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Guo S, Jiang Y, Jiao J, Shi Y, Zhu T, Li L. Electrospun gelatin-based biomimetic scaffold with spatially aligned and three-layer architectures for vascular tissue engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125039. [PMID: 37224900 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The spatial cellular alignment and multi-layer structure are vitally important for the physiological functions of natural blood vessels. However, the two features are difficult to be constructed in one scaffold simultaneously, especially in the small-diameter vascular scaffold. Here we report a general strategy to construct a gelatin-based biomimetic three-layer vascular scaffold with spatial alignment features mimicking the natural structure of blood vessels. By using a sequential electrospinning strategy combined with folding and rolling manipulation, a three-layer vascular scaffold with inner and middle layers spatially perpendicular to each other was obtained. The special features of this scaffold could fully mimic the natural multi-layer structures of blood vessels and also possess great potential for spatial arrangement guidance of corresponding cells in blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanzhu Guo
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Jingjing Jiao
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Yan Shi
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Tao Zhu
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
| | - Long Li
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou 550025, China.
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2
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Hoyle H, Stenger C, Przyborski S. Design considerations of benchtop fluid flow bioreactors for bio-engineered tissue equivalents in vitro. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 8:100063. [PMID: 36824373 PMCID: PMC9934498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major aims of bio-engineering tissue equivalents in vitro is to create physiologically relevant culture conditions to accurately recreate the cellular microenvironment. This often includes incorporation of factors such as the extracellular matrix, co-culture of multiple cell types and three-dimensional culture techniques. These advanced techniques can recapitulate some of the properties of tissue in vivo, however fluid flow is a key aspect that is often absent. Fluid flow can be introduced into cell and tissue culture using bioreactors, which are becoming increasingly common as we seek to produce increasingly accurate tissue models. Bespoke technology is continuously being developed to tailor systems for specific applications and to allow compatibility with a range of culture techniques. For effective perfusion of a tissue culture many parameters can be controlled, ranging from impacts of the fluid flow such as increased shear stress and mass transport, to potentially unwanted side effects such as temperature fluctuations. A thorough understanding of these properties and their implications on the culture model can aid with a more accurate interpretation of results. Improved and more complete characterisation of bioreactor properties will also lead to greater accuracy when reporting culture conditions in protocols, aiding experimental reproducibility, and allowing more precise comparison of results between different systems. In this review we provide an analysis of the different factors involved in the development of benchtop flow bioreactors and their potential biological impacts across a range of applications.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ABS, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
- ALI, air-liquid interface
- Bioreactors
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- Cell culture
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FDM, fused deposition modelling
- Fluid flow
- PC, polycarbonate
- PET, polyethylene terephthalate
- PLA, polylactic acid
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- SLA, stereolithography
- Tissue engineering
- UL, unstirred layer
- UV, ultraviolet light
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Affiliation(s)
- H.W. Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - C.M.L. Stenger
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S.A. Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,NETPark Incubator, Reprocell Europe Ltd., Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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3
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Putative mechanobiological impact of surface texture on cell activity around soft-tissue implants undergoing micromotion. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2022; 21:1117-1131. [PMID: 35534762 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-022-01578-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Recent reports of adverse health effects (e.g., capsular contracture, lymphoma) linked to the absence or presence of texture on soft-tissue implants (e.g., breast implants) suggest surface topography may have pathological impact(s). We propose that surface texture influences the transfer of displacements, experienced by an implant undergoing micromotion, to surrounding interfacial extracellular matrix, which in turn impacts the activity of the resident cells and is based on degree of tissue integration. We hypothesize that transfer of displacements due to micromotion promotes interstitial fluid movement that imposes hydrodynamic stresses (pressures, shear stresses) on cells residing in the interfacial tissues and impacts their activity. To address this, we developed a computer simulation to approximate hydrodynamic stresses in the interstitial environment of saturated poroelastic tissues (model soft-tissue implantation sites) generated from oscillatory implant micromotion as a function of the magnitude of translational displacement, direction of motion, degree of tissue integration, and surface roughness of the implant. Highly integrated implants were predicted to generate the highest fluid shear stresses within model tissues, with oscillatory fluid shear stresses up to 80 dyn/cm2 for a 20-μm displacement. Notably, application of oscillatory 80 dyn/cm2 shear stress to cultured human fibroblasts elicited cell death after 20 h compared to cells maintained under static conditions or exposed to 80 dyn/cm2 steady, unidirectional shear. These results indicate that oscillatory interstitial fluid stresses generated by micromotion of an integrated implant may influence the activity of the surrounding cells and play a role in the body's fibrotic response to textured soft-tissue implants.
