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Palmer JA, Rosenthal N, Teichmann SA, Litvinukova M. Revisiting Cardiac Biology in the Era of Single Cell and Spatial Omics. Circ Res 2024; 134:1681-1702. [PMID: 38843288 PMCID: PMC11149945 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Throughout our lifetime, each beat of the heart requires the coordinated action of multiple cardiac cell types. Understanding cardiac cell biology, its intricate microenvironments, and the mechanisms that govern their function in health and disease are crucial to designing novel therapeutical and behavioral interventions. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial omics technologies have significantly propelled this understanding, offering novel insights into the cellular diversity and function and the complex interactions of cardiac tissue. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular landscape of the heart, bridging the gap between suspension-based and emerging in situ approaches, focusing on the experimental and computational challenges, comparative analyses of mouse and human cardiac systems, and the rising contextualization of cardiac cells within their niches. As we explore the heart at this unprecedented resolution, integrating insights from both mouse and human studies will pave the way for novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Palmer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.P., S.A.T.)
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.P., S.A.T.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME (N.R.)
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (N.R.)
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.P., S.A.T.)
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.P., S.A.T.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory (S.A.T.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Litvinukova
- University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (M.L.)
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany (M.L.)
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Munich, Germany (M.L.)
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2
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Ricketts SN, Qian L. The heart of cardiac reprogramming: The cardiac fibroblasts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2022; 172:90-99. [PMID: 36007393 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, outpacing pulmonary disease, infectious disease, and all forms of cancer. Myocardial infarction (MI) dominates cardiovascular disease, contributing to four out of five cardiovascular related deaths. Following MI, patients suffer adverse and irreversible myocardial remodeling associated with cardiomyocyte loss and infiltration of fibrotic scar tissue. Current therapies following MI only mitigate the cardiac physiological decline rather than restore damaged myocardium function. Direct cardiac reprogramming is one strategy that has promise in repairing injured cardiac tissue by generating new, functional cardiomyocytes from cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). With the ectopic expression of transcription factors, microRNAs, and small molecules, CFs can be reprogrammed into cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs) that display molecular signatures, structures, and contraction abilities similar to endogenous cardiomyocytes. The in vivo induction of iCMs following MI leads to significant reduction in fibrotic cardiac remodeling and improved heart function, indicating reprogramming is a viable option for repairing damaged heart tissue. Recent work has illustrated different methods to understand the mechanisms driving reprogramming, in an effort to improve the efficiency of iCM generation and create an approach translational into clinic. This review will provide an overview of CFs and describe different in vivo reprogramming methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea N Ricketts
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Li Qian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; McAllister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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3
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Berridge BR. Animal Study Translation: The Other Reproducibility Challenge. ILAR J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Animal research is currently an irreplaceable contributor to our efforts to protect and improve public health. Its relevance, importance, and contributions are represented in historical precedent, regulatory expectations, evidence of our rapidly developing understanding of human health and disease, as well as success in the development of novel therapeutics that are improving quality of life and extending human and animal life expectancy. The rapid and evolving success in responding to the current COVID pandemic significantly supported by animal studies is a clear example of the importance of animal research. But there is growing interest in reducing our dependence on animals and challenges to the effective translation of current animal studies to human applications. There are several potential contributors to gaps in the translatability of animal research to humans, including our approaches to choosing or rationalizing the relevance of a particular animal model, our understanding of their biological variability and how that applies to outcomes, the data we collect from animal studies, and even how we manage the animals. These important contributors to the success of animal research are explored in this issue of the ILAR Journal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian R Berridge
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in Research, Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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4
