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Gonzales J, Dharshika C, Mazhar K, Morales-Soto W, McClain JL, Moeser AJ, Nault R, Price TJ, Gulbransen BD. Early life adversity promotes gastrointestinal dysfunction through a sex-dependent phenotypic switch in enteric glia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.31.596805. [PMID: 38895433 PMCID: PMC11185517 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.31.596805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome and related disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are common and exhibit a complex, poorly understood etiology that manifests as abnormal gut motility and pain. Risk factors such as biological sex, stressors during critical periods, and inflammation are thought to influence DGBI vulnerability by reprogramming gut-brain circuits, but the specific cells affected are unclear. Here, we used a model of early life stress to understand cellular mechanisms in the gut that produce DGBIs. Our findings identify enteric glia as a key cellular substrate in which stress and biological sex converge to dictate DGBI susceptibility. Enteric glia exhibit sexual dimorphism in genes and functions related to cellular communication, inflammation, and disease susceptibility. Experiencing early life stress has sex-specific effects on enteric glia that cause a phenotypic switch in male glia toward a phenotype normally observed in females. This phenotypic transformation is followed by physiological changes in the gut, mirroring those observed in DGBI in humans. These effects are mediated, in part, by alterations to glial prostaglandin and endocannabinoid signaling. Together, these data identify enteric glia as a cellular integration site through which DGBI risk factors produce changes in gut physiology and suggest that manipulating glial signaling may represent an attractive target for sex-specific therapeutic strategies in DGBIs.
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Ziegler AL, Caldwell ML, Craig SE, Hellstrom EA, Sheridan AE, Touvron MS, Pridgen TA, Magness ST, Odle J, Van Landeghem L, Blikslager AT. Enteric glial cell network function is required for epithelial barrier restitution following intestinal ischemic injury in the early postnatal period. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2024; 326:G228-G246. [PMID: 38147796 PMCID: PMC11211042 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00216.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic damage to the intestinal epithelial barrier, such as in necrotizing enterocolitis or small intestinal volvulus, is associated with higher mortality rates in younger patients. We have recently reported a powerful pig model to investigate these age-dependent outcomes in which mucosal barrier restitution is strikingly absent in neonates but can be rescued by direct application of homogenized mucosa from older, juvenile pigs by a yet-undefined mechanism. Within the mucosa, a postnatally developing network of enteric glial cells (EGCs) is gaining recognition as a key regulator of the mucosal barrier. Therefore, we hypothesized that the developing EGC network may play an important role in coordinating intestinal barrier repair in neonates. Neonatal and juvenile jejunal mucosa recovering from surgically induced intestinal ischemia was visualized by scanning electron microscopy and the transcriptomic phenotypes were assessed by bulk RNA sequencing. EGC network density and glial activity were examined by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, three-dimensional (3-D) volume imaging, and Western blot and its function in regulating epithelial restitution was assessed ex vivo in Ussing chamber using the glia-specific inhibitor fluoroacetate (FA), and in vitro by coculture assay. Here we refine and elaborate our translational model, confirming a neonatal phenotype characterized by a complete lack of coordinated reparative signaling in the mucosal microenvironment. Furthermore, we report important evidence that the subepithelial EGC network changes significantly over the early postnatal period and demonstrate that the proximity of a specific functional population of EGC to wounded intestinal epithelium contributes to intestinal barrier restitution following ischemic injury.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study refines a powerful translational pig model, defining an age-dependent relationship between enteric glia and the intestinal epithelium during intestinal ischemic injury and confirming an important role for enteric glial cell (EGC) activity in driving mucosal barrier restitution. This study suggests that targeting the enteric glial network could lead to novel interventions to improve recovery from intestinal injury in neonatal patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Madison L Caldwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Sara E Craig
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Emily A Hellstrom
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Anastasia E Sheridan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Melissa S Touvron
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Tiffany A Pridgen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Scott T Magness
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Jack Odle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Anthony T Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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Schonkeren SL, Thijssen MS, Idris M, Wouters K, de Vaan J, Teubner A, Gijbels MJ, Boesmans W, Melotte V. Differences in enteric neuronal density in the NSE-Noggin mouse model across institutes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3686. [PMID: 38355947 PMCID: PMC10866904 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54337-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a large and complex part of the peripheral nervous system, and it is vital for gut homeostasis. To study the ENS, different hyper- and hypo-innervated model systems have been developed. The NSE-Noggin mouse model was described as one of the few models with a higher enteric neuronal density in the colon. However, in our hands NSE-Noggin mice did not present with a hyperganglionic phenotype. NSE-Noggin mice were phenotyped based on fur appearance, genotyped and DNA sequenced to demonstrate transgene and intact NSE-Noggin-IRES-EGFP construct presence, and RNA expression of Noggin was shown to be upregulated. Positive EGFP staining in the plexus of NSE-Noggin mice also confirmed Noggin protein expression. Myenteric plexus preparations of the colon were examined to quantify both the overall density of enteric neurons and the proportions of enteric neurons expressing specific subtype markers. The total number of enteric neurons in the colonic myenteric plexus of transgenic mice did not differ significantly from wild types, nor did the proportion of calbindin, calretinin, or serotonin immunoreactive myenteric neurons. Possible reasons as to why the hyperinnervated phenotype could not be observed in contrast with original studies using this mouse model are discussed, including study design, influence of microbiota, and other environmental variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L Schonkeren
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Meike S Thijssen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Musa Idris
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Wouters
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joëlle de Vaan
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Teubner
- Central Animal Facility, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences: Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndrome, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity: Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-Research Institute for Oncology and Reproduction, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Patyal P, Fil D, Wight PA. Plp1 in the enteric nervous system is preferentially expressed during early postnatal development in mouse as DM20, whose expression appears reliant on an intronic enhancer. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1175614. [PMID: 37293625 PMCID: PMC10244531 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1175614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the myelin proteolipid protein gene (Plp1) was shown to be expressed in the glia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in mouse. However, beyond this, not much is known about its expression in the intestine. To address this matter, we investigated Plp1 expression at the mRNA and protein levels in the intestine of mice at different ages (postnatal days 2, 9, 21, and 88). In this study, we show that Plp1 expression preferentially occurs during early postnatal development, primarily as the DM20 isoform. Western blot analysis indicated that DM20 migrated according to its formula weight when isolated from the intestine. However, mobilities of both PLP and DM20 were faster than expected when procured from the brain. The 6.2hPLP(+)Z/FL transgene, which uses the first half of the human PLP1 gene to drive expression of a lacZ reporter gene, recapitulated the developmental pattern observed with the native gene in the intestine, indicating that it can be used as a proxy for Plp1 gene expression. As such, the relative levels of β-galactosidase (β-gal) activity emanating from the 6.2hPLP(+)Z/FL transgene suggest that Plp1 expression is highest in the duodenum, and decreases successively along the segments, toward the colon. Moreover, removal of the wmN1 enhancer region from the transgene (located within Plp1 intron 1) resulted in a dramatic reduction in both transgene mRNA levels and β-gal activity in the intestine, throughout development, suggesting that this region contains a regulatory element crucial for Plp1 expression. This is consistent with earlier studies in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, indicating that it may be a common (if not universal) means by which Plp1 gene expression is governed.
