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Díaz-Pérez A, Pérez B, Manich G, García-Aranda J, Navarro X, Penas C, Jiménez-Altayó F. Histone deacetylase inhibition by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid during reperfusion promotes multifaceted brain and vascular protection in spontaneously hypertensive rats with transient ischaemic stroke. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 172:116287. [PMID: 38382328 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is the most prevalent modifiable risk factor for stroke and is associated with worse functional outcomes. Pharmacological inhibition of histone deacetylases by suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) modulates gene expression and has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to reduce ischaemic brain injury. Here, we have tested the therapeutic potential of SAHA administered during reperfusion in adult male spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO; 90 min occlusion/24 h reperfusion). Animals received a single dose of SAHA (50 mg/kg) or vehicle i.p. at 1, 4, or 6 h after reperfusion onset. The time-course of brain histone H3 acetylation was studied. After tMCAO, drug brain penetrance and beneficial effects on behavioural outcomes, infarct volume, oedema, angiogenesis, blood-brain barrier integrity, cerebral artery oxidative stress and remodelling, and brain and vascular inflammation were evaluated. SAHA increased brain histone H3 acetylation from 1 to 6 h after injection, reaching the ischaemic brain administered during reperfusion. Treatment given at 4 h after reperfusion onset improved neurological score, reduced infarct volume and oedema, attenuated microglial activation, prevented exacerbated MCA angiogenic sprouting and blood-brain barrier breakdown, normalised MCA oxidative stress and remodelling, and modulated brain and cerebrovascular cytokine expression. Overall, we demonstrate that SAHA administered during early reperfusion exerts robust brain and vascular protection after tMCAO in hypertensive rats. These findings are aligned with previous research in ischaemic normotensive mice and help pave the way to optimise the design of clinical trials assessing the effectiveness and safety of SAHA in ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Gemma Manich
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Human Anatomy and Embriology Unit, Department of Morphological Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Julián García-Aranda
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Xavier Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (RED-TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Clara Penas
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Red Española de Terapias Avanzadas (RED-TERAV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutic and Toxicology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Chambers LC, Yen M, Jackson WF, Dorrance AM. Female mice are protected from impaired parenchymal arteriolar TRPV4 function and impaired cognition in hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2023; 324:H581-H597. [PMID: 36897751 PMCID: PMC10069981 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00481.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is a leading modifiable risk factor for cerebral small vessel disease. Our laboratory has shown that endothelium-dependent dilation in cerebral parenchymal arterioles (PAs) is dependent on transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) activation, and this pathway is impaired in hypertension. This impaired dilation is associated with cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation. Epidemiological evidence suggests that women with midlife hypertension have an increased dementia risk that does not exist in age-matched men, though the mechanisms responsible for this are unclear. This study aimed to determine the sex differences in young, hypertensive mice to serve as a foundation for future determination of sex differences at midlife. We tested the hypothesis that young hypertensive female mice would be protected from the impaired TRPV4-mediated PA dilation and cognitive dysfunction observed in male mice. Angiotensin II (ANG II)-filled osmotic minipumps (800 ng/kg/min, 4 wk) were implanted in 16- to 19-wk-old male C56BL/6 mice. Age-matched female mice received either 800 ng/kg/min or 1,200 ng/kg/min ANG II. Sham-operated mice served as controls. Systolic blood pressure was elevated in ANG II-treated male mice and in 1,200 ng ANG II-treated female mice versus sex-matched shams. PA dilation in response to the TRPV4 agonist GSK1016790A (10-9-10-5 M) was impaired in hypertensive male mice, which was associated with cognitive dysfunction and neuroinflammation, reproducing our previous findings. Hypertensive female mice exhibited normal TRPV4-mediated PA dilation and were cognitively intact. Female mice also showed fewer signs of neuroinflammation than male mice. Determining the sex differences in cerebrovascular health in hypertension is critical for developing effective therapeutic strategies for women.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Vascular dementia is a significant public health concern, and the effect of biological sex on dementia development is not well understood. TRPV4 channels are essential regulators of cerebral parenchymal arteriolar function and cognition. Hypertension impairs TRPV4-mediated dilation and memory in male rodents. Data presented here suggest female sex protects against impaired TRPV4 dilation and cognitive dysfunction during hypertension. These data advance our understanding of the influence of biological sex on cerebrovascular health in hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Chambers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Martina Yen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - William F Jackson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Anne M Dorrance
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
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Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. Animal models are indispensable tools that can mimic stroke processes and can be used for investigating mechanisms and developing novel therapeutic regimens. As a heterogeneous disease with complex pathophysiology, mimicking all aspects of human stroke in one animal model is impossible. Each model has unique strengths and weaknesses. Models such as transient or permanent intraluminal thread occlusion middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) models and thromboembolic models are the most commonly used in simulating human ischemic stroke. The endovascular filament occlusion model is characterized by easy manipulation and accurately controllable reperfusion and is suitable for studying the pathogenesis of focal ischemic stroke and reperfusion injury. Although the reproducibility of the embolic model is poor, it is more convenient for investigating thrombolysis. Rats are the most frequently used animal model for stroke. This review mainly outlines the stroke models of rats and discusses their strengths and shortcomings in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Diseases of Guangdong Medical UniversityZhanjiangChina