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Singh S, Periasamy M, Bal NC. Strain-specific differences in muscle Ca 2+ transport and mitochondrial electron transport chain proteins between FVB/N and C57BL/6J mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 224:jeb.238634. [PMID: 33268531 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.238634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models have been used to determine the role of sarcolipin (SLN) in muscle. However, a few studies had difficulty in detecting SLN in FBV/N mice and questioned its relevance to muscle metabolism. It is known that genetic alteration of proteins in different inbred mice strains produces dissimilar functional outcomes. Therefore, here we compared the expression of SLN and key proteins involved in Ca2+ handling and mitochondrial metabolism between FVB/N and C57BL/6J mouse strains. Data suggest that SLN expression is less abundant in the skeletal muscles of FVB/N mice than in the C57BL/6J strain. The expression of Ca2+ transporters in the mitochondrial membranes was also lower in FVB/N than in C57BL/6J mice. Similarly, electron transport chain proteins in the mitochondria were less abundant in FVB/N mice, which may contribute to differences in energy metabolism. Future studies using different mouse strains should take these differences into account when interpreting their data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushant Singh
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL 32827, USA .,Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Naresh C Bal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024 India
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5
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Abstract
The inbred mouse strain C57BL/6 has been widely used as a background strain for spontaneous and induced mutations. Developed in the 1930s, the C57BL/6 strain
diverged into two major groups in the 1950s, namely, C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N, and more than 20 substrains have been established from them worldwide. We previously
reported genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains in 2009 and 2015. Since then, dozens of reports have been published on phenotypic differences in
behavioral, neurological, cardiovascular, and metabolic traits. Substrains need to be chosen according to the purpose of the study because phenotypic
differences might affect the experimental results. In this paper, we review recent reports of phenotypic and genetic differences among C57BL/6 substrains, focus
our attention on the proper use of C57BL/6 and other inbred strains in the era of genome editing, and provide the life science research community wider
knowledge about this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Mekada
- Department of Zoology, Okayama University of Science, 1-1 Ridai-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-0005, Japan.,Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yoshiki
- Experimental Animal Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
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6
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Dhot J, Prat V, Ferron M, Aillerie V, Erraud A, Rozec B, Waard MD, Gauthier C, Lauzier B. Implications of a Soy-Based Diet for Animal Models. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E774. [PMID: 33466650 PMCID: PMC7828739 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of animal models in fundamental or pre-clinical research remains an absolute requirement for understanding human pathologies and developing new drugs. In order to transpose these results into clinical practice, many parameters must be taken into account to limit bias. Attention has recently been focused on the sex, age or even strain of each animal, but the impact of diet has been largely neglected. Soy, which is commonly used in the diet in varying quantities can affect their physiology. In order to assess whether the presence of soy can impact the obtained results, we studied the impact of a soy-based diet versus a soy-free diet, on diastolic function in a rat model based on transgenic overexpression of the β3-adrenergic receptors in the endothelium and characterized by the appearance of diastolic dysfunction with age. Our results show that the onset of diastolic dysfunction is only observed in transgenic male rats fed with a soy-free diet in the long term. Our study highlights the importance of the diet's choice in the study design process, especially regarding the proportion of soy, to correctly interpret the outcome as low-cost diets are more likely to be highly concentrated in soy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Benjamin Lauzier
- Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes, CNRS, INSERM, L’institut du Thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France; (J.D.); (V.P.); (M.F.); (V.A.); (A.E.); (B.R.); (M.D.W.); (C.G.)
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7
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Williams JL, Paudyal A, Awad S, Nicholson J, Grzesik D, Botta J, Meimaridou E, Maharaj AV, Stewart M, Tinker A, Cox RD, Metherell LA. Mylk3 null C57BL/6N mice develop cardiomyopathy, whereas Nnt null C57BL/6J mice do not. Life Sci Alliance 2020; 3:3/4/e201900593. [PMID: 32213617 PMCID: PMC7103425 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice have well-documented phenotypic and genotypic differences, including the infamous nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) null mutation in the C57BL/6J substrain, which has been linked to cardiovascular traits in mice and cardiomyopathy in humans. To assess whether Nnt loss alone causes a cardiovascular phenotype, we investigated the C57BL/6N, C57BL/6J mice and a C57BL/6J-BAC transgenic rescuing NNT expression, at 3, 12, and 18 mo. We identified a modest dilated cardiomyopathy in the C57BL/6N mice, absent in the two B6J substrains. Immunofluorescent staining of cardiomyocytes revealed eccentric hypertrophy in these mice, with defects in sarcomere organisation. RNAseq analysis identified differential expression of a number of cardiac remodelling genes commonly associated with cardiac disease segregating with the phenotype. Variant calling from RNAseq data identified a myosin light chain kinase 3 (Mylk3) mutation in C57BL/6N mice, which abolishes MYLK3 protein expression. These results indicate the C57BL/6J Nnt-null mice do not develop cardiomyopathy; however, we identified a null mutation in Mylk3 as a credible cause of the cardiomyopathy phenotype in the C57BL/6N.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack L Williams
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Anju Paudyal
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sherine Awad