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Calabrò S, Kankowski S, Cescon M, Gambarotta G, Raimondo S, Haastert-Talini K, Ronchi G. Impact of Gut Microbiota on the Peripheral Nervous System in Physiological, Regenerative and Pathological Conditions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098061. [PMID: 37175764 PMCID: PMC10179357 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been widely demonstrated that the gut microbiota is responsible for essential functions in human health and that its perturbation is implicated in the development and progression of a growing list of diseases. The number of studies evaluating how the gut microbiota interacts with and influences other organs and systems in the body and vice versa is constantly increasing and several 'gut-organ axes' have already been defined. Recently, the view on the link between the gut microbiota (GM) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has become broader by exceeding the fact that the PNS can serve as a systemic carrier of GM-derived metabolites and products to other organs. The PNS as the communication network between the central nervous system and the periphery of the body and internal organs can rather be affected itself by GM perturbation. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the impact of gut microbiota on the PNS, with regard to its somatic and autonomic divisions, in physiological, regenerative and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Calabrò
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Viale G. Colombo 3, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Svenja Kankowski
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Matilde Cescon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanna Gambarotta
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Raimondo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
| | - Kirsten Haastert-Talini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Neuroanatomy and Cell Biology, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Buenteweg 2, 30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Giulia Ronchi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences & Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi (NICO), University of Torino, Regione Gonzole 10, Orbassano, 10043 Torino, Italy
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Sharkey KA, Mawe GM. The enteric nervous system. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:1487-1564. [PMID: 36521049 PMCID: PMC9970663 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Of all the organ systems in the body, the gastrointestinal tract is the most complicated in terms of the numbers of structures involved, each with different functions, and the numbers and types of signaling molecules utilized. The digestion of food and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water occurs in a hostile luminal environment that contains a large and diverse microbiota. At the core of regulatory control of the digestive and defensive functions of the gastrointestinal tract is the enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex system of neurons and glia in the gut wall. In this review, we discuss 1) the intrinsic neural control of gut functions involved in digestion and 2) how the ENS interacts with the immune system, gut microbiota, and epithelium to maintain mucosal defense and barrier function. We highlight developments that have revolutionized our understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of enteric neural control. These include a new understanding of the molecular architecture of the ENS, the organization and function of enteric motor circuits, and the roles of enteric glia. We explore the transduction of luminal stimuli by enteroendocrine cells, the regulation of intestinal barrier function by enteric neurons and glia, local immune control by the ENS, and the role of the gut microbiota in regulating the structure and function of the ENS. Multifunctional enteric neurons work together with enteric glial cells, macrophages, interstitial cells, and enteroendocrine cells integrating an array of signals to initiate outputs that are precisely regulated in space and time to control digestion and intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gary M Mawe
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont
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de Guilhem de Lataillade A, Caillaud M, Oullier T, Naveilhan P, Pellegrini C, Tolosa E, Neunlist M, Rolli-Derkinderen M, Gelpi E, Derkinderen P. LRRK2 expression in normal and pathologic human gut and in rodent enteric neural cell lines. J Neurochem 2023; 164:193-209. [PMID: 36219522 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, which is the gene most commonly associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), is also a susceptibility gene for Crohn's disease, thereby suggesting that LRRK2 may sit at the crossroads of gastrointestinal inflammation, Parkinson's, and Crohn's disease. LRRK2 protein has been studied intensely in both CNS neurons and in immune cells, but there are only few studies on LRRK2 in the enteric nervous system (ENS). LRRK2 is present in ENS ganglia and the existing studies on LRRK2 expression in colonic biopsies from PD subjects have yielded conflicting results. Herein, we propose to extend these findings by studying in more details LRRK2 expression in the ENS. LRRK2 expression was evaluated in full thickness segments of colon of 16 Lewy body, 12 non-Lewy body disorders cases, and 3 non-neurodegenerative controls and in various enteric neural cell lines. We showed that, in addition to enteric neurons, LRRK2 is constitutively expressed in enteric glial cells in both fetal and adult tissues. LRRK2 immunofluorescence intensity in the myenteric ganglia was not different between Lewy body and non-Lewy body disorders. Additionally, we identified the cAMP pathway as a key signaling pathway involved in the regulation of LRRK2 expression and phosphorylation in the enteric glial cells. Our study is the first detailed characterization of LRRK2 in the ENS and the first to show that enteric glial cells express LRRK2. Our findings provide a basis to unravel the functions of LRRK2 in the ENS and to further investigate the pathological changes in enteric synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martial Caillaud
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Thibauld Oullier
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Naveilhan
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Carolina Pellegrini
- Unit of Histology and Embryology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eduardo Tolosa
- Parkinson disease and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona (UB), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED: CB06/05/0018-ISCIII), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Michel Neunlist
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Malvyne Rolli-Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
| | - Ellen Gelpi
- Neurological Tissue Bank of the Biobank-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, INSERM, The enteric nervous system in gut and brain disorders, Nantes, France
