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Inomata Y, Kuroha M, Shimoyama Y, Naito T, Moroi R, Shiga H, Kakuta Y, Karasawa H, Onuma S, Kinouchi Y, Masamune A. Dickkopf 1 is expressed in normal fibroblasts during early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis. Cancer Med 2024; 13:e6992. [PMID: 38334454 PMCID: PMC10854454 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.6992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Colorectal cancer progression from adenoma to cancer is a time-intensive process; however, the interaction between normal fibroblasts (NFs) with early colorectal tumors, such as adenomas, remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the response of the microenvironment during early tumorigenesis using co-cultures of organoids and NFs. MATERIALS AND METHODS Colon normal epithelium, adenoma, cancer organoid, and NFs were established and co-cultured using Transwell inserts. Microarray analysis of NFs was performed to identify factors expressed early in tumor growth. Immunostaining of clinical specimens was performed to localize the identified factor. Functional analysis was performed using HCT116 cells. Serum DKK1 levels were measured in patients with colorectal cancer and adenoma. RESULTS Colorectal organoid-NF co-culture resulted in increased organoid diameter and cell viability in normal epithelial and adenomatous organoids but not in cancer organoids. Microarray analysis of NFs revealed 18 genes with increased expression when co-cultured with adenoma and cancer organoids. Immunohistochemical staining revealed DKK1 expression in the tumor stroma from early tumor growth. DKK1 stimulation reduced HCT116 cell proliferation, while DKK1 silencing by siRNA transfection increased cell proliferation. Serum DKK1 level was significantly higher in patients with advanced cancer and adenoma than in controls. Serum DKK1 level revealed area-under-the-curve values of 0.78 and 0.64 for cancer and adenoma, respectively. CONCLUSION These findings contribute valuable insights into the early stages of colorectal tumorigenesis and suggest DKK1 as a tumor suppressor. Additionally, serum DKK1 levels could serve as a biomarker to identify both cancer and adenoma, offering diagnostic possibilities for early-stage colon tumors. The present study has a few limitations. We considered using DKK1 as a candidate gene for gene transfer to organoids and NFs; however, it was difficult due to technical problems and the slow growth rate of NFs. Therefore, we used cancer cell lines instead. In addition, immunostaining and ELISA were based on the short-term collection at a single institution, and further accumulation of such data is desirable. As described above, most previous reports were related to advanced cancers, but in this study, new findings were obtained by conducting experiments on endoscopically curable early-stage tumors, such as adenomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushi Inomata
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Masatake Kuroha
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yusuke Shimoyama
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Takeo Naito
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Rintaro Moroi
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hisashi Shiga
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yoichi Kakuta
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Hideaki Karasawa
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Shinobu Onuma
- Department of SurgeryTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
| | - Yoshitaka Kinouchi
- Student Healthcare Center, Institute for Excellence in Higher EducationTohoku UniversitySendaiJapan
| | - Atsushi Masamune
- Division of GastroenterologyTohoku University Graduate School of MedicineSendaiJapan
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2
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Salari A, Zhou K, Nikolovska K, Seidler U, Amiri M. Human Colonoid-Myofibroblast Coculture for Study of Apical Na +/H + Exchangers of the Lower Cryptal Neck Region. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054266. [PMID: 36901695 PMCID: PMC10001859 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cation and anion transport in the colonocyte apical membrane is highly spatially organized along the cryptal axis. Because of lack of experimental accessibility, information about the functionality of ion transporters in the colonocyte apical membrane in the lower part of the crypt is scarce. The aim of this study was to establish an in vitro model of the colonic lower crypt compartment, which expresses the transit amplifying/progenitor (TA/PE) cells, with accessibility of the apical membrane for functional study of lower crypt-expressed Na+/H+ exchangers (NHEs). Colonic crypts and myofibroblasts were isolated from human transverse colonic biopsies, expanded as three-dimensional (3D) colonoids and myofibroblast monolayers, and characterized. Filter-grown colonic myofibroblast-colonic epithelial cell (CM-CE) cocultures (myofibroblasts on the bottom of the transwell and colonocytes on the filter) were established. The expression pattern for ion transport/junctional/stem cell markers of the CM-CE monolayers was compared with that of nondifferentiated (EM) and differentiated (DM) colonoid monolayers. Fluorometric pHi measurements were performed to characterize apical NHEs. CM-CE cocultures displayed a rapid increase in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), paralleled by downregulation of claudin-2. They maintained proliferative activity and an expression pattern resembling TA/PE cells. The CM-CE monolayers displayed high apical Na+/H+ exchange activity, mediated to >80% by NHE2. Human colonoid-myofibroblast cocultures allow the study of ion transporters that are expressed in the apical membrane of the nondifferentiated colonocytes of the cryptal neck region. The NHE2 isoform is the predominant apical Na+/H+ exchanger in this epithelial compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Salari
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Kunyan Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Department of Thyroid Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Katerina Nikolovska
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ursula Seidler
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (M.A.); Tel.: +49-511-532-9427 (U.S.); Fax: +49-511-532-8428 (U.S.)
