1
|
Wang D, Sun Z, Yin Y, Xiang J, Wei Y, Ma Y, Wang L, Liu G. Vitamin D and Atherosclerosis: Unraveling the Impact on Macrophage Function. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300867. [PMID: 38864846 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D plays a crucial role in preventing atherosclerosis and in the regulation of macrophage function. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the clinical evidence regarding the impact of vitamin D on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral arterial disease, and associated risk factors. Additionally, it explores the mechanistic studies investigating the influence of vitamin D on macrophage function in atherosclerosis. Numerous findings indicate that vitamin D inhibits monocyte or macrophage recruitment, macrophage cholesterol uptake, and esterification. Moreover, it induces autophagy of lipid droplets in macrophages, promotes cholesterol efflux from macrophages, and regulates macrophage polarization. This review particularly focuses on analyzing the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways through which vitamin D modulates macrophage function in atherosclerosis. It claims that vitamin D has a direct inhibitory effect on the formation, adhesion, and migration of lipid-loaded monocytes, thus exerting anti-atherosclerotic effects. Therefore, this review emphasizes the crucial role of vitamin D in regulating macrophage function and preventing the development of atherosclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongxia Wang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Zhen Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yajuan Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Jingyi Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Yuzhe Wei
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Hebei Key Laboratory of Environment and Human Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, China
| | - Le Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei International Joint Research Center for Structural Heart Disease, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cardiac Injury Repair Mechanism Study, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Guo CL, Liu HM, Li B, Lu ZY. Angiotensin-(1–9) prevents angiotensin II-induced endothelial apoptosis through CNPY2/PERK pathway. Apoptosis 2022; 28:379-396. [PMID: 36422742 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01793-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial apoptosis caused by activation of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a vital part in the occurrence and progress of hypertension. Angiotensin-(1-9) (Ang-(1-9)) is a peptide of the counter-regulatory non-classical RAS with anti-hypertensive effects in vascular endothelial cells (ECs). However, the mechanism of action remains unclear. Considering that the endothelial apoptosis was closely related to endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitochondrial function. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the effects of Ang-(1-9) on endothelial apoptosis and the underlying molecular mechanism in angiotensin II (Ang II) induced hypertension. In human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs), we observed Ang-(1-9) inhibited Ang II-induced ERS associated endothelial apoptosis. Mechanically, Ang-(1-9) inhibited endothelial apoptosis by blocking CNPY2/PERK mediated CaMKII/Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and eIF2α/CHOP signal. Consistent with above effects in HUVECs, in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice, we found administration of exogenous Ang-(1-9) attenuated endothelial apoptosis and arterial blood pressure, which were mediated by CNPY2/PERK signaling pathway. Our study indicated Ang-(1-9) inhibited Ang II-induced hypertension through CNPY2/PERK pathway. These findings may provide new insights for prevention and treatment of hypertension in future.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kong L, Zhang Y, Ning J, Xu C, Wang Z, Yang J, Yang L. CaMKII
orchestrates endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in doxorubicin‐induced cardiotoxicity by regulating the
IRE1α
/
XBP1s
pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:5303-5314. [PMID: 36111515 PMCID: PMC9575131 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lingheng Kong
- Department of Anaesthesiology Xi'an Children's Hospital Xi'an China
- Institute of Basic Medical Science Xi'an Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Science Xi'an Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Jiayi Ning
- Institute of Basic Medical Science Xi'an Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Chennian Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital Air Force Medical University Xi'an China
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery General Hospital of Northern Theatre Command Shenyang China
| | - Zhenyi Wang
- Department of Anaesthesiology Xi'an Children's Hospital Xi'an China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital Air Force Medical University Xi'an China
| | - Lifang Yang
- Department of Anaesthesiology Xi'an Children's Hospital Xi'an China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen K, Wang Z, Liu C, Yang X, Jiang J. Sphingosine-1-phosphate Attenuates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis Through Sphingosine-1-phosphate Receptor 1. Arch Med Res 2022; 53:562-573. [PMID: 35999060 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) is involved in the development and progression of various forms of heart disease and may lead to myocardial apoptosis. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) possesses cardioprotective properties, including anti-apoptosis. However, little is known about the link between S1P and ER stress-induced myocardial apoptosis. This study investigated the regulatory role of S1P in ER stress-induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. METHODS ER stress and myocardial apoptosis were induced by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) or tunicamycin in mice, which were then treated with 2-acetyl-5-tetrahydroxybutyl imidazole (THI) or S1P. AC16 cells were treated with tunicamycin or thapsigargin, or pretreated with S1P, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor (S1PR) subtype antagonists, S1PR1 agonist, and PI3K and MEK inhibitors. Cardiac function, the level of S1P in plasma and heart, ER stress markers, cell viability, and apoptosis were detected. RESULTS S1P reduced the expression of ER stress-related molecules and ER stress-induced myocardial apoptosis in mice subjected to TAC or an injection of tunicamycin. Furthermore, in AC16 cells exposed to thapsigargin or tunicamycin, S1P decreased the expression of ER stress-related molecules, promoting cell viability and survival. Nevertheless, the S1PR1 antagonist abrogated the protection of S1P. Subsequently, in TAC S1PR1 heterozygous (S1PR1+/-) mice, S1P had no effect on ER stress and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. Notably, in vitro, the impact of anti-ER stress-induced myocardial apoptosis by the S1PR1 agonist was reversed by PI3K and MEK inhibitors. CONCLUSION This study is the first to demonstrate that S1P relieves ER stress-induced myocardial apoptosis via S1PR1/AKT and S1PR1/ERK1/2, which are potential therapeutic targets for heart disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kengquan Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongqin Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xing Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiangang Jiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li Y, Li C, Xiong Y, Fang B, Lin X, Huang Q. Didymin Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Alleviating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Glycerophospholipid Metabolism: Based on Transcriptomics and Metabolomics. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1713-1729. [PMID: 35698653 PMCID: PMC9188374 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s351092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Origanum vulgare L. is a traditional Chinese herb, having a strong hepatoprotective effect. In our previous experiments, we have isolated an ingredient from this herb and identified it as didymin. This study aimed to investigate the effects and underlying mechanisms of didymin on liver injury and fibrosis, elucidating whether it was the pharmacodynamic material basis of Origanum vulgare L. Methods Mice were injected with CCl4 for 10 weeks to induce liver fibrosis, followed by didymin treatment for 6 weeks. Then, biochemical analysis and histopathological examinations were conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effects of didymin in alleviating fibrosis. Next, the possible mechanisms of didymin were predicted by transcriptomics and then verified by the multiple relevant examinations. Results The pharmacodynamic experiments indicated that didymin significantly attenuated CCl4-induced hepatic injury and fibrogenesis, as evidenced by the ameliorative pathological tissue, low transaminase activity, and decreased collagen accumulation. Interestingly, the transcriptome analysis predicted that the potential targets were likely to be endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), inflammation, apoptosis, and metabolic pathways. And the predictions were then verified by the following examinations: (1) didymin significantly inhibited ERS by regulating the ATF6, IRE1α, and PERK pathways; (2) didymin markedly alleviated hepatocyte apoptosis by restoring the expression of Bcl-2 and caspase families, as well as the mitochondrial dysfunction; (3) didymin significantly decreased the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IL-6); (4) didymin inhibited the glycerophospholipid metabolism pathway by decreasing the synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamines and phosphatidylcholines. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that didymin can ameliorate liver fibrosis, which is mainly attributed to the inhibition of ERS, inflammation, and glycerophospholipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuiyu Li