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Maternal Undernutrition Modulates Neonatal Rat Cerebrovascular Structure, Function, and Vulnerability to Mild Hypoxic-Ischemic Injury via Corticosteroid-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020680. [PMID: 33445547 PMCID: PMC7827870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored the hypothesis that an adverse intrauterine environment caused by maternal undernutrition (MUN) acted through corticosteroid-dependent and -independent mechanisms to program lasting functional changes in the neonatal cerebrovasculature and vulnerability to mild hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury. From day 10 of gestation until term, MUN and MUN-metyrapone (MUN-MET) group rats consumed a diet restricted to 50% of calories consumed by a pair-fed control; and on gestational day 11 through term, MUN-MET groups received drinking water containing MET (0.5 mg/mL), a corticosteroid synthesis inhibitor. P9/P10 pups underwent unilateral carotid ligation followed 24 h later by 1.5 h exposure to 8% oxygen (HI treatment). An ELISA quantified MUN-, MET-, and HI-induced changes in circulating levels of corticosterone. In P11/P12 pups, MUN programming promoted contractile differentiation in cerebrovascular smooth muscle as determined by confocal microscopy, modulated calcium-dependent contractility as revealed by cerebral artery myography, enhanced vasogenic edema formation as indicated by T2 MRI, and worsened neurobehavior MUN unmasked HI-induced improvements in open-field locomotion and in edema resolution, alterations in calcium-dependent contractility and promotion of contractile differentiation. Overall, MUN imposed multiple interdependent effects on cerebrovascular smooth muscle differentiation, contractility, edema formation, flow-metabolism coupling and neurobehavior through pathways that both required, and were independent of, gestational corticosteroids. In light of growing global patterns of food insecurity, the present study emphasizes that infants born from undernourished mothers may experience greater risk for developing neonatal cerebral edema and sensorimotor impairments possibly through programmed changes in neonatal cerebrovascular function.
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Dunn S, Hilgers RH, Das KC. Thioredoxin deficiency exacerbates vascular dysfunction during diet-induced obesity in small mesenteric artery in mice. Microcirculation 2020; 28:e12674. [PMID: 33316843 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Thioredoxin (Trx) is a small cellular redox protein with established antioxidant and disulfide reductase properties. We hypothesized that Trx deficiency in mice would cause increased oxidative stress with consequent redox imbalance that would exacerbate obesity-induced vascular dysfunction. METHODS Non-transgenic (NT, C57BL/6) and dominant-negative Trx (dnTrx-Tg, low levels of redox-active protein) mice were either fed a normal diet (NC) or high fat diet plus sucrose (HFS) diet for 4 months (3-month HFD+ 1-month HFS). Weight gain, glucose tolerance test (GTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT), and other metabolic parameters were performed following NC or HFS diet. Arterial structural remodeling and functional parameters were assessed by myography. RESULTS Our study found that dnTrx mice with lower levels of active Trx exacerbated myogenic tone, inward arterial remodeling, arterial stiffening, phenylephrine-induced contraction, and endothelial dysfunction of MA. Additionally, FeTMPyP, a peroxynitrite decomposition catalyst, acutely decreased myogenic tone and contraction and normalized endothelial function in MA from dnTrx-Tg mice on HFS via increasing nitric oxide (NO)-mediated relaxation. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that deficiency of active Trx exacerbates MA contractile and relaxing properties during diet-induced obesity demonstrating that loss of redox balance in obesity is a key mechanism of vascular endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Dunn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Robert H Hilgers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Kumuda C Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Yim PD, Gallos G, Lee-Kong SA, Dan W, Wu AD, Xu D, Berkowitz DE, Emala CW. Novel Expression of GABAA Receptors on Resistance Arteries That Modulate Myogenic Tone. J Vasc Res 2020; 57:113-125. [PMID: 32097943 DOI: 10.1159/000505456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical administration of GABAergic medications leads to hypotension which has classically been attributed to the modulation of neuronal activity in the central and peripheral nervous systems. However, certain types of peripheral smooth muscle cells have been shown to express GABAA receptors, which modulate smooth muscle tone, by the activation of these chloride channels on smooth muscle cell plasma membranes. Limited prior studies demonstrate that non-human large-caliber capacitance blood vessels mounted on a wire myograph are responsive to GABAA ligands. We questioned whether GABAA receptors are expressed in human resistance arteries and whether they modulate myogenic tone. We demonstrate the novel expression of GABAA subunits on vascular smooth muscle from small-caliber human omental and mouse tail resistance arteries. We show that GABAA receptors modulate both plasma membrane potential and calcium responses in primary cultured cells from human resistance arteries. Lastly, we demonstrate functional physiologic modulation of myogenic tone via GABAA receptor activation in human and mouse arteries. Together, these studies demonstrate a previously unrecognized role for GABAA receptors in the modulation of myogenic tone in mouse and human resistance arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Yim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA,
| | - George Gallos
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - William Dan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Amy D Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dingbang Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, University of Alabama, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Charles W Emala
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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Jiménez-Xarrié E, Pérez B, Dantas AP, Puertas-Umbert L, Martí-Fabregas J, Chamorro Á, Planas AM, Vila E, Jiménez-Altayó F. Uric Acid Treatment After Stroke Prevents Long-Term Middle Cerebral Artery Remodelling and Attenuates Brain Damage in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2018; 11:1332-1347. [PMID: 30219993 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0661-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is the most important modifiable risk factor for stroke and is associated with poorer post-stroke outcomes. The antioxidant uric acid is protective in experimental normotensive ischaemic stroke. However, it is unknown whether this treatment exerts long-term protection in hypertension. We aimed to evaluate the impact of transient intraluminal middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion (90 min)/reperfusion (1-15 days) on brain and vascular damage progression in adult male Wistar-Kyoto (WKY; n = 36) and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR; n = 37) rats treated (i.v./120 min post-occlusion) with uric acid (16 mg kg-1) or vehicle (Locke's buffer). Ischaemic brain damage was assessed longitudinally with magnetic resonance imaging and properties of MCA from both hemispheres were studied 15 days after stroke. Brain lesions in WKY rats were associated with a transitory increase in circulating IL-18 and cerebrovascular oxidative stress that did not culminate in long-term MCA alterations. In SHR rats, more severe brain damage and poorer neurofunctional outcomes were coupled to higher cortical cerebral blood flow at the onset of reperfusion, a transient increase in oxidative stress and long-lasting stroke-induced MCA hypertrophic remodelling. Thus, stroke promotes larger brain and vascular damage in hypertensive rats that persists for long-time. Uric acid administered during early reperfusion attenuated short- and long-term brain injuries in both normotensive and hypertensive rats, an effect that was associated with abolishment of the acute oxidative stress response and prevention of stroke-induced long-lasting MCA remodelling in hypertension. These results suggest that uric acid might be an effective strategy to improve stroke outcomes in hypertensive subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jiménez-Xarrié
