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Young ME, Latimer MN. Circadian rhythms in cardiac metabolic flexibility. Chronobiol Int 2023; 40:13-26. [PMID: 34162286 PMCID: PMC8695643 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2021.1939366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous aspects of cardiovascular physiology (e.g., heart rate, blood pressure) and pathology (e.g., myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death) exhibit time-of-day-dependency. In association with day-night differences in energetic demand and substrate availability, the healthy heart displays remarkable metabolic flexibility through temporal partitioning of the metabolic fate of common substrates (glucose, lipid, amino acids). The purpose of this review is to highlight the contribution that circadian clocks provide toward 24-hr fluctuations in cardiac metabolism and to discuss whether attenuation and/or augmentation of these metabolic rhythms through adjustment of nutrient intake timing impacts cardiovascular disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mary N Latimer
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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2
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Kolwicz SC. Ketone Body Metabolism in the Ischemic Heart. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:789458. [PMID: 34950719 PMCID: PMC8688810 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.789458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ketone bodies have been identified as an important, alternative fuel source in heart failure. In addition, the use of ketone bodies as a fuel source has been suggested to be a potential ergogenic aid for endurance exercise performance. These findings have certainly renewed interest in the use of ketogenic diets and exogenous supplementation in an effort to improve overall health and disease. However, given the prevalence of ischemic heart disease and myocardial infarctions, these strategies may not be ideal for individuals with coronary artery disease. Although research studies have clearly defined changes in fatty acid and glucose metabolism during ischemia and reperfusion, the role of ketone body metabolism in the ischemic and reperfused myocardium is less clear. This review will provide an overview of ketone body metabolism, including the induction of ketosis via physiological or nutritional strategies. In addition, the contribution of ketone body metabolism in healthy and diseased states, with a particular emphasis on ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury will be discussed.
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3
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Cade WT, Laforest R, Bohnert KL, Reeds DN, Bittel AJ, de Las Fuentes L, Bashir A, Woodard PK, Pacak CA, Byrne BJ, Gropler RJ, Peterson LR. Myocardial glucose and fatty acid metabolism is altered and associated with lower cardiac function in young adults with Barth syndrome. J Nucl Cardiol 2021; 28:1649-1659. [PMID: 31705425 PMCID: PMC7205570 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-019-01933-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Barth syndrome (BTHS) is a rare X-linked condition resulting in cardiomyopathy, however; the effects of BTHS on myocardial substrate metabolism and its relationships with cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism and left ventricular (LV) function are unknown. We sought to characterize myocardial glucose, fatty acid (FA), and leucine metabolism in BTHS and unaffected controls and examine their relationships with cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism and LV function. METHODS/RESULTS Young adults with BTHS (n = 14) and unaffected controls (n = 11, Control, total n = 25) underwent bolus injections of 15O-water and 1-11C-glucose, palmitate, and leucine and concurrent positron emission tomography imaging. LV function and cardiac high-energy phosphate metabolism were examined via echocardiography and 31P magnetic resonance spectroscopy, respectively. Myocardial glucose extraction fraction (21 ± 14% vs 10 ± 8%, P = .03) and glucose utilization (828.0 ± 470.0 vs 393.2 ± 361.0 μmol·g-1·min-1, P = .02) were significantly higher in BTHS vs Control. Myocardial FA extraction fraction (31 ± 7% vs 41 ± 6%, P < .002) and uptake (0.25 ± 0.04 vs 0.29 ± 0.03 mL·g-1·min-1, P < .002) were significantly lower in BTHS vs Control. Altered myocardial metabolism was associated with lower cardiac function in BTHS. CONCLUSIONS Myocardial substrate metabolism is altered and may contribute to LV dysfunction in BTHS. Clinical Trials #: NCT01625663.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Todd Cade
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Richard Laforest
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kathryn L Bohnert
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dominic N Reeds
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adam J Bittel
- Program in Physical Therapy, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Lisa de Las Fuentes
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Adil Bashir
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Pamela K Woodard
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christina A Pacak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Barry J Byrne
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Robert J Gropler
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Linda R Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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4
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Müller J, Bertsch T, Volke J, Schmid A, Klingbeil R, Metodiev Y, Karaca B, Kim SH, Lindner S, Schupp T, Kittel M, Poschet G, Akin I, Behnes M. Narrative review of metabolomics in cardiovascular disease. J Thorac Dis 2021; 13:2532-2550. [PMID: 34012599 PMCID: PMC8107570 DOI: 10.21037/jtd-21-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are accompanied by disorders in the cardiac metabolism. Furthermore, comorbidities often associated with cardiovascular disease can alter systemic and myocardial metabolism contributing to worsening of cardiac performance and health status. Biomarkers such as natriuretic peptides or troponins already support diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of patients with cardiovascular diseases and are represented in international guidelines. However, as cardiovascular diseases affect various pathophysiological pathways, a single biomarker approach cannot be regarded as ideal to reveal optimal clinical application. Emerging metabolomics technology allows the measurement of hundreds of metabolites in biological fluids or biopsies and thus to characterize each patient by its own metabolic fingerprint, improving our understanding of complex diseases, significantly altering the management of cardiovascular diseases and possibly personalizing medicine. This review outlines current knowledge, perspectives as well as limitations of metabolomics for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as heart failure, atherosclerosis, ischemic and non-ischemic cardiomyopathy. Furthermore, an ongoing research project tackling current inconsistencies as well as clinical applications of metabolomics will be discussed. Taken together, the application of metabolomics will enable us to gain more insights into pathophysiological interactions of metabolites and disease states as well as improving therapies of patients with cardiovascular diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Müller