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Xiong
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Fang
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Lin
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanfang Huang
- The Pharmaceutical Department, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine First Affiliated Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, 530023, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao J, Zhang J, Qian J, Wang X, Zhang W, Chen X. Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Regulation by RIPK3 Alleviates Necroptosis in Transverse Arch Constriction-Induced Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:847362. [PMID: 35571197 PMCID: PMC9097920 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.847362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Some studies have reported that the activation of Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Moreover, receptor interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3)-mediated necroptosis is also involved in the pathological process of various heart diseases. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effect of RIPK3-regulated CaMKII on necroptosis in heart failure (HF) and its underlying mechanism. Wild type (WT) and RIPK3-depleted (RIPK3–/–) mice were treated with transverse arch constriction (TAC). After 6 weeks, echocardiography, myocardial injury, CaMKII activity, necroptosis, RIPK3 expression, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) phosphorylation, and mitochondrial ultrastructure were measured. The results showed that TAC aggravated cardiac dysfunction, CaMKII activation, and necroptosis in WT mice. However, depletion of RIPK3 alleviated cardiac insufficiency, CaMKII activation, and necroptosis in TAC-treated mice. To verify the experimental results, WT mice were transfected with AAV-vector and AAV-RIPK3 shRNA, followed by TAC operation. The findings were consistent with the expected results. Collectively, our current data indicated that the activation of CaMKII, MLKL and necroptosis in HF mice were increased in a RIPK3-dependent manner, providing valuable insights into the pathogenesis and treatment strategy of HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianan Qian
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xue Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiangfan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nantong First People's Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang M, Zhang J, Zhang W, Hu Q, Jin L, Xie P, Zheng W, Shang H, Zhang Y. CaMKII-δ9 Induces Cardiomyocyte Death to Promote Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:820416. [PMID: 35127874 PMCID: PMC8811042 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.820416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure is a syndrome in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs, resulting from impaired ventricular filling or ejection of blood. Heart failure is still a global public health problem and remains a substantial unmet medical need. Therefore, it is crucial to identify new therapeutic targets for heart failure. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that modulates various cardiac diseases. CaMKII-δ9 is the most abundant CaMKII-δ splice variant in the human heart and acts as a central mediator of DNA damage and cell death in cardiomyocytes. Here, we proved that CaMKII-δ9 mediated cardiomyocyte death promotes cardiomyopathy and heart failure. However, CaMKII-δ9 did not directly regulate cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, we also showed that CaMKII-δ9 induced cell death in adult cardiomyocytes through impairing the UBE2T/DNA repair signaling. Finally, we demonstrated no gender difference in the expression of CaMKII-δ9 in the hearts, together with its related cardiac pathology. These findings deepen our understanding of the role of CaMKII-δ9 in cardiac pathology and provide new insights into the mechanisms and therapy of heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Junxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qingmei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Haibao Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Receptors Research, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Zhang
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu C, Wu K, Gao H, Li J, Xu X. Current Strategies and Potential Prospects for Nanoparticle-Mediated Treatment of Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2653-2673. [PMID: 36068795 PMCID: PMC9441178 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s380550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a severe microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), is the most common form of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and a leading cause of renal failure in end-stage renal disease. No currently available treatment can achieve complete cure. Traditional treatments have many limitations, such as painful subcutaneous insulin injections, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity with oral medication, and poor patient compliance with continual medication intake. Given the known drawbacks, recent research has suggested that nanoparticle-based drug delivery platforms as therapeutics may provide a promising strategy for treating debilitating diseases such as DN in the future. This administration method provides multiple advantages, such as delivering the loaded drug to the precise target of action and enabling early prevention of CKD progression. This article discusses the development of the main currently used nanoplatforms, such as liposomes, polymeric NPs, and inorganic NPs, as well as the prospects and drawbacks of nanoplatform application in the treatment of CKD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunkang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kunzhe Wu
- Department of Scientific Research Center, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huan Gao
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianyang Li
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- Department of Nephrology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaohua Xu, Email
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu Y, Li M, Sun M, Zhang Y, Li X, Sun W, Quan N. Sestrin2 is an endogenous antioxidant that improves contractile function in the heart during exposure to ischemia and reperfusion stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:385-394. [PMID: 33581276 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Sestrin2 (Sesn2) is a stress-inducible protein that plays a critical role in the response to ischemic stress. We recently recognized that Sesn2 may protect the heart against ischemic insults by reducing the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). After 45 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion, myocardial infarcts were significantly larger in Sesn2 KO hearts than in wild-type hearts. Isolated cardiomyocytes from wild-type hearts treated with hypoxia and reoxygenation (H/R) stress showed significantly greater Sesn2 levels, compared with normoxic hearts (p < 0.05). Intriguingly, the administration of adeno-associated virus 9-Sesn2 into Sesn2 knockout (KO) hearts rescued Sesn2 protein levels and significantly improved the cardiac function of Sesn2 KO mice exposed to ischemia and reperfusion. The rescued levels of Sesn2 in Sesn2 KO hearts significantly ameliorated ROS generation and the activation of ROS-related stress signaling pathways during ischemia and reperfusion. Moreover, the rescued Sesn2 levels in Sesn2 KO cardiomyocytes improved the maximal velocity of cardiomyocyte shortening by H/R stress. Rescued Sesn2 levels also improved peak height, peak shortening amplitude, and maximal velocity of the re-lengthening of Sesn2 KO cardiomyocytes subjected to H/R. Finally, the rescued Sesn2 levels significantly augmented intracellular calcium levels and reduced the mean time constant of transient calcium decay in Sesn2 KO cardiomyocytes exposed to H/R. Overall, these findings indicated that Sesn2 can act as an endogenous antioxidant to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis under ischemic stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Meina Li
- Department of Infection Control, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Meihua Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yaoting Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Wanqing Sun
- Fuwai Hospital, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease, No. 167 Beilishi Road, Xicheng, Beijing, 100037, China.
