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Lee MC, Hsu YJ, Sung HC, Wen YT, Wei L, Huang CC. Low Aerobic Capacity Accelerates Lipid Accumulation and Metabolic Abnormalities Caused by High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Postpartum Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183746. [PMID: 36145123 PMCID: PMC9502809 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Women during pregnancy and postpartum show high rates of obesity and metabolic diseases, especially women with excessive caloric intake. In the past, it was proved that individuals with high intrinsic aerobic exercise capacities showed higher lipid metabolism and lower fat production than those with low intrinsic aerobic exercise capacities. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mice with the low-fitness phenotype (LAEC) were more likely to develop metabolic abnormalities and obesity under dietary induction after delivery, and if mice with a high-fitness phenotype (HAEC) had a protective mechanism. After parturition and weaning, postpartum Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice received dietary induction for 12 weeks and were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group): high-exercise capacity postpartum mice with a normal chow diet (HAEC-ND); high-exercise capacity postpartum mice with a high-fat diet (HAEC-HFD); low-exercise capacity postpartum mice with a normal chow diet (LAEC-ND); and low-exercise capacity postpartum mice with a high-fat diet (LAEC-HFD). Obesity caused by a high-fat diet led to decreased exercise performance (p < 0.05). Although there were significant differences in body posture under congenital conditions, the LAEC mice gained more weight and body fat after high-fat-diet intake (p < 0.05). Compared with HAEC-HFD, LAEC-HFD significantly increased blood lipids, such as total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and other parameters (p < 0.05), and the content of TG in the liver, as well as inducing poor glucose tolerance (p < 0.05). In addition, after HFD intake, excessive energy significantly increased glycogen storage (p < 0.05), but the LAEC mice showed significantly lower muscle glycogen storage (p < 0.05). In conclusion, although we observed significant differences in intrinsic exercise capacity, and body posture and metabolic ability were also different, high-fat-diet intake caused weight gain and a risk of metabolic disorders, especially in postpartum low-fitness mice. However, HAEC mice still showed better lipid metabolism and protection mechanisms. Conversely, LAEC mice might accumulate more fat and develop metabolic diseases compared with their normal rodent chow diet (ND) control counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mon-Chien Lee
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ching Sung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan
- Aesthetic Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ting Wen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116081, Taiwan
| | - Li Wei
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 116081, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Injury Prevention and Control, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110301, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-2-27361661 (ext. 6579) (L.W.); +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2619) (C.-C.H.)
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 333325, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (C.-C.H.); Tel.: +886-2-27361661 (ext. 6579) (L.W.); +886-3-328-3201 (ext. 2619) (C.-C.H.)
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Tung YT, Hsu YJ, Liao CC, Ho ST, Huang CC, Huang WC. Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Intrinsically High and Low Exercise Capacities Through Multiomics Approaches. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1201. [PMID: 31620020 PMCID: PMC6759823 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise prevents lipid abnormalities and conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity; it considerably benefits sedentary individuals. However, individuals exhibit highly variable responses to exercise, probably due to genetic variations. Animal models are typically used to investigate the relationship of intrinsic exercise capacity with physiological, pathological, psychological, behavioral, and metabolic disorders. In the present study, we investigated differential physiological adaptations caused by intrinsic exercise capacity and explored the regulatory molecules or mechanisms through multiomics approaches. Outbred ICR mice (n = 100) performed an exhaustive swimming test and were ranked based on the exhaustive swimming time to distinguish intrinsically high- and low-capacity groups. Exercise performance, exercise fatigue indexes, glucose tolerance, and body compositions were assessed during the experimental processes. Furthermore, the gut microbiota, transcriptome, and proteome of soleus muscle with intrinsically high exercise capacity (HEC) and low exercise capacity (LEC) were further analyzed to reveal the most influential factors associated with differential exercise capacities. HEC mice outperformed LEC mice in physical activities (exhaustive swimming and forelimb grip strength tests) and exhibited higher glucose tolerance than LEC mice. Exercise-induced peripheral fatigue and the level of injury biomarkers (lactate, ammonia, creatine kinase, and aspartate aminotransferase) were also significantly lower in HEC mice than in LEC mice. Furthermore, the gut of the HEC mice contained significantly more Butyricicoccus than that of the LEC mice. In addition, transcriptome data of the soleus muscle revealed that the expression of microRNAs