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Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is a serious inflammatory condition. Research has shown an increase in the number of pancreatitis-associated hospitalizations, with a marked decline in the mortality rates down to 0.79% in patients with acute pancreatitis and 0.26% in patients with exacerbation of chronic pancreatitis. Up to one-third of patients develop pancreatic tissue necrosis, with a mortality rate of 30%. One of the mechanisms is the disturbances in pancreatic microcirculation due to the release of endothelin, a long-acting vasoconstrictor. The development of pancreatitis causes the release of other inflammatory mediators, which reduce blood flow in the microcirculation. The activation of intracellular trypsinogen initiates a cascade of mechanisms in pancreatitis. There is no specific treatment for acute pancreatitis. Protease inhibitors are not effective in treating severe acute pancreatitis. There is an important role of low-molecular-weight heparin in attenuating necrosis and restoring perfusion of the pancreas. Other drugs used are endothelin receptor antagonists, antagonist of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 receptors, α-tocopherol, tumor necrosis factor-α and platelet-activating factor inhibitors, acetylsalicylic acid, and local intra-arterial injection of lidocaine. The prophylactic use of antibiotics is not recommended. The treatment outcome of acute pancreatitis is still unsatisfactory.
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Jansson L, Carlsson PO. Pancreatic Blood Flow with Special Emphasis on Blood Perfusion of the Islets of Langerhans. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:799-837. [PMID: 30892693 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c160050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The pancreatic islets are more richly vascularized than the exocrine pancreas, and possess a 5- to 10-fold higher basal and stimulated blood flow, which is separately regulated. This is reflected in the vascular anatomy of the pancreas where islets have separate arterioles. There is also an insulo-acinar portal system, where numerous venules connect each islet to the acinar capillaries. Both islets and acini possess strong metabolic regulation of their blood perfusion. Of particular importance, especially in the islets, is adenosine and ATP/ADP. Basal and stimulated blood flow is modified by local endothelial mediators, the nervous system as well as gastrointestinal hormones. Normally the responses to the nervous system, especially the parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves, are fairly similar in endocrine and exocrine parts. The islets seem to be more sensitive to the effects of endothelial mediators, especially nitric oxide, which is a permissive factor to maintain the high basal islet blood flow. The gastrointestinal hormones with pancreatic effects mainly influence the exocrine pancreatic blood flow, whereas islets are less affected. A notable exception is incretin hormones and adipokines, which preferentially affect islet vasculature. Islet hormones can influence both exocrine and endocrine blood vessels, and these complex effects are discussed. Secondary changes in pancreatic and islet blood flow occur during several conditions. To what extent changes in blood perfusion may affect the pathogenesis of pancreatic diseases is discussed. Both type 2 diabetes mellitus and acute pancreatitis are conditions where we think there is evidence that blood flow may contribute to disease manifestations. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:799-837, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leif Jansson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Per-Ola Carlsson
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala, Sweden.,Uppsala University, Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Lu M, Zhang Q, Chen K, Xu W, Xiang X, Xia S. The regulatory effect of oxymatrine on the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-induced MS1 cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 36:153-159. [PMID: 29157809 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxymatrine (OM), a major quinolizidine alkaloid extracted from the roots of Sophora flavescens, has been proved to regulate a variety of signaling pathways to produce a wide range of pharmacological effects. OBJECTIVES The regulatory effects of OM on the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway under the stimulation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in MS1 cells were explored to illuminate the potential anti-inflammatory mechanism of OM for pancreatitis treatment. METHODS The signaling molecules related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway in MS1 cells were detected by Western blotting under different conditions, including OM pretreatment and LPS stimulation. The mRNA expression levels of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB p65 and IκBα were detected by real-time PCR. The NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation in MS1 cells was measured by immunofluorescence, and the pro-inflammatory cytokine of IL-1β was detected by ELISA. RESULTS Increased levels of TLR4, MyD88 and NF-κB p65, induced by LPS stimulation, were significantly inhibited by OM pretreatment in MS1 cells. The decreased protein, but not mRNA, level of IκBα induced by LPS stimulation was increased by OM pretreatment. Meanwhile, LPS induced NF-κB p65 protein translocation to the nucleus as well as LPS increased expression of IL-1β were also inhibited by OM pretreatment. CONCLUSION Inhibitory effects of OM on molecules related to the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway in pancreatic microvascular endothelial cells can alleviate inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meili Lu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 220 Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China; Postgraduate Training Base in Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Forces, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 220 Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 220 Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 220 Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China
| | - Xiaohui Xiang
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 220 Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China.
| | - Shihai Xia
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary and Splenic Medicine, Affiliated Hospital, Logistics University of People's Armed Police Force, 220 Chenglin Road, Hedong District, Tianjin, 300162, China; Postgraduate Training Base in Affiliated Hospital of Logistics University of People's Armed Police Forces, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, 121000, China.