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Imashiro C, Kang B, Lee Y, Hwang YH, Im S, Kim DE, Takemura K, Lee H. Propagating acoustic waves on a culture substrate regulate the directional collective cell migration. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2021; 7:90. [PMID: 34786204 PMCID: PMC8581020 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-021-00304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays a critical role in physiological and pathological processes such as development, wound healing, and metastasis. Numerous studies have demonstrated how various types of chemical, mechanical, and electrical cues dictate the collective migratory behaviors of cells. Although an acoustic cue can be advantageous because of its noninvasiveness and biocompatibility, cell migration in response to acoustic stimulation remains poorly understood. In this study, we developed a device that is able to apply surface acoustic waves to a cell culture substrate and investigated the effect of propagating acoustic waves on collective cell migration. The migration distance estimated at various wave intensities revealed that unidirectional cell migration was enhanced at a critical wave intensity and that it was suppressed as the intensity was further increased. The increased migration might be attributable to cell orientation alignment along the direction of the propagating wave, as characterized by nucleus shape. Thicker actin bundles indicative of a high traction force were observed in cells subjected to propagating acoustic waves at the critical intensity. Our device and technique can be useful for regulating cellular functions associated with cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikahiro Imashiro
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Shinjuku, Japan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Byungjun Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yunam Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Hoo Hwang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seonghun Im
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Eun Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kenjiro Takemura
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hyungsuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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5
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Bruijn LE, van den Akker BEWM, van Rhijn CM, Hamming JF, Lindeman JHN. Extreme Diversity of the Human Vascular Mesenchymal Cell Landscape. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e017094. [PMID: 33190596 PMCID: PMC7763765 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.017094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Human mesenchymal cells are culprit factors in vascular (patho)physiology and are hallmarked by phenotypic and functional heterogeneity. At present, they are subdivided by classic umbrella terms, such as "fibroblasts," "myofibroblasts," "smooth muscle cells," "fibrocytes," "mesangial cells," and "pericytes." However, a discriminative marker-based subclassification has to date not been established. Methods and Results As a first effort toward a classification scheme, a systematic literature search was performed to identify the most commonly used phenotypical and functional protein markers for characterizing and classifying vascular mesenchymal cell subpopulation(s). We next applied immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence to inventory the expression pattern of identified markers on human aorta specimens representing early, intermediate, and end stages of human atherosclerotic disease. Included markers comprise markers for mesenchymal lineage (vimentin, FSP-1 [fibroblast-specific protein-1]/S100A4, cluster of differentiation (CD) 90/thymocyte differentiation antigen 1, and FAP [fibroblast activation protein]), contractile/non-contractile phenotype (α-smooth muscle actin, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, and nonmuscle myosin heavy chain), and auxiliary contractile markers (h1-Calponin, h-Caldesmon, Desmin, SM22α [smooth muscle protein 22α], non-muscle myosin heavy chain, smooth muscle myosin heavy chain, Smoothelin-B, α-Tropomyosin, and Telokin) or adhesion proteins (Paxillin and Vinculin). Vimentin classified as the most inclusive lineage marker. Subset markers did not separate along classic lines of smooth muscle cell, myofibroblast, or fibroblast, but showed clear temporal and spatial diversity. Strong indications were found for presence of stem cells/Endothelial-to-Mesenchymal cell Transition and fibrocytes in specific aspects of the human atherosclerotic process. Conclusions This systematic evaluation shows a highly diverse and dynamic landscape for the human vascular mesenchymal cell population that is not captured by the classic nomenclature. Our observations stress the need for a consensus multiparameter subclass designation along the lines of the cluster of differentiation classification for leucocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. Bruijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | | | - Connie M. van Rhijn
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jaap F. Hamming
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jan H. N. Lindeman
- Division of Vascular SurgeryDepartment of SurgeryLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
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6
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Wright ME, Yu JK, Jain D, Maeda A, Yeh SCA, DaCosta RS, Lin CP, Santerre JP. Engineering functional microvessels in synthetic polyurethane random-pore scaffolds by harnessing perfusion flow. Biomaterials 2020; 256:120183. [PMID: 32622017 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.120183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recently reported biomaterial-based approaches toward prevascularizing tissue constructs rely on biologically or structurally complex scaffolds that are complicated to manufacture and sterilize, and challenging to customize for clinical applications. In the current work, a prevascularization method for soft tissue engineering that uses a non-patterned and non-biological scaffold is proposed. Human fibroblasts and HUVECs were seeded on an ionomeric polyurethane-based hydrogel and cultured for 14 days under medium perfusion. A flow rate of 0.05 mL/min resulted in a greater lumen density in the constructs relative to 0.005 and 0.5 mL/min, indicating the critical importance of flow magnitude in establishing microvessels. Constructs generated at 0.05 mL/min perfusion flow were implanted in a mouse subcutaneous model and intravital imaging was used to characterize host blood perfusion through the construct after 2 weeks. Engineered microvessels were functional (i.e. perfused with host blood and non-leaky) and neovascularization of the construct by host vessels was enhanced relative to non-prevascularized constructs. We report on the first strategy toward engineering functional microvessels in a tissue construct using non-bioactive, non-patterned synthetic polyurethane materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Ee Wright
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jonathan K Yu
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Devika Jain
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Azusa Maeda
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Shu-Chi A Yeh
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph S DaCosta
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre and Techna Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Charles P Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J Paul Santerre
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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7
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A microfluidics-based wound-healing assay for studying the effects of shear stresses, wound widths, and chemicals on the wound-healing process. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20016. [PMID: 31882962 PMCID: PMC6934480 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56753-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration plays important roles in various physiological processes. To investigate this collective cellular movement, various wound-healing assays have been developed. In these assays, a “wound” is created mechanically, chemically, optically, or electrically out of a cellular monolayer. Most of these assays are subject to drawbacks of run-to-run variations in wound size/shape and damages to cells/substrate. Moreover, in all these assays, cells are cultured in open, static (non-circulating) environments. In this study, we reported a microfluidics-based wound-healing assay by using the trypsin flow-focusing technique. Fibroblasts were first cultured inside this chip to a cellular monolayer. Then three parallel fluidic flows (containing normal medium and trypsin solution) were introduced into the channels, and cells exposed to protease trypsin were enzymatically detached from the surface. Wounds of three different widths were generated, and subsequent wound-healing processes were observed. This assay is capable of creating three or more wounds of different widths for investigating the effects of various physical and chemical stimuli on wound-healing speeds. The effects of shear stresses, wound widths, and β-lapachone (a wound healing-promoting chemical) on wound-healing speeds were studied. It was found that the wound-healing speed (total area healed per unit time) increased with increasing shear stress and wound width, but under a shear stress of 0.174 mPa the linear healing speed (percent area healed per unit time) was independent of the wound width. Also, the addition of β-lapachone up to 0.5 μM did not accelerate wound healing. This microfluidics-based assay can definitely help in understanding the mechanisms of the wound-healing process and developing new wound-healing therapies.