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - James Nicholson
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Dominika Grzesik
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joaquin Botta
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Eirini Meimaridou
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London, UK
| | - Avinaash V Maharaj
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Michelle Stewart
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Andrew Tinker
- William Harvey Heart Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Roger D Cox
- Medical Research Council Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Lou A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Charterhouse Square, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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8
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van Weeghel M, Abdurrachim D, Nederlof R, Argmann CA, Houtkooper RH, Hagen J, Nabben M, Denis S, Ciapaite J, Kolwicz SC, Lopaschuk GD, Auwerx J, Nicolay K, Des Rosiers C, Wanders RJ, Zuurbier CJ, Prompers JJ, Houten SM. Increased cardiac fatty acid oxidation in a mouse model with decreased malonyl-CoA sensitivity of CPT1B. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:1324-1334. [PMID: 29635338 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvy089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO) is an important energy provider for cardiac work and changes in cardiac substrate preference are associated with different heart diseases. Carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1B (CPT1B) is thought to perform the rate limiting enzyme step in FAO and is inhibited by malonyl-CoA. The role of CPT1B in cardiac metabolism has been addressed by inhibiting or decreasing CPT1B protein or after modulation of tissue malonyl-CoA metabolism. We assessed the role of CPT1B malonyl-CoA sensitivity in cardiac metabolism. Methods and results We generated and characterized a knock in mouse model expressing the CPT1BE3A mutant enzyme, which has reduced sensitivity to malonyl-CoA. In isolated perfused hearts, FAO was 1.9-fold higher in Cpt1bE3A/E3A hearts compared with Cpt1bWT/WT hearts. Metabolomic, proteomic and transcriptomic analysis showed increased levels of malonylcarnitine, decreased concentration of CPT1B protein and a small but coordinated downregulation of the mRNA expression of genes involved in FAO in Cpt1bE3A/E3A hearts, all of which aim to limit FAO. In vivo assessment of cardiac function revealed only minor changes, cardiac hypertrophy was absent and histological analysis did not reveal fibrosis. Conclusions Malonyl-CoA-dependent inhibition of CPT1B plays a crucial role in regulating FAO rate in the heart. Chronic elevation of FAO has a relatively subtle impact on cardiac function at least under baseline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Desiree Abdurrachim
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne Nederlof
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen A Argmann
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY, USA
| | - Riekelt H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob Hagen
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miranda Nabben
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Denis
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolita Ciapaite
- Center for Liver, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Systems Biology, Center for Energy Metabolism and Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen C Kolwicz
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gary D Lopaschuk
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Klaas Nicolay
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Montreal Heart Institute Research Center and Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ronald J Wanders
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Gastroenterology and Metabolism (AG&M), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Academic Medical Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Coert J Zuurbier
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anesthesiology, Department of Anesthesiology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeanine J Prompers
- Biomedical NMR, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands.,Radiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander M Houten
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, 1425 Madison Avenue, Box 1498, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Prat V, Rozec B, Gauthier C, Lauzier B. Human heart failure with preserved ejection versus feline cardiomyopathy: what can we learn from both veterinary and human medicine? Heart Fail Rev 2017; 22:783-794. [DOI: 10.1007/s10741-017-9645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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10
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Valny M, Honsa P, Kirdajova D, Kamenik Z, Anderova M. Tamoxifen in the Mouse Brain: Implications for Fate-Mapping Studies Using the Tamoxifen-Inducible Cre-loxP System. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:243. [PMID: 27812322 PMCID: PMC5071318 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The tamoxifen-inducible Cre-loxP system is widely used to overcome gene targeting pre-adult lethality, to modify a specific cell population at desired time-points, and to visualize and trace cells in fate-mapping studies. In this study we focused on tamoxifen degradation kinetics, because for all genetic fate-mapping studies, the period during which tamoxifen or its metabolites remain active in the CNS, is essential. Additionally, we aimed to define the tamoxifen administration scheme, enabling the maximal recombination rate together with minimal animal mortality. The time window between tamoxifen injection and the beginning of experiments should be large enough to allow complete degradation of tamoxifen and its metabolites. Otherwise, these substances could promote an undesired recombination, leading to data misinterpretation. We defined the optimal time window, allowing the complete degradation of tamoxifen and its metabolites, such as 4-hydroxytamoxifen, N-desmethyltamoxifen, endoxifen and norendoxifen, in the mouse brain after intraperitoneal tamoxifen injection. We determined the biological activity