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Wang F, Huang X, Wang S, Wu D, Zhang M, Wei W. The main molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and its role in chronic kidney disease. Cell Signal 2024; 121:111256. [PMID: 38878804 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The term ferroptosis, coined in 2012, has been widely applied in various disease research fields. Ferroptosis is a newly regulated form of cell death distinct from apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy, the mechanisms of which have been extensively studied. Chronic kidney disease, characterized by renal dysfunction, is a common disease severely affecting human health, with its occurrence and development influenced by multiple factors and leading to dysfunction in multiple systems. It often lacks obvious clinical symptoms in the early stages, and thus, diagnosis is typically made in the later stages, complicating treatment. While research on ferroptosis and acute kidney injury has made continuous progress, studies on the association between ferroptosis and chronic kidney disease remain limited. This review aims to summarize chronic kidney disease, investigate the mechanism and regulation of ferroptosis, and attempt to elucidate the role of ferroptosis in the occurrence and development of chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulin Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuesong Huang
- Department of Urology, Jilin People's Hospital, Jilin, China
| | - Shaokun Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Wei Wei
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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2
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Haynes V, Giulivi C. Calcium-Dependent Interaction of Nitric Oxide Synthase with Cytochrome c Oxidase: Implications for Brain Bioenergetics. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1534. [PMID: 38002494 PMCID: PMC10669843 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeted nitric oxide production is relevant for maintaining cellular energy production, protecting against oxidative stress, regulating cell death, and promoting neuroprotection. This study aimed to characterize the putative interaction of nitric-oxide synthase with mitochondrial proteins. The primary finding of this study is that cytochrome c oxidase (CCO) subunit IV (CCOIV) is associated directly with NOS in brain mitochondria when calcium ions are present. The matrix side of CCOIV binds to the N-terminus of NOS, supported by the abrogation of the binding by antibodies towards the N-terminus of NOS. Evidence supporting the interaction between CCOIV and NOS was provided by the coimmunoprecipitation of NOS from detergent-solubilized whole rat brain mitochondria with antibodies to CCOIV and the coimmunoprecipitation of CCOIV from crude brain NOS preparations using antibodies to NOS. The CCOIV domain that interacts with NOS was identified using a series of overlapping peptides derived from the primary sequence of CCOIV. As calcium ions not only activate NOS, but also facilitate the docking of NOS to CCOIV, this study points to a dynamic mechanism of controlling the bioenergetics by calcium changes, thereby adapting bioenergetics to cellular demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Haynes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cecilia Giulivi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department Molecular Biosciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders (MIND) Institute UCDH, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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3
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Lin DW, Hsu YC, Chang CC, Hsieh CC, Lin CL. Insights into the Molecular Mechanisms of NRF2 in Kidney Injury and Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076053. [PMID: 37047024 PMCID: PMC10094034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox is a constant phenomenon in organisms. From the signaling pathway transduction to the oxidative stress during the inflammation and disease process, all are related to reduction-oxidation (redox). Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor targeting many antioxidant genes. In non-stressed conditions, NRF2 maintains the hemostasis of redox with housekeeping work. It expresses constitutively with basal activity, maintained by Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1)-associated ubiquitination and degradation. When encountering stress, it can be up-regulated by several mechanisms to exert its anti-oxidative ability in diseases or inflammatory processes to protect tissues and organs from further damage. From acute kidney injury to chronic kidney diseases, such as diabetic nephropathy or glomerular disease, many results of studies have suggested that, as a master of regulating redox, NRF2 is a therapeutic option. It was not until the early termination of the clinical phase 3 trial of diabetic nephropathy due to heart failure as an unexpected side effect that we renewed our understanding of NRF2. NRF2 is not just a simple antioxidant capacity but has pleiotropic activities, harmful or helpful, depending on the conditions and backgrounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Lin
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. Martin de Porres Hospital, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chien Hsu
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chih Chang
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chuan Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Liang Lin
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- Kidney and Diabetic Complications Research Team (KDCRT), Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Kidney Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei 105, Taiwan
- Center for Shockwave Medicine and Tissue Engineering, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
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4
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Owagboriaye F, Aina S, Oladunjoye R, Salisu T, Adenekan A, Aladesida A, Dedeke G. Nephrotoxicity of gasoline fumes in male albino rat: a mechanism-based approach study. ALL LIFE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2022.2131635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Folarin Owagboriaye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Sulaimon Aina
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Rasheed Oladunjoye
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Titilola Salisu
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University Ago-Iwoye, Ago-Iwoye, Nigeria
| | - Adedamola Adenekan
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, College of Environmental Management, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Adeyinka Aladesida
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, College of Bioscience, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Gabriel Dedeke
- Department of Pure and Applied Zoology, College of Bioscience, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Jung WK, Park SB, Yu HY, Kim YH, Kim J. Antioxidant Efficacy of Esculetin against Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Oxidative Stress in HEK293 Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5986-5994. [PMID: 36547068 PMCID: PMC9777115 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Esculetin is an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compound derived from coumarin. Oxidative stress can cause overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can lead to the development of chronic kidney failure. In this study, human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells were treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) to determine the antioxidant effects of esculetin. HEK293 cells were treated with t-BHP to validate changes in cell viability, ROS production, and apoptosis, and then treated with esculetin to evaluate the changes. Changes in mRNA and protein levels were analyzed using a proteome kit, PCR, and Western blotting. Esculetin improved HEK293 cell viability and reduced apoptosis caused by t-BHP-induced oxidative stress. At the mRNA and protein levels, esculetin decreased pro-apoptotic factor expression as well as increased anti-apoptotic factor expression. The antioxidant efficacy of esculetin was validated when it inhibited the apoptosis caused by t-BHP-induced oxidative stress in HEK293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Junghyun Kim
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-270-4032; Fax: +82-63-270-4025
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Jung CY, Yoo TH. Pathophysiologic Mechanisms and Potential Biomarkers in Diabetic Kidney Disease. Diabetes Metab J 2022; 46:181-197. [PMID: 35385633 PMCID: PMC8987689 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2021.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease eventually requiring chronic kidney replacement therapy, the prevalence of DKD has failed to decline over the past 30 years. In order to reduce disease prevalence, extensive research has been ongoing to improve prediction of DKD onset and progression. Although the most commonly used markers of DKD are albuminuria and estimated glomerular filtration rate, their limitations have encouraged researchers to search for novel biomarkers that could improve risk stratification. Considering that DKD is a complex disease process that involves several pathophysiologic mechanisms such as hyperglycemia induced inflammation, oxidative stress, tubular damage, eventually leading to kidney damage and fibrosis, many novel biomarkers that capture one specific mechanism of the disease have been developed. Moreover, the increasing use of high-throughput omic approaches to analyze biological samples that include proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics has emerged as a strong tool in biomarker discovery. This review will first describe recent advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of DKD, and second, describe the current clinical biomarkers for DKD, as well as the current status of multiple potential novel biomarkers with respect to protein biomarkers, proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Young Jung
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Kidney Disease Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Corresponding author: Tae-Hyun Yoo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9183-4507 Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea E-mail:
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7
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Jankauskas SS, Kansakar U, Varzideh F, Wilson S, Mone P, Lombardi A, Gambardella J, Santulli G. Heart failure in diabetes. Metabolism 2021; 125:154910. [PMID: 34627874 PMCID: PMC8941799 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2021.154910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure and cardiovascular disorders represent the leading cause of death in diabetic patients. Here we present a systematic review of the main mechanisms underlying the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. We also provide an excursus on the relative contribution of cardiomyocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial and smooth muscle cells to the pathophysiology of heart failure in diabetes. After having described the preclinical tools currently available to dissect the mechanisms of this complex disease, we conclude with a section on the most recent updates of the literature on clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislovas S Jankauskas