that are strongly associated with exercise performance-related physiological and metabolic functions (i.e., miR-383, miR-107, miR-30b, miR-669m, miR-191, miR-218, and miR-224) was higher in HEC mice than in LEC mice. The functional proteome data of soleus muscle indicated that the levels of key proteins related to muscle function and carbohydrate metabolism were also significantly higher in HEC mice than in LEC mice. Our study demonstrated that the mice with various intrinsic exercise capacities have different gut microbiome as well as transcriptome and proteome of soleus muscle by using multiomics approaches. The specific bacteria and regulatory factors, including miRNA and functional proteins, may be highly correlated with the adaptation of physiological functions and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Cell Physiology and Molecular Image Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chung Liao
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Tse Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ching Huang
- Department of Exercise and Health Science, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
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Archer AE, Von Schulze AT, Geiger PC. Exercise, heat shock proteins and insulin resistance. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2016.0529. [PMID: 29203714 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Best known as chaperones, heat shock proteins (HSPs) also have roles in cell signalling and regulation of metabolism. Rodent studies demonstrate that heat treatment, transgenic overexpression and pharmacological induction of HSP72 prevent high-fat diet-induced glucose intolerance and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Overexpression of skeletal muscle HSP72 in mice has been shown to increase endurance running capacity nearly twofold and increase mitochondrial content by 50%. A positive correlation between HSP72 mRNA expression and mitochondrial enzyme activity has been observed in human skeletal muscle, and HSP72 expression is markedly decreased in skeletal muscle of insulin resistant and type 2 diabetic patients. In addition, decreased levels of HSP72 correlate with insulin resistance and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease progression in livers from obese patients. These data suggest the targeted induction of HSPs could be a therapeutic approach for preventing metabolic disease by maintaining the body's natural stress response. Exercise elicits a number of metabolic adaptations and is a powerful tool in the prevention and treatment of insulin resistance. Exercise training is also a stimulus for increased HSP expression. Although the underlying mechanism(s) for exercise-induced HSP expression are currently unknown, the HSP response may be critical for the beneficial metabolic effects of exercise. Exercise-induced extracellular HSP release may also contribute to metabolic homeostasis by actively restoring HSP72 content in insulin resistant tissues containing low endogenous levels of HSPs.This article is part of the theme issue 'Heat shock proteins as modulators and therapeutic targets of chronic disease: an integrated perspective'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E Archer
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Alex T Von Schulze
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Paige C Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Gan L, Ma D, Li M, Yang FC, Rogers RS, Wheatley JL, Koch LG, Britton SL, Thyfault JP, Geiger PC, Stanford JA. Region-specific differences in bioenergetic proteins and protein response to acute high fat diet in brains of low and high capacity runner rats. Neurosci Lett 2018. [PMID: 29522838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic capacity is a strong predictor of mortality. Low capacity runner (LCR) rats exhibit reduced mitochondrial function in peripheral organs. A high fat diet (HFD) can worsen metabolic phenotype in LCR rats. Little is known about metabolic changes in the brains of these rats, however. This study examined protein markers of mitochondrial function and metabolism as a function of aerobic running capacity and an acute HFD in four brain regions: the striatum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and substantia nigra. After 3 days HFD or chow diets, we measured peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC1-α), nuclear respiratory factors 1 (Nrf-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM), and phosphorylated (activated) AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK) protein levels in the four brain regions. LCR rats exhibited lower levels of mitochondrial proteins (PGC1-α, Nrf-1, TFAM), and greater p-AMPK, in striatum, but not in the other brain regions. Mitochondrial protein levels were greater in HFD LCR striatum, while p-AMPK was lower in this group. Markers of lower mitochondrial biogenesis and increased metabolic demand were limited to the LCR striatum, which nevertheless maintained the capacity to respond to an acute HFD challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Delin Ma
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, Hubei Province, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Fu-Chen Yang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Robert S Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Joshua L Wheatley
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Lauren G Koch
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Steven L Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John P Thyfault
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Research Service, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paige C Geiger
