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Munteanu C, Schwartz B. Interactions between Dietary Antioxidants, Dietary Fiber and the Gut Microbiome: Their Putative Role in Inflammation and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8250. [PMID: 39125822 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate relationship between the gastrointestinal (GI) microbiome and the progression of chronic non-communicable diseases underscores the significance of developing strategies to modulate the GI microbiota for promoting human health. The administration of probiotics and prebiotics represents a good strategy that enhances the population of beneficial bacteria in the intestinal lumen post-consumption, which has a positive impact on human health. In addition, dietary fibers serve as a significant energy source for bacteria inhabiting the cecum and colon. Research articles and reviews sourced from various global databases were systematically analyzed using specific phrases and keywords to investigate these relationships. There is a clear association between dietary fiber intake and improved colon function, gut motility, and reduced colorectal cancer (CRC) risk. Moreover, the state of health is reflected in the reciprocal and bidirectional relationships among food, dietary antioxidants, inflammation, and body composition. They are known for their antioxidant properties and their ability to inhibit angiogenesis, metastasis, and cell proliferation. Additionally, they promote cell survival, modulate immune and inflammatory responses, and inactivate pro-carcinogens. These actions collectively contribute to their role in cancer prevention. In different investigations, antioxidant supplements containing vitamins have been shown to lower the risk of specific cancer types. In contrast, some evidence suggests that taking antioxidant supplements can increase the risk of developing cancer. Ultimately, collaborative efforts among immunologists, clinicians, nutritionists, and dietitians are imperative for designing well-structured nutritional trials to corroborate the clinical efficacy of dietary therapy in managing inflammation and preventing carcinogenesis. This review seeks to explore the interrelationships among dietary antioxidants, dietary fiber, and the gut microbiome, with a particular focus on their potential implications in inflammation and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camelia Munteanu
- Department of Plant Culture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Betty Schwartz
- The Institute of Biochemistry, Food Science and Nutrition, The School of Nutritional Sciences, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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Pandey H, Jain D, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut microbiota in pathophysiology, diagnosis, and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease. Intest Res 2024; 22:15-43. [PMID: 37935653 PMCID: PMC10850697 DOI: 10.5217/ir.2023.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease, which is thought to be an interplay between genetic, environment, microbiota, and immune-mediated factors. Dysbiosis in the gut microbial composition, caused by antibiotics and diet, is closely related to the initiation and progression of IBD. Differences in gut microbiota composition between IBD patients and healthy individuals have been found, with reduced biodiversity of commensal microbes and colonization of opportunistic microbes in IBD patients. Gut microbiota can, therefore, potentially be used for diagnosing and prognosticating IBD, and predicting its treatment response. Currently, there are no curative therapies for IBD. Microbiota-based interventions, including probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, have been recognized as promising therapeutic strategies. Clinical studies and studies done in animal models have provided sufficient evidence that microbiota-based interventions may improve inflammation, the remission rate, and microscopic aspects of IBD. Further studies are required to better understand the mechanisms of action of such interventions. This will help in enhancing their effectiveness and developing personalized therapies. The present review summarizes the relationship between gut microbiota and IBD immunopathogenesis. It also discusses the use of gut microbiota as a noninvasive biomarker and potential therapeutic option.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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3
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Pandey H, Tang DWT, Wong SH, Lal D. Gut Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Biological Role and Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030866. [PMID: 36765824 PMCID: PMC9913759 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While CRC is thought to be an interplay between genetic and environmental factors, several lines of evidence suggest the involvement of gut microbiota in promoting inflammation and tumor progression. Gut microbiota refer to the ~40 trillion microorganisms that inhabit the human gut. Advances in next-generation sequencing technologies and metagenomics have provided new insights into the gut microbial ecology and have helped in linking gut microbiota to CRC. Many studies carried out in humans and animal models have emphasized the role of certain gut bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis, and colibactin-producing Escherichia coli, in the onset and progression of CRC. Metagenomic studies have opened up new avenues for the application of gut microbiota in the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CRC. This review article summarizes the role of gut microbiota in CRC development and its use as a biomarker to predict the disease and its potential therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Pandey
- Redcliffe Labs, Electronic City, Noida 201301, India
| | - Daryl W. T. Tang
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Centre for Microbiome Medicine, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
| | - Devi Lal
- Department of Zoology, Ramjas College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
- Correspondence: (S.H.W.); (D.L.)
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4
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Triantos C, Aggeletopoulou I, Mantzaris GJ, Mouzaki Α. Molecular basis of vitamin D action in inflammatory bowel disease. Autoimmun Rev 2022; 21:103136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2022.103136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Wang H, He X, Liang S, Chen X. Role of vitamin D in ulcerative colitis: an update on basic research and therapeutic applications. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 16:251-264. [PMID: 35236213 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2022.2048817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). Moreover, vitamin D supplementation seems to contribute to disease relief. Nevertheless, the exact etiological link between vitamin D deficiency and UC is far from clear, and an agreement has not been reached on the frequency and dosage of vitamin D supplementation required. AREAS COVERED This review will outline the possible role of vitamin D in the pathogenesis of UC and summarize the current state of clinical research on vitamin D. Literature was searched on PUBMED, with 'Vitamin D,' 'Ulcerative colitis,' 'Vitamin D receptor,' and 'disease activity' as MeSH Terms. Relevant information is presented in figures or tables. EXPERT OPINION The etiological relationship between vitamin D and the onset of UC is still being researched. More high-quality double-blind randomized clinical studies are needed to determine the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation in the treatment of UC, whether as the main treatment or as an adjuvant treatment. Importantly, determining the dosage and frequency of vitamin D supplementation should be the main research direction in the future, and regional factors should also be fully considered in this respect.
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Affiliation(s)
- HongQian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Xue He
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - ShiMin Liang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui China
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Liu J, Shao R, Lan Y, Liao X, Zhang J, Mai K, Ai Q, Wan M. Vitamin D 3 protects turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) from bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:25-33. [PMID: 34450270 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports that vitamin D3 (VD3) possesses immunomodulatory properties besides its classical actions in calcium and bone homeostasis. In this study, juvenile turbots were fed with the diets containing 0 IU/kg VD3 or the optimum dose of 400 IU/kg VD3 for 8 weeks. To investigate the effects of VD3 on anti-infectious immunity in fish, 107 CFU Edwardsiella tarda was injected intraperitoneally to each juvenile turbot after the feeding trial. Our results showed that the mortality of infected turbots with dietary VD3 was much lower than that in VD3 deficient group, and the supplementation of dietary VD3 significantly reduced the bacterial load in the spleen of infected turbots. Further analysis demonstrated that the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in haemocytes and lysozyme activity in serum was elevated, and the responses of T cells and B cells were modulated in VD3-supplemented turbots. Moreover, the inflammation was significantly exacerbated in the infected turbots fed with 0 IU/kg VD3 compared to the fish fed with 400 IU/kg VD3. In addition, the head kidney macrophages (HKMs) in turbots were isolated and incubated with VD3in vitro, the results showed that VD3 significantly promoted the bactericidal activity in HKMs. In conclusion, our study has shown clear evidence that VD3 positively regulates the innate and adaptive immunity in fish, which is beneficial to the defense in fish against pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Rui Shao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yawen Lan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinmeng Liao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinjin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed, Ministry of Agriculture & Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, College of Fisheries, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China; Pilot National Laboratory of Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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Role of Food Antioxidants in Modulating Gut Microbial Communities: Novel Understandings in Intestinal Oxidative Stress Damage and Their Impact on Host Health. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101563. [PMID: 34679698 PMCID: PMC8533511 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary components have an important role on the structure and function of host gut microbial communities. Even though, various dietary components, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibers, and vitamins, have been studied in depth for their effect on gut microbiomes, little attention has been paid regarding the impact of several food antioxidants on the gut microbiome. The long-term exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause microbial dysbiosis which leads to numerous intestinal diseases such as microbiota dysbiosis, intestinal injury, colorectal cancers, enteric infections, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Recently, it has been shown that the food derived antioxidant compounds might protect the host from intestinal oxidative stress via modulating the composition of beneficial microbial species in the gut. The present review summarizes the impact of food antioxidants including antioxidant vitamins, dietary polyphenols, carotenoids, and bioactive peptides on the structure as well as function of host gut microbial communities. Several in vitro, animal model, and clinical studies indicates that food antioxidants might modify the host gut microbial communities and their health status. However, still further clarification is needed as to whether changes in certain microbial species caused by food additives may lead to changes in metabolism and immune function.
