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Hołda MK, Raźny U, Sordyl M, Góralska J, Kapusta M, Słowińska-Solnica K, Wojtysiak D, Lis G, Solnica B, Kopeć G, Hołda J. Autophagy and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis processes in left ventricular mass loss in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15133. [PMID: 38956194 PMCID: PMC11220073 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to evaluate the intensity of autophagy and ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis processes occurring in myocardium of left ventricle (LV) in subsequent stages of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) to determine mechanisms responsible for LV mass loss in a monocrotaline-induced PAH rat model. LV myocardium samples collected from 32 Wistar rats were analyzed in an early PAH group (n = 8), controls time-paired (n = 8), an end-stage PAH group (n = 8), and their controls (n = 8). Samples were subjected to histological analyses with immunofluorescence staining, autophagy assessment by western blotting, and evaluation of ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis in the LV by immunoprecipitation of ubiquitinated proteins. Echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and heart morphometric parameters were assessed regularly throughout the experiment. Considerable morphological and hemodynamic remodeling of the LV was observed over the course of PAH. The end-stage PAH was associated with significantly impaired LV systolic function and a decrease in LV mass. The LC3B-II expression in the LV was significantly higher in the end-stage PAH group compared to the early PAH group (p = 0.040). The measured LC3B-II/LC3B-I ratios in the end-stage PAH group were significantly elevated compared to the controls (p = 0.039). Immunofluorescence staining showed a significant increase in the abundance of LC3 puncta in the end-stage PAH group compared to the matched controls. There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of expression of all ubiquitinated proteins when comparing both PAH groups and matched controls. Autophagy may be considered as the mechanism behind the LV mass loss at the end stage of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz K Hołda
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Urszula Raźny
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Sordyl
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Góralska
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Kapusta
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Wojtysiak
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Lis
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Bogdan Solnica
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kopeć
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jakub Hołda
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
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Oknińska M, Paterek A, Grzanka M, Zajda K, Surzykiewicz M, Rolski F, Zambrowska Z, Torbicki A, Kurzyna M, Kieda C, Piekiełko-Witkowska A, Mączewski M. Myo-inositol trispyrophosphate prevents right ventricular failure and improves survival in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in the rat. Br J Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38952183 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pulmonary hypertension (PH) results from pulmonary vasculopathy, initially leading to a compensatory right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy, and eventually to RV failure. Hypoxia can trigger both pulmonary vasculopathy and RV failure. Therefore, we tested if myo-inositol trispyrophosphate (ITPP), which facilitates oxygen dissociation from haemoglobin, can relieve pulmonary vasculopathy and RV hypoxia, and eventually prevent RV failure and mortality in the rat model of monocrotaline-induced PH. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rats were injected with monocrotaline (PH) or saline (control) and received ITPP or placebo for 5 weeks. Serial echocardiograms were obtained to monitor the disease, pressure-volume loops were recorded and evaluated, myocardial pO2 was measured using a fluorescent probe, and histological and molecular analyses were conducted at the conclusion of the experiment. KEY RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS ITPP reduced PH-related mortality. It had no effect on progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance, yet significantly relieved intramyocardial RV hypoxia, which was associated with improvement of RV function and reduction of RV wall stress. ITPP also tended to prevent increased hypoxia inducible factor-1α expression in RV cardiac myocytes but did not affect RV capillary density. IMPLICATIONS Our study suggests that strategies aimed at increasing oxygen delivery to hypoxic RV in PH could potentially be used as adjuncts to other therapies that target pulmonary vessels, thus increasing the ability of the RV to withstand increased afterload and reducing mortality. ITPP may be one such potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Oknińska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Paterek
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grzanka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karolina Zajda
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Surzykiewicz
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Filip Rolski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Zambrowska
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Torbicki
- Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Thromboembolic Diseases and Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kurzyna
- Department of Pulmonary Circulation, Thromboembolic Diseases and Cardiology, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Claudine Kieda
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
- Centre for Molecular Biophysics, UPR, CNRS 4301, Orléans, France
| | - Agnieszka Piekiełko-Witkowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Mączewski
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Centre of Translational Research, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, Warsaw, Poland
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Leite LB, Soares LL, Portes AMO, Soares TI, da Silva BAF, Dias TR, Costa SFF, Guimarães-Ervilha LO, Assis MQ, Lavorato VN, da Silva AN, Machado-Neves M, Reis ECC, Natali AJ. Combined physical training protects the left ventricle from structural and functional damages in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Clin Hypertens 2024; 30:12. [PMID: 38689333 PMCID: PMC11061945 DOI: 10.1186/s40885-024-00270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the adverse remodeling of the right ventricle and interventricular septum in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) the left ventricle (LV) dynamics is impaired. Despite the benefits of combined aerobic and resistance physical trainings to individuals with PAH, its impact on the LV is not fully understood. OBJECTIVE To test whether moderate-intensity combined physical training performed during the development of PAH induced by MCT in rats is beneficial to the LV's structure and function. METHODS Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: Sedentary Hypertensive Survival (SHS, n = 7); and Exercise Hypertensive Survival (EHS, n = 7) to test survival. To investigate the effects of combined physical training, another group of rats were divided into three groups: Sedentary Control (SC, n = 7); Sedentary Hypertensive (SH, n = 7); and Exercise Hypertensive (EH, n = 7). PAH was induced through an intraperitoneal injection of MCT (60 mg/kg). Echocardiographic evaluations were conducted on the 22nd day after MCT administration. Animals in the EHS and EH groups participated in a combined physical training program, alternating aerobic (treadmill running: 50 min, 60% maximum running speed) and resistance (ladder climbing: 15 climbs with 1 min interval, 60% maximum carrying load) exercises, one session/day, 5 days/week for approximately 4 weeks. RESULTS The physical training increased survival and tolerance to aerobic (i.e., maximum running speed) and resistance (i.e., maximum carrying load) exertions and prevented reductions in ejection fraction and fractional shortening. In addition, the physical training mitigated oxidative stress (i.e., CAT, SOD and MDA) and inhibited adverse LV remodeling (i.e., Collagen, extracellular matrix, and cell dimensions). Moreover, the physical training preserved the amplitude and velocity of contraction and hindered the reductions in the amplitude and velocity of the intracellular Ca2+ transient in LV single myocytes. CONCLUSION Moderate-intensity combined physical training performed during the development of MCT-induced PAH in rats protects their LV from damages to its structure and function and hence increases their tolerance to physical exertion and prolongs their survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciano Bernardes Leite
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil.
| | - Leôncio Lopes Soares
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Thayana Inácia Soares
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Taís Rodrigues Dias
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz Otávio Guimarães-Ervilha
- Department of General Biology, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Mirian Quintão Assis
- Department of General Biology, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Neiva Lavorato
- Department of Physical Education, Governador Ozanam Coelho University Center, Ubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana Machado-Neves
- Department of General Biology, Laboratory of Structural Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Antônio José Natali
- Department of Physical Education, Laboratory of Exercise Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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Bessa-Gonçalves M, Bragança B, Martins-Dias E, Vinhas A, Certal M, Rodrigues T, Ferreirinha F, Costa MA, Correia-de-Sá P, Fontes-Sousa AP. Blockage of the adenosine A 2B receptor prevents cardiac fibroblasts overgrowth in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Purinergic Signal 2024; 20:163-179. [PMID: 37402944 PMCID: PMC10997572 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-023-09952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sustained pressure overload and fibrosis of the right ventricle (RV) are the leading causes of mortality in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although the role of adenosine in PAH has been attributed to the control of pulmonary vascular tone, cardiac reserve, and inflammatory processes, the involvement of the nucleoside in RV remodelling remains poorly understood. Conflicting results exist on targeting the low-affinity adenosine A2B receptor (A2BAR) for the treatment of PAH mostly because it displays dual roles in acute vs. chronic lung diseases. Herein, we investigated the role of the A2BAR in the viability/proliferation and collagen production by cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) isolated from RVs of rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. CFs from MCT-treated rats display higher cell viability/proliferation capacity and overexpress A2BAR compared to the cells from healthy littermates. The enzymatically stable adenosine analogue, 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA, 1-30 μM), concentration-dependently increased growth, and type I collagen production by CFs originated from control and PAH rats, but its effects were more prominent in cells from rats with PAH. Blockage of the A2BAR with PSB603 (100 nM), but not of the A2AAR with SCH442416 (100 nM), attenuated the proliferative effect of NECA in CFs from PAH rats. The A2AAR agonist, CGS21680 (3 and 10 nM), was virtually devoid of effect. Overall, data suggest that adenosine signalling via A2BAR may contribute to RV overgrowth secondary to PAH. Therefore, blockage of the A2AAR may be a valuable therapeutic alternative to mitigate cardiac remodelling and prevent right heart failure in PAH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Bessa-Gonçalves
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Bruno Bragança
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Martins-Dias
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Adriana Vinhas
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mariana Certal
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Ferreirinha
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Adelina Costa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Química, ICBAS-UP, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paulo Correia-de-Sá
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ana Patrícia Fontes-Sousa
- Laboratório de Farmacologia e Neurobiologia, Departamento de Imuno-Fisiologia e Farmacologia/Centro de Investigação Farmacológica e Inovação Medicamentosa (MedInUP), Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), R. Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Comarița IK, Tanko G, Anghelache IL, Georgescu A. The siRNA-mediated knockdown of AP-1 restores the function of the pulmonary artery and the right ventricle by reducing perivascular and interstitial fibrosis and key molecular players in cardiopulmonary disease. J Transl Med 2024; 22:137. [PMID: 38317144 PMCID: PMC10845748 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04933-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex multifactorial vascular pathology characterized by an increased pulmonary arterial pressure, vasoconstriction, remodelling of the pulmonary vasculature, thrombosis in situ and inflammation associated with right-side heart failure. Herein, we explored the potential beneficial effects of treatment with siRNA AP-1 on pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), right ventricular dysfunction along with perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in pulmonary artery-PA, right ventricle-RV and lung in an experimental animal model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. METHODS Golden Syrian hamsters were divided into: (1) C group-healthy animals taken as control; (2) MCT group obtained by a single subcutaneous injection of 60 mg/kg MCT at the beginning of the experiment; (3) MCT-siRNA AP-1 group received a one-time subcutaneous dose of MCT and subcutaneous injections containing 100 nM siRNA AP-1, every two weeks. All animal groups received water and standard chow ad libitum for 12 weeks. RESULTS In comparison with the MCT group, siRNA AP-1 treatment had significant beneficial effects on investigated tissues contributing to: (1) a reduction in TGF-β1/ET-1/IL-1β/TNF-α plasma concentrations; (2) a reduced level of cytosolic ROS production in PA, RV and lung and notable improvements regarding the ultrastructure of these tissues; a decrease of inflammatory and fibrotic marker expressions in PA (COL1A/Fibronectin/Vimentin/α-SMA/CTGF/Calponin/MMP-9), RV and lung (COL1A/CTGF/Fibronectin/α-SMA/F-actin/OB-cadherin) and an increase of endothelial marker expressions (CD31/VE-cadherin) in PA; (4) structural and functional recoveries of the PA [reduced Vel, restored vascular reactivity (NA contraction, ACh relaxation)] and RV (enlarged internal cavity diameter in diastole, increased TAPSE and PRVOFs) associated with a decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate; (5) a reduced protein expression profile of AP-1S3/ pFAK/FAK/pERK/ERK and a significant decrease in the expression levels of miRNA-145, miRNA-210, miRNA-21, and miRNA-214 along with an increase of miRNA-124 and miRNA-204. CONCLUSIONS The siRNA AP-1-based therapy led to an improvement of pulmonary arterial and right ventricular function accompanied by a regression of perivascular and interstitial fibrosis in PA, RV and lung and a down-regulation of key inflammatory and fibrotic markers in MCT-treated hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Karla Comarița
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gabriela Tanko
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Adriana Georgescu
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology 'Nicolae Simionescu' of Romanian Academy, Bucharest, Romania.