of these substances in vitro, as well as a minimal effective concentration of the most potent metabolite 4-hydroxytamoxifen causing recombination in vivo. For this purpose, we analyzed the recombination rate in double transgenic Cspg4-cre/Esr1/ROSA26Sortm14(CAG-tdTomato) mice, in which tamoxifen administration triggers the expression of red fluorescent protein in NG2-expressing cells, and employed a liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry, to determine the concentration of studied substances in the brain. We determined the degradation kinetics of these substances, and revealed that this process is influenced by mouse strains, age of animals, and dosage. Our results revealed that tamoxifen and its metabolites were completely degraded within 8 days in young adult C57BL/6J mice, while the age-matched FVB/NJ male mice displayed more effective degradation. Moreover, aged C57BL/6J mice were unable to metabolize all substances within 8 days. The lowering of initial tamoxifen dose leads to a significantly faster degradation of all studied substances. A disruption of the blood-brain barrier caused no concentration changes of any tamoxifen metabolites in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Taken together, we showed that tamoxifen metabolism in mouse brains is age-, strain- and dose-dependent, and these factors should be taken into account in the experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Valny
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Honsa
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Kirdajova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPrague, Czech Republic; 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles UniversityPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Kamenik
- Laboratory for Biology of Secondary Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Anderova
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Vaillant F, Lauzier B, Ruiz M, Shi Y, Lachance D, Rivard ME, Bolduc V, Thorin E, Tardif JC, Des Rosiers C. Ivabradine and metoprolol differentially affect cardiac glucose metabolism despite similar heart rate reduction in a mouse model of dyslipidemia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 311:H991-H1003. [PMID: 27496881 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00789.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
While heart rate reduction (HRR) is a target for the management of patients with heart disease, contradictory results were reported using ivabradine, which selectively inhibits the pacemaker If current, vs. β-blockers like metoprolol. This study aimed at testing whether similar HRR with ivabradine vs. metoprolol differentially modulates cardiac energy substrate metabolism, a factor determinant for cardiac function, in a mouse model of dyslipidemia (hApoB+/+;LDLR-/-). Following a longitudinal study design, we used 3- and 6-mo-old mice, untreated or treated for 3 mo with ivabradine or metoprolol. Cardiac function was evaluated in vivo and ex vivo in working hearts perfused with 13C-labeled substrates to assess substrate fluxes through energy metabolic pathways. Compared with 3-mo-old, 6-mo-old dyslipidemic mice had similar cardiac hemodynamics in vivo but impaired (P < 0.001) contractile function (aortic flow: -45%; cardiac output: -34%; stroke volume: -35%) and glycolysis (-24%) ex vivo. Despite inducing a similar 10% HRR, ivabradine-treated hearts displayed significantly higher stroke volume values and glycolysis vs. their metoprolol-treated counterparts ex vivo, values for the ivabradine group being often not significantly different from 3-mo-old mice. Further analyses highlighted additional significant cardiac alterations with disease progression, namely in the total tissue level of proteins modified by O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc), whose formation is governed by glucose metabolism via the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway, which showed a similar pattern with ivabradine vs. metoprolol treatment. Collectively, our results emphasize the implication of alterations in cardiac glucose metabolism and signaling linked to disease progression in our mouse model. Despite similar HRR, ivabradine, but not metoprolol, preserved cardiac function and glucose metabolism during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Vaillant
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Benjamin Lauzier
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Matthieu Ruiz
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yanfen Shi
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dominic Lachance
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Rivard
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Virginie Bolduc
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Eric Thorin
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Surgery, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
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12
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Captur G, Wilson R, Bennett MF, Luxán G, Nasis A, de la Pompa JL, Moon JC, Mohun TJ. Morphogenesis of myocardial trabeculae in the mouse embryo. J Anat 2016; 229:314-25. [PMID: 27020702 PMCID: PMC4948049 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Formation of trabeculae in the embryonic heart and the remodelling that occurs prior to birth is a conspicuous, but poorly understood, feature of vertebrate cardiogenesis. Mutations disrupting trabecular development in the mouse are frequently embryonic lethal, testifying to the importance of the trabeculae, and aberrant trabecular structure is associated with several human cardiac pathologies. Here, trabecular architecture in the developing mouse embryo has been analysed using high-resolution episcopic microscopy (HREM) and three-dimensional (3D) modelling. This study shows that at all stages from mid-gestation to birth, the ventricular trabeculae comprise a complex meshwork of myocardial strands. Such an arrangement defies conventional methods of measurement, and an approach based upon fractal algorithms has been used to provide an objective measure of trabecular complexity. The extent of trabeculation as it changes along the length of left and right ventricles has been quantified, and the changes that occur from formation of the four-chambered heart until shortly before birth have been mapped. This approach not only measures qualitative features evident from visual inspection of 3D models, but also detects subtle, consistent and regionally localised differences that distinguish each ventricle and its developmental stage. Finally, the combination of HREM imaging and fractal analysis has been applied to analyse changes in embryonic heart structure in a genetic mouse model in which trabeculation is deranged. It is shown that myocardial deletion of the Notch pathway component Mib1 (Mib1(flox/flox) ; cTnT-cre) results in a complex array of abnormalities affecting trabeculae and other parts of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Captur