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8
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Yeung CY, Chiang Chiau JS, Cheng ML, Chan WT, Jiang CB, Chang SW, Liu CY, Chang CW, Lee HC. Effects of Vitamin D-Deficient Diet on Intestinal Epithelial Integrity and Zonulin Expression in a C57BL/6 Mouse Model. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:649818. [PMID: 34414198 PMCID: PMC8369235 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.649818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims: Vitamin D (VD) plays an important role not only in mineral balance and skeletal maintenance but also in immune modulation. VD status was found correlated with the pathophysiology and severity of inflammatory bowel diseases and other autoimmune disorders. Epithelial barrier function is primarily regulated by the tight-junction (TJ) proteins. In this study, we try to establish an animal model by raising mice fed VD-deficient diet and to investigate the effects of VD-deficient diet on gut integrity and zonulin expression. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were administered either VD-deficient [VDD group, 25(OH)2D3 0 IU/per mouse] or VD-sufficient [VDS group, 25(OH)2D3 37.8 IU/per mouse] special diets for 7 weeks. Body weight and diet intake were recorded weekly. Serum VD levels were detected. After sacrifice, jejunum and colon specimens were collected. The villus length and crypt depth of the jejunum as well as mucosa thickness of the colon were measured. Various serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and intestinal TJ proteins were assessed. The serum level of zonulin and the mRNA expression of jejunum zonulin were also investigated. Results: We found that mice fed a VDD diet had a lower serum level of VD after 7 weeks (p < 0.001). VDD mice gained significant less weight (p = 0.022) and took a similar amount of diet (p = 0.398) when compared to mice raised on a VDS diet. Significantly decreased colon mucosa thickness was found in VDD mice compared with the VDS group (p = 0.022). A marked increase in serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels was demonstrated in VDD mice. All relative levels of claudin (CLD)-1 (p = 0.007), CLD-3 (p < 0.001), CLD-7 (p < 0.001), and zonulin-1 (ZO-1, p = 0.038) protein expressions were significantly decreased in the VDD group when compared to the VDS group. A significant upregulation of mRNA expression of jejunum zonulin (p = 0.043) and elevated serum zonulin (p = 0.001) were found in the VDD group. Conclusions: We successfully demonstrated that VDD could lead to impaired barrier properties. We assume that sufficient VD could maintain intestinal epithelial integrity and prevent mucosal barrier dysfunction. VD supplementation may serve as part of a therapeutic strategy for human autoimmune and infectious diseases with intestinal barrier dysfunction (leaky gut) in the future. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that VDD could lead to a significant upregulation in mRNA expression of the jejunum zonulin level and also a marked elevation of serum zonulin in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Yeung
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | | | - Mei-Lein Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wai-Tao Chan
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chuen-Bin Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wen Chang
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yuan Liu
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Wei Chang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chang Lee
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, MacKay Children's Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
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Lee PC, Hsieh YC, Huo TI, Yang UC, Lin CH, Li CP, Huang YH, Hou MC, Lin HC, Lee KC. Active Vitamin D 3 Treatment Attenuated Bacterial Translocation via Improving Intestinal Barriers in Cirrhotic Rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2000937. [PMID: 33258263 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Pathological bacterial translocation from the disrupted intestinal barrier leads to substantial complications and mortality in liver cirrhosis. Vitamin D is reported as beneficial to gut barriers in some animal models. However, its effect on cirrhotic bacterial translocation is unknown. The authors aim to investigate the effects of calcitriol on bacterial translocation in cirrhotic rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Cirrhotic rats are administrated with a 2-week course of active vitamin D3 (calcitriol, 0.1 μg kg-1 per day) or vehicle by oral gavage after thioacetamide (TAA) injection for 16 weeks. Bacterial translocation, gut permeability, gut microbiota, and associated mechanisms are investigated. Calcitriol treatment significantly attenuates bacterial translocation and reduces intestinal permeability in TAA-induced cirrhotic rats. It upregulates the expressions of occludin in the small intestine and claudin-1 in the colon of cirrhotic rats directly independent of intrahepatic status. Even when a short period of calcitriol treatment do not reduce intestinal bacterial overgrowth, it induces a remarkable change of bacterial diversities and enrichment of Muribaculaceae, Bacteroidales, Allobaculum, Anaerovorax, and Ruminococcaceae. CONCLUSION Calcitriol treatment attenuates intestinal permeability, reduces bacterial translocation, and enriches potentially beneficial gut microbiota in cirrhotic rats that may enable it as a potential therapeutic agent to prevent cirrhotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Chang Lee
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chen Hsieh
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Teh-Ia Huo
- Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Basic Research, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Ueng-Cheng Yang
- Institute of Biomedical Informatics, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Proteomics Research Center, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Pin Li
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiang Huang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chih Hou
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Han-Chieh Lin
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Chuan Lee
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan., 155, Sec. 2, Li-Nong Street, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, 201 Shih-Pai Road, Sec. 2, Taipei, 11217, Taiwan
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Kalia V, Studzinski GP, Sarkar S. Role of vitamin D in regulating COVID-19 severity-An immunological perspective. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 110:809-819. [PMID: 33464639 PMCID: PMC8014852 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4covr1020-698r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D, a key nutrient/prohormone classically associated with skeletal health, is also an important immunomodulator, with pleotropic effects on innate and adaptive immune cells. Outcomes of several chronic, autoimmune, and infectious diseases are linked to vitamin D. Emergent correlations of vitamin D insufficiency with coronavirus‐induced disease 2019 (COVID‐19) severity, alongside empirical and clinical evidence of immunoregulation by vitamin D in other pulmonary diseases, have prompted proposals of vitamin D supplementation to curb the COVID‐19 public health toll. In this review paper, we engage an immunological lens to discuss potential mechanisms by which vitamin D signals might regulate respiratory disease severity in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV2) infections, vis a vis other pulmonary infections. It is proposed that vitamin D signals temper lung inflammatory cascades during SARS‐CoV2 infection, and insufficiency of vitamin D causes increased inflammatory cytokine storm, thus leading to exacerbated respiratory disease. Additionally, analogous to studies of reduced cancer incidence, the dosage of vitamin D compounds administered to patients near the upper limit of safety may serve to maximize immune health benefits and mitigate inflammation and disease severity in SARS‐CoV2 infections. We further deliberate on the importance of statistically powered clinical correlative and interventional studies, and the need for in‐depth basic research into vitamin D‐dependent host determinants of respiratory disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Kalia
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - George P Studzinski
- Department of Pathology, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Surojit Sarkar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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11
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Vitamin D and Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): An Update. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113302. [PMID: 33126575 PMCID: PMC7693133 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the first cause of chronic liver disease worldwide; it ranges from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis (NASH) and, potentially, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. NAFLD is also an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality. As it is largely associated with insulin resistance and related disorders, NAFLD has been recently re-named as Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). At present, there are no approved pharmacological treatments for this condition. Vitamin D is a molecule with extensive anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties, which have been proven also in hepatic cells and is involved in immune-metabolic pathways within the gut–adipose tissue–liver axis. Epidemiological data support a relationship hypovitaminosis D and the presence of NAFLD and steatohepatitis (NASH); however, results from vitamin D supplementation trials on liver outcomes are controversial. This narrative review provides an overview of the latest evidence on pathophysiological pathways connecting vitamin D to NAFLD, with emphasis on the effects of vitamin D treatment in MAFLD by a nonsystematic literature review of PubMed published clinical trials. This article conforms to the Scale for Assessment of Narrative Review Articles (SANRA) guidelines. Evidence so far available supports the hypothesis of potential benefits of vitamin D supplementation in selected populations of NAFLD patients, as those with shorter disease duration and mild to moderate liver damage.
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12
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Ma M, Long Q, Chen F, Zhang T, Wang W. Active vitamin D impedes the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by inhibiting cell senescence in a rat model. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2020; 44:513-523. [PMID: 31810868 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) refers to an accumulation of excess fat in liver due to causes other than alcohol use. The relationship between vitamin D (VD) and NAFLD has been previously studied. Therefore, we aimed to explore the mechanism involved active VD regulating the progression of NAFLD by inhibiting cell senescence and to provide a potential approach for further nutritional treatment of NAFLD. METHODS Following the induction with high-fat diet and intraperitoneal injection of corn oil, the successfully established NAFLD rat models were treated with 1,25(OH)2D3 at 1μg/kg, 5μg/kg or 10μg/kg. Meanwhile, the levels of factors related to oxidative stress, cell senescence, the p53-p21 signaling pathway and inflammation in liver were determined. Then, cell senescence was also measured by using senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SAβ-gal) staining. RESULTS It was also found that active VD increased the concentration of VD in serum and VDR in liver of NAFLD rats, and alleviated hepatic fibrosis. Besides, treatment of 1,25(OH)2D3 at 1μg/kg, 5μg/kg or 10μg/kg reduced oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibited the p53-p21 signaling pathway and consequent cell senescence. Furthermore, treatment of 1,25(OH)2D3 at a dosage of 5μg/kg made the most impact on these factors. CONCLUSION Collectively, the evidences from this study demonstrated that active VD could alleviate the development of NAFLD through blocking the p53-p21 signaling pathway, which provided a novel nutritional therapeutic insight for NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 310052 Hangzhou, P.R, China.
| | - Qi Long
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 310052 Hangzhou, P.R, China
| | - Fei Chen
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 310052 Hangzhou, P.R, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 310052 Hangzhou, P.R, China
| | - Wenqiao Wang
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 310052 Hangzhou, P.R, China
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13
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Intestinal Macrophages at the Crossroad between Diet, Inflammation, and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144825. [PMID: 32650452 PMCID: PMC7404402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal macrophages are key players in the regulation of the oral tolerance, controlling gut homeostasis by discriminating innocuous antigens from harmful pathogens. Diet exerts a significant impact on human health, influencing the composition of gut microbiota and the developing of several non-communicable diseases, including cancer. Nutrients and microbiota are able to modify the profile of intestinal macrophages, shaping their key function in the maintenance of the gut homeostasis. Intestinal disease often occurs as a breakdown of this balance: defects in monocyte-macrophage differentiation, wrong dietary habits, alteration of microbiota composition, and impairment in the resolution of inflammation may contribute to the development of intestinal chronic inflammation and colorectal cancer. Accordingly, dietary interventions and macrophage-targeted therapies are emerging as innovative tools for the treatment of several intestinal pathologies. In this review, we will describe the delicate balance between diet, microbiota and intestinal macrophages in homeostasis and how the perturbation of this equilibrium may lead to the occurrence of inflammatory conditions in the gut. The understanding of the molecular pathways and dietary factors regulating the activity of intestinal macrophages might result in the identification of innovative targets for the treatments of intestinal pathologies.