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Słupecka-Ziemilska M, Pierzynowski SG, Szczurek P, Pierzynowska K, Wychowański P, Seklecka B, Koperski M, Starzyńska A, Szkopek D, Donaldson J, Andrzejewski K, Woliński J. Milk Formula Enriched with Sodium Butyrate Influences Small Intestine Contractility in Neonatal Pigs. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204301. [PMID: 36296985 PMCID: PMC9608939 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Butyrate, a by-product of gut bacteria fermentation as well as the digestion of fat in mother’s milk, exerts a wide spectrum of beneficial effects in the gastrointestinal tissues. The present study aimed to determine the effects of sodium butyrate on small intestine contractility in neonatal piglets. Piglets were fed milk formula alone (group C) or milk formula supplemented with sodium butyrate (group B). After a 7-day treatment period, isometric recordings of whole-thickness segments of the duodenum and middle jejunum were obtained by electric field stimulation under the influence of increasing doses of Ach (acetylocholine) in the presence of TTX (tetrodotoxin) and atropine. Moreover, structural properties of the intestinal wall were assessed, together with the expression of cholinergic and muscarinic receptors (M1 and M2). In both intestinal segments (duodenum and middle jejunum), EFS (electric field stimulation) impulses resulted in increased contractility and amplitude of contractions in group B compared to group C. Additionally, exposure to dietary butyrate led to a significant increase in tunica muscularis thickness in the duodenum, while mitotic and apoptotic indices were increased in the middle jejunum. The expression of M1 and M2 receptors in the middle jejunum was significantly higher after butyrate treatment. The results indicate increased cholinergic signaling and small intestinal growth and renewal in response to feeding with milk formula enriched with sodium butyrate in neonatal piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Słupecka-Ziemilska
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Stefan Grzegorz Pierzynowski
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
- SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Paulina Szczurek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Sciences, National Research Institute of Animal Production, 32-083 Balice, Poland
| | - Kateryna Pierzynowska
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (J.W.)
| | - Piotr Wychowański
- Division of Oral Surgery and Implantology, Department of Head and Neck, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS-Universita Cattolica del Sacro Coure, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maciej Koperski
- Department of Human Epigenetics, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Starzyńska
- Departament of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Gdańsk, 7 Dębinki Street, 80-211 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Dominika Szkopek
- Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Janine Donaldson
- SGP + Group, 231 32 Trelleborg, Sweden
- School of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, 7 York Road, Parktown, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa
| | - Krzysztof Andrzejewski
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Veteran’s Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, 90-549 Łódź, Poland
| | - Jarosław Woliński
- Department of Animal Physiology, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Large Animal Models Laboratory, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, 05-110 Jabłonna, Poland
- Correspondence: (K.P.); (J.W.)
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Almeida PPD, Thomasi BBDM, Costa NDS, Valdetaro L, Pereira AD, Gomes ALT, Stockler-Pinto MB. Brazil Nut ( Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) Retards Gastric Emptying and Modulates Enteric Glial Cells in a Dose-Dependent Manner. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022; 41:157-165. [PMID: 33301378 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1852981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of food and nutrients in the regulation of enteric glial cell functions is unclear. Some foods influence enteric neurophysiology and can affect glial cell functions that include regulation of the intestinal barrier, gastric emptying, and colonic transit. Brazil nuts are the most abundant natural source of selenium, unsaturated fatty acids, fibers, and polyphenols. OBJECTIVE The study investigated the effects of a Brazil nut-enriched diet on enteric glial cells and gastrointestinal transit. METHODS Two-month-old male Wistar rats were randomized to a standard diet (control group, CG), standard diet containing 5% (wt/wt) Brazil nut (BN5), and standard diet containing 10% (wt/wt) Brazil nut (BN10) (n = 9 per group). After eight weeks, the animals underwent constipation and gastric emptying tests to assess motility. Evaluations of colonic immunofluorescence staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and myenteric ganglia area were performed. RESULTS The BN5 group showed increased weight gain while the BN10 group did not (p < 0.0001). The BN10 group showed higher gastric residue amounts compared to the other groups (p = 0.0008). The colon exhibited an increase in GFAP immunoreactivity in the BN5 group compared to that in the other groups (p = 0.0016), and the BN10 group presented minor immunoreactivity compared to the CG (p = 0.04). The BN10 group presented a minor ganglia area compared to the CG (p = 0.0155). CONCLUSION The Brazil nut-enriched diet modified the gastric residual, colonic GFAP immunoreactivity, and myenteric ganglia area after eight weeks in healthy male Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nathalia da Silva Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luisa Valdetaro
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Aline D'Avila Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia Tavares Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Neurosciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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10
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Age-Dependent Intestinal Repair: Implications for Foals with Severe Colic. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123337. [PMID: 34944114 PMCID: PMC8697879 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colic is a leading cause of death in horses, with the most fatal form being strangulating obstruction which directly damages the intestinal barrier. Following surgical intervention, it is imperative that the intestinal barrier rapidly repairs to prevent translocation of gut bacteria and their products and ensure survival of the patient. Age-related disparities in survival have been noted in many species, including horses, humans, and pigs, with younger patients suffering poorer clinical outcomes. Maintenance and repair of the intestinal barrier is regulated by a complex mucosal microenvironment, of which the ENS, and particularly a developing network of subepithelial enteric glial cells, may be of particular importance in neonates with colic. Postnatal development of an immature enteric glial cell network is thought to be driven by the microbial colonization of the gut and therefore modulated by diet-influenced changes in bacterial populations early in life. Here, we review the current understanding of the roles of the gut microbiome, nutrition, stress, and the ENS in maturation of intestinal repair mechanisms after foaling and how this may influence age-dependent outcomes in equine colic cases.