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Bertsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medicine and Transfusion Medicine, Nuremburg General Hospital, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Justus Volke
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Alexander Schmid
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rebecca Klingbeil
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Yulian Metodiev
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Bican Karaca
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Seung-Hyun Kim
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Simon Lindner
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Tobias Schupp
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kittel
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gernot Poschet
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ibrahim Akin
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael Behnes
- First Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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5
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Walejko JM, Christopher BA, Crown SB, Zhang GF, Pickar-Oliver A, Yoneshiro T, Foster MW, Page S, van Vliet S, Ilkayeva O, Muehlbauer MJ, Carson MW, Brozinick JT, Hammond CD, Gimeno RE, Moseley MA, Kajimura S, Gersbach CA, Newgard CB, White PJ, McGarrah RW. Branched-chain α-ketoacids are preferentially reaminated and activate protein synthesis in the heart. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1680. [PMID: 33723250 PMCID: PMC7960706 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and their cognate α-ketoacids (BCKA) are elevated in an array of cardiometabolic diseases. Here we demonstrate that the major metabolic fate of uniformly-13C-labeled α-ketoisovalerate ([U-13C]KIV) in the heart is reamination to valine. Activation of cardiac branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) by treatment with the BCKDH kinase inhibitor, BT2, does not impede the strong flux of [U-13C]KIV to valine. Sequestration of BCAA and BCKA away from mitochondrial oxidation is likely due to low levels of expression of the mitochondrial BCAA transporter SLC25A44 in the heart, as its overexpression significantly lowers accumulation of [13C]-labeled valine from [U-13C]KIV. Finally, exposure of perfused hearts to levels of BCKA found in obese rats increases phosphorylation of the translational repressor 4E-BP1 as well as multiple proteins in the MEK-ERK pathway, leading to a doubling of total protein synthesis. These data suggest that elevated BCKA levels found in obesity may contribute to pathologic cardiac hypertrophy via chronic activation of protein synthesis. Systemic modulation of branched-chain keto acid (BCKA) metabolism alters cardiac health. Here, the authors define the major fates of BCKA in the heart and demonstrate that acute exposure to BCKA levels found in obesity activates cardiac protein synthesis and markedly alters the heart phosphoproteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn M Walejko
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bridgette A Christopher
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Scott B Crown
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Adrian Pickar-Oliver
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Matthew W Foster
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephani Page
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Stephan van Vliet
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Olga Ilkayeva
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Michael J Muehlbauer
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - M Arthur Moseley
- Duke Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Charles A Gersbach
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Advanced Genomic Technologies, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Phillip J White
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - Robert W McGarrah
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA. .,Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Metabolic pathways integrate to support tissue homeostasis and to prompt changes in cell phenotype. In particular, the heart consumes relatively large amounts of substrate not only to regenerate ATP for contraction but also to sustain biosynthetic reactions for replacement of cellular building blocks. Metabolic pathways also control intracellular redox state, and metabolic intermediates and end products provide signals that prompt changes in enzymatic activity and gene expression. Mounting evidence suggests that the changes in cardiac metabolism that occur during development, exercise, and pregnancy as well as with pathological stress (eg, myocardial infarction, pressure overload) are causative in cardiac remodeling. Metabolism-mediated changes in gene expression, metabolite signaling, and the channeling of glucose-derived carbon toward anabolic pathways seem critical for physiological growth of the heart, and metabolic inefficiency and loss of coordinated anabolic activity are emerging as proximal causes of pathological remodeling. This review integrates knowledge of different forms of cardiac remodeling to develop general models of how relationships between catabolic and anabolic glucose metabolism may fortify cardiac health or promote (mal)adaptive myocardial remodeling. Adoption of conceptual frameworks based in relational biology may enable further understanding of how metabolism regulates cardiac structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A Gibb
- From the Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA (A.A.G.)