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14
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Liu Z, Cheng X, Zhong S, Zhang X, Liu C, Liu F, Zhao C. Peripheral and Central Nervous System Immune Response Crosstalk in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:575. [PMID: 32612503 PMCID: PMC7308438 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscle weakness due to the degeneration of the upper and lower motor neurons. Neuroinflammation is known as a prominent pathological feature of ALS. Although neuroinflammation cannot trigger ALS, activated central nervous system (CNS) microglia and astrocytes, proinflammatory periphery monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes, and infiltrated monocytes/macrophages and T lymphocytes, as well as the immunoreactive molecules they release, are closely related to disease progression. The crosstalk between the peripheral and CNS immune components mentioned above significantly correlates with survival in patients with ALS. This review provides an update on the role of this crosstalk between the CNS and peripheral immune responses in ALS. Additionally, we discuss changes in the composition of gut microbiota because these can directly or indirectly influence this crosstalk. These recent advances may well provide innovative ways for targeting the molecules associated with this crosstalk and breaking the current treatment impasse in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiuchun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fangxi Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Randomized Study Design to Test Effects of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation as Adjuvant Therapy in Colorectal Cancer Patients. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2138:337-350. [PMID: 32219761 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0471-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acid co-supplementation on inflammation and nutritional status in colorectal cancer patients. Patients were randomly assigned into four groups: (1) controls, receiving placebos; (2) omega-3 fatty acid arm, receiving two 330 mg omega-3 fatty acid capsules daily and placebo (for vitamin D3) weekly; (3) vitamin D arm, receiving a 50,000 IU vitamin D3 soft gel weekly and two placebos (for omega-3 fatty acids) daily; and (4) co-supplementation arm, receiving a 50,000 IU vitamin D3 soft gel weekly and two 330 mg omega-3 fatty acids capsules daily for 8 weeks. As outcomes, we measure height; weight; fat-free mass (FFM); serum levels of 25(OH)D, TNF-α, and IL-6; C-CRP; and albumin, before and after the intervention. The presented results show that vitamin D3 plus omega-3 fatty acid co-supplementation in colorectal cancer patients has beneficial impacts on inflammation and nutritional status.
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16
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Malaguarnera L. Vitamin D and microbiota: Two sides of the same coin in the immunomodulatory aspects. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 79:106112. [PMID: 31877495 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.106112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is crucial for host immune response, vitamin synthesis, short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production, intestinal permeability, nutrient digestion energy metabolism and protection from pathogens. Therefore, gut microbiota guarantees the host's predisposition to gastrointestinal diseases. Intestinal microbiota may be damaged by environmental components with negative health conditions. Dysbiosis consisting in alteration in the gut microbiota has been involved in several disorders including inflammation, allergic reactions, autoimmune diseases, heart diseases, obesity, and metabolic syndrome and even in the state of malignant carcinogenesis existing in humans. Several epidemiological studies have shown that inadequate solar exposure results in vitamin D insufficiency/deficiency which has a strong impact on different immune responses and the occurrence of a wide range of pathological conditions. Additionally, new evidence indicates that the vitamin D pathway plays a key role in gut homeostasis. Due to the strong connection between vitamin D and microbiota, herein we focus on the new findings about intestinal bacteria-immune crosstalk and the impact of vitamin D in gut microbiota regulation, in order to offer new clarifications on their interaction. Understanding the mechanism by which vitamin D can affect the gut microbiota composition and its dynamic activities, as well as the innate and adaptive state of the immune system, is not only a fundamental research but also an opportunity to improve health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Malaguarnera
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 97, Catania, Italy.
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17
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McClorry S, Slupsky CM, Lind T, Karlsland Åkeson P, Hernell O, Öhlund I. Effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in Swedish children may be negatively impacted by BMI and serum fructose. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 75:108251. [PMID: 31707286 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In regions where sunlight exposure is limited, dietary vitamin D intake becomes important for maintaining status. However, Swedish children have been shown to have deficient or marginal status during the winter months even if the recommended dietary intake is met. Since low vitamin D status has been associated with several disease states, this study investigated the metabolic changes associated with improved vitamin D status due to supplementation. During the 3 winter months, 5-7-year-old children (n=170) in northern (Umeå, 63° N) and southern (Malmö, 55° N) Sweden were supplemented daily with 2 (placebo), 10 or 25 μg of vitamin D. BMI-for-age z-scores (BAZ), S-25(OH)D concentrations, insulin concentrations and the serum metabolome were assessed at baseline and follow-up. S-25(OH)D concentrations increased significantly in both supplementation groups (P<.001). Only arginine and isopropanol concentrations exhibited significant associations with improvements in S-25(OH)D. Furthermore, the extent to which S-25(OH)D increased was correlated with a combination of baseline BAZ and the change in serum fructose concentrations from baseline to follow up (P=.012). In particular, the change in S-25(OH)D concentrations was negatively correlated (P=.030) with the change in fructose concentrations for subjects with BAZ ≥0 and consuming at least 20 μg vitamin D daily. These results suggest that although the metabolic changes associated with improved vitamin D status are small, the effectiveness of dietary supplementation may be influenced by serum fructose concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon McClorry
- Department of Nutrition and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Carolyn M Slupsky
- Department of Nutrition and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - Torbjörn Lind
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,.
| | - Pia Karlsland Åkeson
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Lund University, Malmö/Lund, Sweden.
| | - Olle Hernell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,.
| | - Inger Öhlund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden,.
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18
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Abolarinwa BA, Ibrahim RB, Huang YH. Conceptual Development of Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4624. [PMID: 31540435 PMCID: PMC6769557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is one of the common causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy are the current treatments, but some patients do not derive clinical benefits. Recently, studies from cancer molecular subtyping have revealed that tumor molecular biomarkers may predict the immunotherapeutic response of GI cancer patients. However, the therapeutic response of patients selected by the predictive biomarkers is suboptimal. The tumor immune-microenvironment apparently plays a key role in modulating these molecular-determinant predictive biomarkers. Therefore, an understanding of the development and recent advances in immunotherapeutic pharmacological intervention targeting tumor immune-microenvironments and their potential predictive biomarkers will be helpful to strengthen patient immunotherapeutic efficacy. The current review focuses on an understanding of how the host-microenvironment interactions and the predictive biomarkers can determine the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. The contribution of environmental pathogens and host immunity to GI cancer is summarized. A discussion regarding the clinical evidence of predictive biomarkers for clinical trial therapy design, current immunotherapeutic strategies, and the outcomes to GI cancer patients are highlighted. An understanding of the underlying mechanism can predict the immunotherapeutic efficacy and facilitate the future development of personalized therapeutic strategies targeting GI cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilikis Aderonke Abolarinwa
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Ridwan Babatunde Ibrahim
- Institute of Brain Science, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) in Interdisciplinary Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan.