| | - Nanhu Quan
- Department of Cardiovascular Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dymkowska D. The involvement of autophagy in the maintenance of endothelial homeostasis: The role of mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2021; 57:131-147. [PMID: 33412335 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial mitochondria play important signaling roles critical for the regulation of various cellular processes, including calcium signaling, ROS generation, NO synthesis or inflammatory response. Mitochondrial stress or disturbances in mitochondrial function may participate in the development and/or progression of endothelial dysfunction and could precede vascular diseases. Vascular functions are also strictly regulated by properly functioning degradation machinery, including autophagy and mitophagy, and tightly coordinated by mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum responses to stress. Within this review, current knowledge related to the development of cardiovascular disorders and the importance of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and degradation mechanisms in vascular endothelial functions are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Dymkowska
- The Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology PAS, 3 Pasteur str. 02-093 Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zeng Z, Ma H, Chen J, Huang N, Zhang Y, Su Y, Zhang H. Knockdown of miR-1275 protects against cardiomyocytes injury through promoting neuromedin U type 1 receptor. Cell Cycle 2020; 19:3639-3649. [PMID: 33323026 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2020.1860310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the role of miR-1275 in cardiac ischemia reperfusion injury. H9 human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiomyocytes stimulated by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) were used to simulate myocardial injury in vitro. miR-1275 expression levels in cells were measured by RT-qPCR. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) was examined through LDH and CK ELISA kits. Cell apoptosis was detected through flow cytometry. A Fura-2 Calcium Flux Assay Kit and a Fluo-4 assay kit were used to determine the Ca2+ concentration. Expression levels of proteins were tested by Western blotting. The binding effect of miR-1275 and neuromedin U type 1 receptor (NMUR1) was detected by dual-luciferase activity assay. The results showed that miR-1275 was upregulated in OGD/R-stimulated cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of miR-1275 suppressed the increased activity of LDH and CK, cell apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, intracellular Ca2+ concentration and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ leak induced by OGD/R treatment in cardiomyocytes. miR-1275 directly targets 3'UTR of NMUR1 and negatively regulates NMUR1 expression. Silence of NMUR1 abolished the protecting effect of the miR-1275 antagomir on myocardial OGD/R injury. Our study indicated that the miR-1275 antagomir protects cardiomyocytes from OGD/R injury through the promotion of NMUR1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Zeng
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haixin Ma
- Medical Department, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Nina Huang
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yudan Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufei Su
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huifang Zhang
- Department of Emergency, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yin Z, Ding G, Chen X, Qin X, Xu H, Zeng B, Ren J, Zheng Q, Wang S. Beclin1 haploinsufficiency rescues low ambient temperature-induced cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction through inhibition of ferroptosis and mitochondrial injury. Metabolism 2020; 113:154397. [PMID: 33058849 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2020.154397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cold exposure provokes cardiac remodeling and cardiac dysfunction. Autophagy participates in cold stress-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. This study was designed to examine the impact of Beclin1 haploinsufficiency (BECN+/-) in cold stress-induced cardiac geometric and contractile responses. METHODS AND MATERIALS Wild-type (WT) and BECN+/- mice were assigned to normal or cold exposure (4 °C) environment for 4 weeks prior to evaluation of cardiac geometry, contractile and mitochondrial properties. Autophagy, apoptosis and ferroptosis were evaluated. RESULTS Our data revealed that cold stress triggered cardiac remodeling, compromised myocardial contractile capacity including ejection fraction, fractional shortening, peak shortening and maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, duration of shortening and relengthening, intracellular Ca2+ release, intracellular Ca2+ decay, mitochondrial ultrastructural disarray, superoxide production, unchecked autophagy, apoptosis and ferroptosis, the effects of which were negated by Beclin1 haploinsufficiency. Circulating levels of corticosterone were elevated in both WT and BECN+/- mice. Treatment of corticosterone synthesis inhibitor metyrapone or ferroptosis inhibitor liproxstatins-1 rescued cold stress-induced cardiac dysfunction and mitochondrial injury. In vitro study noted that corticosterone challenge compromised cardiomyocyte function, provoked lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial injury, the effects of which were nullified by Beclin1 haploinsufficiency, inhibitors of lipoxygenase, ferroptosis and autophagy. In addition, ferroptosis inducer erastin abrogated Beclin1 deficiency-offered cardioprotection. CONCLUSION These data suggest that Beclin1 haploinsufficiency protects against cold exposure-induced cardiac dysfunction possibly through corticosterone- and ferroptosis-mediated mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yin
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Gangbing Ding
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Xing Qin
- Department of Cardiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, China
| | - Haixia Xu
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001, China
| | - Biru Zeng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China
| | - Jun Ren
- Department of Cardiology and Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| | - Qijun Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Southern University of Science, Shenzhen 518020, China.
| | - Shuyi Wang
- University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Trusov NV, Apryatin SA, Shipelin VA, Gmoshinski IV. [Full transcriptome analysis of gene expression in liver of mice in a comparative study of quercetin efficiency on two obesity models]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 66:31-47. [PMID: 33369371 DOI: 10.14341/probl12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quercetin (Q; 3,3',4',5,7 - pentahydroxyflavone) can help alleviate the pathological effects of nutritional obesity and metabolic syndrome when taken as part of products for special dietary needs and food supplements. The mechanisms of action of Q at the genetic level are not well understood. AIMS To study gene expression in liver tissue of mice with alimentary and genetically determined obesity upon intake of Q with diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS During 46 days of the experiment on 32 male C57Bl/6J mice fed a diet with an excess of fat and fructose and 24 male genetically obese db/db mice the effect of Q in dose of 25 or 100 mg/kg of body weight was studied on differential expression of 39430 genes in mice livers by full transcriptome profiling on microchip according to the Agilent One-Color Microarray-Based Gene Expression Analysis Low Input Quick Amp Labeling protocol (version 6.8). To identify metabolic pathways (KEGGs) that were targets of Q exposure, transcriptomic data were analyzed using bioinformatics methods in an "R" environment. RESULTS Differences were revealed in the nature of Q supplementation action in animals with dietary induced and genetically determined obesity on a number of key metabolic pathways, including the metabolism of lipids and steroids (Saa3, Cidec, Scd1, Apoa4, Acss2, Fabp5, Car3, Acacb, Insig2 genes), amino acids and nitrogen bases (Ngef, Gls2), carbohydrates (G6pdx, Pdk4), regulation of cell growth, apoptosis and proliferation (Btg3, Cgref1, Fst, Nrep Tuba8), neurotransmission (Grin2d, Camk2b), immune system reactions (CD14i, Jchain, Ifi27l2b). CONCLUSIONS The data obtained help to explain the ambiguous effectiveness of Q, like other polyphenols, in the dietary treatment of various forms of obesity in humans, as well as to form a set of sensitive biomarkers that allow us to elucidate the effectiveness of minor biologically active food substances in preclinical trials of new means of metabolic correction of obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N V Trusov
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety
| | - S A Apryatin
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety
| | - V A Shipelin
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety; Plekhanov Russian University of Economics
| | - I V Gmoshinski
- Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Burgos JI, Morell M, Mariángelo JIE, Vila Petroff M. Hyperosmotic stress promotes endoplasmic reticulum stress-dependent apoptosis in adult rat cardiac myocytes. Apoptosis 2020; 24:785-797. [PMID: 31309362 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01558-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In different pathological situations, cardiac cells undergo hyperosmotic stress and cell shrinkage. This change in cellular volume has been associated with contractile dysfunction and cell death. However, the intracellular mechanisms involved in hyperosmotic stress-induced cell death have not been investigated in depth in adult cardiac myocytes. Given that osmotic stress has been shown to promote endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), a recognized trigger for apoptosis, we examined whether hyperosmotic stress triggers ERS in adult cardiac myocytes and if so whether this mechanism mediates hyperosmotic stress-induced cell death. Adult rat cardiomyocytes cultured overnight in a hypertonic solution (HS) containing mannitol as the osmolite, showed increased expression of ERS markers, GRP78, CHOP and cleaved-Caspase-12, compared with myocytes in isotonic solution (IS), suggesting that hyperosmotic stress induces ERS. In addition, HS significantly reduced cell viability and increased TUNEL staining and the expression of active Caspase-3, indicative of apoptosis. These effects were prevented with the addition of the ERS inhibitor, 4-PBA, indicating that hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis is mediated by ERS. Hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis was also prevented when cells were cultured in the presence of a Ca2+-chelating agent (EGTA) or the CaMKII inhibitor (KN93), suggesting that hyperosmotic stress-induced ERS is mediated by a Ca2+ and CaMKII-dependent mechanism. Similar results were observed when hyperosmotic stress was induced using glucose as the osmolite. We conclude that hyperosmotic stress promotes ERS by a CaMKII-dependent mechanism leading to apoptosis of adult cardiomyocytes. More importantly, we demonstrate that hyperosmotic stress-triggered ERS contributes to hyperglycemia-induced cell death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Burgos
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Malena Morell
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Juan Ignacio E Mariángelo
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Martin Vila Petroff
- Centro de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CONICET La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 60 y 120, 1900, La Plata, Argentina.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kulek AR, Anzell A, Wider JM, Sanderson TH, Przyklenk K. Mitochondrial Quality Control: Role in Cardiac Models of Lethal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010214. [PMID: 31952189 PMCID: PMC7016592 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The current standard of care for acute myocardial infarction or 'heart attack' is timely restoration of blood flow to the ischemic region of the heart. While reperfusion is essential for the salvage of ischemic myocardium, re-introduction of blood flow paradoxically kills (rather than rescues) a population of previously ischemic cardiomyocytes-a phenomenon referred to as 'lethal myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury'. There is long-standing and exhaustive evidence that mitochondria are at the nexus of lethal IR injury. However, during the past decade, the paradigm of mitochondria as mediators of IR-induced cardiomyocyte death has been expanded to include the highly orchestrated process of mitochondrial quality control. Our aims in this review are to: (1) briefly summarize the current understanding of the pathogenesis of IR injury, and (2) incorporating landmark data from a broad spectrum of models (including immortalized cells, primary cardiomyocytes and intact hearts), provide a critical discussion of the emerging concept that mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy (the components of mitochondrial quality control) may contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiomyocyte death in the setting of ischemia-reperfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Kulek
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.R.K.); (A.A.); (T.H.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Anthony Anzell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.R.K.); (A.A.); (T.H.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Joseph M. Wider
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Thomas H. Sanderson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.R.K.); (A.A.); (T.H.S.)
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Karin Przyklenk
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (A.R.K.); (A.A.); (T.H.S.)
- Department of Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-313-577-9047
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Belmadani S, Matrougui K. Broken heart: A matter of the endoplasmic reticulum stress bad management? World J Cardiol 2019; 11:159-170. [PMID: 31367278 PMCID: PMC6658386 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v11.i6.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States and worldwide. The induction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a result of a disruption in the ER homeostasis, was found to be highly associated with cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, ischemic heart diseases and heart failure. This review will discuss the latest literature on the different aspects of the involvement of the ER stress in cardiovascular complications and the potential of targeting the ER stress pathways as a new therapeutic approach for cardiovascular complications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souad Belmadani
- Department of Physiological Science, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| | - Khalid Matrougui
- Department of Physiological Science, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fuping Z, Wuping L, Linhua W, Chengxi P, Fuqiang Z, Yi Z, Aijun W. Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction reduces ischemia reperfusion rat myoblast cells calcium overloading and inflammation through the Wnt/IP3R/CAMKII pathway. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:13095-13106. [PMID: 30950126 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Limb ischemia reperfusion (LIRI) injury is associated with serious local and systemic effects. Reperfusion may augment tissue injury in excess of that produced by ischemia alone. Calcium overloading and inflammation are considered to be two of the pathological mechanisms of limb ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Tao-Hong-Si-Wu decoction (THSWD) is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with a powerful anti-inflammatory properties. We studied the probable restorative effect of THSWD on limb I/R-induced calcium overloading and inflammation in myoblast obtained from gastrocnemius muscle tissues of Sprague-Dawley rats (Frizzled Z5,a wnt5a blocker; KN-93, a calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CamkII) blocker; XeC, a IP3R blocker as positive controls). The simulated ischemia and reperfusion(I/R) solutions were used to imitate LIRI environment. The results showed that after I/R treatment, the secretion of proinflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-1β) and Wnt5a/Ca2+ signal molecules (wnt5a, camkII, and IP3R) upregulated significantly, the Ca2+ concentration enhanced too in myoblast cells. THSWD pretreatment decreased the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1β, Ca2+ concentration; and abated the Wnt5a/Ca2+ signal molecules of wnt5a, camkII and IP3R expression activated by I/R injury; but could not abated the Wnt11 and protein kinase C (PKC) expression significantly, the results was similar with Frizzled Z5 treatment cells. Our research illustrated that THSWD may have a mitigating effect on LIRI targeting Wnt/IP3R/CAMKII but not Wnt/IP3R/PKC signaling pathway for the first time. This study may encourage the use of THSWD in the critical clinical settings with LIRI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Fuping
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Wuping
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Linhua
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Chengxi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhou Fuqiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhang Yi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Aijun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Pang J, Peng H, Wang S, Xu X, Xu F, Wang Q, Chen Y, Barton LA, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Ren J. Mitochondrial ALDH2 protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced myocardial contractile dysfunction by suppression of ER stress and autophagy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1627-1641. [PMID: 30946956 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an essential component of outer membrane of the Gram-negative bacteria, plays a pivotal role in myocardial anomalies in sepsis. Recent evidence depicted an essential role for mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) in cardiac homeostasis. This study examined the effect of ALDH2 on endotoxemia-induced cardiac anomalies. Echocardiographic, cardiac contractile and intracellular Ca2+ properties were examined. Our results indicated that LPS impaired cardiac contractile function (reduced fractional shortening, LV end systolic diameter, peak shortening, maximal velocity of shortening/relengthening, prolonged relengthening duration, oxidation of SERCA, and intracellular Ca2+ mishandling), associated with ER stress, inflammation, O2- production, increased autophagy, CAMKKβ, phosphorylated AMPK and suppressed phosphorylation of mTOR, the effects of which were significantly attenuated or negated by ALDH2. LPS promoted early endosomal formation (as evidenced by RAB4 and RAB5a), apoptosis and necrosis (MTT and LDH) while decreasing late endosomal formation (RAB7 and RAB 9), the effects were reversed by ALDH2. In vitro study revealed that LPS-induced SERCA oxidation, autophagy and cardiac dysfunction were abrogated by ALDH2 activator Alda-1, the ER chaperone TUDCA, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA, or the AMPK inhibitor Compound C. The beneficial effect of Alda-1 against LPS was nullified by AMPK activator AICAR or rapamycin. CAMKKβ inhibition failed to rescue LPS-induced ER stress. Tunicamycin-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction was ameliorated by Alda-1 and autophagy inhibition, the effect of which was abolished by rapamycin. These data suggested that ALDH2 protected against LPS-induced cardiac anomalies via suppression of ER stress, autophagy in a CAMKKβ/AMPK/mTOR-dependent manner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Pang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Hu Peng