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Warzecha Z, Sendur P, Ceranowicz P, Dembiński M, Cieszkowski J, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Olszanecki R, Tomaszewska R, Ambroży T, Dembiński A. Protective Effect of Pretreatment with Acenocoumarol in Cerulein-Induced Acute Pancreatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101709. [PMID: 27754317 PMCID: PMC5085741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation is recognized as a key player in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the current research was to examine the effect of pretreatment with acenocoumarol on the development of acute pancreatitis (AP) evoked by cerulein. Methods: AP was induced in rats by cerulein administered intraperitoneally. Acenocoumarol (50, 100 or 150 µg/kg/dose/day) or saline were given once daily for seven days before AP induction. Results: In rats with AP, pretreatment with acenocoumarol administered at the dose of 50 or 100 µg/kg/dose/day improved pancreatic histology, reducing the degree of edema and inflammatory infiltration, and vacuolization of acinar cells. Moreover, pretreatment with acenocoumarol given at the dose of 50 or 100 µg/kg/dose/day reduced the AP-evoked increase in pancreatic weight, serum activity of amylase and lipase, and serum concentration of pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β, as well as ameliorated pancreatic DNA synthesis and pancreatic blood flow. In contrast, acenocoumarol given at the dose of 150 μg/kg/dose did not exhibit any protective effect against cerulein-induced pancreatitis. Conclusion: Low doses of acenocoumarol, given before induction of AP by cerulein, inhibit the development of that inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Paweł Sendur
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Marcin Dembiński
- The Second Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Jakub Cieszkowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-501 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Romana Tomaszewska
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Tadeusz Ambroży
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland.
| | - Artur Dembiński
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegórzecka St., 31-531 Cracow, Poland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the impact of obestatin therapy on the course of cerulein-induced pancreatitis. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced by cerulein given intraperitoneally 5 times with 1 hour intervals at the dose of 50 μg/kg per dose. Obestatin was administered twice a day at the dose of 8 nmol/kg per dose, starting the first dose 24 hours after the last injection of cerulein. Severity of acute pancreatitis (AP) was examined at 0 hour or 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after the last injection of cerulein. RESULTS Administration of cerulein led to development of acute edematous pancreatitis in all rats, and maximal severity of this disease was observed 24 hours after induction of pancreatitis. Treatment with obestatin reduced morphological signs of pancreatic damage (pancreatic edema, leukocyte infiltration, vacuolization of acinar cells) and led to earlier regeneration of the pancreas. Biochemical indexes of severity of pancreatitis such as serum activity of pancreatic digestive enzymes were significantly reduced in animals treated with obestatin. These effects were accompanied by increase in pancreatic DNA synthesis and decrease in serum level of proinflammatory interleukin 1β. In addition, administration of obestatin improved pancreatic blood flow in rats with AP. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with exogenous obestatin reduces severity of AP and accelerates pancreatic recovery.
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Bukowczan J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Tomaszewska R. Obestatin Accelerates the Recovery in the Course of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Acute Pancreatitis in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134380. [PMID: 26226277 PMCID: PMC4520493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Several previous studies have shown that obestatin exhibits protective and regenerative effects in some organs including the stomach, kidney, and the brain. In the pancreas, pretreatment with obestatin inhibits the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis, and promotes survival of pancreatic beta cells and human islets. However, no studies investigated the effect of obestatin administration following the onset of experimental acute pancreatitis. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of obestatin therapy in the course of ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis. Moreover, we tested the influence of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis and administration of obestatin on daily food intake and pancreatic exocrine secretion. Methods Acute pancreatitis was induced by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion of the pancreas. Obestatin (8nmol/kg/dose) was administered intraperitoneally twice a day, starting 24 hours after the beginning of reperfusion. The effect of obestatin in the course of necrotizing pancreatitis was assessed between 2 and 14 days, and included histological, functional, and biochemical analyses. Secretory studies were performed on the third day after sham-operation or induction of acute pancreatitis in conscious rats equipped with chronic pancreatic fistula. Results Treatment with obestatin ameliorated morphological signs of pancreatic damage including edema, vacuolization of acinar cells, hemorrhages, acinar necrosis, and leukocyte infiltration of the gland, and led to earlier pancreatic regeneration. Structural changes were accompanied by biochemical and functional improvements manifested by accelerated normalization of interleukin-1β level and activity of myeloperoxidase and lipase, attenuation of the decrease in pancreatic DNA synthesis, and by an improvement of pancreatic blood flow. Induction of acute pancreatitis by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion significantly decreased daily food intake and pancreatic exocrine secretion. Administration of obestatin at doses used was without significant effect with regard to daily food intake or pancreatic exocrine secretion in sham-operated rats, as well as in rats with acute pancreatitis. On the other hand, obestatin abolished a statistical significance of difference in food intake between animals with AP and control animals without pancreatic fistula and induction of AP. Conclusion Treatment with the exogenous obestatin reduces severity of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis and accelerates recovery in this disease. The involved mechanisms are likely to be multifactorial, and are mediated, at least in part, by anti-inflammatory properties of obestatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bukowczan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, North Shields, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Romana Tomaszewska
- Department of Pathology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Bukowczan J, Warzecha Z, Ceranowicz P, Kuśnierz-Cabala B, Tomaszewska R, Dembinski A. Pretreatment with obestatin reduces the severity of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 760:113-21. [PMID: 25912801 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Obestatin, as ghrelin, has been originally extracted from the stomach, which remains its major source. Previous studies have shown that administration of obestatin exhibits protective and healing-promoting effects in several organs, including the stomach and kidney. In pancreas, pretreatment with obestatin inhibits the development of cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis and promotes survival of pancreatic beta cells and human islets. The aim of the present study was to check the universality of protective effect of obestatin in the pancreas. For this reason we investigated the influence of obestatin administration on the development of ischemia/reperfusion-induced pancreatitis. Acute pancreatitis was induced by pancreatic ischemia followed by reperfusion of the gland. Obestatin (4, 8 or 16 nmol/kg/dose) was administered intraperitoneally twice: 0.5h before exposure to ischemia, and 3h after the first injection. The effect of obestatin on the course of necrotizing pancreatitis was assessed after 6-h reperfusion, and included histological, functional, and biochemical analyses. Treatment with obestatin reduced morphological signs of pancreatic damage including edema, vacuolization of acinar cells, hemorrhages, acinar necrosis, and leukocyte infiltration of the gland. These effects were accompanied by an improvement of pancreatic DNA synthesis and superoxide dismutase activity, and a decrease in serum level of lipase and pro-inflammatory interleukin-1β. Moreover pretreatment with obestatin reduced myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde concentration in pancreatic tissue of rats with acute pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS Administration of obestatin inhibits the development of ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute pancreatitis. This observation, taken together with previous findings that obestatin protects the pancreas against cerulein-induced pancreatitis, indicates that protective effect of obestatin in the pancreas is universal and independent of the primary cause of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Bukowczan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Mellitus, Northumbria NHS Foundation Trust, Rake Lane, NE28 8NH North Shields, Tyne and Wear, United Kingdom.