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- International PhD Program for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- TMU Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
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19
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Haidari F, Abiri B, Iravani M, Ahmadi-Angali K, Vafa M. Effects of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Co-Supplementation on Inflammatory Factors and Tumor Marker CEA in Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutr Cancer 2019; 72:948-958. [PMID: 32441198 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2019.1659380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation on inflammatory factors and tumor marker CEA in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.Methods: In this study, 81 patients with stage ӀӀ or ӀӀӀ colorectal cancer were randomly assigned into four groups: (1) control: receiving a vitamin D placebo, weekly + two omega-3 fatty acid placebo capsules, daily; (2) omega-3 fatty acid, receiving two omega-3 fatty acid capsules (each capsule containing 330 mg of omega-3 fatty acids), daily + a vitamin D placebo, weekly; (3) vitamin D, receiving a 50,000 IU vitamin D soft gel, weekly + two omega-3 fatty acid placebo capsules, daily; (4) co-supplementation, receiving a 50,000 IU vitamin D soft gel, weekly + two omega-3 fatty acids capsules, for 8 weeks. Before and after the intervention, serum levels of 25(OH)D, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, NF-kB activity, and tumor marker CEA, were measured.Results: After 8 weeks of intervention, patients who received combined vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids supplements compared with omega-3, vitamin D, and placebo had significantly decreased TNF-α, and IL-1β (P < .05). In addition, serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor marker CEA were decreased significantly in omega-3, vitamin D, and co-supplementation of them, compared with baseline. NF-kB activity was decreased significantly in vitamin D and co-supplementation groups, compared with baseline. Regarding CEA, there was no significant difference between the four groups at the end of intervention (P > .05).Conclusion: Results show that co-supplementation of vitamin D and omega-3 fatty acids co-supplementation, in colorectal cancer patients have beneficial impacts on inflammation and tumor marker CEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Abiri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masood Iravani
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran Iran
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20
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Hassanshahi M, Anderson PH, Sylvester CL, Stringer AM. Current evidence for vitamin D in intestinal function and disease. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2019; 244:1040-1052. [PMID: 31366237 DOI: 10.1177/1535370219867262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D activity is associated with the modulation of a wide variety of biological systems, in addition to its roles in calcium homeostatic mechanisms. While vitamin D is well known to promote gastrointestinal calcium absorption, vitamin D also plays a role in attenuating and/or preventing the progression of several gastrointestinal diseases including Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, and colorectal cancer, and may also play a role in chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis. The pro-differentiation, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D, which has been reported in numerous circumstances, are key potential mechanisms of action in the prevention of gastrointestinal disorders. While the debate of the effectiveness of vitamin D to treat bone pathologies continues, the clinical importance of vitamin D therapy to prevent gastrointestinal disorders should be investigated given current evidence, using both nutritional and pharmaceutical intervention approaches.Impact statementThe non-skeletal functions of vitamin D play an important role in health and disease. The anti-inflammatory properties and maintenance of intestinal function fulfilled by vitamin D impact other systems in the body though downstream processing. This review provides insight into the mechanisms underpinning the potential benefits of vitamin D in both maintaining intestinal homeostasis and associated diseased states.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul H Anderson
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Cyan L Sylvester
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Andrea M Stringer
- 1 School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5000, Australia.,2 Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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21
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Cantorna MT, Rogers CJ, Arora J. Aligning the Paradoxical Role of Vitamin D in Gastrointestinal Immunity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2019; 30:459-466. [PMID: 31122825 PMCID: PMC6588413 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder characterized by inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract and an immune-mediated attack against the commensal microbiota. Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that not only promotes calcium and phosphate absorption but also regulates immune function. The active form of vitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] has been shown to suppress symptoms of IBD by inhibiting T cell responses. Host protection from gastrointestinal infection depends on T cells. Paradoxically, vitamin D deficiency increases susceptibility to IBD and gastrointestinal infection. Here we review the roles of vitamin D in immune cells using a kinetic model of the vitamin D-mediated effects on infection to explain the sometimes paradoxical effects of vitamin D on gastrointestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Connie J Rogers
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Juhi Arora
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA; Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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22
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He L, Zhou M, Li YC. Vitamin D/Vitamin D Receptor Signaling Is Required for Normal Development and Function of Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Gut. iScience 2019; 17:119-131. [PMID: 31272068 PMCID: PMC6610723 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) play key roles in protective immunity and mucosal barrier maintenance. Here we showed that vitamin D/vitamin D receptor (VDR) signaling regulates gut ILC3. VDR deletion or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency in mice led to a marked reduction in colonic ILC3 populations at steady state and impaired ILC3 responses following Citrobacter rodentium infection, resulting in substantial increases in intestinal bacterial growth and mouse mortality. VDR regulation of ILC3 was independent of T and B lymphocytes or gut microflora. Correction of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency rescued the ILC3 defects. Mechanistically, VDR deletion or 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency markedly reduced colonic Ki67+ ILC3 populations, and in vivo and in vitro studies confirmed that vitamin D hormone directly stimulated ILC3 proliferation. Therefore, vitamin D/VDR signaling is required for ILC3-mediated innate immunity through regulation of ILC3 proliferation. VDR or 1,25(OH)2D3 deficiency reduces ILC3 populations and impairs ILC3 immunity Vitamin D/VDR signaling is required for proper ILC3 proliferation Vitamin D regulation of ILC3 is independent of T and B cells or gut microflora
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei He
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yan Chun Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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23
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Haidari F, Abiri B, Iravani M, Ahmadi-Angali K, Vafa M. Randomized Study of the Effect of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Cosupplementation as Adjuvant Chemotherapy on Inflammation and Nutritional Status in Colorectal Cancer Patients. J Diet Suppl 2019; 17:384-400. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2019.1600096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Haidari
- Department of Nutrition, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Behnaz Abiri
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Paramedicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Kambiz Ahmadi-Angali
- Faculty of Public Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Pediatric Growth and Development Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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24
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Zhong S, Zhou Z, Liang Y, Cheng X, Li Y, Teng W, Zhao M, Liu C, Guan M, Zhao C. Targeting strategies for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: does gut microbiota play a role? Crit Rev Microbiol 2019; 45:369-393. [PMID: 31106639 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2019.1608905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) is a progressive, often irreversible condition that produces severe neurological deficits. Emerging data suggest that chemotherapy also exerts detrimental effects on gut microbiota composition and intestinal permeability, contributing to dysbiosis and inflammation. Compared with other complications associated with chemotherapy, such as diarrhoea and mucositis, CIPN is of particular concern because it is the most common reason for terminating or suspending treatment. However, specific and effective curative treatment strategies are lacking. In this review, we provide an update on current preclinical and clinical understandings about the role of gut microbiota in CIPN. The gut microbiota serves as an intersection between the microbiome-gut-brain and the neuroimmune-endocrine axis, forming a complex network that can directly or indirectly affect key components involved in the manifestations of CIPN. Herein, we discuss several potential mechanisms within the context of the networks and summarize alterations in gut microbiome induced by chemotherapeutic drugs, providing great potential for researchers to target pathways associated with the gut microbiome and overcome CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Zhong
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Zhike Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yifan Liang
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Weiyu Teng
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Meiting Guan
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
| | - Chuansheng Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Stroke Center, The First Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , PR China
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25
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Cantorna MT, Snyder L, Arora J. Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the microbial complexity, barrier function, and the mucosal immune responses to ensure intestinal homeostasis. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 54:184-192. [PMID: 31084433 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2019.1611734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Diet is an important regulator of the gastrointestinal microbiota. Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies result in less diverse, dysbiotic microbial communities and increased susceptibility to infection or injury of the gastrointestinal tract. The vitamin A and vitamin D receptors are nuclear receptors expressed by the host, but not the microbiota. Vitamin A- and vitamin D-mediated regulation of the intestinal epithelium and mucosal immune cells underlies the effects of these nutrients on the microbiota. Vitamin A and vitamin D regulate the expression of tight junction proteins on intestinal epithelial cells that are critical for barrier function in the gut. Other shared functions of vitamin A and vitamin D include the support of innate lymphoid cells that produce IL-22, suppression of IFN-γ and IL-17 by T cells, and induction of regulatory T cells in the mucosal tissues. There are some unique functions of vitamin A and D; for example, vitamin A induces gut homing receptors on T cells, while vitamin D suppresses gut homing receptors on T cells. Together, vitamin A- and vitamin D-mediated regulation of the intestinal epithelium and mucosal immune system shape the microbial communities in the gut to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita T Cantorna
- a Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA.,b Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Lindsay Snyder
- a Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA.,b Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
| | - Juhi Arora
- a Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA.,b Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA , USA