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8
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Siddique A, Meckel T, Stark RW, Narayan S. Improved cell adhesion under shear stress in PDMS microfluidic devices. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 150:456-464. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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9
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Holt AW, Howard WE, Ables ET, George SM, Kukoly CA, Rabidou JE, Francisco JT, Chukwu AN, Tulis DA. Making the cut: Innovative methods for optimizing perfusion-based migration assays. Cytometry A 2016; 91:270-280. [PMID: 27984679 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Application of fluid shear stress to adherent cells dramatically influences their cytoskeletal makeup and differentially regulates their migratory phenotype. Because cytoskeletal rearrangements are necessary for cell motility and migration, preserving these adaptations under in vitro conditions and in the presence of fluid flow are physiologically essential. With this in mind, parallel plate flow chambers and microchannels are often used to conduct in vitro perfusion experiments. However, both of these systems currently lack capacity to accurately study cell migration in the same location where cells were perfused. The most common perfusion/migration assays involve cell perfusion followed by trypsinization which can compromise adaptive cytoskeletal geometry and lead to misleading phenotypic conclusions. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively highlight some limitations commonly found with currently used cell migration approaches and to introduce two new advances which use additive manufacturing (3D printing) or laser capture microdissection (LCM) technology. The residue-free 3D printed insert allows accurate cell seeding within defined areas, increases cell yield for downstream analyses, and more closely resembles the reported levels of fluid shear stress calculated with computational fluid dynamics as compared to other residue-free cell seeding techniques. The LCM approach uses an ultraviolet laser for "touchless technology" to rapidly and accurately introduce a custom-sized wound area in otherwise inaccessible perfusion microchannels. The wound area introduced by LCM elicits comparable migration characteristics compared to traditional pipette tip-induced injuries. When used in perfusion experiments, both of these newly characterized tools were effective in yielding similar results yet without the limitations of the traditional modalities. These innovative methods provide valuable tools for exploring mechanisms of clinically important aspects of cell migration fundamental to the pathogenesis of many flow-mediated disorders and are applicable to other perfusion-based models where migration is of central importance. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W Holt
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - William E Howard
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Stephanie M George
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Cindy A Kukoly
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jake E Rabidou
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jake T Francisco
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Angel N Chukwu
- Department of Engineering, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - David A Tulis
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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10
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Elliott WH, Tan Y, Li M, Tan W. RETRACTED ARTICLE: High Pulsatility Flow Promotes Vascular Fibrosis by Triggering Endothelial EndMT and Fibroblast Activation. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 8:285-295. [PMID: 34522234 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular fibrosis, the formation of excess fibrous tissue on the blood vessel wall, is characterized by unmitigated proliferation of fibroblasts or myofibroblast-like cells exhibiting α-smooth-muscle-actin in vessel lumen and other vascular layers. It likely contributes to vascular unresponsiveness to conventional therapies. This paper demonstrates a new flow-induced vascular fibrosis mechanism. Using our developed flow system which simulates the effect of vessel stiffening and generates unidirectional high pulsatility flow (HPF) with the mean shear flow at a physiological level, we have shown that HPF caused vascular endothelial dysfunction. Herein, we further explored the role of HPF in vascular fibrosis through endothelial-to-mesenchymal transdifferentiation (EndMT). Pulmonary arterial endothelial cells (ECs) were exposed to steady flow and HPF, which have the same physiological mean fluid shear but different in flow pulsatility. Cells were analyzed after being conditioned with flows for 24 or 48 h. HPF was found to induce EndMT of cells after 48 h stimulation; cells demonstrated drastically decreased expression in EC marker CD31, as well as increased transforming growth factor β, α-SMA, and collagen type-I, in both gene and protein expression profiles. Using the flow media from HPF-conditioned endothelial culture to cultivate arterial adventitial fibroblasts (AdvFBs) and ECs respectively, we found that the conditioned media respectively enhanced migration, proliferation and α-SMA expression of AdvFBs, and induced EndMT of ECs. It was further revealed that cells exposed to HPF exhibited much higher percentage of caspase-positive cells compared to those exposed to steady flow. Apoptotic cells together with remaining, caspase-negative cells suggested the presence of apoptosis-resistant dysfunctional ECs which likely underwent EndMT process and perpetuated fibrosis throughout vascular tissues. Therefore, our results indicate that prolonged HPF stimuli induce vascular fibrosis through triggering EndMT and EC-mediated AdvFB activation and migration, which follows initial endothelial inflammation, dysfunction and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston H Elliott