| | - Zygmunt Warzecha
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Romana Tomaszewska
- Department of Pathology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Artur Dembinski
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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Abstract
Critical illness challenges many endocrine homeostatic systems to overcome diseases, stress, and hostile conditions that threaten survival. Coordinated and consecutive responses by the autonomic nervous system, endocrine metabolic adaptations to mobilize and conserve energy and electrolytes, cardiovascular adjustments to maintain organ perfusion, and immunomodulation to overcome infections and inflammation are required. Because most admissions to equine intensive care units are related to horses with gastrointestinal disease and septic foals, most endocrine information during critical disease are generated from these populations. This article presents an overview on endocrine responses to critical illness in horses and foals and also some comparative information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Mann O, Kaifi J, Bloechle C, Schneider CG, Yekebas E, Kluth D, Izbicki JR, Strate T. Therapeutic small-volume resuscitation preserves pancreatic microcirculation in acute experimental pancreatitis of graded severity in rats. Pancreatology 2009; 9:652-61. [PMID: 19684429 DOI: 10.1159/000212100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microcirculatory disorders play a major part in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Improvement of microcirculation is hypothesized to open a therapeutic window. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of small-volume resuscitation in acute pancreatitis. METHODS In rats, acute pancreatitis of graded severity was induced and pancreatic microcirculation was observed in vivo with an epiluminescent microscope. Primary outcome measures were microcirculation, leukocyte adherence, concentration of trypsinogen-activating peptide, amylase activity and histopathologic tissue damage. RESULTS In necrotizing pancreatitis patients receiving prophylactic intervention with 7.5% hypertonic saline the functional capillary density was 76%. Postcapillary venular leukocyte adherence was 45% of vein cross-section. The median histopathologic damage scored 8 points. In controls, a complete microcirculatory breakdown was observed, and in the group with therapeutic intervention no significant difference was detected. In intermediate pancreatitis, the number of perfused capillaries remained 55.0 versus 23.3% in controls. Leukocyte adherence was 40.0 versus 51.7%. The histopathologic damage scored 6.0 versus 9.0 points. Trypsinogen-activating peptide concentration was reduced to 164 versus 402 nM in controls. In cerulein pancreatitis, the number of perfused capillaries was equally preserved in both groups. CONCLUSION Small-volume resuscitation preserves capillary microcirculation and prevents pancreatic injury in intermediate necrotizing pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Mann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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Meriläinen S, Mäkelä J, Anttila V, Koivukangas V, Kaakinen H, Niemelä E, Ohtonen P, Risteli J, Karttunen T, Soini Y, Juvonen T. Acute edematous and necrotic pancreatitis in a porcine model. Scand J Gastroenterol 2009; 43:1259-68. [PMID: 18609130 DOI: 10.1080/00365520802158580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is unclear why pancreatitis progresses either to mild edematous disease or to severe necrotic disease. The aim of the study was to shed some light on this topic by investigating differences during the early stages of necrotic and edematous pancreatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Piglets were randomized into two groups. Necrotic pancreatitis was induced with retrograde injection of 20% taurocholic acid (1 ml/kg), and edematous pancreatitis was induced with 0.9% NaCl (1 ml/kg). Central hemodynamics was measured, and pancreatic microcirculation was directly examined by intravital microscopy. Vascular permeability to proteins and albumin was measured by microdialysis. Apoptosis and claudins 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 were analyzed from pancreatic tissue samples. Blood samples were taken for analysis of blood cell counts, blood gases, lipase, and amylase. RESULTS Hemodynamic changes were similar in both groups, whereas microcirculatory impairment was more pronounced in necrotic pancreatitis. Necrosis was associated only with necrotic pancreatitis. Apoptosis increased only in edematous pancreatitis. The number of blood neutrophils and monocytes increased and lymphocyte and platelet counts decreased in both groups. Necrotic pancreatitis was associated with increased permeability to albumin and proteins. Expression of claudins 3, 4, 5, and 7 was not changed during pacreatitis, but in acinar cells, membranous expression of claudin-2 increased in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The results show that acute edematous pancreatitis is characterized by induction of apoptosis, whereas full-blown pancreatitis is characterized by necrosis. Impaired vascular permeability to albumin and protein is related to the early phase of necrotic pancreatitis. Claudin-2 increases during acute necrotic and edematous pancreatitis and may be related to impaired permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Meriläinen