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - John A Stanford
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Huang WC, Hsu YJ, Wei L, Chen YJ, Huang CC. Association of physical performance and biochemical profile of mice with intrinsic endurance swimming. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:892-901. [PMID: 27994494 PMCID: PMC5165682 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.16421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the potential mediators and relationship affecting congenital exercise performance in an animal model with physical activity challenge from physiological and biochemical perspectives. A total of 75 male ICR mice (5 weeks old) were adapted for 1 week, then mice performed a non-loading and exhaustive swimming test and were assigned to 3 groups by exhaustive swimming time: low exercise capacity (LEC) (<3 hr), medium exercise capacity (MEC) (3-5 hr), and high exercise capacity (HEC) (>5 hr). After a 1-week rest, the 3 groups of mice performed an exhaustive swimming test with a 5% and 7.5% weight load and a forelimb grip-strength test, with a 1-week rest between tests. Blood samples were collected immediately after an acute exercise challenge and at the end of the experiment (resting status) to evaluate biochemical blood variables and their relation with physical performance. Physical activity, including exhaustive swimming and grip strength, was greater for HEC than other mice. The swimming performance and grip strength between groups were moderately correlated (r=0.443, p<0.05). Resting serum ammonium level was moderately correlated with endurance with a 7.5% weight load (r=-0.447, p<0.05) and with lactate level (r=0.598, p<0.05). The pulmonary morphology of the HEC group seemed to indicate benefits for aerobic exercise. Mice showed congenital exercise performance, which was significantly correlated with different physical challenges and biochemical variable values. This study may have implications for interference in intrinsic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ching Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ju Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
| | - Li Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University-Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei 11696, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ju Chen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung City 43301, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sports Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan 33301, Taiwan
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Foley TE, Brooks LR, Gilligan LJ, Burghardt PR, Koch LG, Britton SL, Fleshner M. Brain activation patterns at exhaustion in rats that differ in inherent exercise capacity. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45415. [PMID: 23028992 PMCID: PMC3444461 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to further understand the genetic basis for variation in inherent (untrained) exercise capacity, we examined the brains of 32 male rats selectively bred for high or low running capacity (HCR and LCR, respectively). The aim was to characterize the activation patterns of brain regions potentially involved in differences in inherent running capacity between HCR and LCR. Using quantitative in situ hybridization techniques, we measured messenger ribonuclease (mRNA) levels of c-Fos, a marker of neuronal activation, in the brains of HCR and LCR rats after a single bout of acute treadmill running (7.5-15 minutes, 15° slope, 10 m/min) or after treadmill running to exhaustion (15-51 minutes, 15° slope, initial velocity 10 m/min). During verification of trait differences, HCR rats ran six times farther and three times longer prior to exhaustion than LCR rats. Running to exhaustion significantly increased c-Fos mRNA activation of several brain areas in HCR, but LCR failed to show significant elevations of c-Fos mRNA at exhaustion in the majority of areas examined compared to acutely run controls. Results from these studies suggest that there are differences in central c-Fos mRNA expression, and potential brain activation patterns, between HCR and LCR rats during treadmill running to exhaustion and these differences could be involved in the variation in inherent running capacity between lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa E. Foley
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Leah R. Brooks
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lori J. Gilligan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Paul R. Burghardt
- Department of Psychiatry and the Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lauren G. Koch
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Steven L. Britton
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology and The Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chen LL, Zhang HH, Zheng J, Hu X, Kong W, Hu D, Wang SX, Zhang P. Resveratrol attenuates high-fat diet-induced insulin resistance by influencing skeletal muscle lipid transport and subsarcolemmal mitochondrial β-oxidation. Metabolism 2011; 60:1598-609. [PMID: 21632075 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although resveratrol (RES) is implicated in the regulation of insulin sensitivity in rodents, the exact mechanism underlying this effect remains unclear. Therefore, we sought to investigate how RES affects skeletal muscle lipid transportation and lipid oxidation of subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondrial populations in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance (IR) rats. Systemic and skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity together with expressions of several genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis and skeletal muscle lipid transportation was studied in rats fed a normal diet, an HFD, and an HFD with intervention of RES for 8 weeks. Citrate synthase (CS), electron transport chain (ETC) activities, and several enzymes for mitochondrial β-oxidation were assessed in SS and IMF mitochondria from tibialis anterior muscle. The HFD-fed rats exhibited obvious systemic and skeletal muscle IR as well as intramuscular lipid accumulation. SIRT1 activity and expression of genes related to mitochondrial biogenesis were greatly declined, whereas the gene for lipid transportation, FAT/CD36, was upregulated (P < .05). Subsarcolemmal but not IMF mitochondria displayed lower CS, ETC, and β-oxidation activities. By contrast, RES treatment protected rats against diet-induced intramuscular lipid accumulation and IR, increased SIRT1 activity and mitochondrial biogenesis, and reverted the decline in SS mitochondrial CS and ETC activities. Importantly, although expression of FAT/CD36 was increased (11%, P < .05), activities of SS mitochondrial β-oxidation enzymes were largely enhanced (41%~67%, P < .05). This study suggests that RES ameliorates insulin sensitivity consistent with an improved balance between skeletal muscle lipid transportation and SS mitochondrial β-oxidation in HFD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Lu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Williams PT. Usefulness of cardiorespiratory fitness to predict coronary heart disease risk independent of physical activity. Am J Cardiol 2010; 106:210-5. [PMID: 20599005 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiorespiratory fitness has often been interpreted as a surrogate measurement of physical activity rather than an independent coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factor per se. Fitness is also known to be highly heritable, however, and rats bred selectively for treadmill endurance have low CHD risk phenotypes even in the absence of physical activity. Therefore, I assessed whether cardiorespiratory fitness predicted CHD independent of physical activity in 29,721 men followed prospectively for 7.7 years as part of the National Runners' Health Study. Specifically, CHD deaths and incident participant-reported physician-diagnosed myocardial infarction, revascularization procedures (coronary artery bypass grafting and percutaneous coronary intervention), and angina pectoris during follow-up were compared to baseline cardiorespiratory fitness (10-km footrace performance, meters/second). Nonfatal end points for the 80% of these men who provided follow-up questionnaires included 121 nonfatal myocardial infarctions, 317 revascularization procedures, and 81 angina pectora. The National Death Index identified 44 CHD deaths. Per meter/second increment in baseline fitness, men's risks decreased 54% for nonfatal myocardial infarction (p <0.0001), 44% for combined CHD deaths and nonfatal myocardial infarction (p = 0.0003), 53% for angina pectoris (p = 0.001), and 32% for revascularizations (p = 0.002). Adjustment for physical activity (kilometer/day run) had little effect on the per meter/second risk decreases for nonfatal myocardial infarction (from 64% to 63%), combined CHD deaths and nonfatal myocardial infarction (from 34% to 33%), angina pectoris (from 53% to 47%) or revascularizations (from 32% to 26%). In conclusion, the results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness is a CHD risk factor, largely independent of physical activity, which warrants clinical screening.
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Bamman MM. Does your (genetic) alphabet soup spell “runner”? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 108:1452-3. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00268.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcas M. Bamman
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Medicine, and Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Mann PB, Jiang W, Zhu Z, Wolfe P, McTiernan A, Thompson HJ. Wheel running, skeletal muscle aerobic capacity and 1-methyl-1-nitrosourea induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat. Carcinogenesis 2010; 31:1279-83. [PMID: 20299525 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgq063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that intrinsic differences and induced changes in aerobic capacity are probably to play a critical role in the development of chronic diseases like cancer. This study was initiated: (i) to determine how citrate synthase activity, which is routinely used as a marker of aerobic capacity and mitochondrial density in skeletal muscle, was affected by voluntary running on either a motorized activity wheel or a non-motorized free wheel and (ii) to investigate the association between aerobic capacity and the carcinogenic response induced in the mammary gland by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-1-nitrosurea. Overall, wheel running reduced cancer incidence (96 versus 72%, P = 0.0006) and the number of cancers per animal (2.84 versus 1.78, P < 0.0001) and induced citrate synthase activity (276 versus 353 U/mg, P < 0.0001, sedentary control versus wheel running,respectively). Both motorized and free wheel running increased citrate synthase activity (373 +/- 24, 329 +/- 11 and 276 +/- 9 U/mg protein, P < 0.0001) and reduced the average number of cancers per rat (2.84, 1.96 and 1.63, P < 0.01), sedentary control, free wheel and motorized wheel, respectively. However, regression analyses failed to provide evidence of a significant association between citrate synthase activity and either cancer incidence or cancer multiplicity. Citrate synthase activity is a single measure in a complex pathway that determines aerobic capacity. The multifaceted nature of intrinsic and inducible aerobic capacity limits the usefulness of citrate synthase activity alone in elucidating the relationship between aerobic capacity and the carcinogenic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip B Mann