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB)-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Dantas
- Institut Clínic Cardiovascular, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lídia Puertas-Umbert
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Joan Martí-Fabregas
- Stroke Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica (IIB)-Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ángel Chamorro
- Comprehensive Stroke Center, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Àrea de Neurociènces, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Maria Planas
- Àrea de Neurociènces, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vila
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
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Ahnstedt H, Sweet J, Cruden P, Bishop N, Cipolla MJ. Effects of Early Post-Ischemic Reperfusion and tPA on Cerebrovascular Function and Nitrosative Stress in Female Rats. Transl Stroke Res 2016; 7:228-38. [PMID: 27125535 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-016-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a major health issue in women. Our previous studies in male rats showed decreased myogenic tone in middle cerebral arteries (MCAs) after ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), while tone in parenchymal arterioles (PAs) was increased. This vascular response may aggravate stroke damage in males by limiting reperfusion; however, the effect in females is not known. The current study investigated the effect of I/R and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) on myogenic tone and reactivity of MCAs and PAs in female rats. Nitrosative stress by peroxynitrite and recruitment of inflammatory neutrophils to the microvasculature were also studied. Female rats were subjected to 2-h MCA filament occlusion (n = 16) or sham surgery (n = 17) and given tPA (1 mg/kg, i.v) or vehicle followed by 30-min reperfusion. Myogenic tone and reactivity were measured in isolated and pressurized MCAs and PAs from the same animals. Cerebrovascular F-actin, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT, peroxynitrite marker), and intravascular neutrophils were quantified. Myogenic tone and constriction to the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine were decreased in MCAs but unchanged in PAs after I/R with no effect of tPA. F-actin and 3-NT expression were unaffected by I/R or tPA. Our study showed that MCAs from females, similar to what has been seen in males, are dilated after I/R and have decreased myogenic tone while tone in PAs was unchanged. Increased small vessel resistance may contribute to decreased reperfusion and worse outcome after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, HSRF 416A, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Julie Sweet
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, HSRF 416A, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Patrick Cruden
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, HSRF 416A, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Nicole Bishop
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, HSRF 416A, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Marilyn J Cipolla
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, HSRF 416A, 149 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT, USA.
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Onetti Y, Meirelles T, Dantas AP, Schröder K, Vila E, Egea G, Jiménez-Altayó F. NADPH oxidase 4 attenuates cerebral artery changes during the progression of Marfan syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1081-90. [PMID: 26945079 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00770.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a connective tissue disorder that is often associated with the fibrillin-1 (Fbn1) gene mutation and characterized by cardiovascular alterations, predominantly ascending aortic aneurysms. Although neurovascular complications are uncommon in MFS, the improvement in Marfan patients' life expectancy is revealing other secondary alterations, potentially including neurovascular disorders. However, little is known about small-vessel pathophysiology in MFS. MFS is associated with hyperactivated transforming growth factor (TGF)-β signaling, which among numerous other downstream effectors, induces the NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) isoform of NADPH oxidase, a strong enzymatic source of H2O2 We hypothesized that MFS induces middle cerebral artery (MCA) alterations and that Nox4 contributes to them. MCA properties from 3-, 6-, or 9-mo-old Marfan (Fbn1(C1039G/+)) mice were compared with those from age/sex-matched wild-type littermates. At 6 mo, Marfan compared with wild-type mice developed higher MCA wall/lumen (wild-type: 0.081 ± 0.004; Marfan: 0.093 ± 0.002; 60 mmHg; P < 0.05), coupled with increased reactive oxygen species production, TGF-β, and Nox4 expression. However, wall stiffness and myogenic autoregulation did not change. To investigate the influence of Nox4 on cerebrovascular properties, we generated Marfan mice with Nox4 deficiency (Nox4(-/-)). Strikingly, Nox4 deletion in Marfan mice aggravated MCA wall thickening (cross-sectional area; Marfan: 6,660 ± 363 μm(2); Marfan Nox4(-/-): 8,795 ± 824 μm(2); 60 mmHg; P < 0.05), accompanied by decreased TGF-β expression and increased collagen deposition and Nox1 expression. These findings provide the first evidence that Nox4 mitigates cerebral artery structural changes in a murine model of MFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Onetti
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Thayna Meirelles
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana P Dantas
- Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Katrin Schröder
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabet Vila
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gustavo Egea
- Departament de Biologia Cellular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, de Terapèutica i de Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain;