- Department of Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify the mechanisms underlying hypotension during the early phase of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) by analyzing whether an impaired response to vasoactive substances occurs in this pathological process. METHODS Experimental SAP was induced by infusing 5% sodium taurocholate through the main pancreatic duct in rats. Once mean arterial pressure (MAP) in animals with pancreatitis was reduced, different vasoactive substances and inhibitors were administered. RESULTS Administration of the nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester caused a similar increase in MAP in rats with pancreatitis and control rats, whereas inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition did not cause changes in MAP. Moreover, the hypertensive response to endothelin and angiotensin II was lower in pancreatitis. Inhibition of angiotensin II synthesis by the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor perindopril in animals with pancreatitis caused severe hypotension, causing death in 40% of them. Finally, pressor hyporesponsiveness to angiotensin II in animals with pancreatitis was avoided by previous administration of perindopril and N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. CONCLUSIONS The SAP-induced hypotension is associated with a deficient pressor responsiveness to angiotensin II and endothelin-1. The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the control of MAP in animals with pancreatitis.
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14
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article aims to determine the effect of acute pancreatitis on microvascular morphology and the impact of treatment with hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). METHODS Sixty-seven male Wistar rats were induced with acute pancreatitis by retrograde bile duct injection. Rats were randomized to 12-hourly HBO or control treatment. Two rats in each group were killed at baseline and 24, 48, and 72 hours postinduction, and a cast of the pancreatic microvasculature was examined using scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Normal pancreatic vasculature is a dense network with a consistent capillary diameter. In acute pancreatitis, mean capillary diameter is increased at 24 hours (P < 0.001) and further increased at 48 hours (P = 0.007). From 24 hours, diameter heterogeneity is increased (P < 0.001) and capillary density is reduced (P < 0.001). Hyperbaric oxygen has a significant effect on vascular morphology changes from 48 hours after induction. Capillary diameter and heterogeneity of diameter are decreased by HBO (both P < 0.001). Capillary density is increased by HBO at 48 and 72 hours (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In acute pancreatitis, structural capillary diameter and heterogeneity of diameter increase and capillary density decreases. These parameters are all improved by HBO treatment. Hyperbaric oxygen treatment normalizes the pancreatic microvasculature after acute pancreatitis and may be a potentially effective treatment of this disease.
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Abstract
Nutritional support can improve the outcome from severe acute pancreatitis in two ways: first by providing the building blocks for tissue repair and recovery, and second, by modulating the inflammatory response and preventing organ failure, both of which are responsible for most of the morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. This review discusses the evidence on which these statements are based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J D O'Keefe
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, M2 C Wing PUH, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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Lai EY, Persson AEG, Bodin B, Källskog O, Andersson A, Pettersson U, Hansell P, Jansson L. Endothelin-1 and pancreatic islet vasculature: studies in vivo and on isolated, vascularly perfused pancreatic islets. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 292:E1616-23. [PMID: 17284574 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00640.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor, which also stimulates insulin release. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether exogenously administered ET-1 affected pancreatic islet blood flow in vivo in rats and the islet arteriolar reactivity in vitro in mice. Furthermore, we aimed to determine the ET-receptor subtype that was involved in such responses. When applying a microsphere technique for measurements of islet blood perfusion in vivo, we found that ET-1 (5 nmol/kg) consistently and markedly decreased total pancreatic and especially islet blood flow, despite having only minor effects on blood pressure. Neither endothelin A (ET(A)) receptor (BQ-123) nor endothelin-B (ET(B)) receptor (BQ-788) antagonists, alone or in combination, could prevent this reduction in blood flow. To avoid confounding interactions in vivo, we also examined the arteriolar vascular reactivity in isolated, perfused mouse islets. In the latter preparation, we demonstrated a dose-dependent constriction in response to ET-1. Administration of BQ-123 prevented this, whereas BQ-788 induced a right shift in the response. In conclusion, the pancreatic islet vasculature is highly sensitive to exogenous ET-1, which mediates its effect mainly through ET(A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Yin Lai
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Höltke C, von Wallbrunn A, Kopka K, Schober O, Heindel W, Schäfers M, Bremer C. A fluorescent photoprobe for the imaging of endothelin receptors. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:685-94. [PMID: 17417816 DOI: 10.1021/bc060264w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent photoprobe for the imaging of endothelin A receptors (ET(A)R) was developed. Based on the nonpeptidyl, high-affinity, and selective ET(A)R antagonist 3-benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-5-hydroxy-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)-5H-furan-2-one (PD 156707), a modification of the lead structure with a PEG-spacer containing an amino moiety was performed. Labeling of this precursor with the fluorescent marker Cy 5.5 NHS-ester was accomplished by adaption of common peptide labeling procedures. The affinity of the Cy 5.5-labeled receptor antagonist was evaluated using human carcinoma cell lines with different degrees of ET(A)R expression. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that ET(A)R-positive MCF-7 human breast adenocarcinoma and HT-1080 human fibrosarcoma cells effectively bind the photoprobe at very low doses (nM), while ET(A)R-negative MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells showed no fluorescence signal. Binding specificity of the probe could be demonstrated by predosing with a specific ET(A)R antibody or the parent antagonist PD 156707 as a competing inhibitor. The results suggest that the modified photoprobe tightly binds to ET(A) receptors and thus may be a possible candidate for the imaging of ET(A)R-overexpressing tissues in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Höltke
