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Lipopolysaccharide Tolerance Enhances Murine Norovirus Reactivation: An Impact of Macrophages Mainly Evaluated by Proteomic Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24031829. [PMID: 36768154 PMCID: PMC9916340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24031829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Because of endotoxemia during sepsis (a severe life-threatening infection), lipopolysaccharide (LPS) tolerance (the reduced responses to the repeated LPS stimulation) might be one of the causes of sepsis-induced immune exhaustion (the increased susceptibility to secondary infection and/or viral reactivation). In LPS tolerance macrophage (twice-stimulated LPS, LPS/LPS) compared with a single LPS stimulation (N/LPS), there was (i) reduced energy of the cell in both glycolysis and mitochondrial activities (extracellular flux analysis), (ii) decreased abundance of the following proteins (proteomic analysis): (a) complex I and II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, (b) most of the glycolysis enzymes, (c) anti-viral responses with Myxovirus resistance protein 1 (Mx1) and Ubiquitin-like protein ISG15 (Isg15), (d) antigen presentation pathways, and (iii) the down-regulated anti-viral genes, such as Mx1 and Isg15 (polymerase chain reaction). To test the correlation between LPS tolerance and viral reactivation, asymptomatic mice with and without murine norovirus (MNV) infection as determined in feces were tested. In MNV-positive mice, MNV abundance in the cecum, but not in feces, of LPS/LPS mice was higher than that in N/LPS and control groups, while MNV abundance of N/LPS and control were similar. Additionally, the down-regulated Mx1 and Isg15 were also demonstrated in the cecum, liver, and spleen in LPS/LPS-activated mice, regardless of MNV infection, while N/LPS more prominently upregulated these genes in the cecum of MNV-positive mice compared with the MNV-negative group. In conclusion, defects in anti-viral responses after LPS tolerance, perhaps through the reduced energy status of macrophages, might partly be responsible for the viral reactivation. More studies on patients are of interest.
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Layunta E, Forcén R, Grasa L. TLR2 and TLR4 Modulate Mouse Ileal Motility by the Interaction with Muscarinic and Nicotinic Receptors. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111791. [PMID: 35681486 PMCID: PMC9180263 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic functional bowel disorder characterized by intestinal dysmotility. Changes in intestinal microbiota (dysbiosis) can lead to alterations in neuro-muscular functions in the gut. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2 and 4 recognize intestinal bacteria and are involved in the motor response induced by gastrointestinal (GI) neurotransmitters. Acetylcholine (ACh) is a well-known neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of GI motility. This study aimed to evaluate the role of TLR2 and TLR4 in the intestinal motor-response induced by ACh in the mouse ileum, as well as the expression and function of the muscarinic and nicotinic ACh receptors. Muscle contractility studies showed that the contractions induced by ACh were significantly lower in TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− with respect to WT mice. In WT mice, the contractions induced by ACh were reduced in the presence of AF-DX AF-DX 116 (a muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR) M2 antagonist), 4-DAMP (a mAChR M3 antagonist), mecamylamine (a nicotinic AChR receptor (nAChR) α3β4 antagonist) and α-bungarotoxin (a nAChR α7 antagonist). In TLR2−/− mice, the contractions induced by ACh were increased by AF-DX 116 and mecamylamine. In TLR4−/− mice, the contractions induced by ACh were reduced by α-bungarotoxin and 4-DAMP. The mRNA and protein expressions of M3 and α3 receptors were diminished in the ileum from TLR2−/− and TLR4−/− with respect to WT mice. However, the levels of mRNA and protein of β4 were diminished only in TLR4−/− but not in TLR2−/− mice. In conclusion, our results show that TLR2 and TLR4 modulates the motor responses to ACh in the mouse ileum. TLR2 acts on muscarinic M2 and M3 and nicotinic α3β4 ACh receptors, while TLR4 acts on muscarinic M3 and nicotinic α3β4 and α7 ACh receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Layunta
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Raquel Forcén
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Laura Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología, Fisiología y Medicina Legal y Forense, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS Aragón), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2—(Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA), 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Salmon DA, Lambert PH, Nohynek HM, Gee J, Parashar UD, Tate JE, Wilder-Smith A, Hartigan-Go KY, Smith PG, Zuber PLF. Novel vaccine safety issues and areas that would benefit from further research. BMJ Glob Health 2021; 6:e003814. [PMID: 34011502 PMCID: PMC8137224 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccine licensure requires a very high safety standard and vaccines routinely used are very safe. Vaccine safety monitoring prelicensure and postlicensure enables continual assessment to ensure the benefits outweigh the risks and, when safety problems arise, they are quickly identified, characterised and further problems prevented when possible. We review five vaccine safety case studies: (1) dengue vaccine and enhanced dengue disease, (2) pandemic influenza vaccine and narcolepsy, (3) rotavirus vaccine and intussusception, (4) human papillomavirus vaccine and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome and complex regional pain syndrome, and (5) RTS,S/adjuvant system 01 malaria vaccine and meningitis, cerebral malaria, female mortality and rebound severe malaria. These case studies were selected because they are recent and varied in the vaccine safety challenges they elucidate. Bringing these case studies together, we develop lessons learned that can be useful for addressing some of the potential safety issues that will inevitably arise with new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Salmon