| | - Mahdi Amiri
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Correspondence: (U.S.); (M.A.); Tel.: +49-511-532-9427 (U.S.); Fax: +49-511-532-8428 (U.S.)
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3
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Organ Specificity and Heterogeneity of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222010973. [PMID: 34681633 PMCID: PMC8540283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222010973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts constitute a ubiquitous mesenchymal cell type and produce the extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue, thereby providing the structural basis of various organs. Fibroblasts display differential transcriptional patterns unique to the organ of their origin and they can be activated by common stimuli such as transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) reside in the cancer tissue and contribute to cancer progression by influencing cancer cell growth, invasion, angiogenesis and tumor immunity. CAFs impact on the tumor microenvironment by remodeling the ECM and secreting soluble factors such as chemokines and growth factors. Differential expression patterns of molecular markers suggest heterogeneous features of CAFs in terms of their function, pathogenic role and cellular origin. Recent studies elucidated the bimodal action of CAFs on cancer progression and suggest a subgroup of CAFs with tumor-suppressive effects. This review attempts to describe cellular features of colorectal CAFs with an emphasis on their heterogeneity and functional diversity.
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Ojo BA, VanDussen KL, Rosen MJ. The Promise of Patient-Derived Colon Organoids to Model Ulcerative Colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021; 28:299-308. [PMID: 34251431 PMCID: PMC8804507 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izab161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physiologic, molecular, and genetic findings all point to impaired intestinal epithelial function as a key element in the multifactorial pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). The lack of epithelial-directed therapies is a conspicuous weakness of our UC therapeutic armamentarium. However, a critical barrier to new drug discovery is the lack of preclinical human models of UC. Patient tissue-derived colon epithelial organoids (colonoids) are primary epithelial stem cell-derived in vitro structures capable of self-organization and self-renewal that hold great promise as a human preclinical model for UC drug development. Several single and multi-tissue systems for colonoid culture have been developed, including 3-dimensional colonoids grown in a gelatinous extracellular matrix, 2-dimensional polarized monolayers, and colonoids on a chip that model luminal and blood flow and nutrient delivery. A small number of pioneering studies suggest that colonoids derived from UC patients retain some disease-related transcriptional and epigenetic changes, but they also raise questions regarding the persistence of inflammatory transcriptional programs in culture over time. Additional research is needed to fully characterize the extent to which and under what conditions colonoids accurately model disease-associated epithelial molecular and functional aberrations. With further advancement and standardization of colonoid culture methodology, colonoids will likely become an important tool for realizing precision medicine in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babajide A Ojo
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Kelli L VanDussen
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Michael J Rosen
- Divisions of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States,Address correspondence to: Michael J. Rosen, MD, MSCI, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, MLC 2010, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, United States. E-mail:
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5
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Organoids and Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13112657. [PMID: 34071313 PMCID: PMC8197877 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13112657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organoids were first established as a three-dimensional cell culture system from mouse small intestine. Subsequent development has made organoids a key system to study many human physiological and pathological processes that affect a variety of tissues and organs. In particular, organoids are becoming very useful tools to dissect colorectal cancer (CRC) by allowing the circumvention of classical problems and limitations, such as the impossibility of long-term culture of normal intestinal epithelial cells and the lack of good animal models for CRC. In this review, we describe the features and current knowledge of intestinal organoids and how they are largely contributing to our better understanding of intestinal cell biology and CRC genetics. Moreover, recent data show that organoids are appropriate systems for antitumoral drug testing and for the personalized treatment of CRC patients.