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Burrelli Scotti G, Afferri MT, De Carolis A, Vaiarello V, Fassino V, Ferrone F, Minisola S, Nieddu L, Vernia P. Factors affecting vitamin D deficiency in active inflammatory bowel diseases. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:657-662. [PMID: 30587439 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypovitaminosis D is prevalent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and may be associated with disease activity. AIM This study evaluated vitamin D (VitD) status in an Italian cohort of IBD patients, not taking VitD supplementation. We investigated risk factors for VitD deficiency and its correlation with disease activity. METHODS VitD levels were measured in 300 consecutive outpatients (42% with Crohn's Disease (CD) and 58% with ulcerative colitis (UC), 56% male) from a tertiary referral center. Data from the IBD cohort were compared with those of 234 healthy controls, matched by sex, age, and the month in which VitD levels were measured. RESULTS The mean VitD level in IBD patients was significantly lower than in controls (18.9 ng/ml vs. 25 ng/ml, p < 0.001) when accounting for gender, age, and season. VitD deficiency was present in 62% of IBD patients. Risk factors for deficiency were: age <40 and ≥60 years, winter, previous surgery, C-reactive protein (CRP) ≥0.5 mg/dl, and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ≥20 mm/h. In multivariate analysis, VitD levels were negatively influenced by disease location and CRP in UC. CONCLUSIONS Although VitD deficiency was more prevalent than expected in healthy controls living in a Mediterranean country not at high risk of hypovitaminosis D, it was more common and severe in IBD patients. This study also found an association between VitD status and disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Burrelli Scotti
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Teresa Afferri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurora De Carolis
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Vaiarello
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Fassino
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Internal Medicine A and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Ferrone
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Internal Medicine A and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore Minisola
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Internal Medicine A and Metabolic Bone Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Nieddu
- Faculty of Economics, UNINT University of International Studies, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Vernia
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Gastroenterology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Smith AD, Panickar KS, Urban JF, Dawson HD. Impact of Micronutrients on the Immune Response of Animals. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2019; 6:227-254. [PMID: 29447473 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-022516-022914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vitamins and minerals (micronutrients) play an important role in regulating and shaping an immune response. Deficiencies generally result in inadequate or dysregulated cellular activity and cytokine expression, thereby affecting the immune response. Decreased levels of natural killer, granulocyte, and phagocytic cell activity and T and B cell proliferation and trafficking are associated with inadequate levels of micronutrients, as well as increased susceptibility to various adverse health conditions, including inflammatory disorders, infection, and altered vaccine efficacy. In addition, most studies of micronutrient modulation of immune responses have been done in rodents and humans, thus limiting application to the health and well-being of livestock and companion animals. This exploratory review elucidates the role of vitamins and minerals on immune function and inflammatory responses in animals (pigs, dogs, cats, horses, goats, sheep, and cattle), with reference to rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Smith
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
| | - Kiran S Panickar
- Science & Technology Center, Hills Pet Nutrition Center, Topeka, Kansas 66617, USA
| | - Joseph F Urban
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
| | - Harry D Dawson
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics & Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, USA;
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Lin YD, Arora J, Diehl K, Bora SA, Cantorna MT. Vitamin D Is Required for ILC3 Derived IL-22 and Protection From Citrobacter rodentium Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1. [PMID: 30723466 PMCID: PMC6349822 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a gastrointestinal infection that requires early IL-22 from group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) for resistance. The role of vitamin D in the clearance of C. rodentium infection was tested in vitamin D sufficient (D+) and vitamin D deficient (D-) wildtype (WT) and Cyp27B1 (Cyp) KO mice (unable to produce the high affinity vitamin D ligand 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25D). Feeding Cyp KO mice D- diets reduced vitamin D levels and prevented synthesis of 1,25D. D- (WT and Cyp KO) mice had fewer ILC3 cells and less IL-22 than D+ mice. D- Cyp KO mice developed a severe infection that resulted in the lethality of the mice by d14 post-infection. T and B cell deficient D- Rag KO mice also developed a severe and lethal infection with C. rodentium compared to D+ Rag KO mice. D- WT mice survived the infection but took significantly longer to clear the C. rodentium infection than D+ WT or D+ Cyp KO mice. Treating infected D- Cyp KO mice with IL-22 protected the mice from lethality. Treating the D- WT mice with 1,25D reconstituted the ILC3 cells in the colon and protected the mice from C. rodentium. IL-22 treatment of D- WT mice eliminated the need for vitamin D to clear the C. rodentium infection. Vitamin D is required for early IL-22 production from ILC3 cells and protection from enteric infection with C. rodentium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Ding Lin
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Juhi Arora
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Kevin Diehl
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Stephanie A. Bora
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Margherita T. Cantorna
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
- Center for Molecular Immunology and Infectious Disease, The Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
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Holmes EA, Rodney Harris RM, Lucas RM. Low Sun Exposure and Vitamin D Deficiency as Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, With a Focus on Childhood Onset. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 95:105-118. [PMID: 30155900 DOI: 10.1111/php.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are increasing worldwide. Some ecological studies show increasing incidence with increasing latitude. Ambient ultraviolet radiation varies inversely with latitude, and sun exposure of the skin is a major source of vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with IBD. Sun exposure and vitamin D have immune effects that could plausibly reduce, or be protective for, IBD. One quarter of new IBD cases are diagnosed in childhood or adolescence, but most research is for adult-onset IBD. Here, we review the evidence for low sun exposure and/or vitamin D deficiency as risk factors for IBD, focusing where possible on pediatric IBD, where effects of environmental exposures may be clearer. The literature provides some evidence of a latitude gradient of IBD incidence, and evidence for seasonal patterns of timing of birth or disease onset is inconsistent. High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency occurs in people with IBD, but cannot be interpreted as being a causal risk factor. Evidence of vitamin D supplementation affecting disease activity is limited. Further research on predisease sun exposure and well-designed supplementation studies are required to elucidate whether these potentially modifiable exposures are indeed risk factors for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ann Holmes
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Rachael M Rodney Harris
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Robyn M Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Vitamin D and Influenza-Prevention or Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082419. [PMID: 30115864 PMCID: PMC6121423 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D generates many extraskeletal effects due to the vitamin D receptor (VDR) which is present in most tissues throughout the body. The possible role of vitamin D in infections is implied from its impact on the innate and adaptive immune responses. A significant effect is also the suppression of inflammatory processes. Because vitamin D could be acknowledged as a “seasonal stimulus”, as defined by R. Edgar Hope-Simpson, it would be crucial to prove it from a potential easy and cheap prophylaxis or therapy support perspective as far as influenza infections are concerned. The survey of the literature data generates some controversies and doubts about the possible role of vitamin D in the prevention of influenza virus. The most important point is to realise that the broad spectrum of this vitamin’s activity does not exclude such a possibility. According to most of the authors, more randomized controlled trials with effective, large populations are needed to explore the preventive effect of vitamin D supplementation on viral influenza infections.
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Klepsch V, Gerner RR, Klepsch S, Olson WJ, Tilg H, Moschen AR, Baier G, Hermann-Kleiter N. Nuclear orphan receptor NR2F6 as a safeguard against experimental murine colitis. Gut 2018; 67:1434-1444. [PMID: 28779026 PMCID: PMC6204953 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-313466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nuclear receptors are known to regulate both immune and barrier functions in the GI tract. The nuclear orphan receptor NR2F6 has been shown to suppress the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in T lymphocytes. NR2F6 gene expression is reduced in patients with IBS or UC, but its functional role and tissue dependency in healthy and inflamed gut have not yet been investigated. DESIGN Intestinal inflammation was induced in wild-type, Nr2f6-deficient, Rag1-deficient or bone marrow-reconstituted mice by administration of chemical (dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)) and immunogenic (T cell transfer) triggers. Disease phenotypes were investigated by survival, body weight, colon length and analysis of immune cell infiltrates. Additionally, histology, intestinal permeability, tight junction proteins, bacterial fluorescence in situ hybridisation, apoptosis, cell proliferation and mucus production were investigated. RESULTS Nr2f6-deficient mice were highly susceptible to DSS-induced colitis characterised by enhanced weight loss, increased colonic tissue destruction and immune cell infiltration together with enhanced intestinal permeability and reduced Muc2 expression. T cell transfer colitis and bone marrow reconstitution experiments demonstrated that disease susceptibility was not dependent on the expression of Nr2f6 in the immune compartment but on the protective role of NR2F6 in the intestinal epithelium. Mechanistically, we show that NR2F6 binds to a consensus sequence at -2 kb of the Muc2 promoter and transactivates Muc2 expression. Loss of NR2F6 alters intestinal permeability and results in spontaneous late-onset colitis in Nr2f6-deficient mice. CONCLUSION We have for the first time identified a fundamental and non-redundant role of NR2F6 in protecting gut barrier homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Klepsch
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Romana R Gerner
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Sebastian Klepsch
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - William J Olson
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Herbert Tilg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Alexander R Moschen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Gottfried Baier
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
| | - Natascha Hermann-Kleiter
- Translational Cell Genetics, Department for Pharmacology and Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Tirol, Austria
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Celiberto LS, Graef FA, Healey GR, Bosman ES, Jacobson K, Sly LM, Vallance BA. Inflammatory bowel disease and immunonutrition: novel therapeutic approaches through modulation of diet and the gut microbiome. Immunology 2018; 155:36-52. [PMID: 29693729 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the gastrointestinal tract, thought to at least in part reflect an aberrant immune response to gut bacteria. IBD is increasing in incidence, particularly in populations that have recently immigrated to western countries. This suggests that environmental factors are involved in its pathogenesis. We hypothesize that the increase in IBD rates might reflect the consumption of an unhealthy Western diet, containing excess calories and lacking in key nutritional factors, such as fibre and vitamin D. Several recent studies have determined that dietary factors can dramatically influence the activation of immune cells and the mediators they release through a process called immunonutrition. Moreover, dietary changes can profoundly affect the balance of beneficial versus pathogenic bacteria in the gut. This microbial imbalance can alter levels of microbiota-derived metabolites that in turn can influence innate and adaptive intestinal immune responses. If the diet-gut microbiome disease axis does indeed underpin much of the 'western' influence on the onset and progression of IBD, then tremendous opportunity exists for therapeutic changes in lifestyle, to modulate the gut microbiome and to correct immune imbalances in individuals with IBD. This review highlights four such therapeutic strategies - probiotics, prebiotics, vitamin D and caloric restriction - that have the potential to improve and add to current IBD treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Celiberto
- Department of Paediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Franziska A Graef
- Department of Paediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Genelle R Healey