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Shuyi Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Xihui Xu
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiurong Wang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Yuanzhuo Chen
- Department of Emergency, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - Linzi A Barton
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Jun Ren
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Wang S, Nong X, Yang G. Selenium-Rich Diet Induces Myocardial Structural and Functional Abnormalities by Activating Caspase-9 and Caspase-3 in Gpx-1P198L-Overexpression Transgenic Mice. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:61-70. [PMID: 30602716 PMCID: PMC6327778 DOI: 10.12659/msm.911120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Selenium (Se) deficiency and supplementation result in multiple effects. GPx-1 (Pro198Leu) polymorphism is associated with Se deficiency. This study aimed to observe associations between Se-deficiency/supplement and GPx-1-198Leu overexpression in myocardial injuries. Material/Methods GPx-1P198L transgenic (Tg) mice and non-transgenic wild-type (WT) littermates were divided into Control (CON, 0.1–0.2 mg/kg), Se-deficiency (SD, <0.02 mg/kg), and Se-supplement (SS, 0.4 mg/kg) groups. Cardiac functions were observed with animal M-mode echocardiography. Se level was measured using 2,3-diamino Kenai fluorospectrophotometry. Total cardiac GPx activity was also measured. Myocardial histopathology was determined with HE and Masson’s trichrome staining. Caspase-9 and caspase-3 were measured with Western blot analysis. Results In WT Se-deficient mice, cardiac GPx activity was significantly decreased, and was not elevated by overexpression of GPx-1-198Leu gene. Increased GPx activity was observed in WT Se-supplemented mice and Tg Se-supplemented mice (much more). Se deficiency as well as supplementation resulted in cardiac systolic dysfunction, which was not affected by GPx-1-198Leu gene. Se deficiency led to myocardial fibrosis and pathological changes accompanied by increased activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. Se supplementation significantly reduced pathological changes, as well as caspase-9 and caspase-3 levels in the presence of increased myocardial fibrosis. In Se-deficient mice, GPx-1-198Leu overexpression did not significantly decrease myocardial pathological injuries and fibrosis. In Se-supplemented Tg mice, myocardial fibrosis and caspase-9 level were increased, although pathological injuries and caspase-3 were similar to that in Se-supplemented WT mice. Conclusions Se deficiency as well as supplementation induced myocardial structural and functional abnormalities through activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3 in GPx-1P198L overexpression transgenic mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suqin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland).,Department of Cardiology, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiting Nong
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang D, Li S, Gao L, Lv Z, Bing Q, Lv Q, Zheng X, Li R, Zhang Z. Dietary grape seed procyanidin extract protects against lead-induced heart injury in rats involving endoplasmic reticulum stress inhibition and AKT activation. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 62:43-49. [PMID: 30245182 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the protective role of grape seed procyanidin extract (GSPE) against lead-induced heart injury and the possible molecular mechanism associated with this event, Wistar rats were orally given GSPE (200 mg/kg) daily with or without lead acetate (PbA) (0.5 g/L) in drinking water for 56 d. GSPE attenuated oxidative stress, heart dysfunction, and lead accumulation in lead-exposed rat hearts. Meanwhile, GSPE inhibited the protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum (ER) kinase/eukaryotic initiation factor 2α signaling pathway, and promoted protein kinase B (AKT) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β phosphorylation altered by lead, and regulated lead-activated apoptosis and its related signaling pathway. This study suggests that dietary GSPE ameliorates lead-induced heart injury associated with ER stress inhibition and AKT activation. Dietary GSPE may be a protector against lead-induced heart injury and a novel therapy for lead exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daqian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Siyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Li Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhanjun Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qizheng Bing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Ruobing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
GRP78 protects CHO cells from ribosylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:629-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
23
|
Wang S, Binder P, Fang Q, Wang Z, Xiao W, Liu W, Wang X. Endoplasmic reticulum stress in the heart: insights into mechanisms and drug targets. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:1293-1304. [PMID: 28548229 PMCID: PMC5867005 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) serves several essential cellular functions including protein synthesis, protein folding, protein translocation, calcium homoeostasis and lipid biosynthesis. Physiological or pathological stimuli, which disrupt ER homoeostasis and disturb its functions, lead to an accumulation of misfolded and unfolded proteins, a condition referred to as ER stress. ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response to restore the homoeostasis of ER, through activating transcriptional and translational pathways. However, prolonged ER stress will lead to cell dysfunction and apoptosis. Recent evidence revealed that ER stress is involved in the development and progression of various heart diseases, such as cardiac hypertrophy, ischaemic heart diseases and heart failure. Therefore, improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms of ER stress in heart disease will help to investigate more potential targets for new therapeutic interventions and drug discovery. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Spotlight on Small Molecules in Cardiovascular Diseases. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v175.8/issuetoc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shunyao Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Pablo Binder
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Qiru Fang
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Zhenzhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Wei Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New‐tech for Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutical ProcessLianyungangChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - Xin Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and HealthThe University of ManchesterManchesterUK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang S, Wang C, Turdi S, Richmond KL, Zhang Y, Ren J. ALDH2 protects against high fat diet-induced obesity cardiomyopathy and defective autophagy: role of CaM kinase II, histone H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H, Sirt1, and PGC-1α deacetylation. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018. [PMID: 29535452 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0030-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Uncorrected obesity contributes to cardiac remodeling and contractile dysfunction although the underlying mechanism remains poorly understood. Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) is a mitochondrial enzyme with some promises in a number of cardiovascular diseases. This study was designed to evaluate the impact of ALDH2 on cardiac remodeling and contractile property in high fat diet-induced obesity. METHODS Wild-type (WT) and ALDH2 transgenic mice were fed low (10% calorie from fat) or high (45% calorie from fat) fat diet for 5 months prior to the assessment of cardiac geometry and function using echocardiography, IonOptix system, Lectin, and Masson Trichrome staining. Western blot analysis was employed to evaluate autophagy, CaM kinase II, PGC-1α, histone H3K9 methyltransferase SUV39H, and Sirt-1. RESULTS Our data revealed that high fat diet intake promoted weight gain, cardiac remodeling (hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis, p < 0.0001) and contractile dysfunction (reduced fractional shortening (p < 0.0001), cardiomyocyte function (p < 0.0001), and intracellular Ca2+ handling (p = 0.0346)), mitochondrial injury (elevated O2- levels, suppressed PGC-1α, and enhanced PGC-1α acetylation, p < 0.0001), elevated SUV39H, suppressed Sirt1, autophagy and phosphorylation of AMPK and CaM kinase II, the effects of which were negated by ALDH2 (p ≤ 0.0162). In vitro incubation of the ALDH2 activator Alda-1 rescued against palmitic acid-induced changes in cardiomyocyte function, the effect of which was nullified by the Sirt-1 inhibitor nicotinamide and the CaM kinase II inhibitor KN-93 (p < 0.0001). The SUV39H inhibitor chaetocin mimicked Alda-1-induced protection again palmitic acid (p < 0.0001). Examination in overweight human revealed an inverse correlation between diastolic cardiac function and ALDH2 gene mutation (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data suggest that ALDH2 serves as an indispensable factor against cardiac anomalies in diet-induced obesity through a mechanism related to autophagy regulation and facilitation of the SUV39H-Sirt1-dependent PGC-1α deacetylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.,Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Cong Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Subat Turdi