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6
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Waddell A, Vallance JE, Fox S, Rosen MJ. IL-33 is produced by colon fibroblasts and differentially regulated in acute and chronic murine colitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9575. [PMID: 33953267 PMCID: PMC8100152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-33 is upregulated in ulcerative colitis and has a protective role in chemically-induced acute murine colitis. We aimed to determine whether IL-33 influences Il10-/- chronic colitis and its cellular source in health and during colitis. Il10-/-Il33-/- and Il10-/-Il33+/+ littermates developed colitis of similar severity. Colon Il33 was induced in WT and Il10-/- mice exposed to DSS, but not in unchallenged Il10-/- mice with colitis. Il33-citrine reporter mice showed that Il33-citrine colocalized with α-smooth muscle actin+ myofibroblasts and vimentin+ fibroblasts in WT mice. Citrine+CD74+CD90hi inflammatory fibroblasts were increased with DSS treatment. IL-1β induced Il33 expression in colon myofibroblasts, but colon Il33 expression did not differ between DSS-treated WT and Il1r1-/- mice. In conclusion, deficiency of IL-33 does not alter the severity of chronic colitis in Il10-/- mice. Induction of Il33 upon DSS exposure in WT and Il10-/- mice, but not in unchallenged Il10-/- mice, suggests epithelial injury induces colon IL-33. Fibroblasts are the primary colonic source of IL-33 and IL-33-expressing CD90hiCD74+ fibroblasts are increased during DSS-induced colitis. IL-1β induces Il33 in colon myofibroblasts in vitro, but signaling through the IL-1R1 is not necessary for induction of IL-33 in DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Waddell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 2010, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jefferson E Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 2010, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Sejal Fox
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 2010, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Michael J Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave, MLC 2010, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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7
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Thilakasiri P, Huynh J, Poh AR, Tan CW, Nero TL, Tran K, Parslow AC, Afshar-Sterle S, Baloyan D, Hannan NJ, Buchert M, Scott AM, Griffin MD, Hollande F, Parker MW, Putoczki TL, Ernst M, Chand AL. Repurposing the selective estrogen receptor modulator bazedoxifene to suppress gastrointestinal cancer growth. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 11:emmm.201809539. [PMID: 30885958 PMCID: PMC6460354 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201809539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive signaling through gp130, the shared receptor for the interleukin (IL)6 family of cytokines, is a common hallmark in solid malignancies and promotes their progression. Here, we established the in vivo utility of bazedoxifene, a steroid analog clinically approved for the treatment of osteoporosis, to suppress gp130‐dependent tumor growth of the gastrointestinal epithelium. Bazedoxifene administration reduced gastric tumor burden in gp130Y757F mice, where tumors arise exclusively through excessive gp130/STAT3 signaling in response to the IL6 family cytokine IL11. Likewise, in mouse models of sporadic colon and intestinal cancers, which arise from oncogenic mutations in the tumor suppressor gene Apc and the associated β‐catenin/canonical WNT pathway, bazedoxifene treatment reduces tumor burden. Consistent with the proposed orthogonal tumor‐promoting activity of IL11‐dependent gp130/STAT3 signaling, tumors of bazedoxifene‐treated Apc‐mutant mice retain excessive nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin and aberrant WNT pathway activation. Likewise, bazedoxifene treatment of human colon cancer cells harboring mutant APC did not reduce aberrant canonical WNT signaling, but suppressed IL11‐dependent STAT3 signaling. Our findings provide compelling proof of concept to support the repurposing of bazedoxifene for the treatment of gastrointestinal cancers in which IL11 plays a tumor‐promoting role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pathum Thilakasiri
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Jennifer Huynh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Ashleigh R Poh
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Tracy L Nero
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Kelly Tran
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Adam C Parslow
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Shoukat Afshar-Sterle
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - David Baloyan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Natalie J Hannan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael Buchert
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Andrew Mark Scott
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia.,Department of Molecular Imaging and Therapy, Austin Health, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael Dw Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Frederic Hollande
- Department of Clinical Pathology, University of Melbourne Centre for Cancer Research, Victorian Comprehensive Cancer Centre, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael W Parker
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | - Matthias Ernst
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
| | - Ashwini L Chand
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, Vic., Australia
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8
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Lau HCH, Kranenburg O, Xiao H, Yu J. Organoid models of gastrointestinal cancers in basic and translational research. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 17:203-222. [PMID: 32099092 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. Gastrointestinal cancers account for approximately one-third of the total global cancer incidence and mortality. Historically, the mechanisms of tumour initiation and progression in the gastrointestinal tract have been studied using cancer cell lines in vitro and animal models. Traditional cell culture methods are associated with a strong selection of aberrant genomic variants that no longer reflect the original tumours in terms of their (metastatic) behaviour or response to therapy. Organoid technology has emerged as a powerful alternative method for culturing gastrointestinal tumours and the corresponding normal tissues in a manner that preserves their genetic, phenotypic and behavioural traits. Importantly, accumulating evidence suggests that organoid cultures have great value in predicting the outcome of therapy in individual patients. Herein, we review the current literature on organoid models of the most common gastrointestinal cancers, including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, oesophageal cancer, liver cancer and pancreatic cancer, and their value in modelling tumour initiation, metastatic progression and therapy response. We also explore the limitations of current organoid models and discuss how they could be improved to maximally benefit basic and translational research in the future, especially in the fields of drug discovery and personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Cheuk Hay Lau
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- UMC Utrecht Cancer Center, Utrecht Platform for Organoid Technology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong.