- Department of Paediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Else S Bosman
- Department of Paediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Paediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Laura M Sly
- Department of Paediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Paediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Ueno A, Jeffery L, Kobayashi T, Hibi T, Ghosh S, Jijon H. Th17 plasticity and its relevance to inflammatory bowel disease. J Autoimmun 2018; 87:38-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Zou S, Fang L, Lee MH. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in promoting the development of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2018; 6:1-12. [PMID: 29479437 PMCID: PMC5806407 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/gox031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal microbiome, containing at least 100 trillion bacteria, resides in the mucosal surface of human intestine. Recent studies show that perturbations in the microbiota may influence physiology and link to a number of diseases, including colon tumorigenesis. Colorectal cancer (CRC), the third most common cancer, is the disease resulting from multi-genes and multi-factors, but the mechanistic details between gut microenvironment and CRC remain poorly characterized. Thanks to new technologies such as metagenome sequencing, progress in large-scale analysis of the genetic and metabolic profile of gut microbial has been possible, which has facilitated studies about microbiota composition, taxonomic alterations and host interactions. Different bacterial species and their metabolites play critical roles in the development of CRC. Also, microbiota is important in the inflammatory response and immune processes deregulation during the development and progression of CRC. This review summarizes current studies regarding the association between gastrointestinal microbiota and the development of CRC, which provides insights into the therapeutic strategy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaomin Zou
- Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510020, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510020, China
| | - Lekun Fang
- Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510020, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510020, China
| | - Mong-Hong Lee
- Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510020, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Colorectal and Pelvic Floor Disease, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510020, China
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Zhang SL, Wang SN, Miao CY. Influence of Microbiota on Intestinal Immune System in Ulcerative Colitis and Its Intervention. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1674. [PMID: 29234327 PMCID: PMC5712343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) with chronic and recurrent characteristics caused by multiple reasons. Although the pathogenic factors have not been clarified yet, recent studies have demonstrated that intestinal microbiota plays a major role in UC, especially in the immune system. This review focuses on the description of several major microbiota communities that affect UC and their interactions with the host. In this review, eight kinds of microbiota that are highly related to IBD, including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa, Bacteroides, Roseburia species, Eubacterium rectale, Escherichia coli, Fusobacterium, and Candida albicans are demonstrated on the changes in amount and roles in the onset and progression of IBD. In addition, potential therapeutic targets for UC involved in the regulation of microbiota, including NLRPs, vitamin D receptor as well as secreted proteins, are discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai-Long Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Barbáchano A, Fernández-Barral A, Ferrer-Mayorga G, Costales-Carrera A, Larriba MJ, Muñoz A. The endocrine vitamin D system in the gut. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:79-87. [PMID: 27913273 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The active vitamin D metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) has important regulatory actions in the gut through endocrine and probably also intracrine, autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. By activating the vitamin D receptor (VDR), which is expressed at a high level in the small intestine and colon, 1,25(OH)2D3 regulates numerous genes that control gut physiology and homeostasis. 1,25(OH)2D3 is a major responsible for epithelial barrier function and calcium and phosphate absorption, and the host's defense against pathogens and the inflammatory response by several types of secretory and immune cells. Moreover, recent data suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 has a regulatory effect on the gut microbiota and stromal fibroblasts. Many studies have linked vitamin D deficiency to inflammatory bowel diseases (ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease) and to an increased risk of colorectal cancer, and the possible use of VDR agonists to prevent or treat these diseases is receiving increasing interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Barbáchano
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción Fernández-Barral
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gemma Ferrer-Mayorga
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Costales-Carrera
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Jesús Larriba
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas - Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
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Dimitrov V, White JH. Vitamin D signaling in intestinal innate immunity and homeostasis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 453:68-78. [PMID: 28412519 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lumen of the gut hosts a plethora of microorganisms that participate in food assimilation, inactivation of harmful particles and in vitamin synthesis. On the other hand, enteric flora, a number of food antigens, and toxins are capable of triggering immune responses causing inflammation, which, when unresolved, may lead to chronic conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It is important, therefore, to contain the gut bacteria within the lumen, control microbial load and composition, as well as ensure adequate innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogenic threats. There is growing evidence that vitamin D signaling has impacts on all these aspects of intestinal physiology, contributing to healthy enteric homeostasis. VD was first discovered as the curative agent for nutritional rickets, and its classical actions are associated with calcium absorption and bone health. However, vitamin D exhibits a number of extra-skeletal effects, particularly in innate immunity. Notably, it stimulates production of pattern recognition receptors, anti-microbial peptides, and cytokines, which are at the forefront of innate immune responses. They play a role in sensing the microbiota, in preventing excessive bacterial overgrowth, and complement the actions of vitamin D signaling in enhancing intestinal barrier function. Vitamin D also favours tolerogenic rather than inflammogenic T cell differentiation and function. Compromised innate immune function and overactive adaptive immunity, as well as defective intestinal barrier function, have been associated with IBD. Importantly, observational and intervention studies support a beneficial role of vitamin D supplementation in patients with Crohn's disease, a form of IBD. This review summarizes the effects of vitamin D signaling on barrier integrity and innate and adaptive immunity in the gut, as well as on microbial load and composition. Collectively, studies to date reveal that vitamin D signaling has widespread effects on gut homeostasis, and provide a mechanistic basis for potential therapeutic benefit of vitamin D supplementation in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassil Dimitrov
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John H White
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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38
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Bikle DD. Extraskeletal actions of vitamin D. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1376:29-52. [PMID: 27649525 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is found in nearly all, if not all, cells in the body. The enzyme that produces the active metabolite of vitamin D and ligand for VDR, namely CYP27B1, likewise is widely expressed in many cells of the body. These observations indicate that the role of vitamin D is not limited to regulation of bone and mineral homeostasis, as important as that is. Rather, the study of its extraskeletal actions has become the major driving force behind the significant increase in research articles on vitamin D published over the past several decades. A great deal of information has accumulated from cell culture studies, in vivo animal studies, and clinical association studies that confirms that extraskeletal effects of vitamin D are truly widespread and substantial. However, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials, when done, have by and large not produced the benefits anticipated by the in vitro cell culture and in vivo animal studies. In this review, I will examine the role of vitamin D signaling in a number of extraskeletal tissues and assess the success of translating these findings into treatments of human diseases affecting those extracellular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel D Bikle
- Departments of Medicine and Dermatology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California.
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Statovci D, Aguilera M, MacSharry J, Melgar S. The Impact of Western Diet and Nutrients on the Microbiota and Immune Response at Mucosal Interfaces. Front Immunol 2017; 8:838. [PMID: 28804483 PMCID: PMC5532387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings point toward diet having a major impact on human health. Diets can either affect the gut microbiota resulting in alterations in the host’s physiological responses or by directly targeting the host response. The microbial community in the mammalian gut is a complex and dynamic system crucial for the development and maturation of both systemic and mucosal immune responses. Therefore, the complex interaction between available nutrients, the microbiota, and the immune system are central regulators in maintaining homeostasis and fighting against invading pathogens at mucosal sites. Westernized diet, defined as high dietary intake of saturated fats and sucrose and low intake of fiber, represent a growing health risk contributing to the increased occurrence of metabolic diseases, e.g., diabetes and obesity in countries adapting a westernized lifestyle. Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and asthma are chronic mucosal inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology with increasing prevalence worldwide. These conditions have a multifactorial etiology including genetic factors, environmental factors, and dysregulated immune responses. Their increased prevalence cannot solely be attributed to genetic considerations implying that other factors such as diet can be a major contributor. Recent reports indicate that the gut microbiota and modifications thereof, due to a consumption of a diet high in saturated fats and low in fibers, can trigger factors regulating the development and/or progression of both conditions. While asthma is a disease of the airways, increasing evidence indicates a link between the gut and airways in disease development. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the impact of westernized diet and associated nutrients on immune cell responses and the microbiota and how these can influence the pathology of IBD and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donjete Statovci
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Mònica Aguilera
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Silvia Melgar
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Colotta F, Jansson B, Bonelli F. Modulation of inflammatory and immune responses by vitamin D. J Autoimmun 2017; 85:78-97. [PMID: 28733125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D (VitD) is a prohormone most noted for the regulation of calcium and phosphate levels in circulation, and thus of bone metabolism. Inflammatory and immune cells not only convert inactive VitD metabolites into calcitriol, the active form of VitD, but also express the nuclear receptor of VitD that modulates differentiation, activation and proliferation of these cells. In vitro, calcitriol upregulates different anti-inflammatory pathways and downregulates molecules that activate immune and inflammatory cells. Administration of VitD has beneficial effects in a number of experimental models of autoimmune disease. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that VitD insufficiency is frequently associated with immune disorders and infectious diseases, exacerbated by increasing evidence of suboptimal VitD status in populations worldwide. To date, however, most interventional studies in human inflammatory and immune diseases with VitD supplementation have proven to be inconclusive. One of the reasons could be that the main VitD metabolite measured in these studies was the 25-hydroxyVitD (25OHD) rather than its active form calcitriol. Although our knowledge of calcitriol as modulator of immune and inflammatory reactions has dramatically increased in the past decades, further in vivo and clinical studies are needed to confirm the potential benefits of VitD in the control of immune and inflammatory conditions.