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Effects of uteroplacental insufficiency on cardiac development in growth-restricted newborn rats. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2023; 14:272-278. [PMID: 36239256 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174422000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is associated with reduced cardiac function in neonates. Uteroplacental insufficiency (UPI) is the most common cause of FGR. The mechanisms underlying these alterations remain unknown. We hypothesized that UPI would influence cardiac development in offspring rats. Through this study, we evaluated the effects of UPI during pregnancy on heart histology and pulmonary hypertension in growth-restricted newborn rats. On gestation Day 18, either UPI was induced through bilateral uterine vessel ligation (FGR group) or sham surgery (control group) was performed. The right middle lobe of the lung and the heart were harvested for histological and immunohistochemical evaluation on postnatal days 0 and 7. The FGR group exhibited significantly lower body weight, hypertrophy and degeneration of cardiomyocytes, increased intercellular spaces between the cardiomyocytes and collagen deposition, and decreased glycogen deposition and HNK-1 expression compared with the control group on postnatal days 0 and 7. These results suggest that neonates with FGR may have inadequate myocardial reserves, which may cause subsequent cardiovascular compromise in future life. Further studies are required to evaluate the hemodynamic changes in these growth-restricted neonates.
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Pourmodheji R, Jiang Z, Tossas-Betancourt C, Dorfman AL, Figueroa CA, Baek S, Lee LC. Computational modelling of multi-temporal ventricular-vascular interactions during the progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220534. [PMID: 36415977 PMCID: PMC9682304 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A computational framework is developed to consider the concurrent growth and remodelling (G&R) processes occurring in the large pulmonary artery (PA) and right ventricle (RV), as well as ventricular-vascular interactions during the progression of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). This computational framework couples the RV and the proximal PA in a closed-loop circulatory system that operates in a short timescale of a cardiac cycle, and evolves over a long timescale due to G&R processes in the PA and RV. The framework predicts changes in haemodynamics (e.g. 68.2% increase in mean PA pressure), RV geometry (e.g. 38% increase in RV end-diastolic volume) and PA tissue microstructure (e.g. 90% increase in collagen mass) that are consistent with clinical and experimental measurements of PAH. The framework also predicts that a reduction in RV contractility is associated with long-term RV chamber dilation, a common biomarker observed in the late-stage PAH. Sensitivity analyses on the G&R rate constants show that large PA stiffening (both short and long term) is affected by RV remodelling more than the reverse. This framework can serve as a foundation for the future development of a more predictive and comprehensive cardiovascular G&R model with realistic heart and vascular geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Pourmodheji
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Zhenxiang Jiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | | | - Adam L. Dorfman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C. Alberto Figueroa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Seungik Baek
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Lik-Chuan Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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Long GM, Troutman AD, Gray DA, Fisher AJ, Lahm T, Coggan AR, Brown MB. Skeletal muscle blood flow during exercise is reduced in a rat model of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 323:R561-R570. [PMID: 36036455 PMCID: PMC9602702 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00327.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by exercise intolerance. Muscle blood flow may be reduced during exercise in PAH; however, this has not been directly measured. Therefore, we investigated blood flow during exercise in a rat model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension (PH). Male Sprague-Dawley rats (∼200 g) were injected with 60 mg/kg MCT (MCT, n = 23) and vehicle control (saline; CON, n = 16). Maximal rate of oxygen consumption (V̇o2max) and voluntary running were measured before PH induction. Right ventricle (RV) morphology and function were assessed via echocardiography and invasive hemodynamic measures. Treadmill running at 50% V̇o2max was performed by a subgroup of rats (MCT, n = 8; CON, n = 7). Injection of fluorescent microspheres determined muscle blood flow via photo spectroscopy. MCT demonstrated a severe phenotype via RV hypertrophy (Fulton index, 0.61 vs. 0.31; P < 0.001), high RV systolic pressure (51.5 vs. 22.4 mmHg; P < 0.001), and lower V̇o2max (53.2 vs. 71.8 mL·min-1·kg-1; P < 0.0001) compared with CON. Two-way ANOVA revealed exercising skeletal muscle blood flow relative to power output was reduced in MCT compared with CON (P < 0.001), and plasma lactate was increased in MCT (10.8 vs. 4.5 mmol/L; P = 0.002). Significant relationships between skeletal blood flow and blood lactate during exercise were observed for individual muscles (r = -0.58 to -0.74; P < 0.05). No differences in capillarization were identified. Skeletal muscle blood flow is significantly reduced in experimental PH. Reduced blood flow during exercise may be, at least in part, consequent to reduced exercise intensity in PH. This adds further evidence of peripheral muscle dysfunction and exercise intolerance in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Marshall Long
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Ashley D Troutman
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Derrick A Gray
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Amanda J Fisher
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tim Lahm
- Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Richard L. Roudebush Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Andrew R Coggan
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mary Beth Brown
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Becker CU, Sartório CL, Campos-Carraro C, Siqueira R, Colombo R, Zimmer A, Belló-Klein A. Exercise training decreases oxidative stress in skeletal muscle of rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arch Physiol Biochem 2022; 128:1330-1338. [PMID: 32449880 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2020.1769679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of exercise training on oxidative stress in gastrocnemius of rats with pulmonary hypertension were studied. Four groups were established: sedentary control (SC), sedentary monocrotaline (SM), trained control (TC), trained monocrotaline (TM). Exercise was applied for 4 weeks, 5 days/week, 50-60 min/session, at 60% of VO2 max. Right ventricular (RV) pressures were measured, heart and gastrocnemius were removed for morphometric/biochemical analysis. Lipid peroxidation (LPO), H2O2, GSH/GSSG, and activity/expression of antioxidant enzymes were evaluated. Increased RV hypertrophy, systolic and end-diastolic pressures (RVEDP) were observed in SM animals, and the RVEDP was decreased in TM vs. SM. H2O2, SOD-1, and LPO were higher in the SM group than in SC. In TM, H2O2 was further increased when compared to SM, with a rise in antioxidant defences and a decrease in LPO. GSH/GSSG was higher only in the TC group. Exercise induced an efficient antioxidant adaptation, preventing oxidative damage to lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- C U Becker
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - C L Sartório
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória, Brazil
| | - C Campos-Carraro
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Siqueira
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - R Colombo
- Pharmacology and Physiology Laboratory, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil
| | - A Zimmer
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - A Belló-Klein
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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10
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Younes R, LeBlanc CA, Hiram R. Evidence of Failed Resolution Mechanisms in Arrhythmogenic Inflammation, Fibrosis and Right Heart Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050720. [PMID: 35625647 PMCID: PMC9138906 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex program of active processes characterized by the well-orchestrated succession of an initiation and a resolution phase aiming to promote homeostasis. When the resolution of inflammation fails, the tissue undergoes an unresolved inflammatory status which, if it remains uncontrolled, can lead to chronic inflammatory disorders due to aggravation of structural damages, development of a fibrous area, and loss of function. Various human conditions show a typical unresolved inflammatory profile. Inflammatory diseases include cancer, neurodegenerative disease, asthma, right heart disease, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, or atrial fibrillation. New evidence has started to emerge on the role, including pro-resolution involvement of chemical mediators in the acute phase of inflammation. Although flourishing knowledge is available about the role of specialized pro-resolving mediators in neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis, obesity, or hepatic fibrosis, little is known about their efficacy to combat inflammation-associated arrhythmogenic cardiac disorders. It has been shown that resolvins, including RvD1, RvE1, or Mar1, are bioactive mediators of resolution. Resolvins can stop neutrophil activation and infiltration, stimulate monocytes polarization into anti-inflammatory-M2-macrophages, and activate macrophage phagocytosis of inflammation-debris and neutrophils to promote efferocytosis and clearance. This review aims to discuss the paradigm of failed-resolution mechanisms (FRM) potentially promoting arrhythmogenicity in right heart disease-induced inflammatory status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rim Younes
- Montreal Heart Institute (MHI), Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (R.Y.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Charles-Alexandre LeBlanc
- Montreal Heart Institute (MHI), Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (R.Y.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Roddy Hiram
- Montreal Heart Institute (MHI), Montreal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (R.Y.); (C.-A.L.)
