deterioration and systolic failure ensue. These clinical findings have been supported by a growing body of experimental data which support the notion that diabetes inflicts a direct insult to the myocardium, with cellular, structural and functional changes manifest as the diabetic myocardial phenotype. Several of these mechanisms appear to work in unison, forming complicated reciprocal pathways of disease. Reactive oxygen species and alterations in intracellular calcium homeostasis appear to play significant roles in many of these mechanisms. Determining the hierarchy of this cascade of disease will allow identification of the pathological trigger most responsible for disease. Translational research in this field is currently hindered by a lack of clinical studies and intervention trials specifically in patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy. Future clinical and experimental studies of accurate models of diabetic cardiomyopathy should help to define the true aetiology and lead to the development of specific pharmacotherapies for this condition, ultimately reducing the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaivan Khavandi
- Division of Cardiovascular and Endocrine Sciences, Core Technology Facility, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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36
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Radin MJ, Holycross BJ, Hoepf TM, McCune SA. Salt-induced cardiac hypertrophy is independent of blood pressure and endothelin in obese, heart failure-prone SHHF rats. Clin Exp Hypertens 2009; 30:541-52. [PMID: 18855258 DOI: 10.1080/10641960802251917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of salt sensitivity and obesity in development of cardiac hypertrophy is incompletely understood. The SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) (SHHF) rat model was used to examine the effect of high salt on cardiac hypertrophy and expression of endothelin (ET) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms. Homozygous lean (+/+) and obese (fa(cp)/fa(cp)) SHHF were fed a low-salt diet (0.3% NaCl) for seven days followed by a high-salt diet (8.0% NaCl) for seven days. To assess the role of ET in mediating cardiac hypertrophy and gene expression with high salt, additional groups were treated with an ET(A)/ET(B) receptor antagonist (bosentan) while on high salt. Obese SHHF showed an increase in systolic blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in response to the high-salt diet. High salt resulted in decreased expression of preproET as well as all three NOS isoforms in the Obese, while cytokine induced NOS (iNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) increased in Leans. Though the salt-sensitive component of the hypertension observed in the Obese was prevented by bosentan, cardiac hypertrophy still occurred and expression of all NOS isoforms remained lower in Obese compared to Lean. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) expression increased in the Lean with bosentan. These studies suggest that cardiac hypertrophy is independent of the level of hypertension and may be mediated by altered production of NOS isoforms in salt-sensitive, obese SHHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Judith Radin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. radin.1.@osu.edu
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Corbin KD, Pendleton LC, Solomonson LP, Eichler DC. Phosphorylation of argininosuccinate synthase by protein kinase A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1042-6. [PMID: 18948083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 10/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Argininosuccinate synthase (AS) is essential for endothelial nitric oxide (NO) production and its regulation in this capacity has been studied primarily at the transcriptional level. The dynamics of vascular function suggest that an acute regulation system may mediate AS function. This premise underlies our hypothesis that AS is phosphorylated in vascular endothelium. Immunoprecipitation and immobilized metal affinity chromatography demonstrated that AS is an endogenous phosphoprotein. An in vitro kinase screen revealed that protein kinase A (PKA), a kinase that enhances NO production via eNOS activation, phosphorylated AS. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was identified as a candidate pathway for regulating AS phosphorylation since it enhanced NO production and activated PKA and eNOS. MDLA, an AS inhibitor, diminished maximal VEGF-mediated NO production. In addition, immunoprecipitation studies suggested that VEGF enhanced AS phosphorylation. Overall, these results represent the first demonstration that vascular endothelial NO production can be regulated by dynamic AS phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Corbin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 12901 Bruce B. Downs Boulevard, MDC Box 7, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Cosyns B, Droogmans S, Hernot S, Degaillier C, Garbar C, Weytjens C, Roosens B, Schoors D, Lahoutte T, Franken PR, Van Camp G. Effect of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on myocardial blood flow reserve assessed by myocardial contrast echocardiography in rats. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2008; 7:26. [PMID: 18764943 PMCID: PMC2546381 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-7-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The role of structural and functional abnormalities of small vessels in diabetes cardiomyopathy remains unclear. Myocardial contrast echocardiography allows the quantification of myocardial blood flow at rest and during dipyridamole infusion. The aim of the study was to determine the myocardial blood flow reserve in normal rats compared with streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats using contrast echocardiography. METHODS We prospectively studied 40 Wistar rats. Diabetes was induced by intravenous streptozotocin in 20 rats. All rats underwent baseline and stress (dipyridamole: 20 mg/kg) high power intermittent imaging in short axis view under anaesthesia baseline and after six months. Myocardial blood flow was determined and compared at rest and after dipyridamole in both populations. The myocardial blood flow reserve was calculated and compared in the 2 groups. Parameters of left ventricular function were determined from the M-mode tracings and histological examination was performed in all rats at the end of the study. RESULTS At six months, myocardial blood flow reserve was significantly lower in diabetic rats compared to controls (3.09 +/- 0.98 vs. 1.28 +/- 0.67 ml min-1 g-1; p < 0.05). There were also a significant decrease in left ventricular function and a decreased capillary surface area and diameter at histology in the diabetic group. CONCLUSION In this animal study, diabetes induced a functional alteration of the coronary microcirculation, as demonstrated by contrast echocardiography, a decrease in capillary density and of the cardiac systolic function. These findings may offer new insights into the underlying mechanisms of diabetes cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Cosyns
- Cardiology Department, UZ Brussel, VUB, Brussels, Belgium.