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9
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Jiang Y, Wang W, Wu X, Shi J. Pizotifen inhibits the proliferation and invasion of gastric cancer cells. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:817-824. [PMID: 32010241 PMCID: PMC6966152 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common malignancy and the third highest cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Therefore, research on the pathogenesis of gastric cancer is of utmost importance. It has been reported that aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway is involved in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. In the present study, it was found that pizotifen could inhibit the viability of gastric cancer cell lines MNK45 and AGS cells in a dose-dependent manner. Pizotifen treatment suppressed cell migration and invasion in MNK45 and AGS cells, whilst also inducing apoptosis. Western blot analysis demonstrated that pizotifen blocked the expression of Wnt3a, β-catenin and N-cadherin, whilst increasing E-cadherin expression. In addition, BML-284, a pharmacological Wnt signaling activator, partially reversed the changes in the expression levels of β-catenin, N-cadherin and E-cadherin in MNK45 and AGS cells induced by pizotifen. Collectively, these findings suggested that pizotifen demonstrates potential as a novel anti-cancer drug for the treatment of gastric cancer by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Xi Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Jihua Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Loss of Bcl-G, a Bcl-2 family member, augments the development of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:742-757. [PMID: 31296963 PMCID: PMC7206067 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal epithelial cells provide a selective barrier that segregates the host immune system from luminal microorganisms, thereby contributing directly to the regulation of homeostasis. We have shown that from early embryonic development Bcl-G, a Bcl-2 protein family member with unknown function, was highly expressed in gastrointestinal epithelial cells. While Bcl-G was dispensable for normal growth and development in mice, the loss of Bcl-G resulted in accelerated progression of colitis-associated cancer. A label-free quantitative proteomics approach revealed that Bcl-G may contribute to the stability of a mucin network, which when disrupted, is linked to colon tumorigenesis. Consistent with this, we observed a significant reduction in Bcl-G expression in human colorectal tumors. Our study identifies an unappreciated role for Bcl-G in colon cancer.
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11
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Waddell A, Vallance JE, Hummel A, Alenghat T, Rosen MJ. IL-33 Induces Murine Intestinal Goblet Cell Differentiation Indirectly via Innate Lymphoid Cell IL-13 Secretion. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:598-607. [PMID: 30530480 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1800292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the intestinal mucus layer by goblet cells is important for preventing inflammation and controlling infection. IL-33, a cytokine upregulated in inflammatory bowel disease and helminth infection, induces intestinal goblet cells, but the mechanism remains unclear. Enteroids are three-dimensional structures of primary small intestinal epithelial cells that contain all differentiated intestinal epithelial cell types. We developed an enteroid-immune cell coculture model to determine the mechanism through which IL-33 affects intestinal goblet cell differentiation. We report that IL-33 does not directly induce goblet cell differentiation in murine enteroids; however, IL-13, a cytokine induced by IL-33, markedly induces goblet cells and gene expression consistent with goblet cell differentiation. When enteroids are cocultured with CD90+ mesenteric lymph node cells from IL-33-treated mice, IL-33 then induces IL-13 secretion by group 2 innate lymphoid cells and enteroid gene expression consistent with goblet cell differentiation. In cocultures, IL-33-induced Muc2 expression is dependent on enteroid Il4ra expression, demonstrating a requirement for IL-13 signaling in epithelial cells. In vivo, IL-33-induced intestinal goblet cell hyperplasia is dependent on IL-13. These studies demonstrate that IL-33 induces intestinal goblet cell differentiation not through direct action on epithelial cells but indirectly through IL-13 production by goup 2 innate lymphoid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Waddell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Jefferson E Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Amy Hummel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Michael J Rosen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
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Establishment of porcine enterocyte/myofibroblast co-cultures for the growth of porcine rota- and coronaviruses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15195. [PMID: 30315177 PMCID: PMC6185943 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A stable culture of primary porcine enterocytes is necessary to study porcine enteric virus replication characteristics. Because the direct cultivation of primary porcine enterocytes is difficult, alternatives have to be considered. As subepithelial myofibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix and growth factors contributing to the attachment, proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, co-cultures of primary porcine enterocytes (ileocytes and colonocytes) with myofibroblasts were developed and evaluated for their susceptibility to enteric viruses. First, it was demonstrated that the co-cultured ileocytes and colonocytes were susceptible to an archival rotavirus strain RVA/pig-tc/BEL/RV277/1977/G1P[7] and different other rotavirus genotypes (fecal samples containing G5P[7], G5P[13], G9P[23], G4P[6]). Next, the TGEV Purdue strain infected both ileocytes and colonocytes whereas the Miller strain only infected ileocytes. Last, the PEDV CV777 Vero adapted and non-adapted (fecal suspension) strains could infect co-cultured ileocytes but not colonocytes. The infectivity of the CV777 Vero adapted strain was higher when the cells were cultured without fetal bovine serum and the CV777 fecal suspension only infected the ileocytes cultured without fetal bovine serum. In conclusion, a novel co-culture of porcine enterocytes with myofibroblasts was established, which can be used for the investigation of the replication of enteric viruses.