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11
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Fecal Supernatant from Adult with Autism Spectrum Disorder Alters Digestive Functions, Intestinal Epithelial Barrier, and Enteric Nervous System. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081723. [PMID: 34442802 PMCID: PMC8399841 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are neurodevelopmental disorders defined by impaired social interactions and communication with repetitive behaviors, activities, or interests. Gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances and gut microbiota dysbiosis are frequently associated with ASD in childhood. However, it is not known whether microbiota dysbiosis in ASD patients also occurs in adulthood. Further, the consequences of altered gut microbiota on digestive functions and the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unexplored. Therefore, we studied, in mice, the ability offecal supernatant (FS) from adult ASD patients to induce GI dysfunctions and ENS remodeling. First, the analyses of the fecal microbiota composition in adult ASD patients indicated a reduced α-diversity and increased abundance of three bacterial 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequence variants compared to healthy controls (HC). The transfer of FS from ASD patients (FS-ASD) to mice decreased colonic barrier permeability by 29% and 58% compared to FS-HC for paracellular and transcellular permeability, respectively. These effects are associated with the reduced expression of the tight junction proteins JAM-A, ZO-2, cingulin, and proinflammatory cytokines TNFα and IL1β. In addition, the expression of glial and neuronal molecules was reduced by FS-ASD as compared to FS-HC in particular for those involved in neuronal connectivity (βIII-tubulin and synapsin decreased by 31% and 67%, respectively). Our data suggest that changes in microbiota composition in ASD may contribute to GI alterations, and in part, via ENS remodeling.
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12
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Rose EC, Odle J, Blikslager AT, Ziegler AL. Probiotics, Prebiotics and Epithelial Tight Junctions: A Promising Approach to Modulate Intestinal Barrier Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6729. [PMID: 34201613 PMCID: PMC8268081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions in the intestinal epithelial barrier can result in devastating consequences and a multitude of disease syndromes, particularly among preterm neonates. The association between barrier dysfunction and intestinal dysbiosis suggests that the intestinal barrier function is interactive with specific gut commensals and pathogenic microbes. In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that probiotic supplementation promotes significant upregulation and relocalization of interepithelial tight junction proteins, which form the microscopic scaffolds of the intestinal barrier. Probiotics facilitate some of these effects through the ligand-mediated stimulation of several toll-like receptors that are expressed by the intestinal epithelium. In particular, bacterial-mediated stimulation of toll-like receptor-2 modulates the expression and localization of specific protein constituents of intestinal tight junctions. Given that ingested prebiotics are robust modulators of the intestinal microbiota, prebiotic supplementation has been similarly investigated as a potential, indirect mechanism of barrier preservation. Emerging evidence suggests that prebiotics may additionally exert a direct effect on intestinal barrier function through mechanisms independent of the gut microbiota. In this review, we summarize current views on the effects of pro- and prebiotics on the intestinal epithelial barrier as well as on non-epithelial cell barrier constituents, such as the enteric glial cell network. Through continued investigation of these bioactive compounds, we can maximize their therapeutic potential for preventing and treating gastrointestinal diseases associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Rose
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Jack Odle
- Laboratory of Developmental Nutrition, Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA;
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
| | - Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; (E.C.R.); (A.T.B.)
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13
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Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest division of the peripheral nervous system and closely resembles components and functions of the central nervous system. Although the central role of the ENS in congenital enteric neuropathic disorders, including Hirschsprung disease and inflammatory and functional bowel diseases, is well acknowledged, its role in systemic diseases is less understood. Evidence of a disordered ENS has accumulated in neurodegenerative diseases ranging from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and multiple sclerosis to Parkinson disease as well as neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism. The ENS is a key modulator of gut barrier function and a regulator of enteric homeostasis. A 'leaky gut' represents the gateway for bacterial and toxin translocation that might initiate downstream processes. Data indicate that changes in the gut microbiome acting in concert with the individual genetic background can modify the ENS, central nervous system and the immune system, impair barrier function, and contribute to various disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease or neurodegeneration. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the role of the ENS in gastrointestinal and systemic diseases, highlighting its interaction with various key players involved in shaping the phenotypes. Finally, current flaws and pitfalls related to ENS research in addition to future perspectives are also addressed.
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14
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Anbalagan S. Endocrine cross-talk between the gut microbiome and glial cells in development and disease. J Neuroendocrinol 2021; 33:e12924. [PMID: 34019340 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells make up the major cellular component of the nervous system. Glial development is usually investigated through perturbations of host genetics, although non-host-derived signalling molecules can also regulate glial cells. Indeed, gut microbiome colonisation and the presence of microbiome-derived factors in the blood coincide with glial cell development. Emerging data suggest that the gut microbiome can regulate gliogenesis, myelination and glial epigenetics. Neurodegenerative diseases are characterised by changes in the gut microbiome and glial dysfunction. This perspective discusses the ways in which microbiome-derived molecules can engage in cross-talk with glial cells during development and in dysfunctional glial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savani Anbalagan
- ReMedy International Research Agenda Programme, Centre of New Technologies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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15
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Holland AM, Bon-Frauches AC, Keszthelyi D, Melotte V, Boesmans W. The enteric nervous system in gastrointestinal disease etiology. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4713-4733. [PMID: 33770200 PMCID: PMC8195951 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03812-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly conserved but convoluted network of neurons and glial cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS), is positioned along the wall of the gut to coordinate digestive processes and gastrointestinal homeostasis. Because ENS components are in charge of the autonomous regulation of gut function, it is inevitable that their dysfunction is central to the pathophysiology and symptom generation of gastrointestinal disease. While for neurodevelopmental disorders such as Hirschsprung, ENS pathogenesis appears to be clear-cut, the role for impaired ENS activity in the etiology of other gastrointestinal disorders is less established and is often deemed secondary to other insults like intestinal inflammation. However, mounting experimental evidence in recent years indicates that gastrointestinal homeostasis hinges on multifaceted connections between the ENS, and other cellular networks such as the intestinal epithelium, the immune system, and the intestinal microbiome. Derangement of these interactions could underlie gastrointestinal disease onset and elicit variable degrees of abnormal gut function, pinpointing, perhaps unexpectedly, the ENS as a diligent participant in idiopathic but also in inflammatory and cancerous diseases of the gut. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence on the role of the ENS in the pathogenesis of enteric neuropathies, disorders of gut-brain interaction, inflammatory bowel diseases, and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Marie Holland