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Urna Kansakar
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Fahimeh Varzideh
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Scott Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Pasquale Mone
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jessica Gambardella
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, "Federico II" University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Santulli
- Department of Medicine, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism (FIDAM), Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center (ES-DRC), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Einstein Institute for Neuroimmunology and Inflammation, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Einstein Institute for Aging Research, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA; International Translational Research and Medical Education (ITME), Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, "Federico II" University, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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8
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Mitostasis, Calcium and Free Radicals in Health, Aging and Neurodegeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071012. [PMID: 34356637 PMCID: PMC8301949 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play key roles in ATP supply, calcium homeostasis, redox balance control and apoptosis, which in neurons are fundamental for neurotransmission and to allow synaptic plasticity. Their functional integrity is maintained by mitostasis, a process that involves mitochondrial transport, anchoring, fusion and fission processes regulated by different signaling pathways but mainly by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). PGC-1α also favors Ca2+ homeostasis, reduces oxidative stress, modulates inflammatory processes and mobilizes mitochondria to where they are needed. To achieve their functions, mitochondria are tightly connected to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through specialized structures of the ER termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), which facilitate the communication between these two organelles mainly to aim Ca2+ buffering. Alterations in mitochondrial activity enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, disturbing the physiological metabolism and causing cell damage. Furthermore, cytosolic Ca2+ overload results in an increase in mitochondrial Ca2+, resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction and the induction of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening, leading to mitochondrial swelling and cell death through apoptosis as demonstrated in several neuropathologies. In summary, mitochondrial homeostasis is critical to maintain neuronal function; in fact, their regulation aims to improve neuronal viability and to protect against aging and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Pathophysiology of diabetic kidney disease: impact of SGLT2 inhibitors. Nat Rev Nephrol 2021; 17:319-334. [PMID: 33547417 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 84.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide; in the USA, it accounts for over 50% of individuals entering dialysis or transplant programmes. Unlike other complications of diabetes, the prevalence of diabetic kidney disease has failed to decline over the past 30 years. Hyperglycaemia is the primary aetiological factor responsible for the development of diabetic kidney disease. Once hyperglycaemia becomes established, multiple pathophysiological disturbances, including hypertension, altered tubuloglomerular feedback, renal hypoxia, lipotoxicity, podocyte injury, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired autophagy and increased activity of the sodium-hydrogen exchanger, contribute to progressive glomerular sclerosis and the decline in glomerular filtration rate. The quantitative contribution of each of these abnormalities to the progression of diabetic kidney disease, as well as their role in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, remains to be determined. Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors have a beneficial impact on many of these pathophysiological abnormalities; however, as several pathophysiological disturbances contribute to the onset and progression of diabetic kidney disease, multiple agents used in combination will likely be required to slow the progression of disease effectively.
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Wetzel MD, Stanley K, Wang WW, Maity S, Madesh M, Reeves WB, Awad AS. Selective inhibition of arginase-2 in endothelial cells but not proximal tubules reduces renal fibrosis. JCI Insight 2020; 5:142187. [PMID: 32956070 PMCID: PMC7566719 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.142187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the final common pathway in the pathophysiology of most forms of chronic kidney disease (CKD). As treatment of renal fibrosis still remains largely supportive, a refined understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of kidney fibrosis and the development of novel compounds are urgently needed. Whether arginases play a role in the development of fibrosis in CKD is unclear. We hypothesized that endothelial arginase-2 (Arg2) promotes the development of kidney fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Arg2 expression and arginase activity significantly increased following renal fibrosis. Pharmacologic blockade or genetic deficiency of Arg2 conferred kidney protection following renal fibrosis, as reflected by a reduction in kidney interstitial fibrosis and fibrotic markers. Selective deletion of Arg2 in endothelial cells (Tie2Cre/Arg2fl/fl) reduced the level of fibrosis after UUO. In contrast, selective deletion of Arg2 specifically in proximal tubular cells (Ggt1Cre/Arg2fl/fl) failed to reduce renal fibrosis after UUO. Furthermore, arginase inhibition restored kidney nitric oxide (NO) levels, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial function following UUO. These findings indicate that endothelial Arg2 plays a major role in renal fibrosis via its action on NO and mitochondrial function. Blocking Arg2 activity or expression could be a novel therapeutic approach for prevention of CKD.
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Irazabal MV, Torres VE. Reactive Oxygen Species and Redox Signaling in Chronic Kidney Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061342. [PMID: 32481548 PMCID: PMC7349188 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) remains a worldwide public health problem associated with serious complications and increased mortality rates. Accumulating evidence indicates that elevated intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a major role in the pathogenesis of CKD. Increased intracellular levels of ROS can lead to oxidation of lipids, DNA, and proteins, contributing to cellular damage. On the other hand, ROS are also important secondary messengers in cellular signaling. Consequently, normal kidney cell function relies on the "right" amount of ROS. Mitochondria and NADPH oxidases represent major sources of ROS in the kidney, but renal antioxidant systems, such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, or glutathione peroxidase counterbalance ROS-mediated injury. This review discusses the main sources of ROS and antioxidant systems in the kidney, and redox signaling pathways leading to inflammation and fibrosis, which result in abnormal kidney function and CKD progression. We further discuss the important role of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in regulating antioxidant responses, and other mechanisms of redox signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Irazabal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(507)-293-6388; Fax: +1-(507)-266-9315
| | - Vicente E. Torres
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
- Mayo Translational PKD Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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12
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Wetzel MD, Gao T, Stanley K, Cooper TK, Morris SM, Awad AS. Enhancing kidney DDAH-1 expression by adenovirus delivery reduces ADMA and ameliorates diabetic nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2020; 318:F509-F517. [PMID: 31904280 PMCID: PMC7052661 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00518.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction, characterized by reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide and increased oxidative stress, is a hallmark characteristic in diabetes and diabetic nephropathy (DN). High levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are observed in several diseases including DN and are a strong prognostic marker for cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes and end-stage renal disease. ADMA, an endogenous endothelial nitric oxide synthase (NOS3) inhibitor, is selectively metabolized by dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH). Low DDAH levels have been associated with cardiac and renal dysfunction, but its effects on DN are unknown. We hypothesized that enhanced renal DDAH-1 expression would improve DN by reducing ADMA and restoring NOS3 levels. DBA/2J mice injected with multiple low doses of vehicle or streptozotocin were subsequently injected intrarenally with adenovirus expressing DDAH-1 (Ad-h-DDAH-1) or vector control [Ad-green fluorescent protein (GFP)], and mice were followed for 6 wk. Diabetes was associated with increased kidney ADMA and reduced kidney DDAH activity and DDAH-1 expression but had no effect on kidney DDAH-2 expression. Ad-GFP-treated diabetic mice showed significant increases in albuminuria, histological changes, glomerular macrophage recruitment, inflammatory cytokine and fibrotic markers, kidney ADMA levels, and urinary thiobarbituric acid reactive substances excretion as an indicator of oxidative stress, along with a significant reduction in kidney DDAH activity and kidney NOS3 mRNA compared with normal mice. In contrast, Ad-h-DDAH-1 treatment of diabetic mice reversed these effects. These data indicate, for the first time, that DDAH-1 mediates renal tissue protection in DN via the ADMA-NOS3-interaction. Enhanced renal DDAH-1 activity could be a novel therapeutic tool for treating patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Wetzel
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristen Stanley
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sidney M Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alaa S Awad