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Kacy L Richmond
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA
| | - Yingmei Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| | - Jun Ren
- Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China. .,Center for Cardiovascular Research and Alternative Medicine, University of Wyoming College of Health Sciences, Laramie, WY, 82071, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
HSPA5 Gene encoding Hsp70 chaperone BiP in the endoplasmic reticulum. Gene 2017; 618:14-23. [PMID: 28286085 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The HSPA5 gene encodes the binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), an Hsp70 family chaperone localized in the ER lumen. As a highly conserved molecular chaperone, BiP assists in a wide range of folding processes via its two structural domains, a nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) and substrate-binding domain (SBD). BiP is also an essential component of the translocation machinery for protein import into the ER, a regulator for Ca2+ homeostasis in the ER, as well as a facilitator of ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) via retrograde transportation of aberrant proteins across the ER membrane. When unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER overwhelm the capacity of protein folding machinery, BiP can initiate the unfolded protein response (UPR), decrease unfolded/misfolded protein load, induce autophagy, and crosstalk with apoptosis machinery to assist in the cell survival decision. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of BiP have been shown to regulate BiP's activity, turnover, and availability upon different extrinsic or intrinsic stimuli. As a master regulator of ER function, BiP is associated with cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, and immunological diseases. BiP has been targeted in cancer therapies and shows promise for application in other relevant diseases.
Collapse
|
26
|
Feng N, Anderson ME. CaMKII is a nodal signal for multiple programmed cell death pathways in heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2017; 103:102-109. [PMID: 28025046 PMCID: PMC5404235 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sustained Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of a variety of cardiac diseases. Emerging evidence suggests CaMKII evoked programmed cell death, including apoptosis and necroptosis, is one of the key underlying mechanisms for the detrimental effect of sustained CaMKII activation. CaMKII integrates β-adrenergic, Gq coupled receptor, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hyperglycemia, and pro-death cytokine signaling to elicit myocardial apoptosis by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. New evidence demonstrates CaMKII is also a key mediator of receptor interacting serine/threonine kinase 3 (RIP3)-induced myocardial necroptosis. The role of CaMKII in cell death is dependent upon subcellular localization and varies across isoforms and splice variants. While CaMKII is now an extensively validated nodal signal for promoting cardiac myocyte death, the upstream and downstream pathways and targets remain incompletely understood, demanding further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Feng
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Department of Medicine/Division of Cardiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Physiology and the Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
mTOR-Independent autophagy inducer trehalose rescues against insulin resistance-induced myocardial contractile anomalies: Role of p38 MAPK and Foxo1. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:357-373. [PMID: 27363949 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with cardiovascular diseases although the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Akt2, a critical member of the Akt family, plays an essential role in insulin signaling. This study was designed to examine the effect of trehalose, an mTOR-independent autophagy inducer, on myocardial function in an Akt2 knockout-induced insulin resistance model. Adult WT and Akt2 knockout (Akt2(-/-)) mice were administered trehalose (1mg/g/day, i.p.) for two days and were then given 2% trehalose in drinking water for two more months. Echocardiographic and myocardial mechanics, intracellular Ca(2+) properties, glucose tolerance, and autophagy were assessed. Apoptosis and ER stress were evaluated using TUNEL staining, Caspase 3 assay and Western blot. Autophagy and autophagy flux were examined with a focus on p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK), Forkhead box O (Foxo1) and Akt. Akt2 ablation impaired glucose tolerance, myocardial geometry and function accompanied with pronounced apoptosis, ER stress and dampened autophagy, the effects of which were ameliorated by trehalose treatment. Inhibition of lysosomal activity using bafilomycin A1 negated trehalose-induced induction of autophagy (LC3B-II and p62). Moreover, phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Foxo1 were upregulated in Akt2(-/-) mice, the effect of which was attenuated by trehalose. Phosphorylation of Akt was suppressed in Akt2(-/-) mice and was unaffected by trehalose. In vitro findings revealed that the p38 MAPK activator anisomycin and the Foxo1 inhibitor (through phosphorylation) AS1842856 effectively masked trehalose-offered beneficial cardiomyocyte contractile response against Akt2 ablation. These data suggest that trehalose may rescue against insulin resistance-induced myocardial contractile defect and apoptosis, via autophagy associated with dephosphorylation of p38 MAPK and Foxo1 without affecting phosphorylation of Akt.
Collapse
|
28
|
Yang L, Wang J, Yang J, Schamber R, Hu N, Nair S, Xiong L, Ren J. Antioxidant metallothionein alleviates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced myocardial apoptosis and contractile dysfunction. Free Radic Res 2016; 49:1187-98. [PMID: 25968954 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1013952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress exerts myocardial oxidative stress, apoptosis, and contractile anomalies, although the precise interplay between ER stress and apoptosis remains elusive. This study was designed to examine the impact of the cysteine-rich free radical scavenger metallothionein on ER stress-induced myocardial contractile defect and underlying mechanisms. METHODS AND RESULTS Wild-type friendly virus B and transgenic mice with cardiac-specific overexpression of metallothionein were challenged with the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal, 48 h) prior to the assessment of myocardial function, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Our results revealed that tunicamycin promoted cardiac remodeling (enlarged left ventricular end systolic/diastolic diameters with little changes in left ventricular wall thickness), suppressed fractional shortening and cardiomyocyte contractile function, elevated resting Ca(2+), decreased stimulated Ca(2+) release, prolonged intracellular Ca(2+) clearance, and downregulated sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase levels, the effects of which were negated by metallothionein. Treatment with tunicamycin caused cardiomyocyte mitochondrial injury, as evidenced by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (∆Ѱm, assessed by JC-1 staining), the effect of which was negated by the antioxidant. Moreover, tunicamycin challenge dramatically facilitated myocardial apoptosis as manifested by increased Bax, caspase 9, and caspase 12 protein levels, as well as elevated caspase 3 activity. Interestingly, metallothionein transgene significantly alleviated tunicamycin-induced myocardial apoptosis. CONCLUSION Taken together, our data favor a beneficial effect of metallothionein against ER stress-induced cardiac dysfunction possibly associated with attenuation of myocardial apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Yang
- a Department of Anesthesiology , Xijing Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , P. R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Redox signaling in the cardiomyocyte: From physiology to failure. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 74:145-51. [PMID: 26987585 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The specific effect of oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mediating post-translational modification of protein targets has emerged as a key mechanism regulating signaling components, a process termed redox signaling. ROS act in the post-translational modification of multiple target proteins including receptors, kinases, phosphatases, ion channels and transcription factors. Both O2 and ROS are major source of electrons in redox reactions in aerobic organisms. Because the heart has the highest O2 consumption among body organs, it is not surprising that redox signaling is central to heart function and pathophysiology. In this article, we review some of the main cardiac redox signaling pathways and their roles in the cardiomyocyte and in heart failure, with particular focus on the specific molecular targets of ROS in the heart.