- Institute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Barts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Robert Wilson
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
| | - Michael F Bennett
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
| | - Guillermo Luxán
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)Melchor Fernández AlmagroMadridSpain
| | - Arthur Nasis
- Monash Cardiovascular Research CentreMonashHEARTMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - José Luis de la Pompa
- Intercellular Signalling in Cardiovascular Development & Disease LaboratoryCentro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC)Melchor Fernández AlmagroMadridSpain
| | - James C Moon
- Institute of Cardiovascular ScienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- The Barts Heart CentreBarts Health NHS TrustLondonUK
| | - Timothy J Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill LaboratoryThe RidgewayLondonUK
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13
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Wojewoda M, Tyrankiewicz U, Gwozdz P, Skorka T, Jablonska M, Orzylowska A, Jasinski K, Jasztal A, Przyborowski K, Kostogrys RB, Zoladz JA, Chlopicki S. Exercise capacity and cardiac hemodynamic response in female ApoE/LDLR(-/-) mice: a paradox of preserved V'O2max and exercise capacity despite coronary atherosclerosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24714. [PMID: 27108697 PMCID: PMC4842974 DOI: 10.1038/srep24714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed exercise performance, coronary blood flow and cardiac reserve of female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice with advanced atherosclerosis compared with age-matched, wild-type C57BL6/J mice. Exercise capacity was assessed as whole body maximal oxygen consumption (V’O2max), maximum running velocity (vmax) and maximum distance (DISTmax) during treadmill exercise. Cardiac systolic and diastolic function in basal conditions and in response to dobutamine (mimicking exercise-induced cardiac stress) were assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in vivo. Function of coronary circulation was assessed in isolated perfused hearts. In female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice V’O2max, vmax and DISTmax were not impaired as compared with C57BL6/J mice. Cardiac function at rest and systolic and diastolic cardiac reserve were also preserved in female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice as evidenced by preserved fractional area change and similar fall in systolic and end diastolic area after dobutamine. Moreover, endothelium-dependent responses of coronary circulation induced by bradykinin (Bk) and acetylcholine (ACh) were preserved, while endothelium-independent responses induced by NO-donors were augmented in female ApoE/LDLR−/− mice. Basal COX-2-dependent production of 6-keto-PGF1α was increased. Concluding, we suggest that robust compensatory mechanisms in coronary circulation involving PGI2- and NO-pathways may efficiently counterbalance coronary atherosclerosis-induced impairment in V’O2max and exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wojewoda
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - U Tyrankiewicz
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - P Gwozdz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - T Skorka
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - M Jablonska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - A Orzylowska
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - K Jasinski
- Department of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Institute of Nuclear Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow, Poland
| | - A Jasztal
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - K Przyborowski
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - R B Kostogrys
- Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - J A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Krakow, Poland
| | - S Chlopicki
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
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14
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Taegtmeyer H, Young ME, Lopaschuk GD, Abel ED, Brunengraber H, Darley-Usmar V, Des Rosiers C, Gerszten R, Glatz JF, Griffin JL, Gropler RJ, Holzhuetter HG, Kizer JR, Lewandowski ED, Malloy CR, Neubauer S, Peterson LR, Portman MA, Recchia FA, Van Eyk JE, Wang TJ. Assessing Cardiac Metabolism: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circ Res 2016; 118:1659-701. [PMID: 27012580 DOI: 10.1161/res.0000000000000097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In a complex system of interrelated reactions, the heart converts chemical energy to mechanical energy. Energy transfer is achieved through coordinated activation of enzymes, ion channels, and contractile elements, as well as structural and membrane proteins. The heart's needs for energy are difficult to overestimate. At a time when the cardiovascular research community is discovering a plethora of new molecular methods to assess cardiac metabolism, the methods remain scattered in the literature. The present statement on "Assessing Cardiac Metabolism" seeks to provide a collective and curated resource on methods and models used to investigate established and emerging aspects of cardiac metabolism. Some of those methods are refinements of classic biochemical tools, whereas most others are recent additions from the powerful tools of molecular biology. The aim of this statement is to be useful to many and to do justice to a dynamic field of great complexity.