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Parker A, Lawson MAE, Vaux L, Pin C. Host-microbe interaction in the gastrointestinal tract. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:2337-2353. [PMID: 28892253 PMCID: PMC6175405 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.13926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract is a highly complex organ in which multiple dynamic physiological processes are tightly coordinated while interacting with a dense and extremely diverse microbial population. From establishment in early life, through to host-microbe symbiosis in adulthood, the gut microbiota plays a vital role in our development and health. The effect of the microbiota on gut development and physiology is highlighted by anatomical and functional changes in germ-free mice, affecting the gut epithelium, immune system and enteric nervous system. Microbial colonisation promotes competent innate and acquired mucosal immune systems, epithelial renewal, barrier integrity, and mucosal vascularisation and innervation. Interacting or shared signalling pathways across different physiological systems of the gut could explain how all these changes are coordinated during postnatal colonisation, or after the introduction of microbiota into germ-free models. The application of cell-based in-vitro experimental systems and mathematical modelling can shed light on the molecular and signalling pathways which regulate the development and maintenance of homeostasis in the gut and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimée Parker
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | | | - Laura Vaux
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
| | - Carmen Pin
- Quadram Institute BioscienceNorwich Research ParkNR4 7UAUK
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14
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Yip HYK, Tan CW, Hirokawa Y, Burgess AW. Colon organoid formation and cryptogenesis are stimulated by growth factors secreted from myofibroblasts. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199412. [PMID: 29928021 PMCID: PMC6013242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although small intestinal epithelial stem cells form crypts when using intestinal culture conditions, colon stem cells usually form colonospheres. Colon mesenchymal cell feeder layers can stimulate colon crypts to form organoids and produce crypts. We have investigated whether conditioned medium from colon mesenchymal cells can also stimulate colonosphere and organoid cryptogenesis. We prepared conditioned medium (CM) from WEHI-YH2 cells (mouse colon myofibroblasts); the CM stimulated both colonosphere formation and organoid cryptogenesis in vitro. The colon organoid-stimulating factors in WEHI-YH2 CM are inactivated by heating and trypsin digestion and proteins can be concentrated by ultrafiltration. Both the colonosphere- and organoid cryptogenesis- stimulatory effects of the CM are independent of canonical Wnt and Notch signaling. In contrast, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) abolishes colonosphere formation and organoid cryptogenesis. The Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) Type I receptor kinase inhibitor (A83-01) stimulates colonosphere formation, whereas the Epidermal Growth Factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitor (AG1478) reduces the formation of colonospheres, but in the presence of EGF, a “just-right” concentration of AG1478 increases colon organoid cryptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hon Yan Kelvin Yip
- Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Chin Wee Tan
- Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (CWT); (AWB)
| | - Yumiko Hirokawa
- Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony Wilks Burgess
- Structural Biology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (CWT); (AWB)
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15
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Trecartin A, Grikscheit T. Tissue Engineering Functional Gastrointestinal Regions: The Importance of Stem and Progenitor Cells. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a025700. [PMID: 28320829 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a025700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The intestine shows extraordinary regenerative potential that might be harnessed to alleviate numerous morbid and lethal human diseases. The intestinal stem cells regenerate the epithelium every 5 days throughout an individual's lifetime. Understanding stem-cell signaling affords power to influence the niche environment for growing intestine. The manifold approaches to tissue engineering may be organized by variations of three basic components required for the transplantation and growth of stem/progenitor cells: (1) cell delivery materials or scaffolds; (2) donor cells including adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and in vitro expansion of isolated or cocultured epithelial, smooth muscle, myofibroblasts, or nerve cells; and (3) environmental modulators or biopharmaceuticals. Tissue engineering has been applied to the regeneration of every major region of the gastrointestinal tract from esophagus to colon, with scientists around the world aiming to carry these techniques into human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Trecartin
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027