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-376-3330 (ext. 5015)
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11
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Mendiola EA, Sacks MS, Avazmohammadi R. Mechanical Interaction of the Pericardium and Cardiac Function in the Normal and Hypertensive Rat Heart. Front Physiol 2022; 13:878861. [PMID: 35586708 PMCID: PMC9108501 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.878861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The pericardium is a thin connective tissue membrane that surrounds the heart and is an integral regulatory component of cardiopulmonary performance. Pathological growth and remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) stemming from structural heart diseases are thought to include a significant role of the pericardium, but its exact role remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate potential biomechanical adaptations of the pericardium in response to pulmonary hypertension and their effects on heart behavior. Integrated computational-experimental modeling of the heart offers a robust platform to achieve this objective. We built upon our recently developed high-fidelity finite-element models of healthy and hypertensive rodent hearts via addition of the pericardial sac. In-silico experiments were performed to investigate changes in pericardium reserve elasticity and their effects on cardiac function in hypertensive hearts. Our results suggest that contractile forces would need to increase in the RV and decrease in the left ventricle (LV) in the hypertensive heart to compensate for reductions in pericardium reserve elasticity. The discrepancies between chamber responses to pericardium addition result, in part, from differences in the impact of pericardium on the RV and LV preload. We further demonstrated the capability of our platform to predict the effect of pericardiectomy on heart function. Consistent with previous results, the effect of pericardiectomy on the chamber pressure-volume loop was the largest in the hypertensive RV. These insights are expected to motivate further computational investigations of the effect of pericardiectomy on cardiac function which remains an important factor in surgical planning of constrictive pericarditis and coronary artery bypass grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio A. Mendiola
- Computational Cardiovascular Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Michael S. Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Reza Avazmohammadi
- Computational Cardiovascular Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- J. Mike Walker ’66 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Houston Methodist Academic Institute, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Reza Avazmohammadi,
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12
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Pham T, Tran K, Taberner AJ, Loiselle DS, Han JC. Crossbridge thermodynamics in pulmonary arterial hypertensive right-ventricular failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2022; 132:1338-1349. [PMID: 35482327 PMCID: PMC9208464 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00014.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Right-ventricular (RV) failure is an event consequent to pathological RV hypertrophy commonly resulting from pulmonary arterial hypertension. This pathology is well characterized by RV diastolic dysfunction, impaired ejection, and reduced mechanical efficiency. However, whether the dynamic stiffness and cross-bridge thermodynamics in the failing RV muscles are compromised remains uncertain. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was induced in the rat by injection of monocrotaline, and RV trabeculae were isolated from RV failing rats. Cross-bridge mechano-energetics were characterized by subjecting the trabeculae to two interventions: 1) force-length work-loop contractions over a range of afterloads while measuring heat output, followed by careful partitioning of heat components into activation heat and cross-bridge heat to separately assess mechanical efficiency and cross-bridge efficiency, and 2) sinusoidal-perturbation of muscle length while trabeculae were actively contracting to interrogate cross-bridge dynamic stiffness. We found that reduced mechanical efficiency is correlated with increased passive stress, reduced shortening, and elevated activation heat. In contrast, the thermodynamics, specifically the efficiency of, and the stiffness characteristics of, cross bridges did not differ between the control and failing trabeculae and were not correlated with elevated passive stress or reduced shortening. We thus conclude that, despite diastolic dysfunction and mechanical inefficiency, cross-bridge stiffness and thermodynamics are unaffected in RV failure following pulmonary arterial hypertension. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study characterizes cross-bridge mechano-energetics and dynamic stiffness of right-ventricular trabeculae isolated from a rat model of pulmonary hypertensive right-ventricular failure. Failing trabeculae showed increased passive force but normal active force. Their lower mechanical efficiency is found to be driven by an increase in the energy expenditure arising from contractile activation. This does not reflect a change in their cross-bridge stiffness and efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toan Pham
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Tran
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Taberner
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denis S Loiselle
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - June-Chiew Han
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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13
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Alves-Silva JM, Zuzarte M, Marques C, Viana S, Preguiça I, Baptista R, Ferreira C, Cavaleiro C, Domingues N, Sardão VA, Oliveira PJ, Reis F, Salgueiro L, Girão H. 1,8-cineole Ameliorates Right Ventricle Dysfunction Associated With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension by Restoring Connexin 43 and Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106151. [PMID: 35247601 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, the present study unravels a cardiospecific therapeutic approach for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH), a disease with a very poor prognosis and high mortality rates due to right ventricle dysfunction. We first established a new in vitro model of high-pressure-induced hypertrophy that closely resembles heart defects associated with PAH and validated our in vitro findings on a preclinical in vivo model of monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH. Our results showed the in vitro antihypertrophic effect of 1,8-cineole, a monoterpene widely found in several essential oils. Also, a decrease in RV hypertrophy and fibrosis, and an improvement in heart function in vivo was observed, when 1,8-cineole was applied topically. Furthermore, 1,8-cineole restored gap junction protein connexin43 distribution at the intercalated discs and mitochondrial functionality, suggesting it may act by preserving cardiac cell-to-cell communication and bioenergetics. Overall, our results point out a promising therapeutic compound that can be easily applied topically, thus paving the way for the development of effective cardiac-specific therapies to greatly improve PAH outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge M Alves-Silva
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mónica Zuzarte
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Carla Marques
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Viana
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Inês Preguiça
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rui Baptista
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Cardiology Department, Hospital Centre of Entre Douro and Vouga, Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
| | - Cátia Ferreira
- Cardiology Department, Coimbra Hospital and University Centre, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carlos Cavaleiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Neuza Domingues
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Vilma A Sardão
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Sport Science and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Paulo J Oliveira
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Institute of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lígia Salgueiro
- Univ Coimbra, Faculty of Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre (CIEPQPF), Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Henrique Girão
- Univ Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal; Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), Coimbra, Portugal; Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
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14
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Türck P, Salvador IS, Campos-Carraro C, Ortiz V, Bahr A, Andrades M, Belló-Klein A, da Rosa Araujo AS. Blueberry extract improves redox balance and functional parameters in the right ventricle from rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:373-386. [PMID: 34374852 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02642-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a disease characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and right ventricle (RV) failure. In this context, oxidative stress is an essential element contributing to PAH's pathophysiology. Thus, blueberry (BB), which has a high antioxidant capacity, emerges as a natural therapeutic approach in PAH. This work evaluated the effect of BB extract on redox balance in RV in a PAH's animal model. METHODS Male Wistar rats (200 ± 20 g) (n = 72) were randomized into eight groups: control (CTR); monocrotaline (MCT); CTR and MCT treated at doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg BB. PAH was induced by administration of MCT (60 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). Rats were treated with BB orally for 5 weeks (2 weeks before monocrotaline and 3 weeks after monocrotaline injection). On day 35, rats were submitted to echocardiography and catheterization, then euthanasia and RV harvesting for biochemical analyses. RESULTS RV hypertrophy, observed in the MCT groups, was reduced with BB treatment. MCT elevated RV systolic pressure and pressure/time derivatives, while the intervention with BB decreased these parameters. PAH decreased RV output and pulmonary artery outflow acceleration/ejection time ratio, while increased RV diameters, parameters restored by BB treatment. Animals from the MCT group showed elevated lipid peroxidation and NADPH oxidase activity, outcomes attenuated in animals treated with BB, which also led to increased catalase activity. CONCLUSION Treatment with BB partially mitigated PAH, which could be associated with improvement of RV redox state. Such findings constitute an advance in the investigation of the role of BB extract in chronic progressive cardiovascular diseases that involve the redox balance, such as PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Türck
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Isadora Schein Salvador
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cristina Campos-Carraro
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Ortiz
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alan Bahr
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Michael Andrades
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Experimental Research Center, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Adriane Belló-Klein
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alex Sander da Rosa Araujo
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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15
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Lv Y, Ma P, Wang J, Xu Q, Fan J, Yan L, Ma P, Zhou R. Betaine alleviates right ventricular failure via regulation of Rho A/ROCK signaling pathway in rats with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174311. [PMID: 34245749 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary vascular remodeling was shown to lead to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), further trigger excessive apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and ultimately cause right ventricular failure (RVF), which involves the activation of Rho A/ROCK signaling pathway. Betaine has been found efficacious for attenuating PAH through its anti-inflammatory effects in our previous research while its effects on RVF due to PAH remains inconclusive. Thus, we attempted to elucidate the protective effects of betaine on PAH, RVF due to PAH as well as the potential mechanisms. To this end, male Sprague Dawley rats received a single subcutaneous injection of monocrotaline (50 mg/kg) to imitate PAH and RVF, and subsequently oral administration of betaine (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg/day). Betaine treatment improved the hemodynamics and histomorphological parameters and echocardiographic changes. Moreover, betaine also alleviated the pulmonary vascular remodeling and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. The mechanisms study revealed that administration of betaine significantly increased the expression of Rho A, ROCK1, and ROCK2. Furthermore, betaine alleviated the changes of its downstream molecules P53, Bcl-2, Bax, phosphorylated MYPT1 (p-MYPT1), total MYPT1 (t-MYPT1), p27kip1, and Cleaved Caspase-3. According to what we observed, this study indicated that betaine treatment could protect RVF due to PAH, which may be achieved through an altered Rho A/ROCK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Lv
- School of Public Health and Management, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Pengsheng Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jialing Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Qingbin Xu
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Shizuishan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shizuishan, China
| | - Lin Yan
- College of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Ping Ma
- General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
| | - Ru Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Key Laboratory of Hui Ethnic Medicine Modernization, Ministry of Education, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China; Ningxia Characteristic Traditional Chinese Medicine Modernization Engineering Technology Research Center, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.
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16
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Jama HA, Muralitharan RR, Xu C, O'Donnell JA, Bertagnolli M, Broughton BRS, Head GA, Marques FZ. Rodent models of hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:918-937. [PMID: 34363610 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated blood pressure (BP), or hypertension, is the main risk factor for cardiovascular disease. As a multifactorial and systemic disease that involves multiple organs and systems, hypertension remains a challenging disease to study. Models of hypertension are invaluable to support the discovery of the specific genetic, cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying essential hypertension, as well as to test new possible treatments to lower BP. Rodent models have proven to be an invaluable tool for advancing the field. In this review, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of rodent models of hypertension through a systems approach. We highlight the ways how target organs and systems including the kidneys, vasculature, the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), immune system and the gut microbiota influence BP in each rodent model. We also discuss often overlooked hypertensive conditions such as pulmonary hypertension and hypertensive-pregnancy disorders, providing an important resource for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdi A Jama
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Heart Failure Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rikeish R Muralitharan
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chudan Xu
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joanne A O'Donnell
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mariane Bertagnolli
- Laboratory of Maternal-child Health, Hospital Sacre-Coeur Research Center, CIUSSS Nord-de-l'Île-de-Montréal, Montreal, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Bradley R S Broughton
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Geoffrey A Head
- Department of Pharmacology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Faculty of Medicine Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Neuropharmacology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Francine Z Marques
- Hypertension Research Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.,Heart Failure Research Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Udovicic M, Sever M, Kavur L, Loncaric K, Barisic I, Balenovic D, Zivanovic Posilovic G, Strinic D, Uzun S, Batelja Vuletic L, Sikiric S, Skrtic A, Drmic D, Boban Blagaic A, Lovric Bencic M, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy for Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats Leads to Prevention and Reversal. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070822. [PMID: 34356886 PMCID: PMC8301325 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Monocrotaline selectively injures the lung's vascular endothelium and induces pulmonary arterial hypertension. The stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 acts as a prototype cytoprotective agent that maintains endothelium, and its application may be a novel therapy. Besides, BPC 157 prevents and reverses thrombosis formation, maintains platelet function, alleviates peripheral vascular occlusion disturbances, and has anti-arrhythmic and anti-inflammatory effects. Monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats (wall thickness, total vessel area, heart frequency, QRS axis deviation, QT interval prolongation, increase in right ventricle systolic pressure and bodyweight loss) can be counteracted with early or delayed BPC 157 therapy. Methods and Results. After monocrotaline (80 mg/kg subcutaneously), BPC 157 (10 μg/kg or 10 ng/kg, days 1-14 or days 1-30 (early regimens), or days 14-30 (delayed regimen)) was given once daily intraperitoneally (last application 24 h before sacrifice) or continuously in drinking water until sacrifice (day 14 or 30). Without therapy, the outcome was the full monocrotaline syndrome, marked by right-side heart hypertrophy and massive thickening of the precapillary artery's smooth muscle layer, clinical deterioration, and sometimes death due to pulmonary hypertension and right-heart failure during the 4th week after monocrotaline injection. With all BPC 157 regimens, monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (including all disturbed parameters) was counteracted, and consistent beneficial effects were documented during the whole course of the disease. Pulmonary hypertension was not even developed (early regimens) as quickly as the advanced pulmonary hypertension was rapidly attenuated and then completely eliminated (delayed regimen). Conclusions. Thus, pentadecapeptide BPC 157 prevents and counteracts monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and cor pulmonale in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Udovicic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Marko Sever
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Lovro Kavur
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Kristina Loncaric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Ivan Barisic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Diana Balenovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Gordana Zivanovic Posilovic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Dean Strinic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Sandra Uzun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Lovorka Batelja Vuletic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.V.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Suncana Sikiric
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.V.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Anita Skrtic
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.V.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (P.S.); Tel.: +385-1-4566-980 (A.S.); +385-1-4566-833 (P.S.); Fax: +385-1-4920-050 (A.S. & P.S.)
| | - Domagoj Drmic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Alenka Boban Blagaic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Martina Lovric Bencic
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
| | - Sven Seiwerth
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (L.B.V.); (S.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Predrag Sikiric
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Salata 11, P.O. Box 916, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (M.U.); (M.S.); (L.K.); (K.L.); (I.B.); (D.B.); (G.Z.P.); (D.S.); (S.U.); (D.D.); (A.B.B.); (M.L.B.)