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Fluri F, Grünstein D, Cam E, Ungethuem U, Hatz F, Schäfer J, Samnick S, Israel I, Kleinschnitz C, Orts-Gil G, Moch H, Zeis T, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Seeberger P. Fullerenols and glucosamine fullerenes reduce infarct volume and cerebral inflammation after ischemic stroke in normotensive and hypertensive rats. Exp Neurol 2015; 265:142-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Onetti Y, Dantas AP, Pérez B, Cugota R, Chamorro A, Planas AM, Vila E, Jiménez-Altayó F. Middle cerebral artery remodeling following transient brain ischemia is linked to early postischemic hyperemia: a target of uric acid treatment. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H862-74. [PMID: 25637543 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00001.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia impairs blood supply to the brain, and reperfusion is important to restore cerebral blood flow (CBF) and rescue neurons from cell death. However, reperfusion can induce CBF values exceeding the basal values before ischemia. This hyperemic effect has been associated with a worse ischemic brain damage, albeit the mechanisms that contribute to infarct expansion are not clear. In this study, we investigated the influence of early postischemic hyperemia on brain damage and middle cerebral artery (MCA) properties and the effect of treatment with the endogenous antioxidant uric acid (UA). The MCA was occluded for 90 min followed by 24 h reperfusion in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. Cortical CBF increases at reperfusion beyond 20% of basal values were taken as indicative of hyperemia. UA (16 mg/kg) or vehicle (Locke's buffer) was administered intravenously 135 min after MCA occlusion. Hyperemic compared with nonhyperemic rats showed MCA wall thickening (sham: 22.4 ± 0.8 μm; nonhyperemic: 23.1 ± 1.2 μm; hyperemic: 27.8 ± 0.9 at 60 mmHg; P < 0.001, hyperemic vs. sham) involving adventitial cell proliferation, increased oxidative stress, and interleukin-18, and more severe brain damage. Thus MCA remodeling after ischemia-reperfusion takes place under vascular oxidative and inflammatory stress conditions linked to hyperemia. UA administration attenuated MCA wall thickening, induced passive lumen expansion, and reduced brain damage in hyperemic rats, although it did not increase brain UA concentration. We conclude that hyperemia at reperfusion following brain ischemia induces vascular damage that can be attenuated by administration of the endogenous antioxidant UA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Onetti
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Ana P Dantas
- Institut Clínic del Tòrax, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Belén Pérez
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Roger Cugota
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Angel Chamorro
- Functional Unit of Cerebrovascular Diseases, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Anna M Planas
- Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vila
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Facultat de Medicina, Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain;
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12
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Herson PS, Traystman RJ. Animal models of stroke: translational potential at present and in 2050. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2014; 9:541-551. [PMID: 25530721 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.14.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Translation from basic science bench research in ischemic stroke to bedside treatment of patients suffering ischemic stroke remains a difficult challenge. Despite literally hundreds of compounds and interventions that provide benefit in experimental models of cerebral ischemia, efficacy in humans remains to be demonstrated. The reasons for failure to translate the extensive positive basic science findings to successful clinical trials have been the focus of discussion for years. Some attribute the failure to flaws in clinical trial design, others question the predictive value of current animal models and some question the quality of preclinical data. It is likely that a combination of all these shortcomings have ultimately led to the failure. The purpose of this review is to analyze the commonly used animal models used in the field today, provide a framework for understanding the current state of basic science research in the ischemic stroke field and discuss a path forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard J Traystman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA ; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, 12800 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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13
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Xu J, Shi GP. Vascular wall extracellular matrix proteins and vascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:2106-2119. [PMID: 25045854 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins form the basic structure of blood vessels. Along with providing basic structural support to blood vessels, matrix proteins interact with different sets of vascular cells via cell surface integrin or non-integrin receptors. Such interactions induce vascular cell de novo synthesis of new matrix proteins during blood vessel development or remodeling. Under pathological conditions, vascular matrix proteins undergo proteolytic processing, yielding bioactive fragments to influence vascular wall matrix remodeling. Vascular cells also produce alternatively spliced variants that induce vascular cell production of different matrix proteins to interrupt matrix homeostasis, leading to increased blood vessel stiffness; vascular cell migration, proliferation, or death; or vascular wall leakage and rupture. Destruction of vascular matrix proteins leads to vascular cell or blood-borne leukocyte accumulation, proliferation, and neointima formation within the vascular wall; blood vessels prone to uncontrolled enlargement during blood flow diastole; tortuous vein development; and neovascularization from existing pathological tissue microvessels. Here we summarize discoveries related to blood vessel matrix proteins within the past decade from basic and clinical studies in humans and animals - from expression to cross-linking, assembly, and degradation under physiological and vascular pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysms, varicose veins, and hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Western diet consumption promotes vascular remodeling in non-senescent mice consistent with accelerated senescence, but does not modify vascular morphology in senescent ones. Exp Gerontol 2014; 55:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Jiménez-Altayó F, Planas AM, Vila E. Letter to the editor: "Targeting cerebrovascular myogenic dysfunction in stroke". Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 306:H1481-2. [PMID: 24833733 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00178.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; and
| | - Anna María Planas
- Departament d'Isquèmia Cerebral i Neurodegeneració, Institut de Recerca Biomèdica, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Vila
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra; and
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16