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, ECME 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0427 USA
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, ECME 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0427 USA
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
| | - Wei Tan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Dr, ECME 114, Boulder, CO 80309-0427 USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado at Denver, Aurora, CO 80045 USA
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11
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Sun W, Pang Y, Liu Z, Sun L, Liu B, Xu M, Dong Y, Feng J, Jiang C, Kong W, Wang X. Macrophage inflammasome mediates hyperhomocysteinemia-aggravated abdominal aortic aneurysm. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 81:96-106. [PMID: 25680906 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a serious vascular disease with high mortality. Our previous study suggested that hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) exaggerates the occurrence of AAA. Here, we investigated whether macrophage inflammasome is involved in HHcy-aggravated AAA formation. Two independent HHcy-aggravated AAA models, perivascular calcium phosphate-treated C57BL/6 mice and angiotensin II (Ang II)-infused apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE(-/-)) mice were used. NLPR3, caspase 1, and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels were higher in aneurysmal lesions of both HHcy models compared to controls, preferentially in macrophages. Similarly, macrophage inflammasome activation was observed in vitro. Folic acid administration reversed the HHcy-accelerated AAA, with ameliorated activation of inflammasome in the tunica adventitia. Lentiviral silencing of NLRP3 significantly ameliorated HHcy-aggravated AAA formation. We observed increased mitochondrial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and energy switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis with excess Hcy in macrophages. Blocking mitochondrial ROS production in macrophages abolished inflammasome activation. Our study highlights the potential importance of macrophage inflammasome in the pathogenesis and development of HHcy-aggravated AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Pang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingjiang Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Dong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Feng
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Kong
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xian Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Steward RL, Tan C, Cheng CM, LeDuc PR. Cellular force signal integration through vector logic gates. J Biomech 2015; 48:613-620. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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13
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Liu R, Chen X, Gellman SH, Masters KS. Nylon-3 polymers that enable selective culture of endothelial cells. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 135:16296-9. [PMID: 24156536 DOI: 10.1021/ja408634a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substrates that selectively encourage the growth of specific cell types are valuable for the engineering of complex tissues. Some cell-selective peptides have been identified from extracellular matrix proteins; these peptides have proven useful for biomaterials-based approaches to tissue repair or regeneration. However, there are very few examples of synthetic materials that display selectivity in supporting cell growth. We describe nylon-3 polymers that support in vitro culture of endothelial cells but do not support the culture of smooth muscle cells or fibroblasts. These materials may be promising for vascular biomaterials applications.
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14
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Chingozha L, Zhan M, Zhu C, Lu H. A generalizable, tunable microfluidic platform for delivering fast temporally varying chemical signals to probe single-cell response dynamics. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10138-47. [PMID: 25254360 PMCID: PMC4204904 DOI: 10.1021/ac5019843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
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Understanding how biological systems
transduce dynamic, soluble
chemical cues into physiological processes requires robust experimental
tools for generating diverse temporal chemical patterns. The advent
of microfluidics has seen the development of platforms for rapid fluid
exchange allowing ease of changes in the cellular microenvironment
and precise cell handling. Rapid exchange is important for exposing
systems to temporally varying signals. However, direct coupling of
macroscale fluid flow with microstructures is potentially problematic
due to the high shear stresses that inevitably add confounding mechanical
perturbation effects to the biological system of interest. Here, we
have devised a method of translating fast and precise macroscale flows
to microscale flows using a monolithically integrated perforated membrane.