| | - Bradford G Hill
- the Department of Medicine, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, KY (B.G.H.).
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7
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Uddin GM, Zhang L, Shah S, Fukushima A, Wagg CS, Gopal K, Al Batran R, Pherwani S, Ho KL, Boisvenue J, Karwi QG, Altamimi T, Wishart DS, Dyck JRB, Ussher JR, Oudit GY, Lopaschuk GD. Impaired branched chain amino acid oxidation contributes to cardiac insulin resistance in heart failure. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2019; 18:86. [PMID: 31277657 PMCID: PMC6610921 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-019-0892-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) can impair insulin signaling, and cardiac insulin resistance can occur in the failing heart. We, therefore, determined if cardiac BCAA accumulation occurs in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), due to an impaired catabolism of BCAA, and if stimulating cardiac BCAA oxidation can improve cardiac function in mice with heart failure. METHOD For human cohorts of DCM and control, both male and female patients of ages between 22 and 66 years were recruited with informed consent from University of Alberta hospital. Left ventricular biopsies were obtained at the time of transplantation. Control biopsies were obtained from non-transplanted donor hearts without heart disease history. To determine if stimulating BCAA catabolism could lessen the severity of heart failure, C57BL/6J mice subjected to a transverse aortic constriction (TAC) were treated between 1 to 4-week post-surgery with either vehicle or a stimulator of BCAA oxidation (BT2, 40 mg/kg/day). RESULT Echocardiographic data showed a reduction in ejection fraction (54.3 ± 2.3 to 22.3 ± 2.2%) and an enhanced formation of cardiac fibrosis in DCM patients when compared to the control patients. Cardiac BCAA levels were dramatically elevated in left ventricular samples of patients with DCM. Hearts from DCM patients showed a blunted insulin signalling pathway, as indicated by an increase in P-IRS1ser636/639 and its upstream modulator P-p70S6K, but a decrease in its downstream modulators P-AKT ser473 and in P-GSK3β ser9. Cardiac BCAA oxidation in isolated working hearts was significantly enhanced by BT2, compared to vehicle, following either acute or chronic treatment. Treatment of TAC mice with BT2 significantly improved cardiac function in both sham and TAC mice (63.0 ± 1.8 and 56.9 ± 3.8% ejection fraction respectively). Furthermore, P-BCKDH and BCKDK expression was significantly decreased in the BT2 treated groups. CONCLUSION We conclude that impaired cardiac BCAA catabolism and insulin signaling occur in human heart failure, while enhancing BCAA oxidation can improve cardiac function in the failing mouse heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam M Uddin
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Saumya Shah
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Cory S Wagg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Keshav Gopal
- Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rami Al Batran
- Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Simran Pherwani
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Kim L Ho
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.,Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jamie Boisvenue
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Qutuba G Karwi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Diyala, Diyala, Iraq
| | - Tariq Altamimi
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David S Wishart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Metabolomics Innovation Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- Katz Centre for Pharmacy and Health Research, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada.,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Divsion of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Alberta, 423 Heritage Medical Research Centre, Edmonton, T6G 2S2, Canada. .,Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. .,Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.