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Ng K, Higurashi M, Uemiya N, Qian Y. Secondary histomorphological changes in cerebral arteries of normotensive and hypertensive rats following a carotid-jugular fistula induction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92433. [PMID: 24647348 PMCID: PMC3960250 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemodynamic changes in cerebral circulation are associated with the natural ageing process and associated pathology, leading to the development of incapacitating neurological and neurovascular diseases. Due to inherent biological limitations, current literatures mostly aimed at studying the correlation descriptively or quantifying the relationship in vitro or using computational models. In this paper, a model of a carotid-jugular fistula in the rat was used to create a haemodynamic insult to the intracranial arterial circulation and subsequent venous drainage. An arterial-venous (AV) fistula was created in 12 rats, 6 of which are normotensive Wistar-Kyoto strain (WKY) and the rest spontaneously hypertensive strain (SHR) with an additional 6 in each strains designed as controls without previous surgery. After 4 weeks of convalescence, all 24 rats were euthanised and their cerebral circulation was examined histomorphologically. We confirmed an intrinsic morphological difference between normotensive WKY and hypertensive SHR and found a modest but significant arterial shrinkage in both strains induced with AV fistula. We also reported that alterations in blood flow are also associated with marked extracellular matrix changes. We concluded that the model was suitable for studying the relative contributions of altering haemodynamic patterns and venous drainage on cerebrovascular changes. We also found that hypertension modulated cerebral vascular changes in addition to disrupted blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Ng
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Masakazu Higurashi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama Minami Kyousai Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nahoko Uemiya
- Department of Endovascular Neurosurgery, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yi Qian
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- * E-mail:
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17
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Western-type diet induces senescence, modifies vascular function in non-senescence mice and triggers adaptive mechanisms in senescent ones. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1410-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Bolduc V, Thorin-Trescases N, Thorin E. Endothelium-dependent control of cerebrovascular functions through age: exercise for healthy cerebrovascular aging. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H620-33. [PMID: 23792680 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00624.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive performances are tightly associated with the maximal aerobic exercise capacity, both of which decline with age. The benefits on mental health of regular exercise, which slows the age-dependent decline in maximal aerobic exercise capacity, have been established for centuries. In addition, the maintenance of an optimal cerebrovascular endothelial function through regular exercise, part of a healthy lifestyle, emerges as one of the key and primary elements of successful brain aging. Physical exercise requires the activation of specific brain areas that trigger a local increase in cerebral blood flow to match neuronal metabolic needs. In this review, we propose three ways by which exercise could maintain the cerebrovascular endothelial function, a premise to a healthy cerebrovascular function and an optimal regulation of cerebral blood flow. First, exercise increases blood flow locally and increases shear stress temporarily, a known stimulus for endothelial cell maintenance of Akt-dependent expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide generation, and the expression of antioxidant defenses. Second, the rise in circulating catecholamines during exercise not only facilitates adequate blood and nutrient delivery by stimulating heart function and mobilizing energy supplies but also enhances endothelial repair mechanisms and angiogenesis. Third, in the long term, regular exercise sustains a low resting heart rate that reduces the mechanical stress imposed to the endothelium of cerebral arteries by the cardiac cycle. Any chronic variation from a healthy environment will perturb metabolism and thus hasten endothelial damage, favoring hypoperfusion and neuronal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bolduc
- Departments of Surgery and Pharmacology, Université de Montréal, and Centre de recherche, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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Pires PW, Dams Ramos CM, Matin N, Dorrance AM. The effects of hypertension on the cerebral circulation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 304:H1598-614. [PMID: 23585139 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00490.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Maintenance of brain function depends on a constant blood supply. Deficits in cerebral blood flow are linked to cognitive decline, and they have detrimental effects on the outcome of ischemia. Hypertension causes alterations in cerebral artery structure and function that can impair blood flow, particularly during an ischemic insult or during periods of low arterial pressure. This review will focus on the historical discoveries, novel developments, and knowledge gaps in 1) hypertensive cerebral artery remodeling, 2) vascular function with emphasis on myogenic reactivity and endothelium-dependent dilation, and 3) blood-brain barrier function. Hypertensive artery remodeling results in reduction in the lumen diameter and an increase in the wall-to-lumen ratio in most cerebral arteries; this is linked to reduced blood flow postischemia and increased ischemic damage. Many factors that are increased in hypertension stimulate remodeling; these include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and reactive oxygen species levels. Endothelial function, vital for endothelium-mediated dilation and regulation of myogenic reactivity, is impaired in hypertension. This is a consequence of alterations in vasodilator mechanisms involving nitric oxide, epoxyeicosatrienoic acids, and ion channels, including calcium-activated potassium channels and transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 4. Hypertension causes blood-brain barrier breakdown by mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, and vasoactive circulating molecules. This exposes neurons to cytotoxic molecules, leading to neuronal loss, cognitive decline, and impaired recovery from ischemia. As the population ages and the incidence of hypertension, stroke, and dementia increases, it is imperative that we gain a better understanding of the control of cerebral artery function in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo W Pires
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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20