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15
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Vaillant F, Magat J, Bour P, Naulin J, Benoist D, Loyer V, Vieillot D, Labrousse L, Ritter P, Bernus O, Dos Santos P, Quesson B. Magnetic resonance-compatible model of isolated working heart from large animal for multimodal assessment of cardiac function, electrophysiology, and metabolism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2016; 310:H1371-80. [PMID: 26968545 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00825.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To provide a model close to the human heart, and to study intrinsic cardiac function at the same time as electromechanical coupling, we developed a magnetic resonance (MR)-compatible setup of isolated working perfused pig hearts. Hearts from pigs (40 kg, n = 20) and sheep (n = 1) were blood perfused ex vivo in the working mode with and without loaded right ventricle (RV), for 80 min. Cardiac function was assessed by measuring left intraventricular pressure and left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction (LVEF), aortic and mitral valve dynamics, and native T1 mapping with MR imaging (1.5 Tesla). Potential myocardial alterations were assessed at the end of ex vivo perfusion from late-Gadolinium enhancement T1 mapping. The ex vivo cardiac function was stable across the 80 min of perfusion. Aortic flow and LV-dP/dtmin were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in hearts perfused with loaded RV, without differences for heart rate, maximal and minimal LV pressure, LV-dP/dtmax, LVEF, and kinetics of aortic and mitral valves. T1 mapping analysis showed a spatially homogeneous distribution over the LV. Simultaneous recording of hemodynamics, LVEF, and local cardiac electrophysiological signals were then successfully performed at baseline and during electrical pacing protocols without inducing alteration of MR images. Finally, (31)P nuclear MR spectroscopy (9.4 T) was also performed in two pig hearts, showing phosphocreatine-to-ATP ratio in accordance with data previously reported in vivo. We demonstrate the feasibility to perfuse isolated pig hearts in the working mode, inside an MR environment, allowing simultaneous assessment of cardiac structure, mechanics, and electrophysiology, illustrating examples of potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Vaillant
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Julie Magat
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Pierre Bour
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Jérôme Naulin
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
| | - David Benoist
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Virginie Loyer
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Delphine Vieillot
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Louis Labrousse
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Cardiothoracic Pole, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Ritter
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Cardiothoracic Pole, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Bernus
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
| | - Pierre Dos Santos
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and Bordeaux University Hospital (CHU), Cardiothoracic Pole, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Bruno Quesson
- IHU Liryc, Electrophysiology and Heart Modeling Institute, foundation Bordeaux Université, F-33600 Pessac- Bordeaux, France; Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000, Bordeaux, France; INSERM, Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, U1045, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; and
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16
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Mouse Strain Impacts Fatty Acid Uptake and Trafficking in Liver, Heart, and Brain: A Comparison of C57BL/6 and Swiss Webster Mice. Lipids 2016; 51:549-60. [PMID: 26797754 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-015-4117-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
C57BL/6 and Swiss Webster mice are used to study lipid metabolism, although differences in fatty acid uptake between these strains have not been reported. Using a steady state kinetic model, [1-(14)C]16:0, [1-(14)C]20:4n-6, or [1-(14)C]22:6n-3 was infused into awake, adult male mice and uptake into liver, heart, and brain determined. The integrated area of [1-(14)C]20:4n-6 in plasma was significantly increased in C57BL/6 mice, but [1-(14)C]16:0 and [1-(14)C]22:6n-3 were not different between groups. In heart, uptake of [1-(14)C]20:4n-6 was increased 1.7-fold in C57BL/6 mice. However, trafficking of [1-(14)C]22:6n-3 into the organic fraction of heart was significantly decreased 33 % in C57BL/6 mice. Although there were limited differences in fatty acid tracer trafficking in liver or brain, [1-(14)C]16:0 incorporation into liver neutral lipids was decreased 18 % in C57BL/6 mice. In heart, the amount of [1-(14)C]16:0 and [1-(14)C]22:6n-3 incorporated into total phospholipids were decreased 45 and 49 %, respectively, in C57BL/6 mice. This was accounted for by a 53 and 37 % decrease in [1-(14)C]16:0 and 44 and 52 % decrease in [1-(14)C]22:6n-3 entering ethanolamine glycerophospholipids and choline glycerophospholipids, respectively. In contrast, there was a significant increase in [1-(14)C]20:4n-6 esterification into all heart phospholipids of C57BL/6 mice. Although changes in uptake were limited to heart, several significant differences were found in fatty acid trafficking into heart, liver, and brain phospholipids. In summary, our data demonstrates differences in tissue fatty acid uptake and trafficking between mouse strains is an important consideration when carrying out fatty acid metabolic studies.