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Ana Carina Bon-Frauches
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Keszthelyi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology-Hepatology, NUTRIM-School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Veerle Melotte
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Werend Boesmans
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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16
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Pawolski V, Schmidt MHH. Neuron-Glia Interaction in the Developing and Adult Enteric Nervous System. Cells 2020; 10:E47. [PMID: 33396231 PMCID: PMC7823798 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) constitutes the largest part of the peripheral nervous system. In recent years, ENS development and its neurogenetic capacity in homeostasis and allostasishave gained increasing attention. Developmentally, the neural precursors of the ENS are mainly derived from vagal and sacral neural crest cell portions. Furthermore, Schwann cell precursors, as well as endodermal pancreatic progenitors, participate in ENS formation. Neural precursorsenherite three subpopulations: a bipotent neuron-glia, a neuronal-fated and a glial-fated subpopulation. Typically, enteric neural precursors migrate along the entire bowel to the anal end, chemoattracted by glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and endothelin 3 (EDN3) molecules. During migration, a fraction undergoes differentiation into neurons and glial cells. Differentiation is regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP), Hedgehog and Notch signalling. The fully formed adult ENS may react to injury and damage with neurogenesis and gliogenesis. Nevertheless, the origin of differentiating cells is currently under debate. Putative candidates are an embryonic-like enteric neural progenitor population, Schwann cell precursors and transdifferentiating glial cells. These cells can be isolated and propagated in culture as adult ENS progenitors and may be used for cell transplantation therapies for treating enteric aganglionosis in Chagas and Hirschsprung's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mirko H. H. Schmidt
- Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden School of Medicine, 01307 Dresden, Germany;
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17
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Dariel A, Grynberg L, Auger M, Lefèvre C, Durand T, Aubert P, Le Berre-Scoul C, Venara A, Suply E, Leclair MD, de Vries P, Levard G, Parmentier B, Podevin G, Schmitt F, Couvrat V, Irtan S, Hervieux E, Villemagne T, Lardy H, Capito C, Muller C, Sarnacki S, Mosnier JF, Galmiche L, Derkinderen P, Boudin H, Brochard C, Neunlist M. Analysis of enteric nervous system and intestinal epithelial barrier to predict complications in Hirschsprung's disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21725. [PMID: 33303794 PMCID: PMC7729910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hirschsprung’s disease (HSCR), postoperative course remains unpredictable. Our aim was to define predictive factors of the main postoperative complications: obstructive symptoms (OS) and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC). In this prospective multicentre cohort study, samples of resected bowel were collected at time of surgery in 18 neonates with short-segment HSCR in tertiary care hospitals. OS and HAEC were noted during postoperative follow-up. We assessed the enteric nervous system and the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) in ganglionic segments by combining immunohistochemical, proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, with functional ex vivo analysis of motility and para/transcellular permeability. Ten HSCR patients presented postoperative complications (median follow-up 23.5 months): 6 OS, 4 HAEC (2 with OS), 2 diarrhoea (without OS/HAEC). Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant 41% and 60% decrease in median number of nNOS-IR myenteric neurons per ganglion in HSCR with OS as compared to HSCR with HAEC/diarrhoea (without OS) and HSCR without complications (p = 0.0095; p = 0.002, respectively). Paracellular and transcellular permeability was significantly increased in HSCR with HAEC as compared to HSCR with OS/diarrhoea without HAEC (p = 0.016; p = 0.009) and HSCR without complications (p = 0.029; p = 0.017). This pilot study supports the hypothesis that modulating neuronal phenotype and enhancing IEB permeability may treat or prevent postoperative complications in HSCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Dariel
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France. .,Paediatric Surgery Department, La Timone-Enfants Hospital, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille, 264 rue Saint Pierre, 13385, Marseille, France. .,Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Lucie Grynberg
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Auger
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Chloé Lefèvre
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Tony Durand
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Philippe Aubert
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Le Berre-Scoul
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Aurélien Venara
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Etienne Suply
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Marc-David Leclair
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Philine de Vries
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Brest, Brest, France
| | - Guillaume Levard
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Benoit Parmentier
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Guillaume Podevin
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | - Françoise Schmitt
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Sabine Irtan
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Erik Hervieux
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Villemagne
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Hubert Lardy
- Paediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Carmen Capito
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Muller
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Sabine Sarnacki
- Paediatric Surgery Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Louise Galmiche
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France.,Pathology Department, Necker Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Derkinderen
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Hélène Boudin
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Charlène Brochard
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
| | - Michel Neunlist
- University of Nantes, INSERM, TENS, The Enteric Nervous System in Gut and Brain Diseases, IMAD, Nantes, France
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18
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Jayasimhan A, Mariño E. Dietary SCFAs, IL-22, and GFAP: The Three Musketeers in the Gut-Neuro-Immune Network in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2429. [PMID: 31736937 PMCID: PMC6828936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial metabolites have a profound effect on the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The cross-talk between the gut microbiota, the nervous system, and immune system is necessary to establish and maintain immune and gut tolerance. As quoted by Hippocrates, "All disease begins in the gut." Although this has been recognized for 2,000 years, the connection between the gut and autoimmune T1D is not yet well-understood. Here, we outline new advances supported by our research and others that have contributed to elucidate the impact of microbial metabolites on the physiology of the pancreas and the gut through their remarkable effect on the immune and nervous system. Among many of the mechanisms involved in the gut-beta-cell-immune cross-talk, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells are critical players in the development of invasive insulitis. Besides, this review reveals a novel mechanism for microbial metabolites by stimulating IL-22, an essential cytokine for gut homeostasis and beta-cell survival. The close connections between the gut and the pancreas are highlighted through our review as microbial metabolites recirculate through the whole body and intimately react with the nervous system, which controls essential disorders associated with diabetes. As such, we discuss the mechanisms of action of microbial metabolites or short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), IL-22, and GFAP on beta-cells, gut epithelial cells, neurons, and glial cells via metabolite sensing receptors or through epigenetic effects. The fine-tuned gut-neuro-immune network may be profoundly affected by SCFA deficiency related to dysbiosis and diet alterations at very early stages of the initiation of the disease. Thus, dampening the initial immune response or preventing the perpetuation of the immune response by maintaining the integrity of the gut is among the alternative approaches to prevent T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirup Jayasimhan