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8
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Fillmore N, Wagg CS, Zhang L, Fukushima A, Lopaschuk GD. Cardiac branched-chain amino acid oxidation is reduced during insulin resistance in the heart. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E1046-E1052. [PMID: 30106622 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00097.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have proposed that elevated branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) may induce insulin resistance (IR) in muscle secondary to increased BCAA oxidation inhibiting glucose oxidation (GO) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO). However, BCAA oxidation rates have not been assessed in muscle IR, and cardiac FAO rates are actually already elevated in obesity-associated IR. We therefore directly examined cardiac BCAA oxidation in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) to induce insulin resistance to better understand the role of cardiac BCAA oxidation in cardiac IR. BCAA oxidation, GO, FAO, and glycolysis were measured in isolated working hearts from mice fed either a low-fat diet (LFD) or HFD for 10 wk. Insulin stimulation of cardiac GO and inhibition of FAO were blunted in HFD mice, resulting in a marked increase in FAO contribution to ATP production compared with LFD mice hearts (71.2% vs. 37.1%, respectively). Surprisingly, cardiac BCAA oxidation rate was reduced in HFD compared with LFD mice (33.5 ± 3.4 vs. 56.7 ± 7.1 nmol·min-1·g dry wt-1, respectively, P < 0.05, n = 9/group). In addition, BCAA oxidation contributed ~1% of the ATP production of the heart, and, as a result, alterations in BCAA oxidation could not significantly impact either GO or FAO rates. However, the decrease in BCAA oxidation was accompanied by an increase in BCAA concentration and impaired insulin signaling. These results suggest that cardiac IR is not due to an increase in BCAA oxidation and subsequent inhibition of GO and FAO. Rather, we propose that an inhibition of BCAA oxidation rate contributes to IR by leading to increased BCAA concentration, which negatively impacts insulin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Fillmore
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Cory S Wagg
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Liyan Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Arata Fukushima
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Cardiovascular Research Centre, Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Canada
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9
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Fulghum K, Hill BG. Metabolic Mechanisms of Exercise-Induced Cardiac Remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:127. [PMID: 30255026 PMCID: PMC6141631 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise has a myriad of physiological benefits that derive in part from its ability to improve cardiometabolic health. The periodic metabolic stress imposed by regular exercise appears fundamental in driving cardiovascular tissue adaptation. However, different types, intensities, or durations of exercise elicit different levels of metabolic stress and may promote distinct types of tissue remodeling. In this review, we discuss how exercise affects cardiac structure and function and how exercise-induced changes in metabolism regulate cardiac adaptation. Current evidence suggests that exercise typically elicits an adaptive, beneficial form of cardiac remodeling that involves cardiomyocyte growth and proliferation; however, chronic levels of extreme exercise may increase the risk for pathological cardiac remodeling or sudden cardiac death. An emerging theme underpinning acute as well as chronic cardiac adaptations to exercise is metabolic periodicity, which appears important for regulating mitochondrial quality and function, for stimulating metabolism-mediated exercise gene programs and hypertrophic kinase activity, and for coordinating biosynthetic pathway activity. In addition, circulating metabolites liberated during exercise trigger physiological cardiac growth. Further understanding of how exercise-mediated changes in metabolism orchestrate cell signaling and gene expression could facilitate therapeutic strategies to maximize the benefits of exercise and improve cardiac health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Fulghum
- Department of Medicine, Envirome Institute, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Louisville, KY, United States
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Bradford G. Hill
- Department of Medicine, Envirome Institute, Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Diabetes and Obesity Center, Louisville, KY, United States
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10
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Abstract
It is thought that at least 6,500 low-molecular-weight metabolites exist in humans, and these metabolites have various important roles in biological systems in addition to proteins and genes. Comprehensive assessment of endogenous metabolites is called metabolomics, and recent advances in this field have enabled us to understand the critical role of previously unknown metabolites or metabolic pathways in the cardiovascular system. In this review, we will focus on heart failure and how metabolomic analysis has contributed to improving our understanding of the pathogenesis of this critical condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryutaro Ikegami
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Ippei Shimizu