- Global Disease Epidemiology and Control, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Hanna M Nohynek
- Infectious Disease Control and Vaccinations Unit, Department of Health Security, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Uusimaa, Finland
| | - Julianne Gee
- Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, National Center of Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Umesh D Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jacqueline E Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | | | - Peter G Smith
- MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, London, UK
| | - Patrick Louis F Zuber
- Essential Medicines and Health Products, Organisation Mondiale de la Sante, Geneve, Switzerland
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Guo Y, Wang B, Wang T, Gao L, Yang ZJ, Wang FF, Shang HW, Hua R, Xu JD. Biological characteristics of IL-6 and related intestinal diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:204-219. [PMID: 33390844 PMCID: PMC7757046 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.51362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestine serves as an important digestive and the largest immune organ in the body. Interleukin-6(IL-6), an important mediator of various pathways, participates in the interactions between different kinds of cells and closely correlates with intestinal physiological and pathological condition. In this review we summarize the signaling pathways of IL-6 and its functions in maintaining intestinal homeostasis. We also explored its relation with nervous system and highlight its potential role in Parkinson's disease. Based on its specialty of the double-side influences on intestinal tumors and inflammation, we summarize how they are done through distinctive process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuexin Guo
- Department of Oral Medicine, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Boya Wang
- Undergraduate Student of 2018 Eight Program of Clinical Medicine, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Bioengineering, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Ze-Jun Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Fei-Fei Wang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Hong-Wei Shang
- Experimental Center for Morphological Research Platform, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Rongxuan Hua
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jing-Dong Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Nyavor Y, Brands CR, Nicholson J, Kuther S, Cox KK, May G, Miller C, Yasuda A, Potter F, Cady J, Heyman HM, Metz TO, Stark TD, Hofmann T, Balemba OB. Supernatants of intestinal luminal contents from mice fed high-fat diet impair intestinal motility by injuring enteric neurons and smooth muscle cells. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2021; 33:e13990. [PMID: 32969549 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to enteric neurons and impaired gastrointestinal muscle contractions cause motility disorders in 70% of diabetic patients. It is thought that enteric neuropathy and dysmotility occur before overt diabetes, but triggers of these abnormalities are not fully known. We tested the hypothesis that intestinal contents of mice with and without high-fat diet- (HFD-) induced diabetic conditions contain molecules that impair gastrointestinal movements by damaging neurons and disrupting muscle contractions. METHODS Small and large intestinal segments were collected from healthy, standard chow diet (SCD) fed mice. Filtrates of ileocecal contents (ileocecal supernatants; ICS) from HFD or SCD mice were perfused through them. Cultured intact intestinal muscularis externa preparations were used to determine whether ICS and their fractions obtained by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and SPE subfractions collected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) disrupt muscle contractions by injuring neurons and smooth muscle cells. KEY RESULTS ICS from HFD mice reduced intestinal motility, but those from SCD mice had no effect. ICS, aqueous SPE fractions and two out of twenty HPLC subfractions of aqueous SPE fractions from HFD mice blocked muscle contractions, caused a loss of nitrergic myenteric neurons through inflammation, and reduced smooth muscle excitability. Lipopolysaccharide and palmitate caused a loss of nitrergic myenteric neurons but did not affect muscle contractions. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Unknown molecules in intestinal contents of HFD mice trigger enteric neuropathy and dysmotility. Further studies are required to identify the toxic molecules and their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Nyavor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Jessica Nicholson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Sydney Kuther
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Kortni K Cox
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - George May