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Expression of Neuronal NO Synthase and the Hyperglycemic Reflex to Anoxic Stimulation of the Carotid Body in Normoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Rodríguez-Lara SQ, García-Benavides L, Miranda-Díaz AG. The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System as a Therapeutic Target in Late Injury Caused by Ischemia-Reperfusion. Int J Endocrinol 2018; 2018:3614303. [PMID: 29849615 PMCID: PMC5904808 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3614303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a well-known phenomenon that involves different pathophysiological processes. Connection in diverse systems of survival brings about cellular dysfunction or even apoptosis. One of the survival systems of the cells, to the assault caused by ischemia, is the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (also known as an axis), which is focused on activating diverse signaling pathways to favor adaptation to the decrease in metabolic supports caused by the hypoxia. In trying to adapt to the I/R event, great changes occur that unchain cellular dysfunction with the capacity to lead to cell death, which translates into a poor prognosis due to the progression of dysfunction of the cellular activity. The search for the understanding of the diverse therapeutic alternatives in molecular coupling could favor the prognosis and evolution of patients who are subject to the I/R process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Quetzalcóatl Rodríguez-Lara
- University of Guadalajara, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Leonel García-Benavides
- University of Guadalajara, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Guillermina Miranda-Díaz
- University of Guadalajara, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Therapeutics, Department of Physiology, University Health Sciences Centre, Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
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15
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Raup-Konsavage WM, Gao T, Cooper TK, Morris SM, Reeves WB, Awad AS. Arginase-2 mediates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 313:F522-F534. [PMID: 28515179 PMCID: PMC5582893 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00620.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel therapeutic interventions for preventing or attenuating kidney injury following ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) remain a focus of significant interest. Currently, there are no definitive therapeutic or preventive approaches available for ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). Our objective is to determine 1) whether renal arginase activity or expression is increased in renal IRI, and 2) whether arginase plays a role in development of renal IRI. The impact of arginase activity and expression on renal damage was evaluated in male C57BL/6J (wild type) and arginase-2 (ARG2)-deficient (Arg2-/- ) mice subjected to bilateral renal ischemia for 28 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 h. ARG2 expression and arginase activity significantly increased following renal IRI, paralleling the increase in kidney injury. Pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of Arg2 conferred kidney protection in renal IRI. Arg2-/- mice had significantly attenuated kidney injury and lower plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels after renal IRI. Blocking arginases using S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine (BEC) 18 h before ischemia mimicked arginase deficiency by reducing kidney injury, histopathological changes and kidney injury marker-1 expression, renal apoptosis, kidney inflammatory cell recruitment and inflammatory cytokines, and kidney oxidative stress; increasing kidney nitric oxide (NO) production and endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation, kidney peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α expression, and mitochondrial ATP; and preserving kidney mitochondrial ultrastructure compared with vehicle-treated IRI mice. Importantly, BEC-treated eNOS-knockout mice failed to reduce blood urea nitrogen and creatinine following renal IRI. These findings indicate that ARG2 plays a major role in renal IRI, via an eNOS-dependent mechanism, and that blocking ARG2 activity or expression could be a novel therapeutic approach for prevention of AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Raup-Konsavage
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Gao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Sidney M Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - W Brian Reeves
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas; and
| | - Alaa S Awad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania; .,Department of C&M Physiology, College of Medicine, The Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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16
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Goligorsky MS. Vascular endothelium in diabetes. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F266-F275. [PMID: 27852610 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00473.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Three decades ago a revolutionary idea was born that ascribed to dysfunctional endothelia some manifestations of diabetes, the Steno hypothesis, so named after the Steno Diabetes Center, Gentofte, in Denmark. Here I briefly outline the accomplishments accrued in the past 15 years to buttress this hypothesis. Those include development of novel technological platforms to examine microcirculatory beds, deeper understanding of patterns of microvascular derangement in diabetes, pathophysiology of nitric oxide synthesis and availability, nitrosative and oxidative stress in diabetes, premature senescence of endothelial cells and the role of sirtuin 1 and lysosomal dysfunction in this process, and the state of endothelial glycocalyx and endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes. These pathophysiological findings may yield some therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Goligorsky
- Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology, and Physiology, Renal Research Institute, New York Medical College at Touro University, Valhalla, New York
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A common link between all forms of acute and chronic kidney injuries, regardless of species, is enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) during injury/disease progression. While low levels of ROS and RNS are required for prosurvival signaling, cell proliferation and growth, and vasoreactivity regulation, an imbalance of ROS and RNS generation and elimination leads to inflammation, cell death, tissue damage, and disease/injury progression. RECENT ADVANCES Many aspects of renal oxidative stress still require investigation, including clarification of the mechanisms which prompt ROS/RNS generation and subsequent renal damage. However, we currently have a basic understanding of the major features of oxidative stress pathology and its link to kidney injury/disease, which this review summarizes. CRITICAL ISSUES The review summarizes the critical sources of oxidative stress in the kidney during injury/disease, including generation of ROS and RNS from mitochondria, NADPH oxidase, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. The review next summarizes the renal antioxidant systems that protect against oxidative stress, including superoxide dismutase and catalase, the glutathione and thioredoxin systems, and others. Next, we describe how oxidative stress affects kidney function and promotes damage in every nephron segment, including the renal vessels, glomeruli, and tubules. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Despite the limited success associated with the application of antioxidants for treatment of kidney injury/disease thus far, preventing the generation and accumulation of ROS and RNS provides an ideal target for potential therapeutic treatments. The review discusses the shortcomings of antioxidant treatments previously used and the potential promise of new ones. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 119-146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Ratliff
- 1 Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York.,2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Wasan Abdulmahdi
- 2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Rahul Pawar
- 1 Department of Medicine, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
| | - Michael S Wolin
- 2 Department of Physiology, Renal Research Institute , New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York
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Dal S, Sigrist S. The Protective Effect of Antioxidants Consumption on Diabetes and Vascular Complications. Diseases 2016; 4:E24. [PMID: 28933404 PMCID: PMC5456287 DOI: 10.3390/diseases4030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and diabetes is generally accompanied by a chronic state of oxidative stress, disequilibrium in the redox balance, implicated in the development and progression of complications such as micro- and macro-angiopathies. Disorders in the inner layer of blood vessels, the endothelium, play an early and critical role in the development of these complications. Blunted endothelium-dependent relaxation and/or contractions are quietly associated to oxidative stress. Thus, preserving endothelial function and oxidative stress seems to be an optimization strategy in the prevention of vascular complications associated with diabetes. Diet is a major lifestyle factor that can greatly influence the incidence and the progression of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular complications. The notion that foods not only provide basic nutrition but can also prevent diseases and ensure good health and longevity is now attained greater prominence. Some dietary and lifestyle modifications associated to antioxidative supply could be an effective prophylactic means to fight against oxidative stress in diabesity and complications. A significant benefit of phytochemicals (polyphenols in wine, grape, teas), vitamins (ascorbate, tocopherol), minerals (selenium, magnesium), and fruits and vegetables in foods is thought to be capable of scavenging free radicals, lowering the incidence of chronic diseases. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress in diabetes and complications, highlight the endothelial dysfunction, and examine the impact of antioxidant foods, plants, fruits, and vegetables, currently used medication with antioxidant properties, in relation to the development and progression of diabetes and cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Dal
- DIATHEC EA 7294 UMR Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), boulevard René Leriche, Strasbourg 67200, France.
| | - Séverine Sigrist
- DIATHEC EA 7294 UMR Centre Européen d'Etude du Diabète (CeeD), Université de Strasbourg (UdS), boulevard René Leriche, Strasbourg 67200, France.