We integrated a high-density cell trap array for nonadherent cells
that are challenging to handle under flow conditions with a soluble
chemical signal generator module. The platform enables fast and repeatable
switching of stimulus and buffer at low shear stresses for quantitative
live, single-cell fluorescent studies. This modular design allows
facile integration of any cell-handling chip design with any chemical
delivery module. We demonstrate the utility of this device by characterizing
heterogeneity of oscillatory response for cells exposed to alternating
Ca2+ waveforms at various periodicities. This platform
enables the analysis of cell responses to chemical perturbations at
a single-cell resolution that is necessary in understanding signal
transduction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loice Chingozha
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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15
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Chang JY, Wang S, Allen JS, Lee SH, Chang ST, Choi YK, Friedrich C, Choi CK. A novel miniature dynamic microfluidic cell culture platform using electro-osmosis diode pumping. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2014; 8:044116. [PMID: 25379101 PMCID: PMC4189290 DOI: 10.1063/1.4892894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An electro-osmosis (EOS) diode pumping platform capable of culturing cells in fluidic cellular micro-environments particularly at low volume flow rates has been developed. Diode pumps have been shown to be a viable alternative to mechanically driven pumps. Typically electrokinetic micro-pumps were limited to low-concentration solutions (≤10 mM). In our approach, surface mount diodes were embedded along the sidewalls of a microchannel to rectify externally applied alternating current into pulsed direct current power across the diodes in order to generate EOS flows. This approach has for the first time generated flows at ultra-low flow rates (from 2.0 nl/s to 12.3 nl/s) in aqueous solutions with concentrations greater than 100 mM. The range of flow was generated by changing the electric field strength applied to the diodes from 0.5 Vpp/cm to 10 Vpp/cm. Embedding an additional diode on the upper surface of the enclosed microchannel increased flow rates further. We characterized the diode pump-driven fluidics in terms of intensities and frequencies of electric inputs, pH values of solutions, and solution types. As part of this study, we found that the growth of A549 human lung cancer cells was positively affected in the microfluidic diode pumping system. Though the chemical reaction compromised the fluidic control overtime, the system could be maintained fully functional over a long time if the solution was changed every hour. In conclusion, the advantage of miniature size and ability to accurately control fluids at ultra-low volume flow rates can make this diode pumping system attractive to lab-on-a-chip applications and biomedical engineering in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Yung Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Shuo Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Allen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Seong Hyuk Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University , 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Suk Tai Chang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Chung-Ang University , 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chung-Ang University , 221 Heukseok-Dong, Dongjak-Gu, Seoul 156-756, South Korea
| | - Craig Friedrich
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton Michigan 49931, USA
| | - Chang Kyoung Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering-Engineering Mechanics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton Michigan 49931, USA
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16
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Tarbell JM, Shi ZD, Dunn J, Jo H. Fluid Mechanics, Arterial Disease, and Gene Expression. ANNUAL REVIEW OF FLUID MECHANICS 2014; 46:591-614. [PMID: 25360054 PMCID: PMC4211638 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-fluid-010313-141309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review places modern research developments in vascular mechanobiology in the context of hemodynamic phenomena in the cardiovascular system and the discrete localization of vascular disease. The modern origins of this field are traced, beginning in the 1960s when associations between flow characteristics, particularly blood flow-induced wall shear stress, and the localization of atherosclerotic plaques were uncovered, and continuing to fluid shear stress effects on the vascular lining endothelial) cells (ECs), including their effects on EC morphology, biochemical production, and gene expression. The earliest single-gene studies and genome-wide analyses are considered. The final section moves from the ECs lining the vessel wall to the smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts within the wall that are fluid me chanically activated by interstitial flow that imposes shear stresses on their surfaces comparable with those of flowing blood on EC surfaces. Interstitial flow stimulates biochemical production and gene expression, much like blood flow on ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, New York, NY 10031
| | - Zhong-Dong Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jessilyn Dunn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Hanjoong Jo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
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17
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Qazi H, Palomino R, Shi ZD, Munn LL, Tarbell JM. Cancer cell glycocalyx mediates mechanotransduction and flow-regulated invasion. Integr Biol (Camb) 2013; 5:1334-43. [PMID: 24077103 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40057c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells are covered by a surface proteoglycan (glycocalyx) layer, and it is known that blood vessel-lining endothelial cells use the glycocalyx to sense and transduce the shearing forces of blood flow into intracellular signals. Tumor cells in vivo are exposed to forces from interstitial fluid flow that may affect metastatic potential but are not reproduced by most in vitro cell motility assays. We hypothesized that glycocalyx-mediated mechanotransduction of interstitial flow shear stress is an un-recognized factor that can significantly enhance metastatic cell motility and play a role in augmentation of invasion. Involvement of MMP levels, cell adhesion molecules (CD44, α3 integrin), and glycocalyx components (heparan sulfate and hyaluronan) was investigated in a cell/collagen gel suspension model designed to mimic the interstitial flow microenvironment. Physiological levels of flow upregulated MMP levels and enhanced the motility of metastatic cells. Blocking the flow-enhanced expression of MMP activity or adhesion molecules (CD44 and integrins) resulted in blocking the flow-enhanced migratory activity. The presence of a glycocalyx-like layer was verified around tumor cells, and the degradation of this layer by hyaluronidase and heparinase blocked the flow-regulated invasion. This study shows for the first time that interstitial flow enhancement of metastatic cell motility can be mediated by the cell surface glycocalyx - a potential target for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Qazi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York/CUNY, The City University of New York, Steinman Hall, T-404C, Convent Avenue at 140th Street, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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18