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Albert-Schweitzer-Strasse 33, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND To extract from the biomedical published reports, the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) on inflammatory disease, in particular acute pancreatitis. METHODS This review will explain these effects and evaluate potential mechanisms of action of HBO in acute pancreatitis. A Medline/PubMed search (January 1966 to July 2004) with manual cross-referencing was conducted, including all relevant articles investigating the molecular and systemic effects of HBO on inflammatory diseases, particularly focusing on the studies of acute pancreatitis. All publication types, languages and subsets were searched. RESULTS Original and review articles and short communications were extracted. The selected original articles covered the molecular and systemic effects of HBO and the effects in inflammatory disease states. The major findings are that HBO can act as an anti-inflammatory agent and as an antimicrobial agent. Many of the effects of HBO would be beneficial in the treatment of acute severe pancreatitis. Work carried out to date in animal models of acute pancreatitis shows promising improvements in severity but studies are limited to date. CONCLUSION Acute pancreatitis impairs the pancreatic and systemic microcirculation and causes acute inflammation. These processes are potentially improved by HBO therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Cuthbertson
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute pancreatitis is characterized by pancreatic necrosis, resulting in local and systemic inflammation. Pancreatitis affects both the systemic and pancreatic vasculature. This review focuses on the underlying processes involved in the changes of microvascular anatomy following acute pancreatitis. METHODS A Medline/PubMed search (January 1966 to December 2005) with manual cross-referencing was conducted. All relevant articles investigating the pancreatic microcirculatory anatomy and the effect of pancreatitis on the microcirculation were included. RESULTS The pancreas is susceptible to ischaemic insult, which can exacerbate acute pancreatitis. There is also increasing evidence of pancreatic and systemic microvascular disturbances in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, including vasoconstriction, shunting, inadequate perfusion, and increased blood viscosity and coagulation. These processes may be caused or exacerbated by ischaemia-reperfusion injury and the development of oxygen-derived free radicals. CONCLUSION Acute pancreatitis impairs the pancreatic and systemic microcirculation, which is a key pathological process in the development of severe necrotizing disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Cuthbertson
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Lance Townsend Building Level 8, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
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Uhlmann D, Gaebel G, Armann B, Ludwig S, Hess J, Pietsch UC, Fiedler M, Tannapfel A, Hauss J, Witzigmann H. Attenuation of proinflammatory gene expression and microcirculatory disturbances by endothelin A receptor blockade after orthotopic liver transplantation in pigs. Surgery 2006; 139:61-72. [PMID: 16364719 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 07/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/09/2005] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a very potent mediator of vasoconstriction, leads to microcirculatory disturbances and release of proinflammatory cytokines under pathophysiologic conditions. Our aim was to evaluate the effect of a selective ET(A)-receptor antagonist (ET(A)-RA) on cold ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in a pig model. METHODS Twenty pigs revealed orthotopic liver transplantation. The animals were randomized into 2 groups: control pigs received isotonic saline; the treated group received the selective ET(A)-RA BSF 208075 at the beginning of reperfusion. On postoperative days 4 and 7, animals were re-laparotomized to obtain tissue specimens. Liver tissue samples were collected and quantitative mRNA expression for prepro-ET-1, ET(A) receptor, pro-IL-1beta, pro-IL-6, pro-TNF-alpha, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase was analyzed using the TaqMan system. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis for ET-1 was performed. Hepatic microcirculation was evaluated by laser Doppler flow measurement and partial pressure of oxygen and carbon dioxide measurements with the Paratrend sensor. Postischemic liver damage was monitored by measurement of liver enzymes and by histologic analysis using a semiquantitative scoring classification. RESULTS Treatment with the ET(A)-RA significantly reduced the severity of I/R injury evidenced by lower serum AST, ALT and GLDH. Analysis of partial pressure of oxygen and blood flow revealed a significant improvement of capillary perfusion and blood flow in the treated group and was associated with a relevant reduction of tissue injury. One hour after reperfusion, quantitative RT-PCR revealed significantly lower expression of prepro-ET-1, ET(A) receptor, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, pro-TNF-alpha, pro-IL-1beta and pro-IL-6 in the therapy group. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significantly reduced ET-1 immunostaining after therapy. Histologic investigation suggested less tissue damage in treated animals. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the selective ET(A)-RA BSF 208075 has protective effects on microcirculation after liver transplantation. ET(A)-RA not only affects the expression of vasoactive genes, but also decreases gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Uhlmann