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Yaribeygi H, Mohammadi MT. Evaluation of PPAR-α Agonist effect on Kidney Performance Through Increment of Nitric Oxide During Hyperglycemia-Induced Nephropathy in Rat. RAZAVI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.17795/rijm37670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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20
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Transcriptional and Posttranslational Regulation of eNOS in the Endothelium. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 77:29-64. [PMID: 27451094 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a highly reactive free radical gas and these unique properties have been adapted for a surprising number of biological roles. In neurons, NO functions as a neurotransmitter; in immune cells, NO contributes to host defense; and in endothelial cells, NO is a major regulator of blood vessel homeostasis. In the vasculature, NO is synthesized on demand by a specific enzyme, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) that is uniquely expressed in the endothelial cells that form the interface between the circulating blood and the various tissues of the body. NO regulates endothelial and blood vessel function via two distinct pathways, the activation of soluble guanylate cyclase and cGMP-dependent signaling and the S-nitrosylation of proteins with reactive thiols (S-nitrosylation). The chemical properties of NO also serve to reduce oxidation and regulate mitochondrial function. Reduced synthesis and/or compromised biological activity of NO precede the development of cardiovascular disease and this has generated a high level of interest in the mechanisms controlling the synthesis and fate of NO in the endothelium. The amount of NO produced results from the expression level of eNOS, which is regulated at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels as well as the acute posttranslational regulation of eNOS. The goal of this chapter is to highlight and integrate past and current knowledge of the mechanisms regulating eNOS expression in the endothelium and the posttranslational mechanisms regulating eNOS activity in both health and disease.
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Davidson MH. Potential Impact of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Pathophysiology in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Postgrad Med 2015; 126:56-65. [DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2014.05.2756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Soto-Urquieta MG, López-Briones S, Pérez-Vázquez V, Saavedra-Molina A, González-Hernández GA, Ramírez-Emiliano J. Curcumin restores mitochondrial functions and decreases lipid peroxidation in liver and kidneys of diabetic db/db mice. Biol Res 2014; 47:74. [PMID: 25723052 PMCID: PMC4289591 DOI: 10.1186/0717-6287-47-74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nitrosative and oxidative stress play a key role in obesity and diabetes-related mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective was to investigate the effect of curcumin treatment on state 3 and 4 oxygen consumption, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, ATPase activity and lipid oxidation in mitochondria isolated from liver and kidneys of diabetic db/db mice. Results Hyperglycaemia increased oxygen consumption and decreased NO synthesis in liver mitochondria isolated from diabetic mice relative to the control mice. In kidney mitochondria, hyperglycaemia increased state 3 oxygen consumption and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) levels in diabetic mice relative to control mice. Interestingly, treating db/db mice with curcumin improved or restored these parameters to normal levels; also curcumin increased liver mitochondrial ATPase activity in db/db mice relative to untreated db/db mice. Conclusions These findings suggest that hyperglycaemia modifies oxygen consumption rate, NO synthesis and increases TBARS levels in mitochondria from the liver and kidneys of diabetic mice, whereas curcumin may have a protective role against these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- María G Soto-Urquieta
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, C.P. León, 37320, Obregón, GTO, México.
| | - Sergio López-Briones
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, C.P. León, 37320, Obregón, GTO, México.
| | - Victoriano Pérez-Vázquez
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, C.P. León, 37320, Obregón, GTO, México.
| | - Alfredo Saavedra-Molina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia, MICH, México. .,University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | | | - Joel Ramírez-Emiliano
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad de Guanajuato, C.P. León, 37320, Obregón, GTO, México.
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Marrazzo G, Barbagallo I, Galvano F, Malaguarnera M, Gazzolo D, Frigiola A, D'Orazio N, Li Volti G. Role of dietary and endogenous antioxidants in diabetes. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:1599-616. [PMID: 24580561 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.644874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes affects different people of all ages, race, and sex. This is a condition characterized by a state of chronic hyperglycaemia that leads to an increase of intracellular oxidative stress linked to the overproduction of free radicals. In the present review, we focus our attention on the molecular mechanisms leading to oxidative stress-mediates complications with particular regard to central nervous system (CNS). Furthermore, the present review reports the effects of different kind of antioxidants with enzymatic and nonenzymatic action that may significantly decrease the intracellular free radicals' overproduction and prevents the hyperglycaemia-mediated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Marrazzo
- a Department of Drug Science, Section of Biochemistry , University of Catania , Catanina , Italy
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24
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You H, Gao T, Cooper TK, Morris SM, Awad AS. Diabetic nephropathy is resistant to oral L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014; 307:F1292-301. [PMID: 25320354 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00176.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent publication showed that pharmacological blockade of arginases confers kidney protection in diabetic nephropathy via a nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS)3-dependent mechanism. Arginase competes with endothelial NOS (eNOS) for the common substrate L-arginine. Lack of L-arginine results in reduced NO production and eNOS uncoupling, which lead to endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, we hypothesized that L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation would ameliorate diabetic nephropathy. DBA mice injected with multiple low doses of vehicle or streptozotocin (50 mg/kg ip for 5 days) were provided drinking water with or without L-arginine (1.5%, 6.05 g·kg(-1)·day(-1)) or L-citrulline (1.66%, 5.73 g·kg(-1)·day(-1)) for 9 wk. Nonsupplemented diabetic mice showed significant increases in albuminuria, blood urea nitrogen, glomerular histopathological changes, kidney macrophage recruitment, kidney TNF-α and fibronectin mRNA expression, kidney arginase activity, kidney arginase-2 protein expression, and urinary oxidative stress along with a significant reduction of nephrin and eNOS protein expression and kidney nitrite + nitrate compared with normal mice after 9 wk of diabetes. Surprisingly, L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation in diabetic mice did not affect any of these parameters despite greatly increasing kidney and plasma arginine levels. These findings demonstrate that chronic L-arginine or L-citrulline supplementation does not prevent or reduce renal injury in a model of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning You
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Gao
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy K Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania; and
| | - Sidney M Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alaa S Awad
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania;
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Zeng R, Duan L, Sun L, Kong Y, Wu X, Wang Y, Xin G, Yang K. A meta-analysis on the relationship of eNOS 4b/a polymorphism and diabetic nephropathy susceptibility. Ren Fail 2014; 36:1520-35. [DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2014.958955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Maezawa Y, Takemoto M, Yokote K. Cell biology of diabetic nephropathy: Roles of endothelial cells, tubulointerstitial cells and podocytes. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 6:3-15. [PMID: 25621126 PMCID: PMC4296695 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the major cause of end-stage renal failure throughout the world in both developed and developing countries. Diabetes affects all cell types of the kidney, including endothelial cells, tubulointerstitial cells, podocytes and mesangial cells. During the past decade, the importance of podocyte injury in the formation and progression of diabetic nephropathy has been established and emphasized. However, recent findings provide additional perspectives on pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Glomerular endothelial damage is already present in the normoalbuminuric stage of the disease when podocyte injury starts. Genetic targeting of mice that cause endothelial injury leads to accelerated diabetic nephropathy. Tubulointerstitial damage, previously considered to be a secondary effect of glomerular protein leakage, was shown to have a primary significance in the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Emerging evidence suggests that the glomerular filtration barrier and tubulointerstitial compartment is a composite, dynamic entity where any injury of one cell type spreads to other cell types, and leads to the dysfunction of the whole apparatus. Accumulation of novel knowledge would provide a better understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy, and might lead to a development of a new therapeutic strategy for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Maezawa