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eliana Mariño
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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19
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Νikolouzakis ΤΚ, Mariolis-Sapsakos T, Triantopoulou C, De Bree E, Xynos E, Chrysos E, Tsiaoussis J. Detailed and applied anatomy for improved rectal cancer treatment. Ann Gastroenterol 2019; 32:431-440. [PMID: 31474788 PMCID: PMC6686088 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2019.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rectal anatomy is one of the most challenging concepts of visceral anatomy, even though currently there are more than 23,000 papers indexed in PubMed regarding this topic. Nonetheless, even though there is a plethora of information meant to assist clinicians to achieve a better practice, there is no universal understanding of its complexity. This in turn increases the morbidity rates due to iatrogenic causes, as mistakes that could be avoided are repeated. For this reason, this review attempts to gather current knowledge regarding the detailed anatomy of the rectum and to organize and present it in a manner that focuses on its clinical implications, not only for the colorectal surgeon, but most importantly for all colorectal cancer-related specialties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Τaxiarchis Κonstantinos Νikolouzakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School of Heraklion, University of Crete (Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, John Tsiaoussis)
| | - Theodoros Mariolis-Sapsakos
- Surgical Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Agioi Anargyroi General and Oncologic Hospital of Kifisia, Athens (Theodoros Mariolis-Sapsakos)
| | | | - Eelco De Bree
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical School of Crete University Hospital, Heraklion, Crete (Eelco De Bree)
| | - Evaghelos Xynos
- Colorectal Surgery, Creta Interclinic, Heraklion, Crete (Evaghelos Xynos)
| | - Emmanuel Chrysos
- Department of General Surgery, University Hospital of Heraklion, Crete (Emmanuel Chrysos), Greece
| | - John Tsiaoussis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Medical School of Heraklion, University of Crete (Taxiarchis Konstantinos Nikolouzakis, John Tsiaoussis)
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20
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Jonscher R, Belkind-Gerson J. Concise Review: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Postnatal Injury-Induced Enteric Neurogenesis. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1136-1143. [PMID: 31145813 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although still controversial, there is increasing agreement that postnatal neurogenesis occurs in the enteric nervous system (ENS) in response to injury. Following acute colitis, there is significant cell death of enteric neurons and evidence suggests that subsequent neural regeneration follows. An enteric neural stem/progenitor cell population with neurogenic potential has been identified in culture; in vivo, compensatory neurogenesis is driven by enteric glia and may also include de-differentiated Schwann cells. Recent evidence suggests that changes in the enteric microenvironment due to injury-associated increases in glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [HT]), products from the gut microbiome, and possibly endocannabinoids may lead to the transdifferentiation of mature enteric glia and may reprogram recruited Schwann cells. Targeting neurogenic pathways presents a promising avenue toward the development of new and innovative treatments for acquired damage to the ENS. In this review, we discuss potential sources of newly generated adult enteric neurons, the involvement of GDNF, 5-HT, endocannabinoids, and lipopolysaccharide, as well as therapeutic applications of this evolving work. Stem Cells 2019;37:1136-1143.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raleigh Jonscher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Neurogastroenterology Program, Digestive Health Institute, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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21
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Cossais F, Lange C, Barrenschee M, Möding M, Ebsen M, Vogel I, Böttner M, Wedel T. Altered enteric expression of the homeobox transcription factor Phox2b in patients with diverticular disease. United European Gastroenterol J 2019; 7:349-357. [PMID: 31019703 DOI: 10.1177/2050640618824913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diverticular disease, a major gastrointestinal disorder, is associated with modifications of the enteric nervous system, encompassing alterations of neurochemical coding and of the tyrosine receptor kinase Ret/GDNF pathway. However, molecular factors underlying these changes remain to be determined. Objectives We aimed to characterise the expression of Phox2b, an essential regulator of Ret and of neuronal subtype development, in the adult human enteric nervous system, and to evaluate its potential involvement in acute diverticulitis. Methods Site-specific gene expression of Phox2b in the adult colon was analysed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Colonic specimens of adult controls and patients with diverticulitis were subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction for Phox2b and dual-label immunochemistry for Phox2b and the neuronal markers RET and tyrosine hydroxylase or the glial marker S100β. Results The results indicate that Phox2b is physiologically expressed in myenteric neuronal and glial subpopulations in the adult enteric nervous system. Messenger RNA expression of Phox2b was increased in patients with diverticulitis and both neuronal, and glial protein expression of Phox2b were altered in these patients. Conclusions Alterations of Phox2b expression may contribute to the enteric neuropathy observed in diverticular disease. Future studies are required to characterise the functions of Phox2b in the adult enteric nervous system and to determine its potential as a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Cossais
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christina Lange
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Marie Möding
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Ebsen
- Department of Pathology, Städtisches Krankenhaus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ilka Vogel
- Department of Surgery, Städtisches Krankenhaus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Böttner
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thilo Wedel
- Institute of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
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22