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Liu R, Yang SH. Window of opportunity: estrogen as a treatment for ischemic stroke. Brain Res 2013; 1514:83-90. [PMID: 23340160 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotection research in the last 2 decades has witnessed a growing interest in the functions of estrogens as neuroprotectants against neurodegenerative diseases including stroke. The neuroprotective action of estrogens has been well demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. However, the major conducted clinical trials so far have raised concern for the protective effect of estrogen replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. The discrepancy could be partly due to the mistranslation between the experimental stroke research and clinical trials. While predominant experimental studies tested the protective action of estrogens on ischemic stroke using acute treatment paradigm, the clinical trials have mainly focused on the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on the primary and secondary stroke prevention which has not been adequately addressed in the experimental stroke study. Although the major conducted clinical trials have indicated that estrogen replacement therapy has an adverse effect and raise concern for long term estrogen replacement therapy for stroke prevention, these are not appropriate for assessing the potential effects of acute estrogen treatment on stroke protection. The well established action of estrogen in the neurovascular unit and its potential interaction with recombinant tissue Plasminogen Activator (rtPA) makes it a candidate for the combined therapy with rtPA for the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. On the other hand, the "critical period" and newly emerged "biomarkers window" hypotheses have indicated that many clinical relevant factors have been underestimated in the experimental ischemic stroke research. The development and application of ischemic stroke models that replicate the clinical condition is essential for further evaluation of acute estrogen treatment on ischemic stroke which might provide critical information for future clinical trials. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Hormone Therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
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21
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Liu R, Yuan H, Yuan F, Yang SH. Neuroprotection targeting ischemic penumbra and beyond for the treatment of ischemic stroke. Neurol Res 2012; 34:331-7. [PMID: 22643076 DOI: 10.1179/1743132812y.0000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroprotection to attenuate or block the ischemic cascade and salvage neuronal damage has been extensively explored for the treatment of ischemic stroke. In the last two decades, neuroprotective strategy has been evolving from targeting a signal pathway in neurons to protecting all neurovascular components and improving cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction that ultimately benefits the brain recovery after ischemic stroke. The progression from potentially reversible to irreversible injury in the ischemic penumbra has provided the opportunity to develop therapies to attenuate the ischemic stroke damage. Thus, the ischemic penumbra has been the main target for the current neuroprotective intervention. However, despite our increasing knowledge of the physiologic, mechanistic, and imaging characterizations of the ischemic penumbra, no effective neuroprotective therapy has been found so far for the treatment of ischemic stroke. The current acute neuroprotective approach focusing on the damaging mechanisms at the ischemic penumbra is greatly limited by the rapid evolution of the deleterious cascades in the ischemic penumbra. Neuroprotective intervention attempts to promote endogenous repairing in the transition zone of the penumbra for the therapeutic purposes may overcome the unrealistic therapeutic windows under the current neuroprotective strategy. In addition, increasing evidence has indicated ischemic stroke could induce long-lasing cellular and hemodynamic changes beyond the ischemic territory. It is unclear whether and how the global responses induced by the ischemic cascade contribute to the progression of cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke. The prolonged pathophysiological cascades induced by ischemic stroke beyond the ischemic penumbra might provide novel therapeutic opportunities for the neuroprotective intervention, which could prevent or slow down the progression of vascular dementia after ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Liu
- Departments of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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22
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Winters A, Taylor JC, Ren M, Ma R, Liu R, Yang SH. Transient focal cerebral ischemia induces long-term cerebral vasculature dysfunction in a rodent experimental stroke model. Transl Stroke Res 2012; 3:279-85. [PMID: 22899969 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-012-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Constriction and dilation of large arteries of brain regulates cerebral vascular resistance and cerebral microvascular pressure, which play key roles in regulation of cerebral circulation. We investigated the effect of ischemic stroke on vascular reactivity of middle cerebral artery (MCA) using a rat transient focal cerebral ischemia model. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by 1 hour MCA occlusion followed by reperfusion. MCAs were dissected from ischemic or contralateral hemisphere at 2 days or 2 weeks post reperfusion and mounted on 2 glass micropipettes for assessment of vascular reactivity. MCAs from brains of sham surgeries were used as control. At 2 days post reperfusion, a significant alteration of myogenic reactivity was found in MCAs dissected from both ischemic and non-ischemic hemispheres, which could still be identified at 2 weeks after reperfusion. Phenylephrine (PE) induced remarkable vasoconstriction in MCAs from animals that underwent sham surgery. No significant alteration of vasoconstrictive response to PE was found in MCAs isolated from either ischemic or contralateral hemisphere at 2 days or 2 weeks after ischemic stroke, as compared with MCAs from sham animals. Acetylcholine (ACh) induced mild dilation in normal MCAs, which was reversed in MCAs from both ischemic and non-ischemic hemispheres at 2 weeks after ischemic stroke. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) induced vasodilation in MCAs from animals with sham operation, which was diminished in MCAs from both ischemic and non-ischemic hemisphere at 2 days and 2 weeks after ischemic stroke. These results demonstrated that focal cerebral ischemia could induce long-term global cerebral vasculature dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Winters
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX. 76107
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Caracuel L, Jiménez-Altayó F, Romo M, Márquez-Martín A, Dantas AP, Vila E. Transient mesenteric ischemia leads to remodeling of rat mesenteric resistance arteries. Front Physiol 2012; 2:118. [PMID: 22291659 PMCID: PMC3251824 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2011.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenteric ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. We studied the effect of mesenteric I/R on structural and mechanical properties of rat mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) that, once disrupted, might impact the outcome of this devastating clinical condition. Superior mesenteric artery from Wistar–Kyoto rats was occluded (90 min) and reperfused (24 h). The effect of tezosentan, a dual endothelin (ET)-receptor antagonist, was studied in ischemic (IO) and sham-operated (SO) animals. MRA structure and mechanics were assessed by pressure myography. Nuclei distribution, elastin content and organization, collagen I/III and ET-1 expression, ET-1 plasma levels, superoxide anion (O2⋅−) production, and mRNA levels of NAD(P)H-oxidase subunits were measured. To assess ET-1 effects on O2⋅− production, MRA from non-operated rats were incubated in culture medium with ET-1. Mesenteric I/R increased MRA wall thickness (P < 0.05) and cross-sectional area (P < 0.05) but decreased wall stiffness (P < 0.05). Arterial remodeling was paralleled by enhancement of: (i) collagen I/III expression (P < 0.01), ET-1 expression (P < 0.05), and O2⋅− formation (P < 0.01) in the vessel wall; (ii) number of internal elastic lamina (IEL) fenestrae (P < 0.05); and (iii) plasma levels of ET-1 (P < 0.05). Moreover, ET-1 increased O2⋅− (P < 0.05) production in cultured MRA. Tezosentan prevented hypertrophic remodeling and collagen I/III deposition, and enhanced O2⋅− production, but it did not affect the decreased wall stiffness after mesenteric I/R. These results indicate that 90 min occlusion/24 h reperfusion induces hypertrophic remodeling of MRA linked to ET-1-mediated increase of collagen and O2⋅−. Decreased stiffness may be associated with increased number of IEL fenestrae. The resulting MRA remodeling, initially adaptive, might become maladaptive contributing to the pathology and poor outcome of mesenteric I/R, and might be a valuable treatment target for mesenteric I/R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Caracuel