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba, Japan ; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital Chiba, Japan
| | - Minoru Takemoto
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba, Japan ; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital Chiba, Japan
| | - Koutaro Yokote
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology and Medicine, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine Chiba, Japan ; Division of Diabetes, Metabolism and Endocrinology, Chiba University Hospital Chiba, Japan
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27
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Veron D, Aggarwal PK, Velazquez H, Kashgarian M, Moeckel G, Tufro A. Podocyte-specific VEGF-a gain of function induces nodular glomerulosclerosis in eNOS null mice. J Am Soc Nephrol 2014; 25:1814-24. [PMID: 24578128 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2013070752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
VEGF-A and nitric oxide are essential for glomerular filtration barrier homeostasis and are dysregulated in diabetic nephropathy. Here, we examined the effect of excess podocyte VEGF-A on the renal phenotype of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) knockout mice. Podocyte-specific VEGF(164) gain of function in eNOS(-/-) mice resulted in nodular glomerulosclerosis, mesangiolysis, microaneurysms, and arteriolar hyalinosis associated with massive proteinuria and renal failure in the absence of diabetic milieu or hypertension. In contrast, podocyte-specific VEGF(164) gain of function in wild-type mice resulted in less pronounced albuminuria and increased creatinine clearance. Transmission electron microscopy revealed glomerular basement membrane thickening and podocyte effacement in eNOS(-/-) mice with podocyte-specific VEGF(164) gain of function. Furthermore, glomerular nodules overexpressed collagen IV and laminin extensively. Biotin-switch and proximity ligation assays demonstrated that podocyte-specific VEGF(164) gain of function decreased glomerular S-nitrosylation of laminin in eNOS(-/-) mice. In addition, treatment with VEGF-A decreased S-nitrosylated laminin in cultured podocytes. Collectively, these data indicate that excess glomerular VEGF-A and eNOS deficiency is necessary and sufficient to induce Kimmelstiel-Wilson-like nodular glomerulosclerosis in mice through a process that involves deposition of laminin and collagen IV and de-nitrosylation of laminin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Michael Kashgarian
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Gilbert Moeckel
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Qian J, Fulton D. Post-translational regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelium. Front Physiol 2013; 4:347. [PMID: 24379783 PMCID: PMC3861784 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived gaseous signaling molecule. In blood vessels, it is synthesized in a dynamic fashion by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and influences vascular function via two distinct mechanisms, the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent signaling and the S-nitrosylation of proteins with reactive thiols (S-nitrosylation). The regulation of eNOS activity and NO bioavailability is critical to maintain blood vessel function. The activity of eNOS and ability to generate NO is regulated at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. Post-translational modifications acutely impact eNOS activity and dysregulation of these mechanisms compromise eNOS activity and foster the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). This review will intergrate past and current literature on the post-translational modifications of eNOS in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Qian
- Pulmonary and Critical Care, School of Medicine, Stanford University/VA Palo Alto Health Care System Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - David Fulton
- Vascular Biology Center, Georgia Regents University Augusta, GA, USA
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Martínez-Morúa A, Soto-Urquieta MG, Franco-Robles E, Zúñiga-Trujillo I, Campos-Cervantes A, Pérez-Vázquez V, Ramírez-Emiliano J. Curcumin decreases oxidative stress in mitochondria isolated from liver and kidneys of high-fat diet-induced obese mice. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2013; 15:905-915. [PMID: 23782307 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2013.802687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a key role in obesity and diabetes-related mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction is characterized by increased oxidative damage, nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, and a reduced ratio of adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) production/oxygen consumption. Curcumin represents a potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. In this study, our objective was to determine the effect of curcumin treatment on oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice (OM). These results suggest that curcumin treatment increased oxygen consumption and significantly decreased lipid and protein oxidation levels in liver mitochondria isolated from HFD-induced OM compared with those in the untreated OM (UOM). In kidney mitochondria, curcumin treatment significantly increased oxygen consumption and decreased lipid and protein peroxidation levels in HFD-induced OM when compared with those in UOM. Curcumin treatment neither has any effect on body weight gain nor have any effects on mitochondrial NO synthesis. These findings suggest that obesity induces oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, whereas curcumin may have a protective role against obesity-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Martínez-Morúa
- a Departamento de Medicina y Nutrición , Universidad de Guanajuato , Campus León , León, Gto. , Mexico
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You H, Gao T, Cooper TK, Morris SM, Awad AS. Arginase inhibition mediates renal tissue protection in diabetic nephropathy by a nitric oxide synthase 3-dependent mechanism. Kidney Int 2013; 84:1189-97. [PMID: 23760286 PMCID: PMC3783645 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently we showed that pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of arginase-2 confers kidney protection in diabetic mouse models. Here we tested whether the protective effect of arginase inhibition is nitric oxide synthase-3 (eNOS)-dependent in diabetic nephropathy. Experiments were conducted in eNOS knockout and their wild type littermate mice using multiple low doses of vehicle or streptozotocin and treated with continuous subcutaneous infusion of vehicle or the arginase inhibitor S-(2-Boronoethyl)-L-cysteine by an osmotic pump. Inhibition of arginases for 6 weeks in diabetic wild type mice significantly attenuated albuminuria, the increase in plasma creatinine and blood urea nitrogen, histopathological changes, kidney fibronectin and TNF-α expression, kidney macrophage recruitment, and oxidative stress compared to vehicle-treated diabetic wild type mice. Arginase inhibition in diabetic eNOS knockout mice failed to affect any of these parameters but reduced kidney macrophage recruitment and kidney TNF-α expression compared to vehicle-treated diabetic eNOS knockout mice. Furthermore, diabetic wild type and eNOS knockout mice exhibited increased kidney arginase-2 protein, arginase activity and ornithine levels. Thus, arginase inhibition mediates renal tissue protection in diabetic nephropathy by an eNOS-dependent mechanism and has an eNOS-independent effect on kidney macrophage recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanning You
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
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Jia X, Lü H, Li C, Feng G, Yao X, Mao L, Ke T, Che Y, Xu Y, Li Z, Kong D. Human embryonic stem cells-derived endothelial cell therapy facilitates kidney regeneration by stimulating renal resident stem cell proliferation in acute kidney injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-013-5890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Eleftheriadis T, Antoniadi G, Pissas G, Liakopoulos V, Stefanidis I. The renal endothelium in diabetic nephropathy. Ren Fail 2013; 35:592-9. [PMID: 23472883 DOI: 10.3109/0886022x.2013.773836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. Diabetes mellitus is characterized by generalized endothelial dysfunction. However, recent data also emphasizes the role of local renal endothelium dysfunction in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Hyperglycemia triggers a complex network of signal-transduction molecules, transcription factors, and mediators that culminate in endothelial dysfunction. In the glomerulus, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF)-induced neoangiogenesis may contribute to the initial hyperfiltration and microalbuminuria due to increased filtration area and immaturity of the neovessels, respectively. However, subsequent decrease in podocytes number decreases VEGF production resulting in capillary rarefaction and decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Decreased nitric oxide availability also plays a significant role in the development of advanced lesions of diabetic nephropathy through disruption of glomerular autoregulation, uncontrolled VEGF action, release of prothrombotic substances by endothelial cells and angiotensin-II-independent aldosterone production. In addition, disturbances in endothelial glycocalyx contribute to decreased permselectivity and microalbuminuria; whereas there are recent evidences that reduced glomerular fenestral endothelium leads to decreased GFR levels. Endothelial repair mechanisms are also impaired in diabetes, since circulating endothelial progenitor cells number is decreased in diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Finally, in the context of elevated profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-β levels, endothelial cells also confer to the deteriorating process of fibrosis in advanced diabetic nephropathy through endothelial to mesenchymal transition.