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Song S, Han H, Ko UH, Kim J, Shin JH. Collaborative effects of electric field and fluid shear stress on fibroblast migration. LAB ON A CHIP 2013; 13:1602-11. [PMID: 23450300 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc41240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cells are inherently exposed to a number of different biophysical stimuli such as electric fields, shear stress, and tensile or compressive stress from the extracellular environment in vivo. Each of these biophysical cues can work simultaneously or independently to regulate cellular functions and tissue integrity in both physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, it is vital to understand the interaction of multiple stimuli on cells by decoupling and coupling the stimuli in simple combinations and by investigating cellular behaviors in response to these cues. Here, we report a novel microfluidic platform to apply the combinatorial stimulation of an electric field and fluid shear stress by controlling two directional cues independently. An integrated microfluidic platform was developed using soft lithography to monitor the cellular migration in real-time in response to an electric field and fluid shear stress in single, simultaneous, and sequential modes. When each of these stimulations is applied separately, normal human dermal fibroblasts migrate toward the anode and in the direction of fluid flow in a dose-dependent manner. Simultaneous stimulation with an electric field and shear stress, which mimics a wound in vivo, enhances the directional migration of fibroblasts by increasing both directedness and trajectory speed, suggesting the plausible scenario of cooperation between two physical cues to promote wound healing. When an electric field and shear stress are applied sequentially, migration behavior is affected by the applied stimulation as well as pre-existing stimulating conditions. This microfluidic platform can be utilized to understand other microenvironments such as embryogenesis, angiogenesis and tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhyun Song
- Division of Mechanical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Aerospace and Systems Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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19
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Steward RL, Rosner SR, Zhou EH, Fredberg JJ. Illuminating human health through cell mechanics. Swiss Med Wkly 2013; 143:w13766. [PMID: 23519500 DOI: 10.4414/smw.2013.13766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells reside in mechanically rich and dynamic microenvironments, and the complex interplay between mechanics and biology is widely acknowledged. Recent research has yielded insights linking the mechanobiology of cells, human physiology, and pathophysiology. In particular, we have learned of the cell's astounding ability to sense and respond to its mechanical microenvironment. This seemingly innate behaviour of the cell has driven efforts to characterise precisely the cellular behaviour from a mechanical viewpoint. Here we present an overview of technologies used to probe cell mechanical and material properties, how they have led to the discovery of seemingly strange cellular mechanical behaviours, and their influential role in health and disease, including asthma, cancer, and glaucoma. The properties reviewed here have implications in physiology and pathology and raise questions that will fuel research opportunities for years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Steward
- Program in Molecular and Integrative Physiological Sciences School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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20
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Mitchell MJ, King MR. Computational and experimental models of cancer cell response to fluid shear stress. Front Oncol 2013; 3:44. [PMID: 23467856 PMCID: PMC3587800 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
It has become evident that mechanical forces play a key role in cancer metastasis, a complex series of steps that is responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. One such force is fluid shear stress, exerted on circulating tumor cells by blood flow in the vascular microenvironment, and also on tumor cells exposed to slow interstitial flows in the tumor microenvironment. Computational and experimental models have the potential to elucidate metastatic behavior of cells exposed to such forces. Here, we review the fluid-generated forces that tumor cells are exposed to in the vascular and tumor microenvironments, and discuss recent computational and experimental models that have revealed mechanotransduction phenomena that may play a role in the metastatic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mitchell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University Ithaca, NY, USA
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21
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Conway DE, Eskin SG, McIntire LV. Effects of Mechanical Forces on Cells and Tissues (The Liquid–Cell Interface). Biomater Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-087780-8.00040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Mechanical stretch and shear flow induced reorganization and recruitment of fibronectin in fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2011; 1:147. [PMID: 22355663 PMCID: PMC3216627 DOI: 10.1038/srep00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It was our objective to study the role of mechanical stimulation on fibronectin (FN) reorganization and recruitment by exposing fibroblasts to shear fluid flow and equibiaxial stretch. Mechanical stimulation was also combined with a Rho inhibitor to probe their coupled effects on FN. Mechanically stimulated cells revealed a localization of FN around the cell periphery as well as an increase in FN fibril formation. Mechanical stimulation coupled with chemical stimulation also revealed an increase in FN fibrils around the cell periphery. Complimentary to this, fibroblasts exposed to fluid shear stress structurally rearranged pre-coated surface FN, but unstimulated and stretched cells did not. These results show that mechanical stimulation directly affected FN reorganization and recruitment, despite perturbation by chemical stimulation. Our findings will help elucidate the mechanisms of FN biosynthesis and organization by furthering the link of the role of mechanics with FN.
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Fluid shear stress regulates the invasive potential of glioma cells via modulation of migratory activity and matrix metalloproteinase expression. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20348. [PMID: 21637818 PMCID: PMC3102715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma cells are exposed to elevated interstitial fluid flow during the onset of angiogenesis, at the tumor periphery while invading normal parenchyma, within white matter tracts, and during vascular normalization therapy. Glioma cell lines that have been exposed to fluid flow forces in vivo have much lower invasive potentials than in vitro cell motility assays without flow would indicate. Methodology/Principal Findings A 3D Modified Boyden chamber (Darcy flow through collagen/cell suspension) model was designed to mimic the fluid dynamic microenvironment to study the effects of fluid shear stress on the migratory activity of glioma cells. Novel methods for gel compaction and isolation of chemotactic migration from flow stimulation were utilized for three glioma cell lines: U87, CNS-1, and U251. All physiologic levels of fluid shear stress suppressed the migratory activity of U87 and CNS-1 cell lines. U251 motility remained unaltered within the 3D interstitial flow model. Matrix Metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibition experiments and assays demonstrated that the glioma cells depended on MMP activity to invade, and suppression in motility correlated with downregulation of MMP-1 and MMP-2 levels. This was confirmed by RT-PCR and with the aid of MMP-1 and MMP-2 shRNA constructs. Conclusions/Significance Fluid shear stress in the tumor microenvironment may explain reduced glioma invasion through modulation of cell motility and MMP levels. The flow-induced migration trends were consistent with reported invasive potentials of implanted gliomas. The models developed for this study imply that flow-modulated motility involves mechanotransduction of fluid shear stress affecting MMP activation and expression. These models should be useful for the continued study of interstitial flow effects on processes that affect tumor progression.