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (P.S.); Tel.: +385-1-4566-980 (A.S.); +385-1-4566-833 (P.S.); Fax: +385-1-4920-050 (A.S. & P.S.)
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18
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Elassal A, Steppan J, Charania S, Santhanam L, Singh I, Heerdt PM. Pressure-based estimation of right ventricular ejection fraction: Validation as a clinically relevant target for drug development in a rodent model of pulmonary hypertension. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2021; 112:107102. [PMID: 34245885 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2021.107102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Depressed right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) has clear prognostic significance in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Accordingly, improvements in RVEF represent a desirable end-point in the development of PAH therapies. However, current methods for determination of RVEF require measurement of RV volume and are relatively complex and costly. Here, we validate a novel method for quantitative estimation of RVEF in rats based entirely upon analysis of readily available RV pressure waveforms that eliminates the need for simultaneous volume measurement and can be rapidly applied. Right ventricular pressure and volume (conductance catheter) measurements acquired from 15 rats (7 controls, 8 sugen/hypoxia PAH; 220-250 g) were used for the study. Over the same 10 beat interval, RVEF was directly measured from the volume signal and estimated from the pressure signal. Simultaneous measures were compared by linear regression and Bland-Altman analysis to define bias (accuracy) and precision. Measured RVEF ranged from 0.19 to 0.60 (mean 0.44 ± 0.10) and estimated from 0.19 to 0.52 (mean 0.42 ± 0.09). Across the dataset there was strong correlation (r2 = 0.813), with minimal bias (0.01) and an overall error of 20% consistent with acceptable accuracy and precision. Study results support the potential utility of a method based entirely upon analysis of the RV pressure waveform for assessing drug effects on RVEF in rat models of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elassal
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, Division of Applied Hemodynamics, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Jochen Steppan
- Dept. of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sofia Charania
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, Division of Applied Hemodynamics, Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Lakshmi Santhanam
- Depts of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Dept of Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dept. of Medicine, Yale New Haven Hospital and Yale University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Paul M Heerdt
- Dept. of Anesthesiology, Division of Applied Hemodynamics, Yale University School of Medicine, USA.
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19
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Liu Y, Li Y, Li J, Zuo X, Cao Q, Xie W, Wang H. Inhibiting miR‑1 attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension in rats. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:283. [PMID: 33604679 PMCID: PMC7905329 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are reported to serve key roles in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). miR-1 has been found in cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed to determine whether the knockdown of miR-1 could inhibit right ventricle (RV) remodeling and thereby control PAH in model rats. PAH model rats were established by exposing rats to hypoxia, while cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) obtained from PAH model rats were treated with hypoxia to establish an in vitro model, and RV remodeling was evaluated by Masson staining and the levels of collagen I, collagen III, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) evaluated by western blotting or reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The results revealed that the expression levels of miR-1 were upregulated in the RV of PAH model rats induced with hypoxia and in the CFs treated with hypoxia. The mean pulmonary arterial pressure, RV systolic pressure, RV/(left ventricle + interventricular septum) and RV/tibia length were increased in PAH rats; however, the increases in all parameters were subsequently reversed by transfection with a miR-1 antagomiR in PAH model rats. The transfection with the miR-1 antagomiR inhibited the development of RV fibrosis and downregulated the mRNA expression levels of collagen I, collagen III, α-SMA and CTGF in the RV tissue of PAH model rats. The upregulation of collagen I, collagen III, α-SMA and CTGF expression levels in hypoxia-treated CFs was also subsequently reversed by miR-1 antagomiR transfection. The expression levels of collagen I, collagen III, α-SMA and CTGF were also upregulated in the CFs obtained from PAH model rats, and these increases were attenuated by miR-1 antagomiR transfection. The expression levels of phosphorylated (p)-PI3K and p-AKT were also upregulated in hypoxia-treated CFs, and these increases were also inhibited by transfection with miR-1 antagomiR. In conclusion, these results indicated that inhibiting miR-1 may attenuate RV hypertrophy and fibrosis in PAH model rats, a mechanism that may involve the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Jinhai Li
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xiangrong Zuo
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Quan Cao
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Weiping Xie
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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20
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Silva FDJ, Drummond FR, Fidelis MR, Freitas MO, Leal TF, de Rezende LMT, de Moura AG, Carlo Reis EC, Natali AJ. Continuous Aerobic Exercise Prevents Detrimental Remodeling and Right Heart Myocyte Contraction and Calcium Cycling Dysfunction in Pulmonary Artery Hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2021; 77:69-78. [PMID: 33060546 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH) imposes right heart and lung detrimental remodeling which impairs cardiac contractility, physical effort tolerance, and survival. The effects of an early moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise training on the right ventricle and lung structure, and on contractility and the calcium (Ca2+) transient in isolated myocytes from rats with severe PAH induced by monocrotaline were analyzed. Rats were divided into control sedentary (CS), control exercise (CE), monocrotaline sedentary (MS), and monocrotaline exercise (ME) groups. Animals from control exercise and ME groups underwent a moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on a treadmill (60 min/d; 60% intensity) for 32 days, after a monocrotaline (60 mg/kg body weight i.p.) or saline injection. The pulmonary artery resistance was higher in MS than in control sedentary (1.36-fold) and was reduced by 39.39% in ME compared with MS. Compared with MS, the ME group presented reduced alveolus (17%) and blood vessel (46%) wall, fibrosis (25.37%) and type I collagen content (55.78%), and increased alveolus (52.96%) and blood vessel (146.97%) lumen. In the right ventricle, the ME group exhibited diminished hypertrophy index (25.53%) and type I collagen content (40.42%) and improved myocyte contraction [ie, reduced times to peak (29.27%) and to 50% relax (13.79%)] and intracellular Ca2+ transient [ie, decreased times to peak (16.06%) and to 50% decay (7.41%)] compared with MS. Thus, early moderate-intensity continuous aerobic exercise prevents detrimental remodeling in the right heart and lung increases in the pulmonary artery resistance and dysfunction in single myocyte contraction and Ca2+ cycling in this model.
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MESH Headings
- Airway Remodeling
- Animals
- Arterial Pressure
- Calcium Signaling
- Disease Models, Animal
- Exercise Therapy
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/metabolism
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/pathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/physiopathology
- Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular/prevention & control
- Male
- Myocardial Contraction
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/metabolism
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/pathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/physiopathology
- Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension/therapy
- Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology
- Rats, Wistar
- Vascular Resistance
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/pathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/physiopathology
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Right/prevention & control
- Ventricular Function, Right
- Ventricular Remodeling
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filipe Rios Drummond
- Department of General Biology, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil; and
| | | | | | - Tiago Ferreira Leal
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Antônio José Natali
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
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21
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Gewehr DM, Salgueiro GR, Noronha LD, Kubrusly FB, Kubrusly LF, Coltro GA, Preto PC, Bertoldi ADS, Vieira HI. Plexiform Lesions in an Experimental Model of Monocrotalin-Induced Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Arq Bras Cardiol 2020; 115:480-490. [PMID: 33027370 PMCID: PMC9363102 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20190306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fundamento O modelo de hipertensão arterial pulmonar induzida por monocrotalina (MCT) é um dos mais reproduzidos atualmente, apresentando como limitação a ausência de lesões plexiformes, manifestações típicas da doença grave em humanos. Objetivo Avaliar a gravidade da arteriopatia pulmonar induzida por MCT por meio dos achados anatomopatológicos pulmonares e cardíacos, evolução clínica e sobrevida em 37 dias. Métodos Foram utilizados 50 ratos machos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos, sendo um controle (n = 10). Os três grupos restantes foram submetidos à inoculação de MCT (60 mg/kg i.p.) e ficaram sob o seu efeito por 15 (n = 10), 30 (n = 10) e 37 dias (n = 20). Ao final de cada período, os animais foram sacrificados, obtendo-se tecidos pulmonar e cardíaco para análise anatomopatológica e morfométrica. Empregou-se o teste Kruskal-Wallis, considerando nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Nos pulmões dos animais MCT foram constatadas lesões referentes à arteriopatia pulmonar, incluindo muscularização das arteríolas, hipertrofia da camada média e lesões neointimais concêntricas. Lesões complexas foram observadas nos grupos MCT, descritas como plexiforme e do “tipo” plexiforme (plexiform-like). A hipertrofia do ventrículo direito foi constatada pelo aumento da espessura e diâmetro dos cardiomiócitos e pelo aumento significativo da espessura da parede do ventrículo direito (p<0,0000). Conclusão O modelo foi capaz de gerar arteriopatia pulmonar moderada-grave associada à hipertrofia do ventrículo direito secundária, com sobrevida de 50% em 37 dias. De nosso conhecimento, este estudo foi o primeiro a constatar a presença de lesões vasculares complexas, semelhantes às observadas em pacientes com hipertensão arterial pulmonar grave, em modelo isolado de MCT. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; 115(3):480-490)
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Mesadri Gewehr
- Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil.,Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ciência e Tecnologia (IDC),Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues Salgueiro
- Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil.,Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ciência e Tecnologia (IDC),Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Lucia de Noronha
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Departamento de Medicina, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Fernando Bermudez Kubrusly
- Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ciência e Tecnologia (IDC),Curitiba, PR - Brasil.,Instituto do Coração de Curitiba (InCor Curitiba), Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Luiz Fernando Kubrusly
- Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil.,Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ciência e Tecnologia (IDC),Curitiba, PR - Brasil.,Instituto do Coração de Curitiba (InCor Curitiba), Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Gabriel Antonio Coltro
- Faculdade Evangélica Mackenzie do Paraná (FEMPAR), Curitiba, PR - Brasil.,Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ciência e Tecnologia (IDC),Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Paola Cardoso Preto
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná Departamento de Medicina, Curitiba, PR - Brasil
| | - Andressa de Souza Bertoldi
- Instituto Denton Cooley de Pesquisa, Ciência e Tecnologia (IDC),Curitiba, PR - Brasil.,Centro de Estudos e Pesquisa em Emergências Médicas e Terapia Intensiva (CEPETI), Curitiba, PR - Brasil
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22
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Andersen A, van der Feen DE, Andersen S, Schultz JG, Hansmann G, Bogaard HJ. Animal models of right heart failure. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2020; 10:1561-1579. [PMID: 33224774 PMCID: PMC7666958 DOI: 10.21037/cdt-20-400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Right heart failure may be the ultimate cause of death in patients with acute or chronic pulmonary hypertension (PH). As PH is often secondary to other cardiovascular diseases, the treatment goal is to target the underlying disease. We do however know, that right heart failure is an independent risk factor, and therefore, treatments that improve right heart function may improve morbidity and mortality in patients with PH. There are no therapies that directly target and support the failing right heart and translation from therapies that improve left heart failure have been unsuccessful, with the exception of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. To understand the underlying pathophysiology of right heart failure and to aid in the development of new treatments we need solid animal models that mimic the pathophysiology of human disease. There are several available animal models of acute and chronic PH. They range from flow induced to pressure overload induced right heart failure and have been introduced in both small and large animals. When initiating new pre-clinical or basic research studies it is key to choose the right animal model to ensure successful translation to the clinical setting. Selecting the right animal model for the right study is hence important, but may be difficult due to the plethora of different models and local availability. In this review we provide an overview of the available animal models of acute and chronic right heart failure and discuss the strengths and limitations of the different models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asger Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Diederik E. van der Feen
- Center for Congenital Heart Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stine Andersen
- Department of Cardiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Benavides-Córdoba V, Gómez MP. Relationship between Invasive and Non-Invasive Hemodynamic Measures in Experimental Pulmonary Hypertension. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x16666200516180118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Animal models have been used to understand the pathophysiology of
pulmonary hypertension, to describe the mechanisms of action and to evaluate promising active
ingredients. The monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension model is the most used animal
model. In this model, invasive and non-invasive hemodynamic variables that resemble human
measurements have been used. Aim: To define if non-invasive variables can predict hemodynamic
measures in the monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension model.