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Nakagawa T, Sato W, Kosugi T, Johnson RJ. Uncoupling of VEGF with endothelial NO as a potential mechanism for abnormal angiogenesis in the diabetic nephropathy. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:184539. [PMID: 24386643 PMCID: PMC3872226 DOI: 10.1155/2013/184539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal angiogenesis is a well characterized complication in diabetic retinopathy and is now recognized as a feature of diabetic nephropathy. The primary growth factor driving the increased angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy is vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). While VEGF is considered an important growth factor for maintaining glomerular capillary integrity and function, increased action of VEGF in diabetic renal disease may carry adverse consequences. Studies by our group suggest that the effects of VEGF are amplified in the setting of endothelial dysfunction and low nitric oxide (NO) levels, which are a common feature in the diabetic state. The lack of NO may amplify the effects of VEGF to induce inflammation (via effects on the macrophage) and may lead to dysregulation of the vasculature, exacerbating features of diabetic renal disease. In this review, we summarize how an "uncoupling" of the VEGF-NO axis may contribute to the pathology of the diabetic kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Nakagawa
- TMK Project, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto 606-8397, Japan
- *Takahiko Nakagawa:
| | - Waichi Sato
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosugi
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Richard J. Johnson
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Zaobornyj T, Ghafourifar P. Strategic localization of heart mitochondrial NOS: a review of the evidence. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H1283-93. [PMID: 23023869 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00674.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heart mitochondria play a central role in cell energy provision and in signaling. Nitric oxide (NO) is a free radical with primary regulatory functions in the heart and involved in a broad array of key processes in cardiac metabolism. Specific NO synthase (NOS) isoforms are confined to distinct locations in cardiomyocytes. The present article reviews the chemical reactions through which NO interacts with biomolecules and exerts some of its crucial roles. Specifically, the article discusses the reactions of NO with mitochondrial targets and the subcellular localization of NOS within the myocardium and analyzes the available data about heart mitochondrial NOS activity and identity. The article also describes the regulation of heart mtNOS by the distinctive mitochondrial environment by showing the effects of Ca(2+), O(2), l-arginine, mitochondrial transmembrane potential, and the metabolic states on heart mitochondrial NO production. The article depicts the effects of NO on heart function and highlights the relevance of NO production within mitochondria. Finally, the evidence on the functional implications of heart mitochondrial NOS is delineated with emphasis on chronic hypoxia and ischemia-reperfusion studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zaobornyj
- Laboratory of Free Radical Biology, School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: possible involvement of endoplasmic reticulum stress? EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2012; 2012:481840. [PMID: 22474423 PMCID: PMC3299342 DOI: 10.1155/2012/481840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The vascular complications of diabetes mellitus impose a huge burden on the management of this disease. The higher incidence of cardiovascular complications and the unfavorable prognosis among diabetic individuals who develop such complications have been correlated to the hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and associated endothelial dysfunction. Although antioxidants may be considered as effective therapeutic agents to relieve oxidative stress and protect the endothelium, recent clinical trials involving these agents have shown limited therapeutic efficacy in this regard. In the recent past experimental evidence suggest that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the endothelial cells might be an important contributor to diabetes-related vascular complications. The current paper contemplates the possibility of the involvement of ER stress in endothelial dysfunction and diabetes-associated vascular complications.
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Morris SM, Gao T, Cooper TK, Kepka-Lenhart D, Awad AS. Arginase-2 mediates diabetic renal injury. Diabetes 2011; 60:3015-22. [PMID: 21926276 PMCID: PMC3198072 DOI: 10.2337/db11-0901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine 1) whether renal arginase activity or expression is increased in diabetes and 2) whether arginase plays a role in development of diabetic nephropathy (DN). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The impact of arginase activity and expression on renal damage was evaluated in spontaneously diabetic Ins2(Akita) mice and in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Dilute Brown Agouti (DBA) and arginase-2-deficient mice (Arg2(-/-)). RESULTS Pharmacological blockade or genetic deficiency of arginase-2 conferred kidney protection in Ins2(Akita) mice or STZ-induced diabetic renal injury. Blocking arginases using S-(2-boronoethyl)-L-cysteine for 9 weeks in Ins2(Akita) mice or 6 weeks in STZ-induced diabetic DBA mice significantly attenuated albuminuria, the increase in blood urea nitrogen, histopathological changes, and kidney macrophage recruitment compared with vehicle-treated Ins2(Akita) mice. Furthermore, kidney arginase-2 expression increased in Ins2(Akita) mice compared with control. In contrast, arginase-1 expression was undetectable in kidneys under normal or diabetes conditions. Arg2(-/-) mice mimicked arginase blockade by reducing albuminuria after 6 and 18 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes. In wild-type mice, kidney arginase activity increased significantly after 6 and 18 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes but remained very low in STZ-diabetic Arg2(-/-) mice. The increase in kidney arginase activity was associated with a reduction in renal medullary blood flow in wild-type mice after 6 weeks of STZ-induced diabetes, an effect significantly attenuated in diabetic Arg2(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that arginase-2 plays a major role in induction of diabetic renal injury and that blocking arginase-2 activity or expression could be a novel therapeutic approach for treatment of DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidney M. Morris
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ting Gao
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy K. Cooper
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Diane Kepka-Lenhart
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Alaa S. Awad
- Department of Medicine, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania
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Lemus M, Montero S, Leal CA, Portilla-de Buen E, Luquin S, Garcia-Estrada J, Melnikov V, de Alvarez-Buylla E. Nitric oxide infused in the solitary tract nucleus blocks brain glucose retention induced by carotid chemoreceptor stimulation. Nitric Oxide 2011; 25:387-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2011.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Yang XY, Qiang GF, Zhang L, Zhu XM, Wang SB, Sun L, Yang HG, Du GH. Salvianolic acid A protects against vascular endothelial dysfunction in high-fat diet fed and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2011; 13:884-894. [PMID: 21972802 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2011.598457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Salvianolic acid A (SalA) is one of the main active ingredients of Salvia miltiorrhizae. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of SalA on the diabetic vascular endothelial dysfunction (VED). The rats were given a high-fat and high-sucrose diet for 1 month followed by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (30 mg/kg). The diabetic rats were treated with SalA (1 mg/kg, 90% purity) orally for 10 weeks after modeling, and were given a high-fat diet. Contractile and relaxant responses of aorta rings as well as the serum indications were measured. Our results indicated that SalA treatment decreased the level of serum Von Willebrand factor and ameliorated acetylcholine-induced relaxation and KCl-induced contraction in aorta rings of the diabetic rats. SalA treatment also reduced the serum malondialdehyde, the content of aortic advanced glycation end products (AGEs), and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity as well as the expression of endothelial NOS protein in the rat aorta. Exposure of EA.hy926 cells to AGEs decreased the cell viability and changed the cell morphology, whereas SalA had protective effect on AGEs-induced cellular vitality. Our data suggested that SalA could protect against vascular VED in diabetes, which might attribute to its suppressive effect on oxidative stress and AGEs-induced endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Ying Yang
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
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He Y, Fan Z, Zhang J, Zhang Q, Zheng M, Li Y, Zhang D, Gu S, Yang H. Polymorphisms of eNOS gene are associated with diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Mutagenesis 2010; 26:339-49. [PMID: 21084433 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to assess the association between the alleles of endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) gene 4b/a, G894T, T786C polymorphisms and diabetic nephropathy (DN) through meta-analyses. We also performed a subgroup analysis based on ethnicity (Caucasians, East-Asian and other populations). A total of 3793 patients (DN) and 3161 controls (diabetes without nephropathy) for 4b/a, 2654 patients and 1993 controls for G894T and 1348 patients and 1175 controls for T786C were included in our analysis. Overall, allele contrast (4a versus 4b) of 4b/a polymorphism produced significant results in the global population [random effects model (RE) odds ratio (OR) = 1.33; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10-1.61, P = 0.003] and East-Asian population (RE OR = 1.68; 95% CI = 1.23-2.30, P = 0.001), but not in the Caucasian population. In allele contrast of G894T, an obvious significant result was observed in the East-Asian population [fixed effects model OR = 1.69; 95% CI = 1.37-2.08, P < 0.0001], but not in the Caucasian population. Sensitivity analyses generated similar results to those of the primary analyses. The evidence accumulated suggested that 4b/a and G894T polymorphisms in the eNOS gene were associated with susceptibility to DN in Asian populations, but not in Caucasian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming He
- Department of Endocrinology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai 200437, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The mechanisms that drive the development of diabetic nephropathy remain undetermined. Only 30-40% of patients with diabetes mellitus develop overt nephropathy, which suggests that other contributing factors besides the diabetic state are required for the progression of diabetic nephropathy. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with human diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy, and advanced diabetic glomerulopathy often exhibits thrombotic microangiopathy, including glomerular capillary microaneurysms and mesangiolysis, which are typical manifestations of endothelial dysfunction in the glomerulus. Likewise, diabetic mice with severe endothelial dysfunction owing to deficiency of endothelial nitric oxide synthase develop progressive nephropathy and retinopathy similar to the advanced lesions observed in humans with diabetes mellitus. Additionally, inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system fail to be renoprotective in some individuals with diabetic nephropathy (due in part to aldosterone breakthrough) and in some mouse models of the disease. In this Review, we discuss the clinical and experimental evidence that supports a role for endothelial nitric oxide deficiency and subsequent endothelial dysfunction in the progression of diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy. If endothelial dysfunction is the key factor required for diabetic nephropathy, then agents that improve endothelial function or raise intraglomerular nitric oxide level could be beneficial in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy.