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Rickert U, Cossais F, Heimke M, Arnold P, Preuße-Prange A, Wilms H, Lucius R. Anti-inflammatory properties of Honokiol in activated primary microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Ziegler AL, Pridgen TA, Mills JK, Gonzalez LM, Van Landeghem L, Odle J, Blikslager AT. Epithelial restitution defect in neonatal jejunum is rescued by juvenile mucosal homogenate in a pig model of intestinal ischemic injury and repair. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200674. [PMID: 30138372 PMCID: PMC6107120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal ischemic injury results sloughing of the mucosal epithelium leading to host sepsis and death unless the mucosal barrier is rapidly restored. Volvulus and neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in infants have been associated with intestinal ischemia, sepsis and high mortality rates. We have characterized intestinal ischemia/repair using a highly translatable porcine model in which juvenile (6-8-week-old) pigs completely and efficiently restore barrier function by way of rapid epithelial restitution and tight junction re-assembly. In contrast, separate studies showed that younger neonatal (2-week-old) pigs exhibited less robust recovery of barrier function, which may model an important cause of high mortality rates in human infants with ischemic intestinal disease. Therefore, we aimed to further refine our repair model and characterize defects in neonatal barrier repair. Here we examine the defect in neonatal mucosal repair that we hypothesize is associated with hypomaturity of the epithelial and subepithelial compartments. Following jejunal ischemia in neonatal and juvenile pigs, injured mucosa was stripped from seromuscular layers and recovered ex vivo while monitoring transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and 3H-mannitol flux as measures of barrier function. While ischemia-injured juvenile mucosa restored TEER above control levels, reduced flux over the recovery period and showed 93±4.7% wound closure, neonates exhibited no change in TEER, increased flux, and a 11±23.3% increase in epithelial wound size. Scanning electron microscopy revealed enterocytes at the wound margins of neonates failed to assume the restituting phenotype seen in restituting enterocytes of juveniles. To attempt rescue of injured neonatal mucosa, neonatal experiments were repeated with the addition of exogenous prostaglandins during ex vivo recovery, ex vivo recovery with full thickness intestine, in vivo recovery and direct application of injured mucosal homogenate from neonates or juveniles. Neither exogenous prostaglandins, intact seromuscular intestinal layers, nor in vivo recovery enhanced TEER or restitution in ischemia-injured neonatal mucosa. However, ex vivo exogenous application of injured juvenile mucosal homogenate produced a significant increase in TEER and enhanced histological restitution to 80±4.4% epithelial coverage in injured neonatal mucosa. Thus, neonatal mucosal repair can be rescued through direct contact with the cellular and non-cellular milieu of ischemia-injured mucosa from juvenile pigs. These findings support the hypothesis that a defect in mucosal repair in neonates is due to immature repair mechanisms within the mucosal compartment. Future studies to identify and rescue specific defects in neonatal intestinal repair mechanisms will drive development of novel clinical interventions to reduce mortality in infants affected by intestinal ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tiffany A. Pridgen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Juliana K. Mills
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Liara M. Gonzalez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laurianne Van Landeghem
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jack Odle
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Long X, Li M, Li LX, Sun YY, Zhang WX, Zhao DY, Li YQ. Butyrate promotes visceral hypersensitivity in an IBS-like model via enteric glial cell-derived nerve growth factor. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13227. [PMID: 29052293 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Altered visceral sensation is common in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and nerve growth factor (NGF) participates in visceral pain development. Sodium butyrate (NaB) could induce colonic hypersensitivity via peripheral up-regulation of NGF in animals. Enteric glial cells (EGCs) appear to be an important source of NGF. Whether butyrate could induce visceral hypersensitivity via increased EGC-derived NGF is still unknown. METHODS CRL-2690 cells were used for transcriptome analyses after butyrate treatment. Rats received butyrate enemas to induce colonic hypersensitivity. Colorectal distention test was performed to assess visceral sensitivity. Immunofluorescence studies were used to evaluate the co-expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and NGF or growth associated protein 43 in animal model. NGF expression in rat colon was also investigated. In vitro, CRL-2690 cells were stimulated with NaB or trichostatin A (TSA). NGF or GFAP expression was also examined. KEY RESULTS Transcriptome analyses showed that butyrate induced marked changes of genes expression related to neurotrophic signaling pathways. NaB-treated rats showed increased visceral sensitivity. An improved NGF expression level was observed in NaB-treated rats. Meanwhile, a 2.1-fold increase in co-expression of GFAP and NGF was also determined in rats received NaB enemas. In cultured cells, both NaB and TSA treatment could cause obvious NGF expression. Thus, butyrate might regulate EGC function via histone deacetylase inhibition. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Butyrate-EGC interplay may play a pivotal role in regulation of NGF expression and the development of colonic hypersensitivity in IBS-like animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Long
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - L-X Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Y-Y Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - W-X Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - D-Y Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, General Hospital of Puyang Oilfield, Puyang, China
| | - Y-Q Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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25
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Ziegler AL, Blikslager AT. Impaired intestinal barrier function and relapsing digestive disease: Lessons from a porcine model of early life stress. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 29:1-4. [PMID: 29052972 PMCID: PMC5940449 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Within this issue of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, an article by Pohl et al highlights new insights from a powerful porcine model of the link between early life adversity and relapsing functional gastrointestinal disorders. Early weaning stress closely mimics the early life psychosocial stressors that have been linked to adult onset gastrointestinal dysfunction. This early weaning model provides reproducible and highly translatable outcomes in young stress-challenged pigs. Due to the convincingly comparable neurological and gastroenterological anatomy and physiology between pigs and human beings, gastrointestinal stress and injury studies utilizing swine models will provide invaluable insights to improve our understanding and treatment of gastrointestinal disease in human beings. Future studies to examine mechanisms underlying this link between early life adversity and functional gastrointestinal disorders will explore the roles of gender and hypomaturity in gastrointestinal responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. L. Ziegler
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA
| | - A. T. Blikslager
- Department of Clinical Sciences; Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease; College of Veterinary Medicine; NC State University; Raleigh NC USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE During the last decade, experimental and observational studies have shown that patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) may have an altered intestinal microbial composition compared with healthy individuals. However, no uniform microbial signature has as yet been detected for either IBD or IBS. This review summarizes the current knowledge of microbial dysbiosis and its potential relationship to the pathophysiology in IBD and IBS. METHODS A selective review was conducted to summarize the current knowledge of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of IBD and IBS. RESULTS Experimental and observational studies provide good evidence for intestinal microbial dysbiosis in subgroups of IBD and IBS. Still, no uniform disease pattern has been detected. This is most likely due to the heterogeneous nature of IBD and IBS, in combination with the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Such intrinsic factors include genetics, the gastrointestinal environment, and the host immune system, whereas extrinsic factors include early life diet, breastfeeding, and method of infant delivery. CONCLUSIONS Recent and ongoing work to define microbial dysbiosis in IBD and IBS shows promise, but future well-designed studies with well-characterized study individuals are needed. It is likely that the microbial dysbiosis in IBD and IBS is dependent on the natural disease course of IBD and symptom pattern in IBS. Therefore, assessment of the entire microbiota along the gastrointestinal tract, in relationship to confounding factors, symptom fluctuations, and other pathophysiological factors, is needed for further understanding of the etiology of these common diseases.