| | - Tracy Grikscheit
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90027
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16
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Hollins AJ, Parry L. Long-Term Culture of Intestinal Cell Progenitors: An Overview of Their Development, Application, and Associated Technologies. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 4:209-219. [PMID: 27882268 PMCID: PMC5101250 DOI: 10.1007/s40139-016-0119-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Long-term culture of adult progenitor cells in 3D is a recently emerging technology that inhabits the space between 2D cell lines and organ slice culture. RECENT FINDINGS Adaptations to defined media components in the wake of advances in ES and iPS cell culture has led to the identification of conditions that maintained intestinal cell progenitors in culture. These conditions retain cellular heterogeneity of the normal or tumour tissue, and the cultures have been shown to be genetically stable, such that substantial biobanks are being created from patient derived material. This coupled with advances in analytical tools has generated a field, characterized by the term "organoid culture", that has huge potential for advancing drug discovery, regenerative medicine, and furthering the understanding of fundamental intestinal biology. SUMMARY In this review, we describe the approaches available for the long-term culture of intestinal cells from normal and diseased tissue, the current challenges, and how the technology is likely to develop further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Parry
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ UK
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17
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Matsumoto T, Mochizuki W, Nibe Y, Akiyama S, Matsumoto Y, Nozaki K, Fukuda M, Hayashi A, Mizutani T, Oshima S, Watanabe M, Nakamura T. Retinol Promotes In Vitro Growth of Proximal Colon Organoids through a Retinoic Acid-Independent Mechanism. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162049. [PMID: 27564706 PMCID: PMC5001647 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinol (ROL), the alcohol form of vitamin A, is known to control cell fate decision of various types of stem cells in the form of its active metabolite, retinoic acid (RA). However, little is known about whether ROL has regulatory effects on colonic stem cells. We examined in this study the effect of ROL on the growth of murine normal colonic cells cultured as organoids. As genes involved in RA synthesis from ROL were differentially expressed along the length of the colon, we tested the effect of ROL on proximal and distal colon organoids separately. We found that organoid forming efficiency and the expression level of Lgr5, a marker gene for colonic stem cells were significantly enhanced by ROL in the proximal colon organoids, but not in the distal ones. Interestingly, neither retinaldehyde (RAL), an intermediate product of the ROL-RA pathway, nor RA exhibited growth promoting effects on the proximal colon organoids, suggesting that ROL-dependent growth enhancement in organoids involves an RA-independent mechanism. This was confirmed by the observation that an inhibitor for RA-mediated gene transcription did not abrogate the effect of ROL on organoids. This novel role of ROL in stem cell maintenance in the proximal colon provides insights into the mechanism of region-specific regulation for colonic stem cell maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichi Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Wakana Mochizuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Yoichi Nibe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Shintaro Akiyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Yuka Matsumoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Kengo Nozaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Fukuda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Ayumi Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Mizutani
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Shigeru Oshima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Mamoru Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nakamura
- Department of Advanced Therapeutics for GI Diseases, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113–8519, Japan
- * E-mail:
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18
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Cui S, Chang PY. Current understanding concerning intestinal stem cells. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:7099-7110. [PMID: 27610020 PMCID: PMC4988314 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i31.7099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, the intestinal epithelium is a tissue that contains two distinct pools of stem cells: active intestinal stem cells and reserve intestinal stem cells. The former are located in the crypt basement membrane and are responsible for maintaining epithelial homeostasis under intact conditions, whereas the latter exhibit the capacity to facilitate epithelial regeneration after injury. These two pools of cells can convert into each other, maintaining their quantitative balance. In terms of the active intestinal stem cells, their development into functional epithelium is precisely controlled by the following signaling pathways: Wnt/β-catenin, Ras/Raf/Mek/Erk/MAPK, Notch and BMP/Smad. However, mutations in some of the key regulator genes associated with these signaling pathways, such as APC, Kras and Smad4, are also highly associated with gut malformations. At this point, clarifying the biological characteristics of intestinal stem cells will increase the feasibility of preventing or treating some intestinal diseases, such as colorectal cancer. Moreover, as preclinical data demonstrate the therapeutic effects of colon stem cells on murine models of experimental colitis, the prospects of stem cell-based regenerative treatments for ulcerous lesions in the gastrointestinal tract will be improved all the same.