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | | | - Allysha Yasuda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Forrest Potter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Joshua Cady
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Heino M Heyman
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Metz
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Timo D Stark
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie und Molekulare Sensorik, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Hofmann
- Lehrstuhl für Lebensmittelchemie und Molekulare Sensorik, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Onesmo B Balemba
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D deficiency is associated with intestinal barrier dysfunction, which contributes to pathogenesis of acute intestinal injury in children. We aim to investigate the effects of vitamin D on intestinal injury in intestinal epithelial cells and organoids. METHODS Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used to induce injury in intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-18) and organoids, and the effect of vitamin D was assessed. Cell viability was measured and inflammation cytokines TNFα and IL-8 were quantified. FITC-dextran 4 kDa (FD4) permeability was measured using Transwell while tight junction markers were assessed by immunofluorescence staining in IEC-18 and intestinal organoids. Data were compared using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test. RESULTS IEC-18 viability was decreased by LPS treatment, but was prevented by vitamin D. The upregulation of inflammation was inhibited by vitamin D, which also decreased epithelium permeability. Vitamin D restored tight junction ZO-1 and claudin 2. In addition, vitamin D decreased TNFα expression and prevented the disruption of ZO-1 in injured organoids. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D rescued epithelial barrier function by improving permeability and restoring tight junctions, leading to decrease inflammation. This study confirms the protective effects of vitamin D, which could be used as a treatment strategy for infants at risk of developing intestinal injury.
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Lee DH, Kim SJ, Lee HJ, Jang HJ. Identifying Predictive Factors for the Recurrence of Pediatric Intussusception. Pediatr Gastroenterol Hepatol Nutr 2019; 22:142-151. [PMID: 30899690 PMCID: PMC6416386 DOI: 10.5223/pghn.2019.22.2.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to identify factors related to the recurrence of intussusception in pediatric patients. METHODS The medical charts of patients diagnosed with intussusception and treated at Dongsan Medical Center, between March 2015 to June 2017, were retrospectively reviewed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS Among 137 patients, 23 patients (16.8%) had a recurrent intussusception and 8 of these patients (6%) had more than 2 episodes of recurrence. The age at diagnosis was significantly different between the non-recurrence and recurrence group (p=0.026), with age >1 year at the time of diagnosis associated with a greater rate of recurrence (p=0.002). The time interval from symptom onset to the initial reduction (<48 vs. ≥48 hours) was significantly longer in the recurrence group (p=0.034) and patients in the recurrence group had higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) (p=0.024). Bloody stools and a history of infection were significantly more frequent in the non-recurrence group (p=0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). On stepwise regression analysis, age >1 year at the time of presentation (odds ratio [OR], 4.79; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-14.06; p=0.016) and no history of infection (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06-0.58; p=0.004) were retained as predictors of recurrence. CONCLUSION Patients with intussusception who are older than 1 year at diagnosis, have an elevated CRP level, a delay of ≥48 hours between symptom onset and the initial reduction, an absence of bloody stools, and no history of infection should be closely monitoring for symptoms and signs of a possible recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyun Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Se Jin Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hee Jung Lee
- Department of Radiology, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo-Jeong Jang
- Department of Pediatrics, Keimyung University School of Medicine, Dongsan Medical Center, Daegu, Korea
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Yen C, Healy K, Tate JE, Parashar UD, Bines J, Neuzil K, Santosham M, Steele AD. Rotavirus vaccination and intussusception - Science, surveillance, and safety: A review of evidence and recommendations for future research priorities in low and middle income countries. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2580-2589. [PMID: 27322835 PMCID: PMC5084992 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1197452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