Materials and Methods:
Twenty 6-week old male Wistar rats weighing between 250-300g from the
bioterium of the Universidad del Valle (Cali - Colombia) were used in order to establish that the
relationships between invasive and non-invasive variables are sustained in different conditions
(healthy, hypertrophy and treated). The animals were organized into three groups, a control group
who was given 0.9% saline solution subcutaneously (sc), a group with pulmonary hypertension
induced with a single subcutaneous dose of Monocrotaline 30 mg/kg, and a group with pulmonary
hypertension with 30 mg/kg of monocrotaline treated with Sildenafil. Right ventricle ejection
fraction, heart rate, right ventricle systolic pressure and the extent of hypertrophy were measured.
The functional relation between any two variables was evaluated by the Pearson correlation
coefficient.
Results:
It was found that all correlations were statistically significant (p <0.01). The strongest
correlation was the inverse one between the RVEF and the Fulton index (r = -0.82). The Fulton index
also had a strong correlation with the RVSP (r = 0.79). The Pearson correlation coefficient between
the RVEF and the RVSP was -0.81, meaning that the higher the systolic pressure in the right
ventricle, the lower the ejection fraction value. Heart rate was significantly correlated to the other
three variables studied, although with relatively low correlation.
Conclusion:
The correlations obtained in this study indicate that the parameters evaluated in the
research related to experimental pulmonary hypertension correlate adequately and that the
measurements that are currently made are adequate and consistent with each other, that is, they have
good predictive capacity.
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24
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Hołda MK, Stachowicz A, Suski M, Wojtysiak D, Sowińska N, Arent Z, Palka N, Podolec P, Kopeć G. Myocardial proteomic profile in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14351. [PMID: 32873862 PMCID: PMC7462861 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare, fatal, and incurable disorder. Although advances in the understanding of the PAH pathobiology have been seen in recent years, molecular processes underlying heart remodelling over the course of PAH are still insufficiently understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate myocardial proteomic profile of rats at different stages of monocrotaline-induced PAH. Samples of left and right ventricle (LV and RV) free wall collected from 32 Wistar rats were subjected to proteomic analysis using an isobaric tag for relative quantitation method. Hemodynamic parameters indicated development of mild elevation of pulmonary artery pressure in the early PAH group (27.00 ± 4.93 mmHg) and severe elevation in the end-stage PAH group (50.50 ± 11.56 mmHg). In early PAH LV myocardium proteins that may be linked to an increase in inflammatory response, apoptosis, glycolytic process and decrease in myocardial structural proteins were differentially expressed compared to controls. During end-stage PAH an increase in proteins associated with apoptosis, fibrosis and cardiomyocyte Ca2+ currents as well as decrease in myocardial structural proteins were observed in LV. In RV during early PAH, especially proteins associated with myocardial structural components and fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway were upregulated. During end-stage PAH significant changes in RV proteins abundance related to the increased myocardial structural components, intensified fibrosis and glycolytic processes as well as decreased proteins related to cardiomyocyte Ca2+ currents were observed. At both PAH stages changes in RV proteins linked to apoptosis inhibition were observed. In conclusion, we identified changes of the levels of several proteins and thus of the metabolic pathways linked to the early and late remodelling of the left and right ventricle over the course of monocrotaline-induced PAH to delineate potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of this severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz K Hołda
- HEART - Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland.
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Aneta Stachowicz
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maciej Suski
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Wojtysiak
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Sowińska
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Arent
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Palka
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Podolec
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kopeć
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Akazawa Y, Okumura K, Ishii R, Slorach C, Hui W, Ide H, Honjo O, Sun M, Kabir G, Connelly K, Friedberg MK. Pulmonary artery banding is a relevant model to study the right ventricular remodeling and dysfunction that occurs in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:238-246. [PMID: 32644912 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00148.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) dysfunction determines mortality in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and RV pressure loading. Experimental models commonly use Sugen hypoxia (SuHx)-induced PAH, monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH, or pulmonary artery banding (PAB). Because PAH models cannot interrogate RV effects or therapies independent of pulmonary vascular effects, we aimed to compare RV function and fibrosis in experimental PAB vs. PAH. Thirty rats were randomized to either sham controls, PAB, SuHx-, or MCT-induced PAH. RV pressures and function were assessed by high-fidelity pressure-tipped catheters and by echocardiography. RV myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and capillary density were quantified from hematoxylin-eosin, picrosirius red-stained, and CD31-immunostained RV sections, respectively. RV pressures and the RV-to-left ventricular pressure ratio were significantly increased in all three groups to a similar degree (PAB 65 ± 17 mmHg, SuHx 72 ± 16 mmHg, and MCT 70 ± 12 mmHg) vs. controls (23 ± 2 mmHg, all P < 0.01). RV dilatation, hypertrophy, and fibrosis were similarly increased, and capillary density decreased, in the three models (RV fibrosis; PAB 13.3 ± 3.6%, SuHx 9.8 ± 3.0% and MCT 10.9 ± 2.4% vs control 5.5 ± 1.1%, all P < 0.05). RV function was similarly decreased in all models vs. controls. We observed comparable RV dilatation, hypertrophy, systolic and diastolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and capillary rarefaction in rat models of PAB, SuHx-, and MCT-induced PAH. These results suggest that PAB, when sufficiently severe, induces features of maladaptive RV remodeling and can be used to investigate RV pathophysiology and therapy effects independent of pulmonary vascular resistance.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although animal models of pulmonary arterial hypertension and pressure loading are important to study right ventricular (RV) pathophysiology, pulmonary arterial hypertension models cannot interrogate RV responses independent of pulmonary vascular effects. Comparing three commonly used rat models under similar elevated RV pressure, we found that all models resulted in comparable maladaptive RV remodeling and dysfunction. Thus, these findings suggest that the pulmonary artery banding model can be used to investigate mechanisms of RV dysfunction in RV pressure overload and the effect of potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Akazawa
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenichi Okumura
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryo Ishii
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cameron Slorach
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wei Hui
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haruki Ide
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Osami Honjo
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mei Sun
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Golam Kabir
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kim Connelly
- Division of Cardiology, Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark K Friedberg
- Division of Cardiology, Labatt Family Heart Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Hołda MK, Szczepanek E, Bielawska J, Palka N, Wojtysiak D, Frączek P, Nowakowski M, Sowińska N, Arent Z, Podolec P, Kopeć G. Changes in heart morphometric parameters over the course of a monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension rat model. J Transl Med 2020; 18:262. [PMID: 32605656 PMCID: PMC7325143 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02440-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aim of this study was to assess changes in cardiac morphometric parameters at different stages of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) using a monocrotaline-induced rat model. Methods Four groups were distinguished: I–control, non-PAH (n = 18); II–early PAH (n = 12); III–end-stage PAH (n = 23); and IV–end-stage PAH with myocarditis (n = 7). Results Performed over the course of PAH in vivo echocardiography showed significant thickening of the right ventricle free wall (end-diastolic dimension), tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion reduction and decrease in pulmonary artery acceleration time normalized to cycle length. No differences in end-diastolic left ventricle free wall thickness measured in echocardiography was observed between groups. Significant increase of right ventricle and decrease of left ventricle systolic pressure was observed over the development of PAH. Thickening and weight increase (241.2% increase) of the right ventricle free wall and significant dilatation of the right ventricle was observed over the course of PAH (p < 0.001). Reduction in the left ventricle free wall thickness was also observed in end-stage PAH (p < 0.001). Significant trend in the left ventricle free wall weight decrease was observed over the course of PAH (p < 0.001, 24.3% reduction). Calculated right/left ventricle free wall weight ratio gradually increased over PAH stages (p < 0.001). The reduction of left ventricle diameter was observed in rats with end-stage PAH both with and without myocarditis (p < 0.001). Conclusions PAH leads to multidimensional changes in morphometric cardiac parameters. Right ventricle morphological and functional failure develop gradually from early stage of PAH, while left ventricle changes develop at the end stages of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz K Hołda
- HEART-Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland. .,Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland. .,Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Elżbieta Szczepanek
- HEART-Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Natalia Palka
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Wojtysiak
- Department of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Paulina Frączek
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University Hospital, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Nowakowski
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Natalia Sowińska
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Arent
- Center of Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University Center of Veterinary Medicine JU-AU, University of Agriculture in Cracow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Piotr Podolec
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kopeć
- Department of Cardiac and Vascular Diseases, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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Taverne YJHJ, Sadeghi A, Bartelds B, Bogers AJJC, Merkus D. Right ventricular phenotype, function, and failure: a journey from evolution to clinics. Heart Fail Rev 2020; 26:1447-1466. [PMID: 32556672 PMCID: PMC8510935 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-020-09982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The right ventricle has long been perceived as the "low pressure bystander" of the left ventricle. Although the structure consists of, at first glance, the same cardiomyocytes as the left ventricle, it is in fact derived from a different set of precursor cells and has a complex three-dimensional anatomy and a very distinct contraction pattern. Mechanisms of right ventricular failure, its detection and follow-up, and more specific different responses to pressure versus volume overload are still incompletely understood. In order to fully comprehend right ventricular form and function, evolutionary biological entities that have led to the specifics of right ventricular physiology and morphology need to be addressed. Processes responsible for cardiac formation are based on very ancient cardiac lineages and within the first few weeks of fetal life, the human heart seems to repeat cardiac evolution. Furthermore, it appears that most cardiogenic signal pathways (if not all) act in combination with tissue-specific transcriptional cofactors to exert inductive responses reflecting an important expansion of ancestral regulatory genes throughout evolution and eventually cardiac complexity. Such molecular entities result in specific biomechanics of the RV that differs from that of the left ventricle. It is clear that sole descriptions of right ventricular contraction patterns (and LV contraction patterns for that matter) are futile and need to be addressed into a bigger multilayer three-dimensional picture. Therefore, we aim to present a complete picture from evolution, formation, and clinical presentation of right ventricular (mal)adaptation and failure on a molecular, cellular, biomechanical, and (patho)anatomical basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick J H J Taverne
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Rg627, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Unit for Cardiac Morphology and Translational Electrophysiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Amir Sadeghi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Rg627, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Beatrijs Bartelds
- Division of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad J J C Bogers
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Rg627, Dr. Molewaterplein 40, 3015, GD, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daphne Merkus
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Morphological and Functional Characteristics of Animal Models of Myocardial Fibrosis Induced by Pressure Overload. Int J Hypertens 2020; 2020:3014693. [PMID: 32099670 PMCID: PMC7013318 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3014693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of myocardial interstitial collagen, abnormal distribution, and excessive proliferation of fibroblasts. According to the researches in recent years, myocardial fibrosis, as the pathological basis of various cardiovascular diseases, has been proven to be a core determinant in ventricular remodeling. Pressure load is one of the causes of myocardial fibrosis. In experimental models of pressure-overload-induced myocardial fibrosis, significant increase in left ventricular parameters such as interventricular septal thickness and left ventricular posterior wall thickness and the decrease of ejection fraction are some of the manifestations of cardiac damage. These morphological and functional changes have a serious impact on the maintenance of physiological functions. Therefore, establishing a suitable myocardial fibrosis model is the basis of its pathogenesis research. This paper will discuss the methods of establishing myocardial fibrosis model and compare the advantages and disadvantages of the models in order to provide a strong basis for establishing a myocardial fibrosis model.