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Expression of CD24 in Human Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Is Regulated by TGFβ3 and Induces a Myofibroblast-Like Genotype. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1319578. [PMID: 26788063 PMCID: PMC4691640 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1319578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow-derived stromal cells (hBMSCs) derived from the adult organism hold great promise for diverse settings in regenerative medicine. Therefore a more complete understanding of hBMSC biology to fully exploit the cells' potential for clinical settings is important. The protein CD24 has been reported to be involved in a diverse range of processes such as cancer, adaptive immunity, inflammation, and autoimmune diseases in other cell types. Its expression in hBMSCs, which has not yet been analyzed, may add an important aspect in the understanding of hBMSC biology. The present study therefore analyzes the expression, regulation, and functional implication of the surface protein CD24 in hBMSCs. Methods used are stimulation studies with TGF beta as well as shRNA-mediated knockdown and overexpression of CD24 followed by microarray, immunocytochemistry, and flow cytometric analyses. To our knowledge, we demonstrate for the first time that the expression of CD24 is an inherent property of hBMSCs. Importantly, the data links the upregulation of CD24 to the adoption of a myofibroblast-like gene expression pattern in hBMSCs. We demonstrate that CD24 is an important modulator in transforming growth factor beta 3 (TGFβ3) signaling with a reciprocal regulatory relationship between these two proteins.
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20
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Stadler M, Walter S, Walzl A, Kramer N, Unger C, Scherzer M, Unterleuthner D, Hengstschläger M, Krupitza G, Dolznig H. Increased complexity in carcinomas: Analyzing and modeling the interaction of human cancer cells with their microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:107-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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21
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He S, Lu Y, Liu X, Huang X, Keller ET, Qian CN, Zhang J. Wnt3a: functions and implications in cancer. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2015; 34:554-62. [PMID: 26369691 PMCID: PMC4593336 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-015-0052-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Wnt3a, one of Wnt family members, plays key roles in regulating pleiotropic cellular functions, including self-renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and motility. Accumulating evidence has suggested that Wnt3a promotes or suppresses tumor progression via the canonical Wnt signaling pathway depending on cancer type. In addition, the roles of Wnt3a signaling can be inhibited by multiple proteins or chemicals. Herein, we summarize the latest findings on Wnt3a as an important therapeutic target in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha He
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Yi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Xia Liu
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China.