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17
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Shin JH, Kim IY, Kim YN, Shin SM, Roh KJ, Lee SH, Sohn M, Cho SY, Lee SH, Ko CY, Kim HS, Choi CS, Bae YS, Seong JK. Obesity Resistance and Enhanced Insulin Sensitivity in Ahnak-/- Mice Fed a High Fat Diet Are Related to Impaired Adipogenesis and Increased Energy Expenditure. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139720. [PMID: 26466345 PMCID: PMC4605776 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Recent evidence has suggested that AHNAK expression is altered in obesity, although its role in adipose tissue development remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the molecular mechanism by which Ahnak influences adipogenesis and glucose homeostasis. Design We investigated the in vitro role of AHNAK in adipogenesis using adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and C3H10T1/2 cells. AHNAK-KO male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD; 60% calories from fat) and examined for glucose and insulin tolerances, for body fat compositions, and by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping. Energy expenditures were assessed using metabolic cages and by measuring the expression levels of genes involved in thermogenesis in white or brown adipose tissues. Results Adipogenesis in ADSCs was impaired in AHNAK-KO mice. The loss of AHNAK led to decreased BMP4/SMAD1 signaling, resulting in the downregulation of key regulators of adipocyte differentiation (P<0.05). AHNAK directly interacted with SMAD1 on the Pparγ2 promoter. Concomitantly, HFD-fed AHNAK-KO mice displayed reduced hepatosteatosis and improved metabolic profiles, including improved glucose tolerance (P<0.001), enhanced insulin sensitivity (P<0.001), and increased energy expenditure (P<0.05), without undergoing alterations in food intake and physical activity. Conclusion AHNAK plays a crucial role in body fat accumulation by regulating adipose tissue development via interaction with the SMAD1 protein and can be involved in metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Il Yong Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yo Na Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sun Mee Shin
- Division of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyung Jin Roh
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Division of Endocrinology Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Seo Hyun Lee
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mira Sohn
- Division of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soo Young Cho
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Lee
- Ewha Research Center for Systems Biology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-Yong Ko
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Institute of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Han-Sung Kim
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Cheol Soo Choi
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute and Division of Endocrinology Gil Medical Center, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Yun Soo Bae
- Division of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JKS); (YSB)
| | - Je Kyung Seong
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Genomics, College of Veterinary Medicine, and BK21 Program for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Korea Mouse Phenotyping Center (KMPC), Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program for Bioinformatics, Program for Cancer Biology and BIO-MAX Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JKS); (YSB)
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18
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Ruiz M, Gélinas R, Vaillant F, Lauzier B, Des Rosiers C. Metabolic Tracing Using Stable Isotope-Labeled Substrates and Mass Spectrometry in the Perfused Mouse Heart. Methods Enzymol 2015; 561:107-47. [PMID: 26358903 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There has been a resurgence of interest for the field of cardiac metabolism catalyzed by evidence demonstrating a role of metabolic dysregulation in the pathogenesis of heart disease as well as the increased need for new therapeutic targets for patients with these diseases. In this regard, measuring substrate fluxes is critical in providing insight into the dynamics of cellular metabolism and in delineating the regulation of metabolite production and utilization. This chapter provides a comprehensive description of concepts, guidelines, and tips to assess metabolic fluxes relevant to energy substrate metabolism using (13)C-labeled substrates and (13)C-isotopomer analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and the ex vivo working heart as study model. The focus will be on the mouse and on flux parameters, which are commonly assessed in the field, namely, those relevant to substrate selection for energy metabolism, specifically the relative contribution of carbohydrate (glucose, lactate, and pyruvate) and fatty acid oxidation to acetyl-CoA formation for citrate synthesis, glycolysis, as well as anaplerosis. We provide detailed procedures for the heart isolation and perfusion in the working mode as well as for sample processing for metabolite extraction and analysis by GC-MS and subsequent data processing for calculation of metabolic flux parameters. Finally, we address practical considerations and discuss additional applications and future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Ruiz
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roselle Gélinas
- Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Fanny Vaillant
- IHU Institut de Rythmologie et Modélisation Cardiaque, Fondation Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; Inserm U1045 Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Christine Des Rosiers
- Department of Nutrition, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Montreal Heart Institute, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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19
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Abstract
The C57BL/6 (B6) mouse is the background strain most frequently used for genetically-modified mice. Previous studies have found significant behavioral and genetic differences between the B6J (The Jackson Laboratory) and B6N substrains (National Institutes of Health); however, most studies employed only male mice. We performed a comprehensive battery of motor function and learning and memory tests on male and female mice from both substrains. The B6N male mice had greater improvement in the rotarod test. In contrast, B6J female mice had longer latencies to falling from the rotarod. In the Morris water maze (MWM), B6J males had significantly shorter latencies to finding the hidden platform. However, B6N females had significantly shorter path lengths in the reversal and shifted-reduced phases. In open field locomotor activity, B6J males had higher activity levels, whereas B6N females took longer to habituate. In the fear conditioning test, B6N males had a significantly longer time freezing in the new context compared with B6J males, but no significant differences were found in contextual or cued tests. In summary, our findings demonstrate the importance of testing both males and females in neurobehavioral studies. Both factors (sex and substrain) must be taken into account when designing developmental neurotoxicology studies.