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicología, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Márquez-Martín A, Jiménez-Altayó F, Dantas AP, Caracuel L, Planas AM, Vila E. Middle cerebral artery alterations in a rat chronic hypoperfusion model. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 112:511-8. [PMID: 22096118 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00998.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CHP) induces microvascular changes that could contribute to the progression of vascular cognitive impairment and dementia in the aging brain. This study aimed to analyze the effects of CHP on structural, mechanical, and myogenic properties of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) after bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) in adult male Wistar rats. Sham animals underwent a similar surgical procedure without carotid artery (CA) ligation. After 15 days of occlusion, MCA and CA were dissected and MCA structural, mechanical, and myogenic properties were assessed by pressure myography. Collagen I/III expression was determined by immunofluorescence in MCA and CA and by Western blot in CA. mRNA levels for 1A1, 1A2, and 3A1 collagen subunits were quantified by quantitative real-time PCR in CA. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-13) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) protein expression were determined in CA by Western blot. BCCAO diminished cross-sectional area, wall thickness, and wall-to-lumen ratio. Nevertheless, whereas wall stress was increased, stiffness was not modified and myogenic response was diminished. Hypoperfusion triggered HIF-1α expression. Collagen I/III protein expression diminished in MCA and CA after BCCAO, despite increased mRNA levels for 1A1 and 3A1 collagen subunits. Therefore, the reduced collagen expression might be due to proteolytic degradation, since the expression of MMP-1 and MMP-9 increased in the CA. These data suggest that BCCAO induces hypotrophic remodeling by a mechanism that involves a reduction of collagen I/III in association with increased MMP-1 and MMP-9 and that decreases myogenic tone in major arteries supplying the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Márquez-Martín
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicologia, Institut de Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
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25
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Bolduc V, Drouin A, Gillis MA, Duquette N, Thorin-Trescases N, Frayne-Robillard I, Des Rosiers C, Tardif JC, Thorin E. Heart rate-associated mechanical stress impairs carotid but not cerebral artery compliance in dyslipidemic atherosclerotic mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2011; 301:H2081-92. [PMID: 21926346 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00706.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac cycle imposes a mechanical stress that dilates elastic carotid arteries, while shear stress largely contributes to the endothelium-dependent dilation of downstream cerebral arteries. In the presence of dyslipidemia, carotid arteries stiffen while the endothelial function declines. We reasoned that stiffening of carotid arteries would be prevented by reducing resting heart rate (HR), while improving the endothelial function would regulate cerebral artery compliance and function. Thus we treated or not 3-mo-old male atherosclerotic mice (ATX; LDLr(-/-):hApoB(+/+)) for 3 mo with the sinoatrial pacemaker current inhibitor ivabradine (IVA), the β-blocker metoprolol (METO), or subjected mice to voluntary physical training (PT). Arterial (carotid and cerebral artery) compliance and endothelium-dependent flow-mediated cerebral dilation were measured in isolated pressurized arteries. IVA and METO similarly reduced (P < 0.05) 24-h HR by ≈15%, while PT had no impact. As expected, carotid artery stiffness increased (P < 0.05) in ATX mice compared with wild-type mice, while cerebral artery stiffness decreased (P < 0.05); this paradoxical increase in cerebrovascular compliance was associated with endothelial dysfunction and an augmented metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity (P < 0.05), without changing the lipid composition of the wall. Reducing HR (IVA and METO) limited carotid artery stiffening, but plaque progression was prevented by IVA only. In contrast, IVA maintained and PT improved cerebral endothelial nitric oxide synthase-dependent flow-mediated dilation and wall compliance, and both interventions reduced MMP-9 activity (P < 0.05); METO worsened endothelial dysfunction and compliance and did not reduce MMP-9 activity. In conclusion, HR-dependent mechanical stress contributes to carotid artery wall stiffening in severely dyslipidemic mice while cerebrovascular compliance is mostly regulated by the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Bolduc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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26
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Role of extracellular matrix in vascular remodeling of hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2010; 19:187-94. [PMID: 20040870 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e328335eec9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Arterial stiffness due to alterations in extracellular matrix is one of the mechanisms responsible for increased peripheral resistance in hypertension. Recent evidence points to arterial stiffness as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events. This review focuses on recent advances in the biology of extracellular matrix proteins involved in hypertension-associated vascular changes. RECENT FINDINGS The vascular extracellular matrix is a complex heterogeneous tissue comprising collagens, elastin, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. These constituents not only provide mechanical integrity to the vessel wall but also possess a repertoire of insoluble ligands that induce cell signaling to control proliferation, migration, differentiation, and survival. It is now evident that it is not only the quantity but also the quality of the new synthesized extracellular matrix that determines changes in vascular stiffness in hypertension. Also, the control of cross-linking and the interactions between the extracellular matrix and vascular cells seem to be important. SUMMARY It is now evident that some of the currently used antihypertensive therapies can correct vascular stiffness and fibrosis. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying alterations in extracellular matrix in hypertension will provide insights into novel therapies to reduce arterial stiffness and will identify new roles of established antihypertensive drugs.