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Yamamoto K, Iwagami M, Seki T, Kano S, Ota N, Ato M. Dual antiplasmodial activity of vitamin D3 and its analog, 22-oxacalcitriol, by direct and indirect mechanisms. Parasitol Int 2016; 66:89-99. [PMID: 27919743 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (calcitriol, VD3), the active form of vitamin D (VD), can inhibit the proliferation of microorganisms. In the present study, we conducted in vitro experiments and utilized in vivo murine models to investigate the antimalarial activity of VD3 and its analog, 22-oxacalcitriol (22-OCT), which was designed to cause less hypercalcemia than VD3. VD3 and 22-OCT treatments effectively resolved a Plasmodium chabaudi (Pc) infection in wild-type mice. Reduced parasitemia was observed during the acute phase of infection in the presence of VD3 and 22-OCT, followed by a delayed peak during the chronic stage of infection. Some anti-Pc activity was observed in VD receptor knockout (KO) mice. VD3 and 22-OCT also completely inhibited the proliferation of P. falciparum (Pf) in human red blood cells in vitro. Plasma levels of interferon (IFN)-γ in VD3-treated B10 and B6 mice were lower than those in vehicle-treated animals, and VD3 resolved a Pc infection in IFN-γ-KO mice, which greatly improved survival. These data suggest that the protective effects of VD3 are elicited through an IFN-γ-independent mechanism. Effective antiplasmodial doses of VD3 and 22-OCT resulted in a loss of body weight in mice. This loss in body weight occurred concomitantly with the development of hypercalcemia. Zoledronic acid partially attenuated VD3-induced hypercalcemia and abrogated the antiparasitic effects of VD3. This study highlights a potential therapeutic role for VD3 in the treatment of malarial infections and shows that hypercalcemia is excellent indicator of the antiplasmodial activity of VD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Yamamoto
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan; Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan.
| | - Moritoshi Iwagami
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Takenori Seki
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Kano
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Malaria Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ota
- Section of Environmental Parasitology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
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Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic immune disorders of unclear aetiology. Dietary deficiencies may be a potential pathogenic factor in their development. Patients often take food supplements without knowledge of any evidence base. We have therefore assessed the evidence for food supplementation in the management of IBD. A PubMed search was performed for the terms Inflammatory bowel disease; nutritional deficiencies; dietary supplements; curcumin; green tea; vitamin D/other vitamins; folic acid; iron; zinc; probiotics; andrographis paniculata; and boswellia serrate. PubMed was used to search for all relevant articles published between January 1975 and September 2015. Curcumin supplementation has been reported to be effective in reducing the symptoms and the inflammatory indices in IBD patients. Similar results have been observed for green tea; however, pertinent studies are limited. Vitamin D supplementation may help to increase bone mineral density in IBD patients and to reduce disease activity. IBD patients with ileal resections higher than 20 cm may develop vitamin B12 deficiency that requires parenteral supplementation. There is no current evidence to support fat-soluble vitamin supplementation in IBD patients. Zinc and iron should be supplemented in selected cases. Probiotics (VSL#3) may reduce disease activity in IBD patients with pouchitis. Complementary and alternative medicines are used by IBD patients and some studies have shown promising results. In summary, attention to dietary factors such as curcumin, green tea and vitamins, including vitamins D and B12, appears to be beneficial and, if necessary, supplementation may be appropriate.
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Abstract
Available data suggest that vitamin D plays a role in controlling inflammation in the lungs. However, to date vitamin D-induced production of cathelicidin has not been shown to have an effect on the burden of either viruses or bacteria. Future work should continue to determine the effects of vitamin D-regulated mechanisms in the lung and the possible role of cathelicidin against different pulmonary pathogens in vivo.
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1,25 (OH) 2D 3 treatment alters the granulomatous response in M. tuberculosis infected mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34469. [PMID: 27698450 PMCID: PMC5048147 DOI: 10.1038/srep34469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of cathelicidin-mediated antimicrobial pathway against intracellular M. tuberculosis by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the active form of vitamin D, has been documented in vitro. However, in in vivo studies related to inflammatory disorders, 1,25(OH)2D3 has been demonstrated to induce an anti-inflammatory response. We therefore examined whether in the murine model of tuberculosis, the anti-inflammatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 would affect the outcome of M. tuberculosis infection. We show here that administration of 1,25(OH)2D3 to M. tuberculosis infected mice led to a change in lung granuloma architecture, characterized by a marked decrease in B cell lymphocytic aggregates. Consistent with the altered granulomas, 1,25(OH)2D3-treated mice also exhibited significantly higher bacterial burden in the lungs compared to the control group. These findings highlight the need to further investigate the effect of vitamin D on host immunity to M. tuberculosis in the context of the granulomatous response.
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Meeker S, Seamons A, Maggio-Price L, Paik J. Protective links between vitamin D, inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:933-48. [PMID: 26811638 PMCID: PMC4716046 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i3.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with a wide range of diseases and multiple forms of cancer including breast, colon, and prostate cancers. Relatively recent work has demonstrated vitamin D to be critical in immune function and therefore important in inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Because vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is increasingly prevalent around the world, with an estimated 30%-50% of children and adults at risk for vitamin D deficiency worldwide, it could have a significant impact on IBD. Epidemiologic studies suggest that low serum vitamin D levels are a risk factor for IBD and colon cancer, and vitamin D supplementation is associated with decreased colitis disease activity and/or alleviated symptoms. Patients diagnosed with IBD have a higher incidence of colorectal cancer than the general population, which supports the notion that inflammation plays a key role in cancer development and underscores the importance of understanding how vitamin D influences inflammation and its cancer-promoting effects. In addition to human epidemiological data, studies utilizing mouse models of colitis have shown that vitamin D is beneficial in preventing or ameliorating inflammation and clinical disease. The precise role of vitamin D on colitis is unknown; however, vitamin D regulates immune cell trafficking and differentiation, gut barrier function and antimicrobial peptide synthesis, all of which may be protective from IBD and colon cancer. Here we focus on effects of vitamin D on inflammation and inflammation-associated colon cancer and discuss the potential use of vitamin D for protection and treatment of IBD and colon cancer.