- Department of Abdominal, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Wunder C, Brock RW, Frantz S, Göttsch W, Morawietz H, Roewer N, Eichelbrönner O. Carbon monoxide, but not endothelin-1, plays a major role for the hepatic microcirculation in a murine model of early systemic inflammation. Crit Care Med 2005; 33:2323-31. [PMID: 16215388 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000182794.42733.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelin-1 and carbon monoxide play a major role in the regulation of liver microcirculation in numerous disease states. During sepsis and endotoxemia, elevated formation of endothelin-1 results in reduced sinusoidal blood flow. However, the role of carbon monoxide and endothelin-1 and its receptors endothelin receptor A and endothelin receptor B in the deranged liver microcirculation during early systemic inflammation remains unclear. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled experiment. SETTING University animal laboratory. SUBJECTS Male C57/BL6 mice, weighing 23-27 g. INTERVENTIONS To induce a systemic inflammation, mice were treated with 1 hr of bilateral hind limb ischemia followed by 3 hrs or 6 hrs of reperfusion. Animals were randomly exposed to the nonselective endothelin receptor antagonist Ro-61-6612 (Tezosentan) and/or a continuous endothelin-1 infusion. Different animals were randomized to methylene chloride gavage or carbon monoxide inhalation during the reperfusion period. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS After ischemia/reperfusion, endothelin-1 plasma concentrations, endothelin-1 messenger RNA expression, and endothelin receptor A and B messenger RNA expression revealed no significant changes when compared with sham animals. After 6 hrs of ischemia/reperfusion, hepatic microcirculatory variables (sinusoidal density, sinusoidal diameter, and red blood cell velocity) deteriorated. Tezosentan after 6 hrs of ischemia/reperfusion did not improve the liver microcirculation, whereas the continuous infusion of endothelin-1 after 6 hrs of ischemia/reperfusion further impaired sinusoidal blood flow. Tezosentan treatment did not produce any alterations in hepatocellular injury or hepatic redox status when compared with the untreated animals receiving 6 hrs of ischemia/reperfusion. Animals receiving 6 hrs of ischemia/reperfusion and exposed to methylene chloride gavage or inhaled carbon monoxide during limb reperfusion showed significantly improved microcirculatory variables, hepatic redox status, and attenuated hepatocellular injury. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that endothelin-1 and the endothelin receptors A and B are not responsible for the observed hepatic microcirculatory and cellular dysfunction during early systemic inflammation, but exposure to exogenous carbon monoxide protected the hepatic microcirculation and improved the impaired hepatic cellular integrity and the hepatocellular redox status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wunder
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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22
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Zhu MD, Fang CH, Shi XS. Renal cells apoptosis and Bax, Bcl-2 expression in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2005; 13:2103-2107. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v13.i17.2103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the roles of renal cell apoptosis and expression of Bax and Bcl-2 in renal injury in rats with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).
METHODS: Thirty rats were randomized into sham operation (SO, n = 15) and SAP group (n = 15). The model of SAP was established by retrograde injection of 50 g/L sodium taurocholate into the biliopancreatic duct in the rats. Serum creatinine (Cr) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were determined 6, 12, and 18 h after injection. The pathological changes were observed by light and electron microscopy. The apoptosis of renal cells was determined by TUNEL method, and the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 was detected by immunohistochemical staining (SABC assay).
RESULTS: As compared with those in SO group at the same phase, serum Cr and BUN in SAP group increased markedly. Significant injuries of renal tissue were observed under light and electron microscope.The apoptotic index of renal glomerular cells increased significantly 6, 12, 18 h after injection (3.2±1.1 vs 0.8±0.1, P <0.05; 3.9±1.8 vs 0.9±0.1, P <0.05; 4.8±1.7 vs 0.8±0.2, P <0.01, respectively). The apoptotic index of renal tubule cells also increased significantly (9.8±1.1 vs 1.3±0.5, P <0.01; 12.6±2.3 vs 1.2±0.3, P <0.01; 15.7±2.6 vs 1.3±0.3, P <0.01, respectively). The expression of Bax in renal glomerulus and tubule increased significantly at 6, 12, 18 h, respectively (glomerulus: 3.05±0.86 vs 1.01±0.04, P <0.05; 3.37±1.13 vs 1.06±0.05, P <0.05; 4.11±1.24 vs 1.09±0.03, P <0.05; tubule: 8.17±2.16 vs 1.53±0.07, P <0.01; 12.92±1.81 vs 1.61±0.05, P <0.01; 13.08±2.53 vs 1.59±0.05, P <0.01), and increased continuously. Bcl-2 was mainly expressed in the regions of renal tubule, and it also increased in SAP group at 6, 12, 18 h, respectively (3.38±1.07 vs 1.58±0.02, P <0.05; 4.26±1.13 vs 1.59±0.06, P <0.05; 7.21±1.04 vs 1.61±0.02, P <0.01). The level of Bcl-2 expression in renal glomerulus was higher in SAP group than that in SO group at 6, 12, 18 h, respectively (2.18±0.65 vs 1.04±0.02; 2.42±0.63 vs 1.03±0.05, P <0.05; 2.69±0.47 vs 1.08±0.04, P <0.05), but decreased with the duration of the injuries.