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Antigny F, Mercier O, Humbert M, Sabourin J. Excitation-contraction coupling and relaxation alteration in right ventricular remodelling caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2020; 113:70-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2019.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Response of non-failing hypertrophic rat hearts to prostaglandin F2α. Curr Res Physiol 2019; 2:1-11. [PMID: 34746811 PMCID: PMC8562143 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) has a positively inotropic effect on right ventricular (RV) trabeculae from healthy adult rat hearts, and may therefore be therapeutically useful as a non-catecholaminergic inotrope. These provide additional contractile support for the heart without the added energetic demand of increased heart rate, and are also suitable for patients with reduced β adrenergic receptor (β-AR) responsiveness, or impaired mitochondrial energy supply. However, the response of hypertrophied rat hearts to PGF2α has not previously been examined. Our aim was therefore to determine the effect of PGF2α on isolated perfused rat hearts with RV hypertrophy following induction of pulmonary artery hypertension. Methods Male Wistar rats (300 g) were injected with either 60 mg kg−1 of monocrotaline (MCT, n = 10) or sterile saline as control (CON, n = 11). Four weeks post injection; hearts were isolated and Langendorff-perfused in sinus rhythm. Measurement of left ventricular (LV) pressure and the electrocardiogram were made and the response to 0.3 μM PGF2α was determined. Results PGF2α increased LV developed pressure in CON and in 60% MCT hearts, with no change in heart rate. However, 40% of MCT hearts developed arrhythmias during the peak inotropic response. For comparison, the response to 0.03 μM isoproterenol (ISO) was also investigated. Peak LV pressure developed sooner in response to ISO compared to PGF2α in both rat groups, although the inotropic response to ISO was reduced in MCT hearts. Analysis of fixed ventricular tissue confirmed that only RV myocytes were hypertrophied in MCT hearts. Our study showed that PGF2α was positively inotropic for healthy hearts, but found it generated arrhythmias in 40% of MCT hearts at the dose investigated. However, a more physiological dose of PGF2α may be a useful alternative without the added energetic cost of catecholaminergic inotropes. PGF2α elicits a positive inotropic response in isolated, perfused healthy and hypertrophic rat hearts, with no chronotropic effects, unlike β-AR stimulation. The dose of 0.3 μM PGF2α investigated also triggered sustained, slow onset, arrhythmic activity in 40% of hypertrophic MCT hearts. The peak inotropic response to PGF2α is slower to establish in comparison to the characteristic response to β-AR stimulation, which suggests PGF2α acts via a separate signalling pathway within cardiomyocytes. Hypertrophic MCT hearts had a reduced inotropic response to β-AR stimulation, which illustrates the importance of developing non-catecholaminergic inotropes which will eliminate the increased energetic cost and improve myocardial performance.
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Zimmer A, Teixeira RB, Bonetto JHP, Bahr AC, Türck P, de Castro AL, Campos-Carraro C, Visioli F, Fernandes-Piedras TR, Casali KR, Scassola CMC, Baldo G, Araujo AS, Singal P, Belló-Klein A. Role of inflammation, oxidative stress, and autonomic nervous system activation during the development of right and left cardiac remodeling in experimental pulmonary arterial hypertension. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:93-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03652-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lahm T, Douglas IS, Archer SL, Bogaard HJ, Chesler NC, Haddad F, Hemnes AR, Kawut SM, Kline JA, Kolb TM, Mathai SC, Mercier O, Michelakis ED, Naeije R, Tuder RM, Ventetuolo CE, Vieillard-Baron A, Voelkel NF, Vonk-Noordegraaf A, Hassoun PM. Assessment of Right Ventricular Function in the Research Setting: Knowledge Gaps and Pathways Forward. An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2019; 198:e15-e43. [PMID: 30109950 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201806-1160st] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Right ventricular (RV) adaptation to acute and chronic pulmonary hypertensive syndromes is a significant determinant of short- and long-term outcomes. Although remarkable progress has been made in the understanding of RV function and failure since the meeting of the NIH Working Group on Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Right Heart Failure in 2005, significant gaps remain at many levels in the understanding of cellular and molecular mechanisms of RV responses to pressure and volume overload, in the validation of diagnostic modalities, and in the development of evidence-based therapies. METHODS A multidisciplinary working group of 20 international experts from the American Thoracic Society Assemblies on Pulmonary Circulation and Critical Care, as well as external content experts, reviewed the literature, identified important knowledge gaps, and provided recommendations. RESULTS This document reviews the knowledge in the field of RV failure, identifies and prioritizes the most pertinent research gaps, and provides a prioritized pathway for addressing these preclinical and clinical questions. The group identified knowledge gaps and research opportunities in three major topic areas: 1) optimizing the methodology to assess RV function in acute and chronic conditions in preclinical models, human studies, and clinical trials; 2) analyzing advanced RV hemodynamic parameters at rest and in response to exercise; and 3) deciphering the underlying molecular and pathogenic mechanisms of RV function and failure in diverse pulmonary hypertension syndromes. CONCLUSIONS This statement provides a roadmap to further advance the state of knowledge, with the ultimate goal of developing RV-targeted therapies for patients with RV failure of any etiology.
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Avazmohammadi R, Mendiola E, Li D, Vanderslice P, Dixon R, Sacks M. Interactions between structural remodeling and volumetric growth in right ventricle in response to pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:2737741. [PMID: 31260516 DOI: 10.1115/1.4044174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) exerts substantial pressure overload on the right ventricle (RV). The associated RV free wall (RVFW) adaptation could consist of myocardial hypertrophy, augmented intrinsic contractility, collagen fibrosis, and structural remodeling in an attempt to cope with pressure overload. If RVFW adaptation cannot maintain the RV stroke volume, RV dilation will prevail as an exit mechanism which usually decompensates the RV function leading to RV failure. Our knowledge of the factors determining the transition from the upper limit of RVFW adaptation to RV decompensation and the role of fiber remodeling events in this transition remains very limited. Computational heart models that connect the growth and remodeling (G\&R) events at the fiber and tissue levels with alterations in the organ-level function are essential to predict the temporal order and the compensatory level of the underlying mechanisms. In this work, building upon our recent rodent heart models (RHM) of PAH, we integrated mathematical models that describe time-evolution volumetric growth of the RV and structural remodeling of the RVFW. Results suggest that augmentation of the intrinsic contractility of myofibers accompanied by an increase in passive stiffness of RVFW is among the first remodeling events through which the RV strives to maintain the cardiac output. Interestingly, we found that the observed reorientation of the myofibers towards the longitudinal (apex-to-base) direction was a maladaptive mechanism that impaired the contractile pattern of RVFW and advanced along with RV dilation at later stages of PAH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Avazmohammadi
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Emilio Mendiola
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - David Li
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering
| | - Peter Vanderslice
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Richard Dixon
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA; The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael Sacks
- James T. Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering
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Hadzi‐Petrushev N, Angelovski M, Rebok K, Mitrokhin V, Kamkin A, Mladenov M. Antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory effects of the monocarbonyl curcumin analogs B2BRBC and C66 in monocrotaline‐induced right ventricular hypertrophy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2019; 33:e22353. [DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikola Hadzi‐Petrushev
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology“Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje Skopje Republic of Macedonia
| | - Marija Angelovski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology“Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje Skopje Republic of Macedonia
| | - Katerina Rebok
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology“Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje Skopje Republic of Macedonia
| | - Vadim Mitrokhin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied PhysiologyRussian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Department of Fundamental and Applied PhysiologyRussian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
| | - Mitko Mladenov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Institute of Biology“Ss. Cyril and Methodius” University in Skopje Skopje Republic of Macedonia
- Department of Fundamental and Applied PhysiologyRussian National Research Medical University Moscow Russia
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Veteskova J, Kmecova Z, Malikova E, Doka G, Radik M, Vavrinec P, Krenek P, Klimas J. Opposite alterations of endothelin-1 in lung and pulmonary artery mirror gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Exp Lung Res 2019; 45:30-41. [PMID: 31012341 DOI: 10.1080/01902148.2019.1605426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the Study: Endothelin-1 (ET-1) overexpression was suggested to play a role in pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the roles of ET-1 in early stages of PH remain unexplored. We examined the expression of ET-1 and relevant disease progression markers in the pulmonary artery and the lungs during the development of PH induced by monocrotaline (MCT). Material and Methods: Male 12-weeks-old Wistar rats were administered with MCT (60 mg/kg, s.c.) or saline (CON). We measured right ventricular pressure (RVP) by catheterization under tribromoethanol anesthesia; hemoglobin oxygen saturation, breathing rate were measured by pulse oximetry in conscious animals. Rats were sacrificed 1, 2 or 4 weeks after MCT. mRNA levels of ET-1, its receptors, inflammatory markers IL-1beta, TNFalpha, IL-6 and genes related to VSMC proliferation or lung damage (Bmpr2, nestin, Pim1, PAI-1, TGFbeta-1) were analyzed by RT-qPCR. Results: RVP and breathing rate increased and hemoglobin oxygen saturation decreased after MCT only at week 4. Lung weight was increased at all time points. ET-1 was upregulated in the pulmonary artery at weeks 1 and 4, while being clearly suppressed in the lungs at all times. Bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 followed a similar pattern to ET-1. PAI-1 markedly increased in the MCT lungs (but not pulmonary artery) from week 1 to 4. Nestin peaked at week 2 in both tissues. TGFbeta-1 increased in both tissues at week 4. ET-1 expression did not correlate with other genes, however, Bmpr2 tightly negatively correlated with PAI-1 in the lungs, but not pulmonary artery of MCT groups. Conclusions: ET-1 overexpression in the pulmonary artery preceded development of PH, but it was clearly and unexpectedly downregulated in the lungs of monocrotaline-treated rats and showed no correlation to disease progression markers. We speculate that endothelin-1 may play opposing roles in the lungs vs pulmonary artery in monocrotaline-induced PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Veteskova
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Kmecova
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Eva Malikova
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Gabriel Doka
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Michal Radik
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Peter Vavrinec
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Peter Krenek
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
| | - Jan Klimas
- a Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy , Comenius University in Bratislava , Bratislava , Slovakia
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Janssen PML, Elnakish MT. Modeling heart failure in animal models for novel drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2019; 14:355-363. [PMID: 30861352 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1582636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION When investigating drugs that treat heart diseases, it is critical when choosing an animal model for the said model to produce data that is translatable to the human patient population, while keeping in mind the principles of reduction, refinement, and replacement of the animal model in the research. Areas covered: In this review, the authors focus on mammalian models developed to study the impact of drug treatments on human heart failure. Furthermore, the authors address human patient variability and animal model invariability as well as the considerations that need to be made regarding choice of species. Finally, the authors discuss some of the most common models for the two most prominent human heart failure etiologies; increased load on the heart and myocardial ischemia. Expert opinion: In the authors' opinion, the data generated by drug studies is often heavily impacted by the choice of species and the physiologically relevant conditions under which the data are collected. Approaches that use multiple models and are not restricted to small rodents but involve some verification on larger mammals or on human myocardium, are needed to advance drug discovery for the very large patient population that suffers from heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M L Janssen