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences.,Division of Molecular Aging and Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Yohko Yoshida
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences.,Division of Molecular Aging and Cell Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
| | - Tohru Minamino
- Department of Cardiovascular Biology and Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
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11
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Abstract
The heart is a biological pump that converts chemical to mechanical energy. This process of energy conversion is highly regulated to the extent that energy substrate metabolism matches energy use for contraction on a beat-to-beat basis. The biochemistry of cardiac metabolism includes the biochemistry of energy transfer, metabolic regulation, and transcriptional, translational as well as posttranslational control of enzymatic activities. Pathways of energy substrate metabolism in the heart are complex and dynamic, but all of them conform to the First Law of Thermodynamics. The perspectives expand on the overall idea that cardiac metabolism is inextricably linked to both physiology and molecular biology of the heart. The article ends with an outlook on emerging concepts of cardiac metabolism based on new molecular models and new analytical tools. © 2016 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 6:1675-1699, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Taegtmeyer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Truong Lam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
| | - Giovanni Davogustto
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
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12
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Priddy CMO, Kajimoto M, Ledee DR, Bouchard B, Isern N, Olson AK, Des Rosiers C, Portman MA. Myocardial oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis during mechanical circulatory support by extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012. [PMID: 23203964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00672.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides essential mechanical circulatory support necessary for survival in infants and children with acute cardiac decompensation. However, ECMO also causes metabolic disturbances, which contribute to total body wasting and protein loss. Cardiac stunning can also occur, which prevents ECMO weaning, and contributes to high mortality. The heart may specifically undergo metabolic impairments, which influence functional recovery. We tested the hypothesis that ECMO alters oxidative metabolism and protein synthesis. We focused on the amino acid leucine and integration with myocardial protein synthesis. We used a translational immature swine model in which we assessed in heart 1) the fractional contribution of leucine (FcLeucine) and pyruvate to mitochondrial acetyl-CoA formation by nuclear magnetic resonance and 2) global protein fractional synthesis (FSR) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Immature mixed breed Yorkshire male piglets (n = 22) were divided into four groups based on loading status (8 h of normal circulation or ECMO) and intracoronary infusion [(13)C(6),(15)N]-L-leucine (3.7 mM) alone or with [2-(13)C]-pyruvate (7.4 mM). ECMO decreased pulse pressure and correspondingly lowered myocardial oxygen consumption (∼40%, n = 5), indicating decreased overall mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. However, FcLeucine was maintained and myocardial protein FSR was marginally increased. Pyruvate addition decreased tissue leucine enrichment, FcLeucine, and Fc for endogenous substrates as well as protein FSR. The heart under ECMO shows reduced oxidative metabolism of substrates, including amino acids, while maintaining 1) metabolic flexibility indicated by ability to respond to pyruvate and 2) a normal or increased capacity for global protein synthesis.
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Agnetti G, Kaludercic N, Kane LA, Elliott ST, Guo Y, Chakir K, Samantapudi D, Paolocci N, Tomaselli GF, Kass DA, Van Eyk JE. Modulation of mitochondrial proteome and improved mitochondrial function by biventricular pacing of dyssynchronous failing hearts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 3:78-87. [PMID: 20160199 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.109.871236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) improves chamber mechanoenergetics and morbidity and mortality of patients manifesting heart failure with ventricular dyssynchrony; however, little is known about the molecular changes underlying CRT benefits. We hypothesized that mitochondria may play an important role because of their involvement in energy production. METHODS AND RESULTS Mitochondria isolated from the left ventricle in a canine model of dyssynchronous or resynchronized (CRT) heart failure were analyzed by a classical, gel-based, proteomic approach. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis revealed that 31 mitochondrial proteins where changed when controlling the false discovery rate at 30%. Key enzymes in anaplerotic pathways, such as pyruvate carboxylation and branched-chain amino acid oxidation, were increased. These concerted changes, along with others, suggested that CRT may increase the pool of Krebs cycle intermediates and fuel oxidative phosphorylation. Nearly 50% of observed changes pertained to subunits of the respiratory chain. ATP synthase-beta subunit of complex V was less degraded, and its phosphorylation modulated by CRT was associated with increased formation (2-fold, P=0.004) and specific activity (+20%, P=0.05) of the mature complex. The importance of these modifications was supported by coordinated changes in mitochondrial chaperones and proteases. CRT increased the mitochondrial respiratory control index with tightened coupling when isolated mitochondria were reexposed to substrates for both complex I (glutamate and malate) and complex II (succinate), an effect likely related to ATP synthase subunit modifications and complex quantity and activity. CONCLUSIONS CRT potently affects both the mitochondrial proteome and the performance associated with improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Agnetti