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Cossais F, Clawin-Rädecker I, Lorenzen PC, Klempt M. Short communication: Tryptic β-casein hydrolysate modulates enteric nervous system development in primary culture. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:3396-3403. [PMID: 28259395 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract of the newborn is particularly sensitive to gastrointestinal disorders, such as infantile diarrhea or necrotizing colitis. Perinatal development of the gut also encompasses the maturation of the enteric nervous system (ENS), a main regulator of intestinal motility and barrier functions. It was recently shown that ENS maturation can be enhanced by nutritional factors to improve intestinal maturation. Bioactivity of milk proteins is often latent, requiring the release of bioactive peptides from inactive native proteins. Several casein-derived hydrolysates presenting immunomodulatory properties have been described recently. Furthermore, accumulating data indicate that milk-derived hydrolysate can enhance gut maturation and enrichment of milk formula with such hydrolysates has recently been proposed. However, the capability of milk-derived bioactive hydrolysate to target ENS maturation has not been analyzed so far. We, therefore, investigated the potential of a recently described tryptic β-casein hydrolysate to modulate ENS growth parameters in an in vitro model of rat primary culture of ENS. Rat primary cultures of ENS were incubated with a bioactive tryptic β-casein hydrolysate and compared with untreated controls or to cultures treated with native β-casein or a Prolyve β-casein hydrolysate (Lyven, Colombelles, France). Differentiation of enteric neurons and enteric glial cells, and establishment of enteric neural network were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. Effect of tryptic β-casein hydrolysate on bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)/Smad pathway, an essential regulator of ENS development, was further assessed using quantitative PCR and immunochemistry. Tryptic β-casein hydrolysate stimulated neurite outgrowth and simultaneously modulated the formation of enteric ganglia-like structures, whereas native β-casein or Prolyve β-casein hydrolysate did not. Additionally, treatment with tryptic bioactive β-casein hydrolysate increased the expression of the glial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein and induced profound modifications of enteric glial cells morphology. Finally, expression of BMP2 and BMP4 and activation of Smad1/5 was altered after treatment with tryptic bioactive β-casein hydrolysate. Our data suggests that this milk-derived bioactive hydrolysate modulates ENS maturation through the regulation of BMP/Smad-signaling pathway. This study supports the need for further investigation on the influence of milk-derived bioactive peptides on ENS and intestinal maturation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Cossais
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany.
| | - I Clawin-Rädecker
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - P C Lorenzen
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
| | - M Klempt
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish Products, Max-Rubner-Institut, 24103 Kiel, Germany
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Le Berre‐Scoul C, Chevalier J, Oleynikova E, Cossais F, Talon S, Neunlist M, Boudin H. A novel enteric neuron-glia coculture system reveals the role of glia in neuronal development. J Physiol 2017; 595:583-598. [PMID: 27436013 PMCID: PMC5233665 DOI: 10.1113/jp271989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Unlike astrocytes in the brain, the potential role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the formation of the enteric neuronal circuit is currently unknown. To examine the role of EGCs in the formation of the neuronal network, we developed a novel neuron-enriched culture model from embryonic rat intestine grown in indirect coculture with EGCs. We found that EGCs shape axonal complexity and synapse density in enteric neurons, through purinergic- and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent pathways. Using a novel and valuable culture model to study enteric neuron-glia interactions, our study identified EGCs as a key cellular actor regulating neuronal network maturation. ABSTRACT In the nervous system, the formation of neuronal circuitry results from a complex and coordinated action of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In the CNS, extrinsic mediators derived from astrocytes have been shown to play a key role in neuronal maturation, including dendritic shaping, axon guidance and synaptogenesis. In the enteric nervous system (ENS), the potential role of enteric glial cells (EGCs) in the maturation of developing enteric neuronal circuit is currently unknown. A major obstacle in addressing this question is the difficulty in obtaining a valuable experimental model in which enteric neurons could be isolated and maintained without EGCs. We adapted a cell culture method previously developed for CNS neurons to establish a neuron-enriched primary culture from embryonic rat intestine which was cultured in indirect coculture with EGCs. We demonstrated that enteric neurons grown in such conditions showed several structural, phenotypic and functional hallmarks of proper development and maturation. However, when neurons were grown without EGCs, the complexity of the axonal arbour and the density of synapses were markedly reduced, suggesting that glial-derived factors contribute strongly to the formation of the neuronal circuitry. We found that these effects played by EGCs were mediated in part through purinergic P2Y1 receptor- and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-dependent pathways. Using a novel and valuable culture model to study enteric neuron-glia interactions, our study identified EGCs as a key cellular actor required for neuronal network maturation.
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Obata Y, Pachnis V. The Effect of Microbiota and the Immune System on the Development and Organization of the Enteric Nervous System. Gastroenterology 2016; 151:836-844. [PMID: 27521479 PMCID: PMC5102499 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is essential for the absorption of nutrients, induction of mucosal and systemic immune responses, and maintenance of a healthy gut microbiota. Key aspects of gastrointestinal physiology are controlled by the enteric nervous system (ENS), which is composed of neurons and glial cells. The ENS is exposed to and interacts with the outer (microbiota, metabolites, and nutrients) and inner (immune cells and stromal cells) microenvironment of the gut. Although the cellular blueprint of the ENS is mostly in place by birth, the functional maturation of intestinal neural networks is completed within the microenvironment of the postnatal gut, under the influence of gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system. Recent studies have shown the importance of molecular interactions among microbiota, enteric neurons, and immune cells for GI homeostasis. In addition to its role in GI physiology, the ENS has been associated with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, raising the possibility that microbiota-ENS interactions could offer a viable strategy for influencing the course of brain diseases. Here, we discuss recent advances on the role of microbiota and the immune system on the development and homeostasis of the ENS, a key relay station along the gut-brain axis.
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