As of January 2016, 80 countries have introduced rotavirus vaccines into their national immunization programs. Many have documented significant declines in rotavirus-specific and all-cause diarrheal illnesses following vaccine introduction. Two globally licensed rotavirus vaccines have been associated with a low risk of intussusception in several studies. In July 2014, the Rotavirus Organization of Technical Allies Council convened a meeting of research and advocacy organizations, public health experts, funders, and vaccine manufacturers to discuss post-marketing intussusception surveillance and rotavirus vaccine impact data. Meeting objectives were to evaluate updated data, identify and prioritize research gaps, discuss best practices for intussusception monitoring in lower-income settings and risk communication, and provide insight to country-level stakeholders on best practices for intussusception monitoring and communication. Meeting participants agreed with statements from expert bodies that the benefits of vaccination with currently available rotavirus vaccines outweigh the low risk of vaccination-associated intussusception. However, further research is needed to better understand the relationship of intussusception to wild-type rotavirus and rotavirus vaccines and delineate potential etiologies and mechanisms of intussusception. Additionally, evidence from research and post-licensure evaluations should be presented with evidence of the benefits of vaccination to best inform policymakers deciding on vaccine introduction or vaccination program sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Yen
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Healy
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacqueline E. Tate
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Umesh D. Parashar
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Julie Bines
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kathleen Neuzil
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mathuram Santosham
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A. Duncan Steele
- Enteric and Diarrhoeal Diseases, Global Health, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
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Guo WL, Wang J, Liu C, Yang FB, Li SW. Expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) and pathological change in intussusception. Pediatr Int 2016; 58:881-6. [PMID: 26774009 DOI: 10.1111/ped.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to develop a mouse model and further assess the pathological changes associated with the expression of p38mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38MAPK) in intussusception. METHODS Sixty-two adult Balb/C mice were used. A longitudinal incision was made in the middle rectus muscle in the body cavity. The ileum was intussuscepted into the colon. Measurements were taken at the onset of intussusception and at 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. Mucosal impairment was assessed on microscopy. Ten of the intussuscepted mice were used as an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess expression of p38MAPK in the I/R model and pediatric patients specimens of intussusception. RESULTS The intussusception model was successfully established in 46 mice. After 15 min, vascular compromise became visible in these 46 mice. Over time, vascular function worsened. There were significant differences in microscopy injury score in the intestinal mucosa between the 15 min and 30 min groups (P = 0.0006), 30 min and 60 min groups (P = 0.0046), and the 60 min and 120 min groups (P = 0.0050). There was no significant difference between the 5 min and 15 min groups (P = 0.0597). p38MAPK was expressed strongly in pediatric specimens of intussusception. Immunostained sections of intestinal epithelium had significantly higher mean quick score for p38MAPK in the intussusception I/R model group than in the intussusception group and controls (P = 0.0130). On each two-group comparison there was a significant difference between groups (all P < 0.01; Fig. ). CONCLUSIONS The present mouse model can be used to assess the dynamic pathological changes associated with intussusception. I/R is associated with upregulation of p38MAPK in intussusception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Liang Guo
- Radiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jian Wang
- General Surgery Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fu-Bin Yang
- Radiology Department, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shao-Wei Li
- Research Center of Molecular Biology, Basic Medicine College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, China
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A New Approach Using Manganese-Enhanced MRI to Diagnose Acute Mesenteric Ischemia in a Rabbit Model: Initial Experience. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:579639. [PMID: 26693487 PMCID: PMC4674585 DOI: 10.1155/2015/579639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) has been applied to a wide range of biological and disease research. The purpose of the study was to use MEMRI to diagnose the acute mesenteric ischemia (AMI). METHODS The institutional experimental animal ethics committee approved this study. To optimize the dose of Mn(2+) infusion, a dose-dependent curve was obtained using Mn(2+)-enhanced T 1 map MRI by an intravenous infusion 2.5-20 nmol/g body weight (BW) of 50 nmol/L MnCl2. The eighteen animals were divided into control, sham-operated, and AMI groups. AMI models were performed by ligating the superior mesenteric artery (SMA). T 1 values were measured on T 1 maps in regions of the small intestinal wall and relaxation rate (ΔR 1) was calculated. RESULTS A nonlinear relationship between infused MnCl2 solution dose and increase in small intestinal wall ΔR 1 was observed. Control animal exhibited significant Mn(2+) clearance over time at the dose of 15 nmol/g BW. In the AMI model, ΔR 1 values (0.95 ± 0.13) in the small intestinal wall were significantly lower than in control group (2.05 ± 0.19) after Mn(2+) infusion (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The data suggest that MEMRI shows potential as a diagnostic technique that is directly sensitive to the poor or absent perfusion in AMI.