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Gentile V, Antonini G, Antonella Bertozzi M, Dinelli N, Rizzo C, Ashraf Virmani M, Koverech A. Effect of propionyl-L-carnitine, L-arginine and nicotinic acid on the efficacy of vardenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction in diabetes. Curr Med Res Opin 2009; 25:2223-8. [PMID: 19624286 DOI: 10.1185/03007990903138416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association of diabetes-related vascular damage and the role of metabolic factors in erectile dysfunction are well known in the literature. The compounds propionyl-L-carnitine (PLC), L-arginine (L-Arg) and nicotinic acid have numerous metabolic actions which have been reported to improve endothelial function. This study investigated the administration of the combination of these three compounds alone and in association with an inhibitor of 5-phosphodiesterase (5PDE), vardenafil, on endothelial function in diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction. METHODS A total of 40 patients aged between 50 and 60 years with insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM) for 3-4 years were selected from 509 patients presenting with erectile dysfunction. The patients were randomly subdivided into four groups of ten to be treated for 12 weeks. Group A was administered one sachet each day of test formulation containing PLC, L-Arg and nicotinic acid (Ezerex); group B with one 20 mg capsule of vardenafil (Levitra) twice a week; group C was treated with one sachet each day of the test formulation plus vardenafil 20 mg twice a week. Group D was administered placebo capsules twice weekly. Endothelial function was evaluated by examining flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and erectile function was estimated with the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF5) questionnaire in all subjects. RESULTS At the end of treatment group A showed an increment of 2 points in the IIEF5; group B showed an increment of 4 points; group C, the group which was administered all the treatments, showed an increment of 5 points, and group D, treated with placebo, showed no increment in the IIEF5. CONCLUSION Although there was a small number of subjects in this study the data suggest that the test formulation may improve the endothelial situation in diabetes. The test formulation together with vardenafil was better than the 5PDE inhibitor alone, but further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Gentile
- Dipartimento di Urologia U Bracci, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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Lemus M, Montero S, Luquín S, García J, De Alvarez-Buylla ER. Nitric oxide in the solitary tract nucleus (STn) modulates glucose homeostasis and FOS-ir expression after carotid chemoreceptor stimulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 648:403-10. [PMID: 19536505 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-2259-2_46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We evaluate in rats the role of NO in the solitary tract nucleus (STn) after an anoxic stimulus to carotid body chemoreceptor cells (CChrc) with cyanide (NaCN), on the hyperglycemic reflex with glucose retention by the brain (BGR) and FOS expression (FOS-ir) in the STn. The results suggest that nitroxidergic pathways in the STn may play an important role in glucose homeostasis. A NO donor such as sodium nitroprusside (NPS) in the STn before CChrc stimulation increased arterial glucose level and significantly decreased BGR. NPS also induced a higher FOS-ir expression in STn neurons when compared to neurons in control rats that only received artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) before CChrc stimulation. In contrast, a selective NOS inhibitor such as Nomega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) in the STn before CChrc stimulation resulted in an increase of both, systemic glucose and BGR above control values. In this case, the number of FOS-ir positive neurons in the STn decreased when compared to control or to NPS experiments. FOS-ir expression in brainstem cells suggests that CChrc stimulation activates nitroxidergic pathways in the STn to regulate peripheral and central glucose homeostasis. The study of these functionally defined cells will be important to understand brain glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lemus
- Centro Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Colima, Colima, Col. 28045, Mexico
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Bashan N, Kovsan J, Kachko I, Ovadia H, Rudich A. Positive and negative regulation of insulin signaling by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Physiol Rev 2009; 89:27-71. [PMID: 19126754 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00014.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 351] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)/reactive nitrogen species (RNS) adequately balanced by antioxidant systems is a prerequisite for the participation of these active substances in physiological processes, including insulin action. Yet, increasing evidence implicates ROS and RNS as negative regulators of insulin signaling, rendering them putative mediators in the development of insulin resistance, a common endocrine abnormality that accompanies obesity and is a risk factor of type 2 diabetes. This review deals with this dual, seemingly contradictory, function of ROS and RNS in regulating insulin action: the major processes for ROS and RNS generation and detoxification are presented, and a critical review of the evidence that they participate in the positive and negative regulation of insulin action is provided. The cellular and molecular mechanisms by which ROS and RNS are thought to participate in normal insulin action and in the induction of insulin resistance are then described. Finally, we explore the potential usefulness and the challenges in modulating the oxidant-antioxidant balance as a potentially promising, but currently disappointing, means of improving insulin action in insulin resistance-associated conditions, leading causes of human morbidity and mortality of our era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nava Bashan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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Dedkova EN, Blatter LA. Characteristics and function of cardiac mitochondrial nitric oxide synthase. J Physiol 2009; 587:851-72. [PMID: 19103678 PMCID: PMC2669975 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2008.165423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2008] [Accepted: 12/15/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used laser scanning confocal microscopy in combination with the nitric oxide (NO)-sensitive fluorescent dye DAF-2 and the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive dyes CM-H(2)DCF and MitoSOX Red to characterize NO and ROS production by mitochondrial NO synthase (mtNOS) in permeabilized cat ventricular myocytes. Stimulation of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake by exposure to different cytoplasmic Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i) = 1, 2 and 5 microm) resulted in a dose-dependent increase of NO production by mitochondria when L-arginine, a substrate for mtNOS, was present. Collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential with the protonophore FCCP or blocking the mitochondrial Ca(2+) uniporter with Ru360 as well as blocking the respiratory chain with rotenone or antimycin A in combination with oligomycin inhibited mitochondrial NO production. In the absence of L-arginine, mitochondrial NO production during stimulation of Ca(2+) uptake was significantly decreased, but accompanied by increase in mitochondrial ROS production. Inhibition of mitochondrial arginase to limit L-arginine availability resulted in 50% inhibition of Ca(2+)-induced ROS production. Both mitochondrial NO and ROS production were blocked by the nNOS inhibitor (4S)-N-(4-amino-5[aminoethyl]aminopentyl)-N'-nitroguanidine and the calmodulin antagonist W-7, while the eNOS inhibitor L-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)ornithine (L-NIO) or iNOS inhibitor N-(3-aminomethyl)benzylacetamidine, 2HCl (1400W) had no effect. The superoxide dismutase mimetic and peroxynitrite scavenger MnTBAP abolished Ca(2+)-induced ROS generation and increased NO production threefold, suggesting that in the absence of MnTBAP either formation of superoxide radicals suppressed NO production or part of the formed NO was transformed quickly to peroxynitrite. In the absence of L-arginine, mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake induced opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP), which was blocked by the PTP inhibitor cyclosporin A and MnTBAP, and reversed by L-arginine supplementation. In the presence of the mtNOS cofactor (6R)-5,6,7,8,-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH(4); 100 microm) mitochondrial ROS generation and PTP opening decreased while mitochondrial NO generation slightly increased. These data demonstrate that mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake activates mtNOS and leads to NO-mediated protection against opening of the mitochondrial PTP, provided sufficient availability of l-arginine and BH(4). In conclusion, our data show the importance of L-arginine and BH(4) for cardioprotection via regulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and modulation of PTP opening by mtNOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena N Dedkova