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20
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Niedenführ S, Wiechert W, Nöh K. How to measure metabolic fluxes: a taxonomic guide for (13)C fluxomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 34:82-90. [PMID: 25531408 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reaction rates (fluxes) contribute fundamentally to our understanding of metabolic phenotypes and mechanisms of cellular regulation. Stable isotope-based fluxomics integrates experimental data with biochemical networks and mathematical modeling to 'measure' the in vivo fluxes within an organism that are not directly observable. In recent years, (13)C fluxomics has evolved into a technology with great experimental, analytical, and mathematical diversity. This review aims at establishing a unified taxonomy by means of which the various fluxomics methods can be compared to each other. By linking the developed modeling approaches to recent studies, their challenges and opportunities are put into perspective. The proposed classification serves as a guide for scientific 'travelers' who are striving to resolve research questions with the currently available (13)C fluxomics toolset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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21
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Cardin S, Scott-Boyer MP, Praktiknjo S, Jeidane S, Picard S, Reudelhuber TL, Deschepper CF. Differences in cell-type-specific responses to angiotensin II explain cardiac remodeling differences in C57BL/6 mouse substrains. Hypertension 2014; 64:1040-6. [PMID: 25069667 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.114.04067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite indications that hearts from the C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mouse substrains differ in terms of their contractility and their responses to stress-induced overload, no information is available about the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. We tested whether subacute (48 hours) and chronic (14 days) administration of angiotensin II (500 ng/kg per day) had different effects on the left ventricles of male C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice. Despite higher blood pressure in C57BL/6J mice, chronic angiotensin II induced fibrosis and increased the left ventricular weight/body weight ratio and cardiac expression of markers of left ventricular hypertrophy to a greater extent in C57BL/6N mice. Subacute angiotensin II affected a greater number of cardiac genes in C57BL/6N than in C57BL/6J mice. Some of the most prominent differences were observed for markers of (1) macrophage activation and M2 polarization, including 2 genes (osteopontin and galectin-3) whose inactivation was reported as sufficient to prevent angiotensin II-induced myocardial fibrosis; and (2) fibroblast activation. These differences were confirmed in macrophage- and fibroblast-enriched populations of cells isolated from the hearts of experimental mice. When testing F2 animals, the amount of connective tissue present after chronic angiotensin II administration did not cosegregate with the inactivation mutation of the nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase gene from C57BL/6J mice, thus discounting its possible contribution to differences in cardiac remodeling. However, expression levels of osteopontin and galectin-3 were cosegregated in hearts from angiotensin II-treated F2 animals and may represent endophenotypes that could facilitate the identification of genetic regulators of the cardiac fibrogenic response to angiotensin II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cardin
- From the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Pier Scott-Boyer
- From the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Samantha Praktiknjo
- From the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Saloua Jeidane
- From the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sylvie Picard
- From the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Timothy L Reudelhuber
- From the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian F Deschepper
- From the Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montréal, Québec, Canada; and Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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Bruinsma BG, Yarmush ML, Uygun K. Organomatics and organometrics: Novel platforms for long-term whole-organ culture. TECHNOLOGY 2014; 2:13. [PMID: 25035864 PMCID: PMC4097862 DOI: 10.1142/s2339547814300029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Organ culture systems are instrumental as experimental whole-organ models of physiology and disease, as well as preservation modalities facilitating organ replacement therapies such as transplantation. Nevertheless, a coordinated system of machine perfusion components and integrated regulatory control has yet to be fully developed to achieve long-term maintenance of organ function ex vivo. Here we outline current strategies for organ culture, or organomatics, and how these systems can be regulated by means of computational algorithms, or organometrics, to achieve the organ culture platforms anticipated in modern-day biomedicine.
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