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Christakos S, Dhawan P, Verstuyf A, Verlinden L, Carmeliet G. Vitamin D: Metabolism, Molecular Mechanism of Action, and Pleiotropic Effects. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:365-408. [PMID: 26681795 PMCID: PMC4839493 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1071] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1,25-Dihydroxvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] is the hormonally active form of vitamin D. The genomic mechanism of 1,25(OH)2D3 action involves the direct binding of the 1,25(OH)2D3 activated vitamin D receptor/retinoic X receptor (VDR/RXR) heterodimeric complex to specific DNA sequences. Numerous VDR co-regulatory proteins have been identified, and genome-wide studies have shown that the actions of 1,25(OH)2D3 involve regulation of gene activity at a range of locations many kilobases from the transcription start site. The structure of the liganded VDR/RXR complex was recently characterized using cryoelectron microscopy, X-ray scattering, and hydrogen deuterium exchange. These recent technological advances will result in a more complete understanding of VDR coactivator interactions, thus facilitating cell and gene specific clinical applications. Although the identification of mechanisms mediating VDR-regulated transcription has been one focus of recent research in the field, other topics of fundamental importance include the identification and functional significance of proteins involved in the metabolism of vitamin D. CYP2R1 has been identified as the most important 25-hydroxylase, and a critical role for CYP24A1 in humans was noted in studies showing that inactivating mutations in CYP24A1 are a probable cause of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. In addition, studies using knockout and transgenic mice have provided new insight on the physiological role of vitamin D in classical target tissues as well as evidence of extraskeletal effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 including inhibition of cancer progression, effects on the cardiovascular system, and immunomodulatory effects in certain autoimmune diseases. Some of the mechanistic findings in mouse models have also been observed in humans. The identification of similar pathways in humans could lead to the development of new therapies to prevent and treat disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Christakos
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Puneet Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Verstuyf
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieve Verlinden
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Geert Carmeliet
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Ryz NR, Lochner A, Bhullar K, Ma C, Huang T, Bhinder G, Bosman E, Wu X, Innis SM, Jacobson K, Vallance BA. Dietary vitamin D3 deficiency alters intestinal mucosal defense and increases susceptibility to Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G730-42. [PMID: 26336925 PMCID: PMC4628967 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00006.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency affects more that 1 billion people worldwide. Although thought to increase risk of bacterial infections, the importance of vitamin D on host defense against intestinal bacterial pathogens is currently unclear since injection of the active form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D3, increased susceptibility to the enteric bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium by suppressing key immune/inflammatory factors. To further characterize the role of vitamin D during bacteria-induced colitis, we fed weanling mice either vitamin D3-deficient or vitamin D3-sufficient diets for 5 wk and then challenged them with C. rodentium. Vitamin D3-deficient mice lost significantly more body weight, carried higher C. rodentium burdens, and developed worsened histological damage. Vitamin D3-deficient mice also suffered greater bacterial translocation to extra-intestinal tissues, including mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Intestinal tissues of infected vitamin D3-deficient mice displayed increased inflammatory cell infiltrates as well as significantly higher gene transcript levels of inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β, IL-17A, and IL-17F as well as the antimicrobial peptide REG3γ. Notably, these exaggerated inflammatory responses accelerated the loss of commensal microbes and were associated with an impaired ability to detoxify bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Overall, these studies show that dietary-induced vitamin D deficiency exacerbates intestinal inflammatory responses to infection, also impairing host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha R. Ryz
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Arion Lochner
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Kirandeep Bhullar
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Caixia Ma
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Tina Huang
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Else Bosman
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Sheila M. Innis
- 2Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- 1Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; and
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Sarkar S, Hewison M, Studzinski GP, Li YC, Kalia V. Role of vitamin D in cytotoxic T lymphocyte immunity to pathogens and cancer. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2015; 53:132-45. [PMID: 26479950 DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2015.1094443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression in immune cells has opened up a new area of research into immunoregulation by vitamin D, a niche that is distinct from its classical role in skeletal health. Today, about three decades since this discovery, numerous cellular and molecular targets of vitamin D in the immune system have been delineated. Moreover, strong clinical associations between vitamin D status and the incidence/severity of many immune-regulated disorders (e.g. infectious diseases, cancers and autoimmunity) have prompted the idea of using vitamin D supplementation to manipulate disease outcome. While much is known about the effects of vitamin D on innate immune responses and helper T (T(H)) cell immunity, there has been relatively limited progress on the frontier of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity--an arm of host cellular adaptive immunity that is crucial for the control of such intracellular pathogens as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis (TB), malaria, and hepatitis C virus (HCV). In this review, we discuss the strong historical and clinical link between vitamin D and infectious diseases that involves cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) immunity, present our current understanding as well as critical knowledge gaps in the realm of vitamin D regulation of host CTL responses, and highlight potential regulatory connections between vitamin D and effector and memory CD8 T cell differentiation events during infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surojit Sarkar
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Martin Hewison
- c Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), The University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - George P Studzinski
- d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark , NJ , USA , and
| | - Yan Chun Li
- e Department of Medicine, Division of Biological Sciences , The University of Chicago , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Vandana Kalia
- a Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA .,b Seattle Children's Research Institute, Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research , Seattle , WA , USA
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Bergstrom KSB, Morampudi V, Chan JM, Bhinder G, Lau J, Yang H, Ma C, Huang T, Ryz N, Sham HP, Zarepour M, Zaph C, Artis D, Nair M, Vallance BA. Goblet Cell Derived RELM-β Recruits CD4+ T Cells during Infectious Colitis to Promote Protective Intestinal Epithelial Cell Proliferation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005108. [PMID: 26285214 PMCID: PMC4540480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and related food and waterborne pathogens pose significant threats to human health. These attaching/effacing microbes infect the apical surface of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC), causing severe diarrheal disease. Colonizing the intestinal luminal surface helps segregate these microbes from most host inflammatory responses. Based on studies using Citrobacter rodentium, a related mouse pathogen, we speculate that hosts rely on immune-mediated changes in IEC, including goblet cells to defend against these pathogens. These changes include a CD4+ T cell-dependent increase in IEC proliferation to replace infected IEC, as well as altered production of the goblet cell-derived mucin Muc2. Another goblet cell mediator, REsistin-Like Molecule (RELM)-β is strongly induced within goblet cells during C. rodentium infection, and was detected in the stool as well as serum. Despite its dramatic induction, RELM-β’s role in host defense is unclear. Thus, wildtype and RELM-β gene deficient mice (Retnlb-/-) were orally infected with C. rodentium. While their C. rodentium burdens were only modestly elevated, infected Retnlb-/- mice suffered increased mortality and mucosal ulceration due to deep pathogen penetration of colonic crypts. Immunostaining for Ki67 and BrDU revealed Retnlb-/- mice were significantly impaired in infection-induced IEC hyper-proliferation. Interestingly, exposure to RELM-β did not directly increase IEC proliferation, rather RELM-β acted as a CD4+ T cell chemoattractant. Correspondingly, Retnlb-/- mice showed impaired CD4+ T cell recruitment to their infected colons, along with reduced production of interleukin (IL)-22, a multifunctional cytokine that directly increased IEC proliferation. Enema delivery of RELM-β to Retnlb-/- mice restored CD4+ T cell recruitment, concurrently increasing IL-22 levels and IEC proliferation, while reducing mucosal pathology. These findings demonstrate that RELM-β and goblet cells play an unexpected, yet critical role in recruiting CD4+ T cells to the colon to protect against an enteric pathogen, in part via the induction of increased IEC proliferation. Food and water-borne bacterial pathogens such as enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) target the epithelial cells that line the inner surface of their host’s intestines, causing inflammation and diarrhea. While professional immune cells including T lymphocytes are well known for promoting host defense, we hypothesized that as the cells in closest contact with these bacterial pathogens, intestinal epithelial cells also play an active and essential role in protecting the host during infection. Infecting mice with Citrobacter rodentium, a mouse specific relative of EHEC, we noted a dramatic upregulation in the expression and secretion of the mediator RELM-β by a subset of epithelial cells called goblet cells. Compared to wildtype mice, mice lacking RELM-β showed less epithelial cell proliferation and suffered significantly more intestinal damage during infection. Rather than directly causing epithelial cell proliferation, we found RELM-β instead recruited T lymphocytes to the infected intestine. Upon reaching the intestine, the T lymphocytes produced the cytokine interleukin-22, which directly increased epithelial cell proliferation. Taken together, these findings indicate that epithelial/goblet cells play a critical role in orchestrating the host response to an intestinal pathogen, by recruiting T lymphocytes and by promoting epithelial proliferation to limit the intestinal damage suffered during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk S. B. Bergstrom
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Vijay Morampudi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Justin M. Chan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jennifer Lau
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Hyungjun Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Caixia Ma
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tina Huang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Natasha Ryz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ho Pan Sham
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Maryam Zarepour
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Colby Zaph
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Joan and Sanford Weill Department of Medicine, West Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Meera Nair
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Wu X, Conlin VS, Morampudi V, Ryz NR, Nasser Y, Bhinder G, Bergstrom KS, Yu HB, Waterhouse CCM, Buchan AMJ, Popescu OE, Gibson WT, Waschek JA, Vallance BA, Jacobson K. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide promotes intestinal barrier homeostasis and protection against colitis in mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125225. [PMID: 25932952 PMCID: PMC4416880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease is a chronic gastrointestinal inflammatory disorder associated with changes in neuropeptide expression and function, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). VIP regulates intestinal vasomotor and secretomotor function and motility; however, VIP's role in development and maintenance of colonic epithelial barrier homeostasis is unclear. Using VIP deficient (VIPKO) mice, we investigated VIP's role in epithelial barrier homeostasis, and susceptibility to colitis. Colonic crypt morphology and epithelial barrier homeostasis were assessed in wildtype (WT) and VIPKO mice, at baseline. Colitic responses were evaluated following dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) or dextran-sodium sulfate (DSS) exposure. Mice were also treated with exogenous VIP. At baseline, VIPKO mice exhibited distorted colonic crypts, defects in epithelial cell proliferation and migration, increased apoptosis, and altered permeability. VIPKO mice also displayed reduced goblet cell numbers, and reduced expression of secreted goblet cell factors mucin 2 and trefoil factor 3. These changes were associated with reduced expression of caudal type homeobox 2 (Cdx2), a master regulator of intestinal function and homeostasis. DNBS and DSS-induced colitis were more severe in VIPKO than WT mice. VIP treatment rescued the phenotype, protecting VIPKO mice against DSS colitis, with results comparable to WT mice. In conclusion, VIP plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of colonic epithelial barrier integrity under physiological conditions and promotes epithelial repair and homeostasis during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Victoria S. Conlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Vijay Morampudi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Natasha R. Ryz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Yasmin Nasser
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ganive Bhinder
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kirk S. Bergstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation (OMRF), Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Hong B. Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | | | - Oana E. Popescu
- Department of Pathology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - William T. Gibson
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James A. Waschek
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kevan Jacobson
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children’s Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail:
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