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Forcén R, Latorre E, Pardo J, Alcalde AI, Murillo MD, Grasa L. Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 modulate the contractile response induced by serotonin in mouse ileum: analysis of the serotonin receptors involved. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015; 27:1258-66. [PMID: 26053401 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbiota through toll-like receptors (TLR) may regulate gastrointestinal motility by activating neuroendocrine mechanisms. We evaluated the influence of TLR2 and TLR4 in the spontaneous contractions and serotonin (5-HT)-induced motor response in mouse ileum, and the 5-HT receptors involved. METHODS Muscle contractility studies to evaluate the spontaneous intestinal motility and the response to 5-HT were performed in the ileum from wild type (WT), TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and TLR2/4 double knockout (DKO) mice. 5-HT receptor expression was determined by real-time PCR. KEY RESULTS The amplitude of spontaneous contractions in ileum was higher in TLR2(-/-), TLR4(-/-), and TLR2/4 DKO mice with respect to WT. 5-HT evoked concentration-dependent contractile responses in the ileum from TLR2(-/-) and TLR4(-/-) mice similar to WT. However, in ileum from TLR2/4 DKO, 5-HT did not induce any contractile response. Expression of 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, and 5-HT3 receptors resulted increased in ileum from TLR4(-/-) and TLR2/4 DKO. Expression of the 5-HT4 receptor was diminished in TLR2(-/-) and TLR2/4 DKO. High levels of 5-HT7 receptor expression were found in TLR2/4 DKO but not in TLR2(-/-) or TLR4(-/-). In WT and TLR4(-/-), 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists reduced the contractile response evoked by 5-HT. In TLR2(-/-) mice, 5-HT4 antagonist did not reduce the 5-HT response. In TLR2/4 DKO mice, only 5-HT4 and 5-HT7 receptor antagonists reduced the relaxing response induced by 5-HT. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES TLR2 and TLR4 signaling may modulate the spontaneous contractions and the serotonin contractile response by acting on 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, and 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Forcén
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Latorre
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J Pardo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - A I Alcalde
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M D Murillo
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - L Grasa
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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Zhao DW, Zhang LT, Cheng HY, Zhang YL, Min JY, Xiao HL, Wang Y. Monitoring dynamic alterations in calcium homeostasis by T1-mapping manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) in the early stage of small intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2015; 28:958-966. [PMID: 26086648 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Manganese-enhanced MRI studies have proven to be useful in monitoring physiological activities associated with calcium ions (Ca(2+)) due to the paramagnetic property of the manganese ion (Mn(2+)), which makes it an excellent probe of Ca(2+) . In this study, we developed a method in which a Mn(2+)-enhanced T1 -map MRI could enable the monitoring of Ca(2+) influx during the early stages of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The Mn(2+) infusion protocol was optimized by obtaining dose-dependent and time-course wash-out curves using a Mn(2+)-enhanced T1-map MRI of rabbit abdomens following an intravenous infusion of 50 mmol/l MnCl2 (5-10 nmol/g body weight (BW)). In the rabbit model of intestinal I/R injury, T1 values were derived from the T1 maps in the intestinal wall region and revealed a relationship between the dose of the infused MnCl2 and the intestinal wall relaxation time. Significant Mn(2+) clearance was also observed over time in control animals after the infusion of Mn(2+) at a dose of 10 nmol/g BW. This technique was also shown to be sensitive enough to monitor variations in calcium ion homeostasis in vivo after small intestinal I/R injury. The T1 values of the intestinal I/R group were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than that of the control group at 5, 10, and 15 min after Mn(2+) infusion. Our data suggest that MnCl2 has the potential to be an MRI contrast agent that can be effectively used to monitor changes in intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis during the early stages of intestinal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-wei Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Le-tian Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-yun Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu-long Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jia-yan Min
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hua-liang Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Radiology, Institute of Surgery Research, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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