- Cancer Prevention Laboratory, Colorado State University, 1173 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Schwarzer M, Britton SL, Koch LG, Wisloff U, Doenst T. Low intrinsic aerobic exercise capacity and systemic insulin resistance are not associated with changes in myocardial substrate oxidation or insulin sensitivity. Basic Res Cardiol 2010; 105:357-64. [PMID: 20135131 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-010-0087-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 01/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In patients, inactivity, obesity and insulin resistance are associated with increased incidence of heart failure. Rats selectively bred for low (LCR) intrinsic aerobic exercise capacity show signs of the metabolic syndrome including insulin resistance, compared to their counterparts bred for high intrinsic aerobic capacity (HCR). We reasoned that systemic insulin resistance in LCR should translate to impaired substrate oxidation and reduced insulin sensitivity in the heart. Isolated hearts were perfused in the working mode to analyze cardiac function, substrate oxidation patterns, insulin response, and oxygen consumption. After 22 generations of selective breeding, LCR displayed reduction of exercise capacity (LCR vs. HCR: distance 280 +/- 12 vs. 1,968 +/- 63 m, time 19.5 +/- 0.6 vs. 71.7 +/- 1.4 min, speed 19.2 +/- 0.3 vs. 45.3 +/- 0.7 m/min; all p < 0.05). At 21 weeks, body weight (+34%), tibia length (+6%), heart weight (+31%), and heart weight to tibia length ratio (+24%; all p < 0.05) were increased. LCR display higher random glucose, higher fasting glucose, and higher insulin levels in serum than HCR indicating the presence of insulin resistance in LCR. Here, in contrast, isolated hearts showed no differences in glucose (0.22 +/- 0.02 micromol/min/g dry) or fatty acid oxidation (0.79 +/- 0.10 micromol/min/g dry), oxygen consumption (28.3 +/- 4.1 nmol O(2)/min/g dry) or cardiac power (18.6 +/- 1.6 mW/g dry). Furthermore, sensitivity to insulin (Deltaglucose oxidation: +0.57 +/- 0.095 mumol/min/g dry) was not different between the two populations. Low intrinsic exercise capacity and systemic insulin resistance in rats are not associated with changes in cardiac substrate oxidation, insulin sensitivity, oxygen consumption, or cardiac function. The lack of cardiac insulin resistance in the face of systemic insulin resistance supports a concept of different pathomechanisms for these two conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwarzer
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University of Leipzig Heart Center, 04178 Leipzig, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE To test whether the prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes declines with marathon participation independent of annual running mileage. METHODS Cross-sectional associations of self-reported medication use in 62,284 male and 45,040 female participants of the National Runners' Health Study adjusted for age, diet, alcohol, and annual distance run. RESULTS By self-report, 31.7% of men and 29.1% of women ran 0.2 and 0.8 marathons per year, 8.6% of men and 4.4% of women ran between 1.0 and 1.8 marathons per year, and 3.8% of men and 1.5% of women ran an average of >or=2 marathons per year. The men's odds ratio per marathons per year run was 0.85 for antihypertensive (P < 0.0001), 0.87 for LDL-cholesterol-lowering (P = 0.002), and 0.52 for antidiabetic medication use (P < 0.0001). Compared with nonmarathoners, men who averaged 0.2-0.8 marathons per year had 13% lower odds for antihypertensive medication use, 22% lower odds for LDL-cholesterol-lowering medication use, and 67% lower odds for antidiabetic medication use. Marathon participation was also associated with lower LDL-cholesterol-lowering and antidiabetic medication use in women, but not when adjusted for annual distance run. Each additional hour required to complete their marathon had odds ratio of 1.31 and 1.22 for men's antihypertensive and LDL-cholesterol-lowering medication use and 2.01 for women's antidiabetic medication use (all P < 0.0001). Among all runners (marathoners and nonmarathoners combined), prevalence in the use of all three medications decreased in association with the length of the longest usual run, independent of total annual mileage. CONCLUSION Prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes decreases with the frequency of marathon participation independent of annual running distance. This may be due to the inclusion of longer training runs in preparation for marathons or to genetic or other innate differences between marathon and nonmarathon runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Williams
- Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Donner Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Morris EM, Whaley-Connell AT, Thyfault JP, Britton SL, Koch LG, Wei Y, Ibdah JA, Sowers JR. Low aerobic capacity and high-fat diet contribute to oxidative stress and IRS-1 degradation in the kidney. Am J Nephrol 2009; 30:112-9. [PMID: 19229113 DOI: 10.1159/000204362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Insulin receptor (IR-alpha and IR-beta) is reduced in the kidney of insulin-resistant rodents. It is unknown if there are also reductions in insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 or if these effects are due to metabolic injury. Thereby, we hypothesized intrinsically high aerobic fitness would protect against high-fat diet (HFD)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and IRS-1 degradation. METHODS We investigated the effects of HFD on triglyceride content, ROS production and IRS-1 degradation in the kidney of high-capacity (HCR)/low-capacity (LCR) rats, a model of intrinsic high and low aerobic capacity. Eighteen-week-old HCR and LCR rats were placed on a HFD or normal chow diet for 7 weeks. Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance, ROS, IR-beta, total IRS-1 and ubiquitination were measured. RESULTS The HCR displayed greater insulin sensitivity and were resistant to HFD-induced insulin resistance. In the LCR kidney, HFD increased ROS potential, and reduced total IR-beta and IRS-1 without altering triacylglycerol content. IRS-1 ubiquitination was higher in the LCR than HCR kidney, increased after HFD. CONCLUSIONS Our data support that HFD-mediated kidney ROS is associated with reductions in IRS-1 and systemic insulin resistance. Further, high intrinsic aerobic capacity protects against IRS-1 degradation in the kidney following exposure to HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Matthew Morris
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
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Middleton KM, Kelly SA, Garland T. Selective breeding as a tool to probe skeletal response to high voluntary locomotor activity in mice. Integr Comp Biol 2008; 48:394-410. [PMID: 21669801 PMCID: PMC6515713 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icn057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a novel mouse-model for the study of skeletal structure and evolution, based on selective breeding for high levels of voluntary wheel running. Whereas traditional models (originally inbred strains, more recently knockouts and transgenics) rely on the study of mutant or laboratory-manipulated phenotypes, we have studied changes in skeletal morphometrics resulting from many generations of artificial selection for high activity in the form of wheel running, in which mice engage voluntarily. Mice from the four replicate High Runner (HR) lines run nearly three times as many revolutions during days 5 and 6 of a 6-day exposure to wheels (1.12 m circumference). We have found significant changes in skeletal dimensions of the hind limbs, including decreased directional asymmetry, larger femoral heads, and wider distal femora. The latter two have been hypothesized as evolutionary adaptations for long-distance locomotion in hominids. Exercise-training studies involving experimental groups with and without access to wheels have shown increased diameters of both femora and tibiafibulae, and suggest genetic effects on trainability (genotype-by-environment interactions). Reanalysis of previously published data on bone masses of hind limbs revealed novel patterns of change in bone mass associated with access to wheels for 2 months. Without access to wheels, HR mice have significantly heavier tibiafibulae and foot bones, whereas with chronic access to wheels, a significant increase in foot bone mass that was linearly related to increases in daily wheel running was observed. Mice exhibiting a recently discovered small-muscle phenotype ("mini-muscle," [MM] caused by a Mendelian recessive gene), in which the mass of the triceps surae muscle complex is ∼50% lower than in normal individuals, have significantly longer and thinner bones in the hind limb. We present new data for the ontogenetic development of muscle mass in Control, HR, and MM phenotypes in mice of 1-7 weeks postnatal age. Statistical comparisons reveal highly significant differences both in triceps surae mass and mass-corrected triceps surae mass between normal and MM mice at all but the postnatal age of 1 week. Based on previously observed differences in distributions of myosin isoforms in adult MM mice, we hypothesize that a reduction of myosin heavy-chain type-IIb isoforms with accounts for our observed ontogenetic changes in muscle mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Middleton
- *Department of Biology, California State University–San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA 92507, USA
| | - Scott A. Kelly
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Theodore Garland
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Hawley
- School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
If evolution is an accurate statement of our biology, then disease must be tightly associated with its patterns. We considered selection for more optimal capacity for energy transfer as the most general pattern of evolution. From this, we propose that the etiology of complex disease is linked tightly to the evolutionary transition to cellular complexity that was afforded by the steep thermodynamic gradient of an oxygen atmosphere. In accord with this thesis, clinical studies reveal a strong statistical link between low aerobic capacity and all-cause mortality. In addition, large-scale unbiased network analyses demonstrate the pivotal role of oxygen metabolism in cellular function. The demonstration that multiple disease risks segregated during two-way artificial selection for low and high aerobic capacity in rats provides a remote test of these possible connections between evolution, oxygen metabolism, and complex disease. Even more broadly, an atmosphere with oxygen may be uniquely essential for development of complex life anywhere because oxygen is stable as a diatomic gas, is easily transported, and has a high electronegativity for participation in energy transfer via redox reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Gerard Koch
- Functional Genomics Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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