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Antioxidant CR-6 protects against reperfusion injury after a transient episode of focal brain ischemia in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2010; 30:638-52. [PMID: 19904289 PMCID: PMC2949133 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2009.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative and nitrosative stress are targets for intervention after ischemia/reperfusion. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of CR-6, a vitamin-E analogue that is antioxidant and scavenger of nitrogen-reactive species. Sprague-Dawley rats had the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occluded either for 90 mins or permanently. Cortical perfusion was continuously monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. CR-6 (100 mg/kg) was administered orally either at 2 and 8 h after MCA occlusion, or at 2 h only. Infarct volume, neurological deficit, and signs of reperfusion injury were evaluated. CR-6 was detected in plasma and brain by HPLC. CR-6 reduced glutathione consumption in the ischemic brain and superoxide generation in the isolated MCA. CR-6 decreased infarct volume and attenuated the neurological deficit at 1 and 7 days after ischemia/reperfusion, but not after permanent ischemia. Immediately after reperfusion, cortical blood flow values returned to their baseline (+/-20%) in several animals, whereas others showed hyper-perfusion (>20% of baseline). Reactive hyperemia was associated with adverse events such as increased cortical BBB leakage, edema, protein nitrotyrosination, COX-2 expression, and neutrophil accumulation; and with a poorer outcome, and CR-6 attenuated these effects. In conclusion, oral CR-6 administration after transient ischemia protects the brain from reperfusion injury.
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Jiménez-Altayó F, Caracuel L, Pérez-Asensio FJ, Martínez-Revelles S, Messeguer A, Planas AM, Vila E. Participation of oxidative stress on rat middle cerebral artery changes induced by focal cerebral ischemia: beneficial effects of 3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1(2H)-benzopyran (CR-6). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:429-36. [PMID: 19692633 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.157131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia followed by reperfusion alters vessel properties of brain arteries in rats, inducing an inflammatory response and excessive generation of reactive oxygen species. This study investigated the participation of oxidative stress on vessel properties after ischemia/reperfusion and the beneficial effects of 3,4-dihydro-6-hydroxy-7-methoxy-2,2-dimethyl-1(2H)-benzopyran (CR-6). The right middle cerebral artery was occluded (90 min) and reperfused (24 h). Sham-operated animals were used as controls. Ischemic rats were treated either with CR-6 (100 mg/kg in 1 ml olive oil) or vehicle (1 ml olive oil) administered orally at 2 and 8 h after the onset of ischemia. The structural, mechanical, and myogenic properties of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) were assessed by pressure myography. Superoxide anion ( ) production was evaluated by ethidium fluorescence, and protein tyrosine nitrosylation was determined by immunofluorescence. Infarct volume was smaller in rats treated with CR-6. In MCA, ischemia/reperfusion increased wall thickness, cross-sectional area, wall/lumen, and decreased wall stress. CR-6 treatment prevented all of these changes induced by ischemia/reperfusion. However, impaired myogenic response and larger lumen diameter in active conditions observed after ischemia/reperfusion were not modified by CR-6. Treatment with CR-6 prevented the increase in production and partially prevented the enhanced protein tyrosine nitrosylation that occurred in response to ischemia/reperfusion. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress is involved in the alterations of MCA properties observed after ischemia/reperfusion and that CR-6 induces protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Jiménez-Altayó
- Departament de Farmacologia, Terapèutica i Toxicología, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Martinez-Lemus LA, Hill MA, Meininger GA. The plastic nature of the vascular wall: a continuum of remodeling events contributing to control of arteriolar diameter and structure. Physiology (Bethesda) 2009; 24:45-57. [PMID: 19196651 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00029.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The diameter of resistance arteries has a profound effect on the distribution of microvascular blood flow and the control of systemic blood pressure. Here, we review mechanisms that contribute to the regulation of resistance artery diameter, both acutely and chronically, their temporal characteristics, and their interdependence. Furthermore, we hypothesize the existence of a remodeling continuum that allows for the vascular wall to rapidly modify its structural characteristics, specifically through the re-positioning of vascular smooth muscle cells. Importantly, the concepts presented more closely link acute vasoregulatory responses with adaptive changes in vessel wall structure. These rapid structural adaptations provide resistance vessels the ability to maintain a desired diameter under presumed optimal energetic and mechanical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center and Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Martinez-Revelles S, Jiménez-Altayó F, Caracuel L, Pérez-Asensio FJ, Planas AM, Vila E. Endothelial Dysfunction in Rat Mesenteric Resistance Artery after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:363-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.134619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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