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Fluid flow mechanotransduction in vascular smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:1608-19. [PMID: 21479754 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how vascular wall endothelial cells (ECs), smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and fibroblasts (FBs) sense and transduce the stimuli of hemodynamic forces (shear stress, cyclic strain, and hydrostatic pressure) into intracellular biochemical signals is critical to prevent vascular disease development and progression. ECs lining the vessel lumen directly sense alterations in blood flow shear stress and then communicate with medial SMCs and adventitial FBs to regulate vessel function and disease. Shear stress mechanotransduction in ECs has been extensively studied and reviewed. In the case of endothelial damage, blood flow shear stress may directly act on the superficial layer of SMCs and transmural interstitial flow may be elevated on medial SMCs and adventitial FBs. Therefore, it is also important to investigate direct shear effects on vascular SMCs as well as FBs. The work published in the last two decades has shown that shear stress and interstitial flow have significant influences on vascular SMCs and FBs. This review summarizes work that considered direct shear effects on SMCs and FBs and provides the first comprehensive overview of the underlying mechanisms that modulate SMC secretion, alignment, contraction, proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, and migration in response to 2-dimensional (2D) laminar, pulsatile, and oscillating flow shear stresses and 3D interstitial flow. A mechanistic model of flow sensing by SMCs is also provided to elucidate possible mechanotransduction pathways through surface glycocalyx, integrins, membrane receptors, ion channels, and primary cilia. Understanding flow-mediated mechanotransduction in SMCs and FBs and the interplay with ECs should be helpful in exploring strategies to prevent flow-initiated atherosclerosis and neointima formation and has implications in vascular tissue engineering.
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Shi ZD, Wang H, Tarbell JM. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate interstitial flow mechanotransduction regulating MMP-13 expression and cell motility via FAK-ERK in 3D collagen. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15956. [PMID: 21246051 PMCID: PMC3016412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interstitial flow directly affects cells that reside in tissues and regulates
tissue physiology and pathology by modulating important cellular processes
including proliferation, differentiation, and migration. However, the structures
that cells utilize to sense interstitial flow in a 3-dimensional (3D) environment
have not yet been elucidated. Previously, we have shown that interstitial
flow upregulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression in rat vascular
smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts via activation of
an ERK1/2-c-Jun pathway, which in turn promotes cell migration in collagen.
Herein, we focused on uncovering the flow-induced mechanotransduction mechanism
in 3D. Methodology/Principal Findings Cleavage of rat vascular SMC surface glycocalyx heparan sulfate (HS) chains
from proteoglycan (PG) core proteins by heparinase or disruption of HS biosynthesis
by silencing N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase
1 (NDST1) suppressed interstitial flow-induced ERK1/2 activation, interstitial
collagenase (MMP-13) expression, and SMC motility in 3D collagen. Inhibition
or knockdown of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) also attenuated or blocked flow-induced
ERK1/2 activation, MMP-13 expression, and cell motility. Interstitial flow
induced FAK phosphorylation at Tyr925, and this activation was blocked when
heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) were disrupted. These data suggest that
HSPGs mediate interstitial flow-induced mechanotransduction through FAK-ERK.
In addition, we show that integrins are crucial for mechanotransduction through
HSPGs as they mediate cell spreading and maintain cytoskeletal rigidity. Conclusions/Significance We propose a conceptual mechanotransduction model wherein cell surface
glycocalyx HSPGs, in the presence of integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesions
and cytoskeleton organization, sense interstitial flow and activate the FAK-ERK
signaling axis, leading to upregulation of MMP expression and cell motility
in 3D. This is the first study to describe a flow-induced mechanotransduction
mechanism via HSPG-mediated FAK activation in 3D. This study will be of interest
in understanding the flow-related mechanobiology in vascular lesion formation,
tissue morphogenesis, cancer cell metastasis, and stem cell differentiation
in 3D, and also has implications in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Dong Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
The City College of New York, The City University of New York (CUNY), New
York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
The City College of New York, The City University of New York (CUNY), New
York, New York, United States of America
| | - John M. Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering,
The City College of New York, The City University of New York (CUNY), New
York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Shi ZD, Abraham G, Tarbell JM. Shear stress modulation of smooth muscle cell marker genes in 2-D and 3-D depends on mechanotransduction by heparan sulfate proteoglycans and ERK1/2. PLoS One 2010; 5:e12196. [PMID: 20808940 PMCID: PMC2922372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background During vascular injury, vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (FBs/MFBs) are exposed to altered luminal blood flow or transmural interstitial flow. We investigate the effects of these two types of fluid flows on the phenotypes of SMCs and MFBs and the underlying mechanotransduction mechanisms. Methodology/Principal Findings Exposure to 8 dyn/cm2 laminar flow shear stress (2-dimensional, 2-D) for 15 h significantly reduced expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), smooth muscle protein 22 (SM22), SM myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), smoothelin, and calponin. Cells suspended in collagen gels were exposed to interstitial flow (1 cmH2O, ∼0.05 dyn/cm2, 3-D), and after 6 h of exposure, expression of SM-MHC, smoothelin, and calponin were significantly reduced, while expression of α-SMA and SM22 were markedly enhanced. PD98059 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor) and heparinase III (an enzyme to cleave heparan sulfate) significantly blocked the effects of laminar flow on gene expression, and also reversed the effects of interstitial flow on SM-MHC, smoothelin, and calponin, but enhanced interstitial flow-induced expression of α-SMA and SM22. SMCs and MFBs have similar responses to fluid flow. Silencing ERK1/2 completely blocked the effects of both laminar flow and interstitial flow on SMC marker gene expression. Western blotting showed that both types of flows induced ERK1/2 activation that was inhibited by disruption of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Conclusions/Significance The results suggest that HSPG-mediated ERK1/2 activation is an important mechanotransduction pathway modulating SMC marker gene expression when SMCs and MFBs are exposed to flow. Fluid flow may be involved in vascular remodeling and lesion formation by affecting phenotypes of vascular wall cells. This study has implications in understanding the flow-related mechanobiology in vascular lesion formation, tumor cell invasion, and stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Dong Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZDS); (JMT)