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Resveratrol reverses ET-1-evoked mitogenic effects in human coronary arterial cells by activating the kinase-G to inhibit ERK-enzymes. Int J Cardiol 2008; 136:263-9. [PMID: 18656273 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.04.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In human coronary smooth muscle cells (HCSMC), treatment with the vascular mitogen; endothelin-1 (ET-1), induced cell proliferation and stimulated ERK-1/2 phosphorylation at active sites. Pretreatment with the MEK-ERK inhibitor (PD98059) appreciably reversed the mitogenic effects of ET-1. On the other hand, pretreatment with the polyphenolic stilbene resveratrol (RSVL, 1-100 microM) triggered more prominent inhibition of ET-1-evoked cell proliferation and ERK1/2 activation. Besides, RSVL also markedly (2-3 fold) and rapidly enhanced cGMP formation, but had no effect on cAMP levels. This RSVL-evoked upregulation of cGMP was insensitive to pretreatment with the soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)-inhibitor (ODQ, 10 microM), but was ablated with an inhibitor of pGC (PMA, 0.1 microM). Further, pretreatment with the specific cGMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor, zaprinast (10 microM) appreciably augmented RSVL-evoked cGMP formation, ERK inhibition, and cytostatic response. Moreover, the RSVL-induced ERK-inhibitory effects were significantly reversed by the kinase-G inhibitor, KT-5823 (10 microM; 69%), but not by the kinase-A inhibitor (KT-5720). These results demonstrate a novel signaling pathway for RSVL that leads from activation of the pGC/kinase-G system to inhibition of ERK1/2 and their downstream nuclear targets. This pathway functions to counteract the atherogenic signaling induced by vascular mitogens.
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Rask-Madsen C, King GL. More sugar, less blood vessels: another piece in the puzzle of increased cardiovascular risk in diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:608-10. [PMID: 18354093 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.162057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Diabetes and the endocrine pancreas. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2008; 15:193-207. [PMID: 18316957 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3282fba8b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rask-Madsen C, King GL. Differential regulation of VEGF signaling by PKC-alpha and PKC-epsilon in endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:919-24. [PMID: 18323518 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.162842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) stimulates proangiogenic signal transduction and cell function in part through activation of protein kinase C (PKC). Our aim was to examine how individual isoforms of PKC affect VEGF action. METHODS AND RESULTS Transfection of bovine aortic endothelial cells with small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting either PKC-alpha, delta, or epsilon caused a reduction in the cognate PKC protein by 76% to 89% without changing expression of nontargeted isoforms. Downregulation of PKC-epsilon abrogated VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of Akt at Ser473 and eNOS at Ser1179 and decreased VEGF-stimulated NO synthase activity in intact cells. In contrast, PKC-alpha knockdown increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation, whereas PKCdelta knockdown had no significant effect. PKC-epsilon knockdown also decreased VEGF-stimulated Erk1/2 phosphorylation and abolished VEGF-stimulated DNA synthesis. Consistent with an effect on several pathways of VEGF signaling, VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) tyrosine phosphorylation and expression of VEGFR2 protein and mRNA was decreased by 81, 90, and 84%, respectively, during knockdown of PKC-epsilon, but increased during PKC-alpha knockdown. CONCLUSIONS By regulating VEGFR2 expression and activation, PKC-epsilon expression is critical for activation of Akt and eNOS by VEGF and contributes to VEGF-stimulated Erk activation, whereas PKC-alpha has opposite effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Rask-Madsen
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass. 02215, USA
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Fisher ME, Clelland AK, Bain A, Baldock RA, Murphy P, Downie H, Tickle C, Davidson DR, Buckland RA. Integrating technologies for comparing 3D gene expression domains in the developing chick limb. Dev Biol 2008; 317:13-23. [PMID: 18355805 PMCID: PMC2529376 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 01/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Chick embryos are good models for vertebrate development due to their accessibility and manipulability. Recent large increases in available genomic data from both whole genome sequencing and EST projects provide opportunities for identifying many new developmentally important chicken genes. Traditional methods of documenting when and where specific genes are expressed in embryos using wholemount and section in-situ hybridisation do not readily allow appreciation of 3-dimensional (3D) patterns of expression, but this can be accomplished by the recently developed microscopy technique, Optical Projection Tomography (OPT). Here we show that OPT data on the developing chick wing from different labs can be reliably integrated into a common database, that OPT is efficient in capturing 3D gene expression domains and that such domains can be meaningfully compared. Novel protocols are used to compare 3D expression domains of 7 genes known to be involved in chick wing development. This reveals previously unappreciated relationships and demonstrates the potential, using modern genomic resources, for building a large scale 3D atlas of gene expression. Such an atlas could be extended to include other types of data, such as fate maps, and the approach is also more generally applicable to embryos, organs and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm E Fisher
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, UK.
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