| | - Evan T Keller
- Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Chao-Nan Qian
- Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 51006, P.R. China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Ageing-related Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Center for Translational Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, P.R. China. .,Department of Urology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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22
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Tan CW, Hirokawa Y, Burgess AW. Analysis of Wnt signalling dynamics during colon crypt development in 3D culture. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11036. [PMID: 26087250 PMCID: PMC4471889 DOI: 10.1038/srep11036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many systems biology studies lack context-relevant data and as a consequence the predictive capabilities can be limited in developing targeted cancer therapeutics. Production of colon crypt in vitro is ideal for studying colon systems biology. This report presents the first production of, to our knowledge, physiologically-shaped, functional colon crypts in vitro (i.e. single crypts with cells expressing Mucin 2 and Chromogranin A). Time-lapsed monitoring of crypt formation revealed an increased frequency of single-crypt formation in the absence of noggin. Using quantitative 3D immunofluorescence of β-catenin and E-cadherin, spatial-temporal dynamics of these proteins in normal colon crypt cells stimulated with Wnt3A or inhibited by cycloheximide has been measured. Colon adenoma cultures established from APCmin/+ mouse have developmental differences and β-catenin spatial localization compared to normal crypts. Quantitative data describing the effects of signalling pathways and proteins dynamics for both normal and adenomatous colon crypts is now within reach to inform a systems approach to colon crypt biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Wee Tan
- 1] Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Yumiko Hirokawa
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Antony W Burgess
- 1] Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia [3] Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3050, Australia
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Zhou T, Chen Y, Li L, Qi H, Shi J, Lu C, Jiang S, Geng T, Yang M, Li Q, Hu K. Non-extended cryoablation could be a new strategy in lung cancer management: An experiment on green fluorescent protein-labeled Lewis lung cancer-bearing mice. Cryobiology 2015; 71:40-6. [PMID: 26051641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Modern cryoablation has been performed in solid tumor management for more than two decades. Following the surgical spirits, it seems natural to pursue radical procedures in clinical practice, which results in unnecessary adverse effects. The attempt to use non-extended procedure made some marked achievements in practice but was criticized severely, because it was supposed to induce residual tumors, which would trigger the rapid development of cancer. Oncologists favored this procedure, however, claiming that non-extended cryoablation let lung cancer patients have higher quality of lives and longer survivals, in light of clinical observations. Therefore, this study was conducted trying to solve this controversy. In this study, fifty female C57BL/6J mice were grafted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labeled Lewis lung cancer and randomized into two groups. The bidirectional diameters and fluorescence intensity of tumors, and the body weight of mice were recorded. Two weeks after the intervention, tumor volumes increased 20.95% in the cryoablation group, significantly different from that in the control group; the fluorescence intensity decreased 49.85% in the cryoablation group but increased 125.07% in the control group. Lung metastases could be observed in only 20% of mice in the cryosurgery group, contrasted to 64% in the control group. The non-extended lung cancer cryoablation does induce marginal tumor residuals, but will not trigger rapid tumor development. Inversely, the residual tumor cells are severely struck and the metastases are suppressed after the intervention. It could be a new strategy in lung cancer management, even for patients not in early stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zhou
- Oncology Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan, No. 1 Community, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Chen
- Oncology Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan, No. 1 Community, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Linyi Li
- Health-cultivation Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 11 Beisanhuan East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Qi
- Animal Experiment Laboratory, AntiCancer Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 11 Huatong Road, Changping district, Beijing, China
| | - Jinping Shi
- Animal Experiment Laboratory, AntiCancer Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 11 Huatong Road, Changping district, Beijing, China
| | - Chongyi Lu
- Animal Experiment Laboratory, AntiCancer Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 11 Huatong Road, Changping district, Beijing, China
| | - Sida Jiang
- Research and Development Department, Hygea Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Block C, SP Tower, Tsinghua Science Park, Beijing, China
| | - Tan Geng
- Research and Development Department, Hygea Medical Technology Co., Ltd., Block C, SP Tower, Tsinghua Science Park, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Yang
- Animal Experiment Laboratory, AntiCancer Biotech (Beijing) Co., Ltd., No. 11 Huatong Road, Changping district, Beijing, China
| | - Quanwang Li
- Oncology Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan, No. 1 Community, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
| | - Kaiwen Hu
- Oncology Department, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, No. 6 Fangxingyuan, No. 1 Community, Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
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24
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Unger C, Kramer N, Walzl A, Scherzer M, Hengstschläger M, Dolznig H. Modeling human carcinomas: physiologically relevant 3D models to improve anti-cancer drug development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 79-80:50-67. [PMID: 25453261 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Anti-cancer drug development is inefficient, mostly due to lack of efficacy in human patients. The high fail rate is partly due to the lack of predictive models or the inadequate use of existing preclinical test systems. However, progress has been made and preclinical models were improved or newly developed, which all account for basic features of solid cancers, three-dimensionality and heterotypic cell interaction. Here we give an overview of available in vivo and in vitro models of cancer, which meet the criteria of being 3D and mirroring human tumor-stroma interactions. We only focus on drug response models without touching models for pharmacokinetic and dynamic, toxicity or delivery aspects.
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