- a Department of Physiology and Cell Biology , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA.,b Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA.,c Department of Internal Medicine , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mohammad T Elnakish
- a Department of Physiology and Cell Biology , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA.,b Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute , The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center , Columbus, OH, USA
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Dai G, Li B, Xu Y, Zeng Z, Yang H. Oxymatrine prevents the development of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension via regulation of the N G, N G-dimethyl-L-arginine metabolism pathways in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 842:338-344. [PMID: 30419238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential effect of oxymatrine in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and its possible influence on the NG,NG-dimethyl-L-arginine (ADMA) metabolism pathway. Pulmonary hypertension was induced in rats by a single-dose injection of monocrotaline (60 mg/kg). Daily oral administration of oxymatrine (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was started on the day following the monocrotaline injection for 28 days. Oxymatrine (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly attenuated monocrotaline-induced lung and right ventricular hypertrophy, right ventricular systolic pressure elevation, and right ventricular dysfunction. Oxymatrine also reduced the thickening of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial medial wall. Meanwhile, oxymatrine normalized the level of pulmonary asymmetric ADMA and attenuated the upregulated expression of protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1). Oxymatrine had no effect on the expression of protein arginine methyltransferase 2 (PRMT2) and NG,NG-Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1), which were upregulated in monocrotaline-induced pulmonary arterial hypertensive rats. However, the expression of the protein NG,NG-Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 2 (DDAH2) did not differ among all groups (all P﹥0.05). These results suggest that oxymatrine may offer protective effects on the development of pulmonary hypertension by ameliorating pulmonary remodeling and modulating the ADMA metabolism pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guidong Dai
- Key Laboratory for Modernization of Qiandongnan Miao & Dong Medicine, Qiandongnan Traditional Medicine Research & Development Center, Kaili University, 3 Kaiyuan Road, Kaili, Guizhou 556011, People's Republic of China
| | - Benpeng Li
- Key Laboratory for Modernization of Qiandongnan Miao & Dong Medicine, Qiandongnan Traditional Medicine Research & Development Center, Kaili University, 3 Kaiyuan Road, Kaili, Guizhou 556011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuping Xu
- School of Life and Health Science, Kaili University, 3 Kaiyuan Road, Kaili, Guizhou 556011, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuliang Zeng
- School of Life and Health Science, Kaili University, 3 Kaiyuan Road, Kaili, Guizhou 556011, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyun Yang
- School of Life and Health Science, Kaili University, 3 Kaiyuan Road, Kaili, Guizhou 556011, People's Republic of China
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Association between a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism in the 3'-UTR of ARHGEF18 and the Risk of Nonidiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Chinese Population. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:2461845. [PMID: 30405854 PMCID: PMC6204199 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2461845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
ARHGEF18 has been identified as upregulated in the lung tissues of rat models of pulmonary artery hypertension introduced by hypoxia or monocrotaline (MCT). We used online SNP function prediction tools to screen the candidate SNPs that might be associated with the regulation of the ARHGEF18 expression. The result suggested that rs3745357 located in the 3'-untranslated region of ARHGEF18 is probably a genetic modifier in the process. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between ARHGEF18 rs3745357 polymorphism and nonidiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension susceptibility (niPAH). A total of 293 participants were included in the case-control study (117 patients and 176 healthy controls). The rs3745357 variant was discriminated by using cleaved amplification polymorphism (CAP) sequence-tagged site technology. Although the overall allele and genotype frequencies of rs3745357 in niPAH patients were close to those of the control group, significant differences have been identified when we further divided the niPAH patients into subgroups with or without coronary heart disease (CHD). Rs3745357 C allele frequency was significantly higher in niPAH patients without CHD history (p = 0.001), while the frequency was significantly lower in niPAH patients with CHD history (p = 0.017) when compared to control subjects. The distribution of genotype frequencies was also quite different. After adjustment by gender and age, significant differences were found between patients with CHD history and controls. The results suggest that the ARHGEF18 rs3745357 variant may be used as a marker for the genetic susceptibility to niPAH.
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Vélez-Rendón D, Zhang X, Gerringer J, Valdez-Jasso D. Compensated right ventricular function of the onset of pulmonary hypertension in a rat model depends on chamber remodeling and contractile augmentation. Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045894018800439. [PMID: 30175690 PMCID: PMC6161210 DOI: 10.1177/2045894018800439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Right-ventricular function is a good indicator of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) prognosis; however, how the right ventricle (RV) adapts to the pressure overload is not well understood. Here, we aimed at characterizing the time course of RV early remodeling and discriminate the contribution of ventricular geometric remodeling and intrinsic changes in myocardial mechanical properties in a monocrotaline (MCT) animal model. In a longitudinal study of PAH, ventricular morphology and function were assessed weekly during the first four weeks after MCT exposure. Using invasive measurements of RV pressure and volume, heart performance was evaluated at end of systole and diastole to quantify contractility (end-systolic elastance) and chamber stiffness (end-diastolic elastance). To distinguish between morphological and intrinsic mechanisms, a computational model of the RV was developed and used to determine the level of prediction when accounting for wall masses and unloaded volume measurements changes. By four weeks, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and elastance rose significantly. RV pressures rose significantly after the second week accompanied by significant RV hypertrophy, but RV stroke volume and cardiac output were maintained. The model analysis suggested that, after two weeks, this compensation was only possible due to a significant increase in the intrinsic inotropy of RV myocardium. We conclude that this MCT-PAH rat is a model of RV compensation during the first month after treatment, where geometric remodeling on EDPVR and increased myocardial contractility on ESPVR are the major mechanisms by which stroke volume is preserved in the setting of elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. The mediators of this compensation might themselves promote longer-term adverse remodeling and decompensation in this animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vélez-Rendón
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jesse Gerringer
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Daniela Valdez-Jasso
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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40
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Avazmohammadi R, Mendiola EA, Soares JS, Li DS, Chen Z, Merchant S, Hsu EW, Vanderslice P, Dixon RAF, Sacks MS. A Computational Cardiac Model for the Adaptation to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in the Rat. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 47:138-153. [PMID: 30264263 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-02130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) imposes pressure overload on the right ventricle (RV), leading to RV enlargement via the growth of cardiac myocytes and remodeling of the collagen fiber architecture. The effects of these alterations on the functional behavior of the right ventricular free wall (RVFW) and organ-level cardiac function remain largely unexplored. Computational heart models in the rat (RHMs) of the normal and hypertensive states can be quite valuable in simulating the effects of PAH on cardiac function to gain insights into the pathophysiology of underlying myocardium remodeling. We thus developed high-fidelity biventricular finite element RHMs for the normal and post-PAH hypertensive states using extensive experimental data collected from rat hearts. We then applied the RHM to investigate the transmural nature of RVFW remodeling and its connection to wall stress elevation under PAH. We found a strong correlation between the longitudinally-dominated fiber-level adaptation of the RVFW and the transmural alterations of relevant wall stress components. We further conducted several numerical experiments to gain new insights on how the RV responds both normally and in the post-PAH state. We found that the effect of pressure overload alone on the increased contractility of the RV is comparable to the effects of changes in the RV geometry and stiffness. Furthermore, our RHMs provided fresh perspectives on long-standing questions of the functional role of the interventricular septum in RV function. Specifically, we demonstrated that an inaccurate identification of the mechanical adaptation of the septum can lead to a significant underestimation of RVFW contractility in the post-PAH state. These findings show how integrated experimental-computational models can facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the cardiac remodeling events during PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Avazmohammadi
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Emilio A Mendiola
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - João S Soares
- Department of Mechanical & Nuclear Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - David S Li
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Samer Merchant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Edward W Hsu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Peter Vanderslice
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A F Dixon
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael S Sacks
- Willerson Center for Cardiovascular Modeling and Simulation, Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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41
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Barandiarán Aizpurua A, Schroen B, van Bilsen M, van Empel V. Targeted HFpEF therapy based on matchmaking of human and animal models. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1670-H1683. [PMID: 30239232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00024.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The diversity in clinical phenotypes and poor understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the main reason why no effective treatments have been found yet. Targeted, instead of one size fits all, treatment seems the only promising approach for treating HFpEF. To be able to design a targeted, phenotype-specific HFpEF treatment, the matrix relating clinical phenotypes and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms has to be clarified. This review discusses the opportunities for additional evaluation of the underlying pathophysiological processes, e.g., to evaluate biological phenotypes on top of clinical routine, to guide us toward a phenotype-specific HFpEF treatment. Moreover, a translational approach with matchmaking of animal models to biological HFpEF phenotypes will be a valuable step to test the effectiveness of novel, targeted interventions in HFpEF. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/personalized-medicine-in-hfpef/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Barandiarán Aizpurua
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Blanche Schroen
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Bilsen
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Empel
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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42
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Soares L, Drummond F, Lavorato V, Carneiro-Junior M, Natali A. Exercise training and pulmonary arterial hypertension: A review of the cardiac benefits. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2018.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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43
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Lookin ON, Protsenko YL. Deficiency of Length-Dependent Activation of Contraction in the Cardiac Muscle of Rats with Heart Failure: Assessment of the Muscle Strip and Single Cell Levels. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350918030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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44