- Johns Hopkins Bayview Proteomics Center, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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14
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King N, Suleiman MS. L-leucine transport in rat heart under normal conditions and effects of a simulated hypoxia. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 221:99-108. [PMID: 11506192 DOI: 10.1023/a:1010913405840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
L-leucine plays a central role in the regulation of protein metabolism in heart and has been implicated in myocardial protection, but little is known about the relationship between these phenomena and leucine transport across the cardiac sarcolemma. In this study we used sarcolemmal vesicles and ventricular myocytes isolated from rat heart to characterise L-leucine transport under normal conditions and to investigate the effect of simulated hypoxia or inhibition of protein synthesis. The Km and Vmax of leucine uptake were 5.24+/-0.65 mM and 1.43+/-1.84 nmol min(-1) mg(-1) protein in vesicles compared to 2.17+/-0.13 mM and 1.7+/-0.76 nmol min(-1) microl(-1) intracellular space in cells. Transport was not dependent on Na+ or H+ gradients. In vesicles L-leucine uptake was increased by trans-stimulation, whilst inhibition was observed with classical system L substrates including 2-aminobicyclo[2,2,1]-heptane-2-carboxylic acid (BCH) suggesting that this system mediated L-leucine transport in heart. L-Leucine uptake into isolated cardiac myocytes was inhibited after 20, 30 and 60 min of simulated hypoxia. This was not caused by reduced cell viability, although the cells underwent a rigor contracture. Inhibition of protein synthesis did not affect L-leucine transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- N King
- Bristol Heart Institute, Bristol University, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK
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15
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Vary TC. Inter-organ protein and carbohydrate metabolic relationships during sepsis: necessary evils or uncanny coincidences? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999; 2:235-42. [PMID: 10456253 DOI: 10.1097/00075197-199905000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis alters the dynamic flux of metabolic substrates between skeletal muscle and liver. Derangements in skeletal muscle glucose metabolism evoked by sepsis to a certain extent determine the rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver. In contrast, accelerated rates of gluconeogenesis do not drive net catabolism in skeletal muscle, nor does the upregulation of hepatic protein metabolism in sepsis or inflammation appear to be contingent or dependent upon the catabolism of muscle proteins during sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Vary
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA.
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Young LH, McNulty PH, Morgan C, Deckelbaum LI, Zaret BL, Barrett EJ. Myocardial protein turnover in patients with coronary artery disease. Effect of branched chain amino acid infusion. J Clin Invest 1991; 87:554-60. [PMID: 1991838 PMCID: PMC296343 DOI: 10.1172/jci115030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of protein metabolism in the human heart has not previously been studied. In 10 postabsorptive patients with coronary artery disease, heart protein synthesis and degradation were estimated simultaneously from the extraction of intravenously infused L-[ring-2,6-3H]phenylalanine (PHE) and the dilution of its specific activity across the heart at isotopic steady state. We subsequently examined the effect of branched chain amino acid (BCAA) infusion on heart protein turnover and on the myocardial balance of amino acids and branched chain ketoacids (BCKA) in these patients. In the postabsorptive state, there was a net release of phenylalanine (arterial-cardiac venous [PHE] = -1.71 +/- 0.32 nmol/ml, P less than 0.001; balance = -116 +/- 21 nmol PHE/min, P less than 0.001), reflecting protein degradation (142 +/- 40 nmol PHE/min) in excess of synthesis (24 +/- 42 nmol PHE/min) and net myocardial protein catabolism. During BCAA infusion, protein synthesis increased to equal the degradation rate (106 +/- 24 and 106 +/- 28 nmol PHE/min, respectively) and the phenylalanine balance shifted (P = 0.01) from negative to neutral (arterial-cardiac venous [PHE] = 0.07 +/- 0.36 nmol/ml; balance = 2 +/- 25 nmol PHE/min). BCAA infusion stimulated the myocardial uptake of both BCAA (P less than 0.005) and their ketoacid conjugates (P less than 0.001) in proportion to their circulating concentrations. Net uptake of the BCAA greatly exceeded that of other essential amino acids suggesting a role for BCAA and BCKA as metabolic fuels. Plasma insulin levels, cardiac double product, coronary blood flow, and myocardial oxygen consumption were unchanged. These results demonstrate that the myocardium of postabsorptive humans is in negative protein balance and indicate a primary anabolic effect of BCAA on the human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Young