CONCLUSION: Renal cell apoptosis, which relates to the up-regulated expression of Bax and downed regulated expression of Bcl-2, may be involved in the pathogenesis of renal injury in patients with SAP.
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Andrzejewska A, Dlugosz JW, Augustynowicz A. Effect of endothelin-1 receptor antagonists on histological and ultrastructural changes in the pancreas and trypsinogen activation in the early course of caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:1115-21. [PMID: 15754391 PMCID: PMC4250700 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i8.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the effect of non-selective ETA/B (LU 302872) and selective ETA (LU 302146) antagonist on pancreatic histology and ultrastructure of acinar cells in connection with trypsinogen activation in early caerulein-induced AP.
METHODS: Male Wistar rats with caerulein-induced AP, lasting 4 h, were treated i.p. with 10 and 20 mg/kg b.w. of each antagonist. Edema, inflammatory infiltration, necrosis and vacuolization of acinar cells in the pancreas were scored at 0-3 scale. Free active trypsin (FAT), total potential trypsin (TPT) after activation with enterokinase, and index of trypsinogen activation (%FAT/TPT) were assayed in pancreatic homogenates.
RESULTS: In untreated AP, the edema, inflammatory infiltration, necrosis and vacuolization increased as compared to control healthy rats (P<0.01). None of the treatment exerted any meaningful effect on the edema and inflammatory infiltration. The selective antagonist increased slightly the necrosis score to 0.82±0.06 at higher dose (P<0.05) vs 0.58±0.06 in untreated AP. The non-selective antagonist increased slightly the vacuolization score to 2.41±0.07 at higher dose (P<0.01) vs 1.88±0.08 in untreated AP. The decrease in the number of zymogen granules, disorganization of endoplasmic reticulum, autophagosomes and cytoplasmic vacuoles were more prominent in treated AP than in untreated AP groups. %FAT/TPT in untreated AP increased about four times (18.4±3.8 vs 4.8±1.3 in control group without AP, P<0.001). Treatment of AP with both antagonists did not affect significantly augmented trypsinogen activation.
CONCLUSION: The treatment with endothelin-1 receptors (non-selective ETA/B and selective ETA) antagonists has essential effect neither on the edema and inflammatory infiltration nor on trypsinogen activation observed in the early course of caerulein-induced AP. Nevertheless a slight increase of the necrosis and vacuolization score and some of the ultrastructural data could suggest the possibility of their undesired effects in caerulein-induced AP at investigated doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Andrzejewska
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Waszygton Str. 13, 15-269 Białystok, Poland.
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Griessmeier KJ, Muller CE. [H]BQ-123 binding to native endothelin ET(A) receptors in human astrocytoma 1321N1 cells and screening of potential ligands. Pharmacology 2005; 74:51-6. [PMID: 15714006 DOI: 10.1159/000083983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2004] [Accepted: 09/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin ET(A) receptors on the human astrocytoma 1321N1 cell line were characterized in radioligand binding studies using the ET(A)-selective antagonist radioligand [(3)H]BQ-123. A membrane preparation of the cell line showed a high expression level of ET(A) receptors (B(max) = 128 fmol/mg protein). The K(D) value for [(3)H]BQ-123 (K(D) = 2.29 nmol/l) was comparable to that previously determined at the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. The specific labeling of ET(A) receptors on astrocytoma 1321N1 cells by [(3)H]BQ-123 was confirmed by determining the rank order of potency of a series of agonists and antagonists. A competition assay for the screening of potential ET(A) ligands was established and a series of new disubstituted imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidine and pyrimido[1,6-a]pyrimidine derivatives was investigated. Moderate ET(A) affinity was detected for several derivatives [30-40% inhibition of [(3)H]BQ-123 binding (3 nmol/l) at a concentration of 10 micromol/l]. Astrocytoma 1321N1 cells natively express relatively high levels of ET(A) receptors. They are useful for the screening of potential ET(A) ligands in radioligand binding assays with [(3)H]BQ-123.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin J Griessmeier
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Poppelsdorf, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Uhlmann D, Gäbel G, Ludwig S, Armann B, Hess J, Pietsch UC, Tannapfel A, Fiedler M, Kratzsch J, Hass J, Witzigmann H. Effects of ETAReceptor Antagonism on Proinflammatory Gene Expression and Microcirculation Following Hepatic Ischemia/Reperfusion. Microcirculation 2005; 12:405-19. [PMID: 16020389 DOI: 10.1080/10739680590960322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a specific endothelin(A) receptor antagonist (ET(A)-RA) on mRNA expression of genes encoding vasoactive mediators and proinflammatory cytokines and on the microhemodynamics (assessed by measurement of laser Doppler flow and tissue blood gases) following complete vascular exclusion of the porcine liver. STUDY DESIGN Sixteen adult German landrace pigs were subjected to 120 min of warm hepatic ischemia by total vascular exclusion. To avoid portal congestion, a passive porto-femoro/jugular bypass was implanted. The animals were divided into 2 groups: the control group received saline solution and the therapy group was given the selective ET(A)-RA BSF 208075. Hepatic microcirculation was evaluated by p(O(2)) and p(CO(2)) measurement with the Paratrend sensor and by laser Doppler flow measurement. Liver tissue samples were collected 1 h after reperfusion and quantitative mRNA expression for prepro-ET-1, pro-IL-1beta, pro-IL-6, pro-TNF-alpha, eNOS was analyzed using the TaqMan system. Additionally, immunohistochemical analysis using a semiquantitative score for ET-1 was performed. Postischemic liver damage was monitored by measurement of liver enzymes and assessed by histological analysis using a semiquantitative scoring classification. RESULTS Partial oxygen pressure in the hepatic tissue and laser Doppler flow were significantly improved in the therapy group. One hour after reperfusion, quantitative RT-PCR revealed significantly lower expression of prepro-ET-1, eNOS, pro-TNF-alpha, and pro-IL-6 in the therapy group compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated significantly reduced ET-1 immunostaining after therapy. Furthermore, blockade of ET(A) receptors prevents tissue damage. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with the selective ET(A)-RA BSF 208075 has protective effects on microcirculation after 120 min liver ischemia and reperfusion. The authors were able to show that ET(A)-RA not only affects the expression of vasoactive genes, but also decreases gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Uhlmann
- Department of Abdominal, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Leipzig, Germany
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Dobosz M, Mionskowska L, Hac S, Dobrowolski S, Dymecki D, Wajda Z. Heparin improves organ microcirculatory disturbances in caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. World J Gastroenterol 2004; 10:2553-6. [PMID: 15300904 PMCID: PMC4572161 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v10.i17.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM: Microcirculatory disturbances are important early pathophysiological events in various organs during acute pancreatitis. The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in microperfusion of the pancreas, liver, kidney, stomach, colon, skeletal muscle, and to investigate the influence of heparin on the organ microcirculation in caerulein-induced experimental acute pancreatitis.
METHODS: Acute pancreatitis was induced by 4 intraperitoneal injections of caerulein (Cn) (15 μg/kg). The organ microcirculation was measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. Serum interleukin 6 and hematocrit levels were analysed.
RESULTS: Acute pancreatitis resulted in a significant drop of microperfusion in all examined organs. Heparin administration (2 ± 2.5 mg/kg) improved the microcirculation in pancreas (36.9% ± 4% vs 75.9% ± 10%), liver (56.6% ± 6% vs 75.2% ± 16%), kidney (45.1% ± 6% vs 79.3% ± 5%), stomach (65.2% ± 8% vs 78.1% ± 19%), colon (69.8% ± 6% vs 102.5% ± 19%), and skeletal muscle (59.2% ± 6% vs 77.9% ± 13%). Heparin treatment lowered IL-6 (359.0 ± 66 U/mL vs 288.558 U/mL) and hematocrit level (53% ± 4% vs 46% ± 3%).
CONCLUSION: Heparin administration has a positive influence on organ microcirculatory disturbances accompanying experimental Cn-induced acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Dobosz
- Department of General and Gastroenterological Surgery, St. Vincent a'Paulo Hospital, Gdynia, Poland.
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Martignoni ME, Ceyhan GO, Ayuni E, Kondo Y, Zimmermann A, Büchler MW, Friess H. Endothelin receptor antagonists are not beneficial in the therapy of acute experimental pancreatitis. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2004; 389:184-92. [PMID: 15127205 DOI: 10.1007/s00423-004-0461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2003] [Accepted: 01/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Due to increased capillary permeability and the early appearance of vasoactive and toxic agents, patients suffering from necrotizing pancreatitis frequently develop a systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, is thought to play a major role in these changes via the regulation of microcirculation. An improved outcome of acute experimental necrotizing pancreatitis by blocking the endothelin receptors ETA and ETB, either selectively (only ETA) or unselectively (ETA and ETB), has been suggested. The aim of this study was to investigate further the beneficial effects of new, highly potent endothelin-receptor (ET-R) antagonists in acute experimental pancreatitis. METHODS The influence of the selective ET-RA antagonist BSF208075 (1 mg/kg) on mortality was studied in three severity groups of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (retrograde injection of 4%, 5% and 6% of sodium taurocholate into the main pancreatic duct). The effects of the selective ET-RA antagonists LU135252 (LU13) and BSF208075 (BSF20) and of the unselective endothelin receptor (ET-R(A/B)) antagonist BSF420627 (BSF42) were additionally analyzed in 4% taurocholate-induced necrotizing pancreatitis. Furthermore, the significance of variable doses of the endothelin receptor antagonist LU13 (1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg) was determined in a 4% sodium taurocholate model and in a cerulein pancreatitis model. RESULTS Prophylactic ET-R antagonism increased the mortality rate in the 4% sodium taurocholate-induced pancreatitis. No reduction in pancreatic damage after induction of taurocholate pancreatitis was found by ET-R blockage. Application of ET-R antagonists had no beneficial influence in ascites development. However, administration of LU13 (100 mg/kg) resulted in a non-significant increase in pancreatic oedema, whereas peritoneal necrosis was not affected. CONCLUSION The selective and unselective ET-R antagonists BSF20, BSF42 and LU13 failed to improve survival and pancreatic damage during acute experimental pancreatitis. Therefore, previously reported beneficial effects of ET-R antagonists in experimental acute pancreatitis have to be critically evaluated before conclusions for further clinical development are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Martignoni
- Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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