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Kim KH, Kim HK, Chan SY, Kim YJ, Sohn DW. Hemodynamic and Histopathologic Benefits of Early Treatment with Macitentan in a Rat Model of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Korean Circ J 2018; 48:839-853. [PMID: 30088353 PMCID: PMC6110709 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2017.0394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Macitentan (MAC) reduces morbidity and mortality among advanced-stage pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) patients. However, data regarding the histopathologic and hemodynamic benefits of MAC treatment at an early stage of PAH is lacking. METHODS One week after monocrotaline (MCT) injection, rats were randomly assigned to MAC (n=16), MAC combined with sildenafil (SIL) (MAC+SIL, n=16), or normal saline (MCT, n=16). Twelve sham rats (Sham) were included for comparison. Right ventricular (RV) systolic function was assessed via echocardiography as the RV fractional area change (RV-FAC). An invasive pressure-volume analysis using a Millar conductance catheter was performed 7 weeks after MCT injection. Rats were subsequently euthanized for histopathologic analysis. RESULTS RV-right atrial pressure gradient on echocardiography was significantly increased 3 weeks after MCT injection, but was maintained in the Sham. RV-FAC was less deteriorated in the MAC, compared to that in the MCT (44±3% vs. 25±7%, p<0.05), and the co-administration of SIL showed no additional benefit (45±8%, p>0.05 vs. the MAC). On invasive hemodynamic analyses, RV end-systolic (196±78 μL) and end-diastolic volumes (310±86 μL), pulmonary artery systolic pressure (89±7.2 mmHg), and end-systolic pressure-volume relationship (-254±25.1) were significantly worse in the MCT vs. in the MAC (101±45 μL, 235±55 μL, 40±10.5 mmHg, and -145±42.1, respectively) and MAC+SIL (109±47 μL, 242±46 μL, 38±9.2 mmHg, and -151±39.2, respectively) (all p<0.05). However, the MAC and MAC+SIL did not differ (all p>0.05). On histopathology, both RV and lung fibrosis were significantly reduced in the MAC and MAC+SIL vs. in the MCT (all p<0.05); the 2 treatment groups did not differ. CONCLUSIONS MAC treatment at an earlier stage significantly attenuated experimental PAH progression hemodynamically and histopathologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sejong General Hospital, Bucheon, Korea.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyung Kwan Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Stephen Y Chan
- Pittsburgh Heart, Lung, Blood, and Vascular Medicine Institute, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) and University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yong Jin Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Won Sohn
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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45
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Kameny RJ, He Y, Zhu T, Gong W, Raff GW, Chapin CJ, Datar SA, Boehme JT, Hata A, Fineman JR. Analysis of the microRNA signature driving adaptive right ventricular hypertrophy in an ovine model of congenital heart disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H847-H854. [PMID: 29906222 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00057.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The right ventricular (RV) response to pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is heterogeneous. Most patients have maladaptive changes with RV dilation and RV failure, whereas some, especially patients with PAH secondary to congenital heart disease, have an adaptive response with hypertrophy and preserved systolic function. Mechanisms for RV adaptation to PAH are unknown, despite RV function being a primary determinant of mortality. In our congenital heart disease ovine model with fetally implanted aortopulmonary shunt (shunt lambs), we previously demonstrated an adaptive physiological RV response to increased afterload with hypertrophy. In the present study, we examined small noncoding microRNA (miRNA) expression in shunt RV and characterized downstream effects of a key miRNA. RV tissue was harvested from 4-wk-old shunt and control lambs ( n = 5), and miRNA, mRNA, and protein were quantitated. We found differential expression of 40 cardiovascular-specific miRNAs in shunt RV. Interestingly, this miRNA signature is distinct from models of RV failure, suggesting that miRNAs might contribute to adaptive RV hypertrophy. Among RV miRNAs, miR-199b was decreased in the RV with eventual downregulation of nuclear factor of activated T cells/calcineurin signaling. Furthermore, antifibrotic miR-29a was increased in the shunt RV with a reduction of the miR-29 targets collagen type A1 and type 3A1 and decreased fibrosis. Thus, we conclude that the miRNA signature specific to shunt lambs is distinct from RV failure and drives gene expression required for adaptive RV hypertrophy. We propose that the adaptive RV miRNA signature may serve as a prognostic and therapeutic tool in patients with PAH to attenuate or prevent progression of RV failure and premature death. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study describes a novel microRNA signature of adaptive right ventricular hypertrophy, with particular attention to miR-199b and miR-29a.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youping He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Terry Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Wenhui Gong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Gary W Raff
- Department of Surgery, University of California , Davis, California
| | - Cheryl J Chapin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Sanjeev A Datar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Jason T Boehme
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Akiko Hata
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California , San Francisco, California
| | - Jeffrey R Fineman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California , San Francisco, California.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California , San Francisco, California
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46
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Nassar SZ, Hassaan PS, Abdelmonsif DA, ElAchy SN. Cardioprotective effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles in monocrotaline rat model of pulmonary hypertension: A possible implication of endothelin-1. Life Sci 2018; 201:89-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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47
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Sun F, Lu Z, Zhang Y, Geng S, Xu M, Xu L, Huang Y, Zhuang P, Zhang Y. Stage‑dependent changes of β2‑adrenergic receptor signaling in right ventricular remodeling in monocrotaline‑induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Int J Mol Med 2018; 41:2493-2504. [PMID: 29393391 PMCID: PMC5846663 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2018.3449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) remodeling coupled with extensive apoptosis in response to unrestrained biomechanical stress may lead to RV failure (RVF), which is the immediate cause of death in the majority of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Overexpression of β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling has been reported to induce myocardiotoxicity in patients with left heart failure. However, the role of β2-AR signaling in the pathophysiology of PAH development has remained elusive. To address this issue, the present study investigated the changes in cardiopulmonary function and structure, as well as the expression of regulators of fibrosis and apoptosis in RVF following monocrotaline (MCT; 60 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced PAH in rats. Cardiopulmonary function and structure, remodeling and apoptosis, as well as G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and β2-AR signaling, were documented over a period of 6 weeks. In the early stages, elevated pulmonary arterial pressure, pulmonary lesions, RV hypertrophy, evidence of left ventricular (LV) hyperfunction and accelerated heart rate were observed in animals with MCT-induced PAH. The levels of angiotensin II receptor type 1b (Agtr1b), Agtr2 and Agt were markedly upregulated and the expression of β2-AR phospho-Ser(355,356) steadily decreased in the right heart. As the disease progressed, LV dysfunction was observed, as evidenced by decreased LV systolic pressure and increased LV end-diastolic pressure, which was accompanied by a sustained increase in circulating brain natriuretic peptide levels. Of note, increased levels of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and concomitant RV remodeling, including hypertrophy, dilatation, inflammation and fibrosis, were observed, despite the enhanced RV contractility. Furthermore, alterations in GPCR signaling and activation in β2-AR-Gs-protein kinase A/Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II signaling were observed in the late stages of PAH. These results suggested that treatment with MCT results in adaptive and maladaptive RV remodeling and apoptosis during the progression of PAH, which is accompanied by distinct changes in the β2-AR signaling. Therefore, these results enable researchers to better understand of pathophysiology of MCT-induced PAH, as well as to determine the effects of novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Sun
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Shihan Geng
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Mengxi Xu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Liman Xu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Pengwei Zhuang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
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48
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Egemnazarov B, Crnkovic S, Nagy BM, Olschewski H, Kwapiszewska G. Right ventricular fibrosis and dysfunction: Actual concepts and common misconceptions. Matrix Biol 2018; 68-69:507-521. [PMID: 29343458 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis and remodeling of the right ventricle (RV) are associated with RV dysfunction and mortality of patients with pulmonary hypertension (PH) but it is unknown how much RV fibrosis contributes to RV dysfunction and mortality. RV fibrosis manifests as fibroblast accumulation and collagen deposition which may be excessive. Although extracellular matrix deposition leads to elevated ventricular stiffness, it is not known to which extent it affects RV function. Various animal models of pulmonary hypertension have been established to investigate the role of fibrosis in RV dysfunction and failure. However, they do not perfectly resemble the human disease. In the current review we describe the major characteristics of RV fibrosis, molecular mechanisms regulating the fibrotic process, and discuss how therapeutic targeting of fibrosis might affect RV function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Slaven Crnkovic
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Bence M Nagy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Horst Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
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49
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Han JC, Guild SJ, Pham T, Nisbet L, Tran K, Taberner AJ, Loiselle DS. Left-Ventricular Energetics in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension-Induced Right-Ventricular Hypertrophic Failure. Front Physiol 2018; 8:1115. [PMID: 29375394 PMCID: PMC5767264 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) alters the geometries of both ventricles of the heart. While the right ventricle (RV) hypertrophies, the left ventricle (LV) atrophies. Multiple lines of clinical and experimental evidence lead us to hypothesize that the impaired stroke volume and systolic pressure of the LV are a direct consequence of the effect of pressure overload in the RV, and that atrophy in the LV plays only a minor role. In this study, we tested this hypothesis by examining the mechanoenergetic response of the atrophied LV to RV hypertrophy in rats treated with monocrotaline. Experiments were performed across multiple-scales: the whole-heart in vivo and ex vivo, and its trabeculae in vitro. Under the in vivo state where the RV was pressure-overloaded, we measured reduced systemic blood pressure and LV ventricular pressure. In contrast, under both ex vivo and in vitro conditions, where the effect of RV pressure overload was circumvented, we found that LV was capable of developing normal systolic pressure and stress. Nevertheless, LV atrophy played a minor role in that LV stroke volume remained lower, thereby contributing to lower LV mechanical work output. Concomitantly lower oxygen consumption and change of enthalpy were observed, and hence LV energy efficiency was unchanged. Our internally consistent findings between working-heart and trabecula experiments explain the rapid improvement of LV systolic function observed in patients with chronic pulmonary hypertension following surgical relief of RV pressure overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- June-Chiew Han
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Toan Pham
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Linley Nisbet
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kenneth Tran
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Andrew J Taberner
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Engineering Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denis S Loiselle
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Asosingh K, Erzurum S. Mechanisms of right heart disease in pulmonary hypertension (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217753121. [PMID: 29264954 PMCID: PMC5798686 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217753121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current dogma is that pathological hypertrophy of the right ventricle is a direct consequence of pulmonary vascular remodeling. However, progression of right ventricle dysfunction is not always lung-dependent. Increased afterload caused by pulmonary vascular remodeling initiates the right ventricle hypertrophy, but determinants leading to adaptive or maladaptive hypertrophy and failure remain unknown. Ischemia in a hypertrophic right ventricle may directly contribute to right heart failure. Rapidly enlarging cardiomyocytes switch from aerobic to anaerobic energy generation resulting in cell growth under relatively hypoxic conditions. Cardiac muscle reacts to an increased afterload by over-activation of the sympathetic system and uncoupling and downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors. Recent studies suggest that β blocker therapy in PH is safe, well tolerated, and preserves right ventricle function and cardiac output by reducing right ventricular glycolysis. Fibrosis, an evolutionary conserved process in host defense and wound healing, is dysregulated in maladaptive cardiac tissue contributing directly to right ventricle failure. Despite several mechanisms having been suggested in right heart disease, the causes of maladaptive cardiac remodeling remain unknown and require further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kewal Asosingh
- 1 2569 Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- 1 2569 Department of Pathobiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.,2 2569 Lerner Research Institute and Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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