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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Hildebrandt E, Olson MS. Role of activation of myocardial branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex in the regulation of leucine decarboxylation during cardiac work in vitro. Biochem J 1987; 248:423-8. [PMID: 3435456 PMCID: PMC1148558 DOI: 10.1042/bj2480423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The oxidative decarboxylation of L-[1-14C]leucine was measured in the isolated perfused rat heart under both working and non-working conditions. Stimulation of decarboxylation of the labelled substrate was observed in working hearts as cardiac work was increased, and in Langendorff hearts upon increasing the coronary flow rate. The rate of L-[1-14C]leucine decarboxylation was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in hearts working against moderate afterload pressure when compared to Langendorff hearts perfused at a matching coronary flow rate. The rate of release of 4-methyl-2-oxo[1-14C]pentanoate to the perfusate was high in Langendorff hearts, and was unaffected by changes in coronary flow. In contrast, perfusate levels of 14C-labelled 4-methyl-2-oxopentanoate decreased significantly upon the establishment of the working condition (P less than 0.05). These findings suggested an enhancement in the efficiency of the decarboxylation of the 2-oxo acid in response to cardiac work. The amount of branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex present in the active form was measured in freeze-clamped hearts. Cardiac work resulted in a rapid activation of the complex (P less than 0.02) within 5 min of work when compared to control Langendorff hearts perfused at matching coronary flow rates. To a lesser extent, increasing the coronary flow rate in Langendorff-perfused hearts also led to activation of the enzyme complex. These studies suggest the following: a) L-leucine oxidation in myocardial tissue can be accelerated by exercise as it is in other tissues; b) this regulatory response can be evoked by the contractile activity of the heart itself, independent of contributions by circulating factors or nervous stimuli; and c) regulation of the activity state of the branched-chain 2-oxo acid dehydrogenase complex is involved in the mechanism by which metabolic flux through this pathway is controlled during cardiac work.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hildebrandt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7760
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Schwartz RG, Barrett EJ, Francis CK, Jacob R, Zaret BL. Regulation of myocardial amino acid balance in the conscious dog. J Clin Invest 1985; 75:1204-11. [PMID: 2859300 PMCID: PMC425446 DOI: 10.1172/jci111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects in vivo of physiologic increases in insulin and amino acids on myocardial amino acid balance were evaluated in conscious dogs. Arterial and coronary sinus concentrations of amino acids and coronary blood flow were measured during a 30-min basal and a 100-min experimental period employing three protocols: euglycemic insulin clamp (plasma insulin equaled 70 +/- 11 microU/ml, n = 6); euglycemic insulin clamp during amino acid infusion (plasma insulin equaled 89 +/- 12 microU/ml, n = 6); and suppression of insulin with somatostatin during amino acid infusion (plasma insulin equaled 15 +/- 4 microU/ml, n = 6). Basally, only leucine and isoleucine were removed significantly by myocardium (net branched chain amino acid [BCAA] uptake equaled 0.5 +/- 0.2 mumol/min), while glycine, alanine, and glutamine were released. Glutamine demonstrated the highest net myocardial production (1.6 +/- 0.2 mumol/min). No net exchange was seen for valine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine, glutamate, asparagine, serine, threonine, taurine, and aspartate. In group I, hyperinsulinemia caused a decline of all plasma amino acids except alanine; alanine balance switched from release to an uptake of 0.6 +/- 0.4 mumol/min (P less than 0.05), while the myocardial balance of other amino acids was unchanged. In group II, amino acid concentrations rose, and were accompanied by a marked rise in myocardial BCAA uptake (0.4 +/- 0.1-2.6 +/- 0.3 mumol/min, P less than 0.001). Uptake of alanine was again stimulated (0.9 +/- 0.3 mumol/min, P less than 0.01), while glutamine production was unchanged (1.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 1.6 +/- 0.3 mumol/min). In group III, there was a 4-5-fold increase in the plasma concentration of the infused amino acids, accompanied by marked stimulation in uptake of only BCAA (6.8 +/- 0.7 mumol/min). Myocardial glutamine production was unchanged (1.9 +/- 0.4-1.3 +/- 0.7 mumol/min). Within the three experimental groups there were highly significant linear correlations between myocardial uptake and arterial concentration of leucine, isoleucine, valine, and total BCAA (r = 0.98, 0.98, 0.92, and 0.97, respectively); P less than 0.001 for each). In vivo, BCAA are the principal amino acids taken up by the myocardium basally and during amino acid infusion. Plasma BCAA concentration and not insulin determines the rate of myocardial BCAA uptake. Insulin stimulates myocardial alanine uptake. Neither insulin nor amino acid infusion alters myocardial glutamine release.
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