| | - Giya Abraham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John M. Tarbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, The City University of New York (CUNY), New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ZDS); (JMT)
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Steward RL, Cheng CM, Wang DL, LeDuc PR. Probing Cell Structure Responses Through a Shear and Stretching Mechanical Stimulation Technique. Cell Biochem Biophys 2009; 56:115-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-009-9075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bae AJ, Beta C, Bodenschatz E. Rapid switching of chemical signals in microfluidic devices. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:3059-3065. [PMID: 19823720 DOI: 10.1039/b905521e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present an analysis of concentration switching times in microfluidic devices. The limits of rapid switching are analyzed based on the theory of dispersion by Taylor and Aris and compared to both experiments and numerical simulations. We focus on switching times obtained by photo-activation of caged compounds in a micro-flow (flow photolysis). The performance of flow photolysis is compared to other switching techniques. A flow chart is provided to facilitate the application of our theoretical analysis to microfluidic switching devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert J Bae
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Shi ZD, Ji XY, Berardi DE, Qazi H, Tarbell JM. Interstitial flow induces MMP-1 expression and vascular SMC migration in collagen I gels via an ERK1/2-dependent and c-Jun-mediated mechanism. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 298:H127-35. [PMID: 19880665 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00732.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts into the intima after vascular injury is a central process in vascular lesion formation. The elevation of transmural interstitial flow is also observed after damage to the vascular endothelium. We have previously shown that interstitial flow upregulates matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) expression, which in turn promotes SMC and fibroblast migration in collagen I gels. In this study, we investigated further the mechanism of flow-induced MMP-1 expression. An ERK1/2 inhibitor PD-98059 completely abolished interstitial flow-induced SMC migration and MMP-1 expression. Interstitial flow promoted ERK1/2 phosphorylation, whereas PD-98059 abolished flow-induced activation. Silencing ERK1/2 completely abolished MMP-1 expression and SMC migration. In addition, interstitial flow increased the expression of activator protein-1 transcription factors (c-Jun and c-Fos), whereas PD-98059 attenuated flow-induced expression. Knocking down c-jun completely abolished flow-induced MMP-1 expression, whereas silencing c-fos did not affect MMP-1 expression. Taken together, our data indicate that interstitial flow induces MMP-1 expression and SMC migration in collagen I gels via an ERK1/2-dependent and c-Jun-mediated mechanism and suggest that interstitial flow, ERK1/2 MAPK, c-Jun, and MMP-1 may play important roles in SMC migration and neointima formation after vascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Dong Shi
- City College of New York, City University of New York, Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA.
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30
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Rizzo V. Enhanced interstitial flow as a contributing factor in neointima formation: (shear) stressing vascular wall cell types other than the endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1196-7. [PMID: 19525374 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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31
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Shi ZD, Ji XY, Qazi H, Tarbell JM. Interstitial flow promotes vascular fibroblast, myofibroblast, and smooth muscle cell motility in 3-D collagen I via upregulation of MMP-1. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 297:H1225-34. [PMID: 19465549 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00369.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neointima formation often occurs in regions where the endothelium has been damaged and the transmural interstitial flow is elevated. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts (FBs/MFBs) contribute to intimal thickening by migrating from the media and adventitia into the site of injury. In this study, for the first time, the direct effects of interstitial flow on SMC and FB/MFB migration were investigated in an in vitro three-dimensional system. Collagen I gels were used to mimic three-dimensional extracellular matrix (ECM) for rat aortic SMCs and FBs/MFBs. Exposure to interstitial flow induced by 1 cmH(2)O pressure differential (shear stress, approximately 0.05 dyn/cm(2); flow velocity, approximately 0.5 microm/s; and Darcy permeability, approximately 10(-11) cm(2)) substantially enhanced cell motility. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor (GM-6001) abolished flow-induced migration augmentation, which suggested that the enhanced motility was MMP dependent. The upregulation of MMP-1 played a critical role for the flow-enhanced motility, which was further confirmed by silencing MMP-1 gene expression. Longer exposures to higher flows suppressed the number of migrated cells, although MMP-1 gene expression remained high. This suppression was a result of both flow-induced tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 upregulation and increased apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Interstitial flow did not affect MMP-2 gene expression or activity in the collagen I gel for any cell type. Our findings shed light on the mechanism by which vascular SMCs and FBs/MFBs contribute to intimal thickening in regions of vascular injury where interstitial flow is elevated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Dong Shi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, City University of New York, New York 10031, USA
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