Collapse
|
30
|
Modulation of P2X4/P2X7/Pannexin-1 sensitivity to extracellular ATP via Ivermectin induces a non-apoptotic and inflammatory form of cancer cell death. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16222. [PMID: 26552848 PMCID: PMC4639773 DOI: 10.1038/srep16222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of P2X7 receptors correlates with tumor growth and metastasis. Yet, release of ATP is associated with immunogenic cancer cell death as well as inflammatory responses caused by necrotic cell death at sites of trauma or ischemia-reperfusion injury. Using an FDA-approved anti-parasitic agent Ivermectin as a prototype agent to allosterically modulate P2X4 receptors, we can switch the balance between the dual pro-survival and cytotoxic functions of purinergic signaling in breast cancer cells. This is mediated through augmented opening of the P2X4/P2X7-gated Pannexin-1 channels that drives a mixed apoptotic and necrotic mode of cell death associated with activation of caspase-1 and is consistent with pyroptosis. We show that cancer cell death is dependent on ATP release and death signals downstream of P2X7 receptors that can be reversed by inhibition of NADPH oxidases-generated ROS, Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) or mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Ivermectin induces autophagy and release of ATP and HMGB1, key mediators of inflammation. Potentiated P2X4/P2X7 signaling can be further linked to the ATP rich tumor microenvironment providing a mechanistic explanation for the tumor selectivity of purinergic receptors modulation and its potential to be used as a platform for integrated cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
|
31
|
Mollova MY, Katus HA, Backs J. Regulation of CaMKII signaling in cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:178. [PMID: 26379551 PMCID: PMC4548452 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a major cause of death in the developed countries (Murray and Lopez, 1996; Koitabashi and Kass, 2012). Adverse cardiac remodeling that precedes heart muscle dysfunction is characterized by a myriad of molecular changes affecting the cardiomyocyte. Among these, alterations in protein kinase pathways play often an important mediator role since they link upstream pathologic stress signaling with downstream regulatory programs and thus affect both the structural and functional integrity of the heart muscle. In the context of cardiac disease, a profound understanding for the overriding mechanisms that regulate protein kinase activity (protein-protein interactions, post-translational modifications, or targeting via anchoring proteins) is crucial for the development of specific and effective pharmacological treatment strategies targeting the failing myocardium. In this review, we focus on several mechanisms of upstream regulation of Ca2+-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II that play a relevant pathophysiological role in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease; precise targeting of these mechanisms might therefore represent novel and promising tools for prevention and treatment of HF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Y Mollova
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany ; Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany ; Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, German Center for Cardiovascular Research , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany ; Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, German Center for Cardiovascular Research , Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Backs
- Research Unit Cardiac Epigenetics, Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University of Heidelberg , Heidelberg, Germany ; Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, German Center for Cardiovascular Research , Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Lu Q, Luo S, Wen Y. Effect of ligustilide on Ang II-induced hypertrophy in cardiomyocytes and the potential mechanisms. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:169-174. [PMID: 24944617 PMCID: PMC4061187 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of ligustilide (LIG) on angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced hypertrophy in neonatal rat myocardial cells and the expression levels of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. Myocardial cells were isolated and purified from the ventricles of neonate Sprague-Dawley rats (age, 1–3 days) using a differential adhesion method. The cells were then were stimulated by Ang II and LIG for 1–3 days, following which the cell surface area, intracellular protein concentration, rate of apoptosis and the expression levels of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax were determined. Following stimulation with Ang II, the cell surface area of the neonatal rat myocardial cells increased significantly and the cell morphology was distorted. LIG was shown to significantly suppress the Ang II-induced hypertrophy of neonatal rat myocardial cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, administration of LIG restored the expression levels of p53, Bcl-2 and Bax. Therefore, LIG can prevent the hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes induced by Ang II, which may be associated with the inhibitory effect that LIG exhibits on cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qun Lu
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Phamaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Shaohong Luo
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Phamaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yongfang Wen
- Department of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Courses, Guangdong Phamaceutical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Heavy metal scavenger metallothionein attenuates ER stress-induced myocardial contractile anomalies: role of autophagy. Toxicol Lett 2014; 225:333-41. [PMID: 24440343 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress increases the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality although the underlying mechanism remains elusive. This study was designed to examine the impact of cardiac over-expression of metallothionein, a cysteine-rich heavy metal scavenger, on ER stress-induced changes in myocardial function and underlying mechanism involved with a focus on autophagy. Wild-type friendly virus B (FVB) and metallothionein transgenic mice were subjected to the ER stress inducer tunicamycin (1 mg/kg). Our results showed that ER stress led to compromised echocardiographic and cardiomyocyte contractile function, intracellular Ca(2+) mishandling. Tunicamycin promoted ER stress and oxidative stress, increased left ventricular end systolic and diastolic diameter, as well as suppressed fractional shortening and whole heart contractility, the effects of which were significantly attenuated or ablated by metallothionein. Levels of the autophagy markers such as phosphorylated ULK1, Atg5, Atg7, LC3B and the autophagy adaptor p62 were significantly upregulated. These ER stress-induced changes in myocardial function, autophagy and autophagy signaling were distinctly mitigated or alleviated by metallothionein. Inhibition of autophagy using 3-methyladenine in vitro reversed ER stress-induced cardiomyocyte contractile defects. Meanwhile, ER stress-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction was attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Collectively, these findings suggested that metallothionein protects against ER stress-induced cardiac anomalies possibly through attenuation of cardiac autophagy.