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Physiology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Chandra A, Mahdi AA, Singh RK, Mahdi F, Chander R. Effect of Indian herbal hypoglycemic agents on antioxidant capacity and trace elements content in diabetic rats. J Med Food 2009; 11:506-12. [PMID: 18800899 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2007.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation we report the protective potential of some herbal hypoglycemic agents on antioxidant status and levels of metal ions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity of the herbs was also evaluated. Induction of diabetes mellitus in rats caused an increase in blood lipid peroxide levels that was associated with the reduced activity of red blood cell (RBC) antioxidant enzymes--namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione peroxidase--along with depletion of plasma reduced glutathione (GSH) and copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, and selenium levels. Oral treatment of diabetic rats with Allium sativum, Azadirachta indica, Momordica charantia, and Ocimum sanctum extracts (500 mg/kg of body weight) not only lowered the blood glucose level but also inhibited the formation of lipid peroxides, reactivated the antioxidant enzymes, and restored levels of GSH and metals in the above-mentioned model. The herbal extracts (50-500 microg) inhibited the generation of superoxide anions (O(2)(-.)) in both enzymatic and nonenzymatic in vitro systems. These preparations also inhibited the ferrous-sodium ascorbate-induced formation of lipid peroxides in RBCs. The in vivo and in vitro protective effects of the above-mentioned herbal drugs were also compared with that of glibenclamide. On the basis of our results, we conclude that the above-mentioned herbal plants not only possess hypoglycemic properties, but they also decrease oxidative load in diabetes mellitus. Therefore, we propose that long-term use of such agents might help in the prevention of diabetes-associated complications. However, the extrapolation of these results to humans needs further in-depth study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Chandra
- Department of Biochemistry, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Safinowski M, Wilhelm B, Reimer T, Weise A, Thomé N, Hänel H, Forst T, Pfützner A. Determination of nitrotyrosine concentrations in plasma samples of diabetes mellitus patients by four different immunoassays leads to contradictive results and disqualifies the majority of the tests. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:483-8. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
VEGF plays protective roles on a variety of non-diabetic renal diseases. However, in diabetes VEGF exhibits deleterious roles to mediate the development/progression of diabetic nephropathy in spite of high VEGF. The protective role of VEGF could be predominantly dependent on its ability to stimulate nitric oxide production in endothelial cell in non-diabetic renal disease. However, it has been known that nitric oxide bioavailability is reduced in diabetes, indicating that diabetic status does not allow high VEGF to lead to an increase in NO bioavailability. As a result, VEGF could engage to NO-independent pathway, and cause deleterious effects on vascular system. Thus, we have hypothesized that uncoupling of VEGF with endothelial NO can be a mechanism by which VEGF causes diabetic nephropathy. We found that diabetic eNOS knockout (KO) mice exhibit masangiolysis, glomerular capillary microaneurysm, Kimmelstiel-Wilson-like nodular lesions, abnormal angiogenesis and a marked macrophage infiltration in addition to mesangial expansion and thickening of GBM, all of that resemble human diabetic nephropathy. Interestingly these lesions were associated with an increase in renal VEGF expression, suggesting uncoupling of VEGF with endothelial NO could be a mechanism. Compatibly, our in vitro experiments demonstrated that VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation was enhanced by NO blocking (with LNAME) and suppressed by exogenous NO administration whereas macrophage migration in response to VEGF was inhibited by exogenous NO, suggesting that uncoupling condition could cause abnormal angiogenesis and macrophage infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Nakagawa
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Transplantation, University of Florida, PO Box 100224, Gainesville, FL 32610-0224, USA.
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Kakkar P, Singh BK. Mitochondria: a hub of redox activities and cellular distress control. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 305:235-53. [PMID: 17562131 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In their reductionist approach in unraveling phenomena inside the cell, scientists in recent times have focused attention to mitochondria. An organelle with peculiar evolutionary history and organization, it is turning out to be an important cell survival switch. Besides controlling bioenergetics of a cell it also has its own genetic machinery which codes 37 genes. It is a major source of generation of reactive oxygen species, acts as a safety device against toxic increases of cytosolic Ca2+ and its membrane permeability transition is a critical control point in cell death. Redox status of mitochondria is important in combating oxidative stress and maintaining membrane permeability. Importance of mitochondria in deciding the response of cell to multiplicity of physiological and genetic stresses, inter-organelle communication, and ultimate cell survival is constantly being unraveled and discussed in this review. Mitochondrial events involved in apoptosis and necrotic cell death, such as activation of Bcl-2 family proteins, formation of permeability transition pore, release of cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factors, activation of caspase cascade, and ultimate cell death is the focus of attention not only for cell biologists, but also for toxicologists in unraveling stress responses. Mutations caused by ROS to mitochondrial DNA, its inability to repair it completely and creation of a vicious cycle of mutations along with role of Bcl-2 family genes and proteins has been implicated in many diseases where mitochondrial dysfunctions play a key role. New therapeutic approaches toward targeting low molecular weight compounds to mitochondria, including antioxidants is a step toward nipping the stress in the bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kakkar
- Herbal Research Section, Industrial Toxicology Research Centre, P.O. Box-80, M G Marg, Lucknow, 226 001, India.
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Chen YH, Lin SJ, Lin FY, Wu TC, Tsao CR, Huang PH, Liu PL, Chen YL, Chen JW. High glucose impairs early and late endothelial progenitor cells by modifying nitric oxide-related but not oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms. Diabetes 2007; 56:1559-68. [PMID: 17389326 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are impaired in diabetes. This study aimed to investigate the direct effects of high glucose on EPCs. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Mononuclear cells isolated from healthy subjects were incubated with glucose/mannitol or drugs for EPC study. After 4 days of culture, attached early EPCs appeared. The monolayer late EPCs with cobblestone shape appeared at 2-4 weeks. Various immunofluroscence stainings were used to characterize the early and late EPCs. Senescence assay and the activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were determined. Migration and tube formation assay were done to evaluate the capacity for vasculogenesis in late EPCs. RESULTS Chronic incubation with high glucose but not mannitol (osmotic control) dose-dependently reduced the number and proliferation of early and late EPCs, respectively. High glucose enhanced EPC senescence and impaired the migration and tube formation of late EPCs. High glucose also decreased eNOS, FoxO1, and Akt phosphorylation and bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) in both EPCs. The effects of high glucose could be ameliorated by coincubation with NO donor sodium nitroprusside or p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor and deteriorated by eNOS inhibitor or PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase) inhibitor. Antioxidants including vitamin C, N-acetylcysteine-and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated superoxide dismutase, and PEG-catalase had no effects, whereas pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, diphenyleneiodonium, apocynin, and rotenone even deteriorated the downregulation of both EPCs. CONCLUSIONS High glucose impaired the proliferation and function of early and late EPCs. NO donor but not antioxidants reversed the impairments, suggesting the role of NO-related rather than oxidative stress-mediated mechanisms in hyperglycemia-caused EPC downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Hsiang Chen
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei City, Taiwan
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