Collapse
|
34
|
Umoh NA, Walker RK, Millis RM, Al-Rubaiee M, Gangula PR, Haddad GE. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Regulates Cardiomyocyte Survival through Regulation of Oxidative Stress by PI3K/Akt and MAPK Signaling Pathways. ANNALS OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION 2014; 2:1007. [PMID: 25478604 PMCID: PMC4251564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
CGRP and specific CGRP receptors are found in the heart where they produce positive-inotropic and anti-apoptotic effects, key adaptations to exercise and cardiovascular disease. PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling imbalances are associated with cardiomyocyte pathologies; however, the effects of CGRP on these pathways are unclear. Therefore, we hypothesized that CGRP modulates inotropic and apoptotic adaptations of cardiomyocytes by regulating PI3K/Akt and MAPK/ERK signaling balances. We treated cardiomyocytes with combinations of CGRP, PI3K/Akt and MAPK signaling agonists and antagonists. We evaluated expression of the mRNA and proteins levels of survival signaling molecules related to the PI3K/Akt and MAPK and measured apoptosis by caspase 3/7 activity. CGRP1-37 decreased Akt, NFκB, SOD-3 and increased ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK expressions, which was antagonized by CGRP8-37. Akt-negative construct transfection, Ad.Akt(K179M), inhibited the CGRP1-37-induced increment in MAPK expressions. A PI3K-antagonist treatment with LY294002 or CGRP1-37/Ad.Akt(K179M) co-treatment alleviated the CGRP-increased caspase activity and -decrements in SOD-3. These findings demonstrate a CGRP negative effect on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and CGRP receptor-induced crosstalk between PI3K/Akt and MAPK in normal cardiomyocytes. Future studies to differentiate CGRP effects on intracellular signal transduction mechanisms in pathological conditions will elucidate the significance of CGRP in, and provide novel therapeutic targets for, heart failure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nsini A. Umoh
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, USA
| | - Robin K. Walker
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, USA
| | - Richard M. Millis
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, USA
| | - Mustafa Al-Rubaiee
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, USA
| | | | - Georges E. Haddad
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, College of Medicine, Howard University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang SQ, Niu XL, Liu ZW, Zhu YH, Gao DF. Selenium deficiency is associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress in a rat model of cardiac malfunction. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013; 156:196-201. [PMID: 24081780 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-013-9834-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between selenium (Se) deficiency-induced cardiac malfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is poorly understood. In the present study, 18 weaning Sprague Dawley rats were randomly fed with three different Se diets, and myocardial glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity was measured by an enzyme activity assay. Cardiac function was evaluated by hemodynamic parameters. ER stress markers immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP)/glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) and C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) were detected by western blotting. Our data showed that myocardial GPx activity and cardiac function were conspicuously impaired in Se-deficient rats. Expression of GRP78 and CHOP was significantly upregulated by treatment of Se deficiency. Improvements in myocardial GPx activity and cardiac function, as well as decreases in expression of GRP78 and CHOP, were observed after Se supplementation. Consequently, our data show that ER stress was involved in Se deficiency-induced cardiac dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Qin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 157 Road Xiwu, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710004, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gelzinis TA. New Insights Into Diastolic Dysfunction and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 18:208-17. [DOI: 10.1177/1089253213510748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
As the population ages, the incidence of patients presenting for surgical procedures with diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction will rise. This review will discuss the most current and relevant information on the pathophysiology, treatment, and perioperative management of these patients.
Collapse
|
37
|
Berchtold MW, Villalobo A. The many faces of calmodulin in cell proliferation, programmed cell death, autophagy, and cancer. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1843:398-435. [PMID: 24188867 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca(2+) receptor protein mediating a large number of signaling processes in all eukaryotic cells. CaM plays a central role in regulating a myriad of cellular functions via interaction with multiple target proteins. This review focuses on the action of CaM and CaM-dependent signaling systems in the control of vertebrate cell proliferation, programmed cell death and autophagy. The significance of CaM and interconnected CaM-regulated systems for the physiology of cancer cells including tumor stem cells, and processes required for tumor progression such as growth, tumor-associated angiogenesis and metastasis are highlighted. Furthermore, the potential targeting of CaM-dependent signaling processes for therapeutic use is discussed.
Collapse
Key Words
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-benzoic acid
- (4-[3,5-bis-[2-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-phenyl)-vinyl]-4,5-dihydro-pyrazol-1-yl]-phenyl)-(4-methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-methanone
- (−) enantiomer of dihydropyrine 3-methyl-5-3-(4,4-diphenyl-1-piperidinyl)-propyl-1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-piridine-3,5-dicarboxylate-hydrochloride (niguldipine)
- 1-[N,O-bis(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-N-methyl-l-tyrosyl]-4-phenylpiperazine
- 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate
- 2-chloro-(ε-amino-Lys(75))-[6-(4-(N,N′-diethylaminophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-4-yl]-CaM adduct
- 3′-(β-chloroethyl)-2′,4′-dioxo-3,5′-spiro-oxazolidino-4-deacetoxy-vinblastine
- 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene
- Apoptosis
- Autophagy
- B859-35
- CAPP(1)-CaM
- Ca(2+) binding protein
- Calmodulin
- Cancer biology
- Cell proliferation
- DMBA
- EBB
- FL-CaM
- FPCE
- HBC
- HBCP
- J-8
- KAR-2
- KN-62
- KN-93
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-8-aminooctyl-5-iodo-naphthalenesulfonamide
- N-[2-[N-(4-chlorocinnamyl)-N-methylaminomethyl]phenyl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonamide
- O-(4-ethoxyl-butyl)-berbamine
- RITC-CaM
- TA-CaM
- TFP
- TPA
- W-12
- W-13
- W-5
- W-7
- fluorescein-CaM adduct
- fluphenazine-N-2-chloroethane
- norchlorpromazine-CaM adduct
- rhodamine isothiocyanate-CaM adduct
- trifluoperazine
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Berchtold
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen Biocenter 4-2-09 Ole Maaløes Vej 5, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Antonio Villalobo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Department of Cancer Biology, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, c/Arturo Duperier 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Vagnozzi RJ, Hoffman NE, Elrod JW, Madesh M, Force T. Protein Kinase Signaling at the Crossroads of Myocyte Life and Death in Ischemic Heart Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:e173-e182. [PMID: 24839450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddstr.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia results in death of cardiac myocytes via tightly-regulated and interconnected signaling pathways. Protein kinases play crucial roles in this regulation and are highly amenable to therapeutic intervention, making targeted inhibition an attractive strategy for ischemic heart disease. Recent studies have uncovered numerous kinases that participate in the cardiomyocyte response to ischemic injury, thus potentiating the development of new therapeutics. Moreover, many kinase signaling pathways converge at the mitochondria, a key participant in both cardiomyocyte physiology and the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease. Herein we highlight kinase pathways regulating three major drivers of cell death: mitochondrial permeability transition pore opening (mPTP), programmed necrosis and Ca2+ overload-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Inhibition of each of these kinase pathways has been proposed as a means to limit cardiomyocyte death from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Vagnozzi
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Nicholas E Hoffman
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - John W Elrod
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Muniswamy Madesh
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| | - Thomas Force
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Avenue, Cincinnati, OH 45229-3026, USA
| |
Collapse
|